Efforts by: Brendon VI NBy:
BrendanVI - N
Supercomputer is a broad term for one of the fastest computer currently available.
Super computers were designed and built to work on extremely large jobs that could
not be handled by no other types of computing systems.
WHAT IS A SUPERCOMPUTER?
The history of supercomputing goes back to the 1960s when a series of computers at
Control Data Corporation (CDC) were designed by Seymour Cray to use
innovative designs and parallelism to achieve superior computational peak
performance. The CDC 6600, released in 1964, is
generally considered the first supercomputer
HISTORY OF SUPERCOMPUTERS
CDC 6600
Cray then developed the CDC 7600 in 1970.
Cray-1 supercomputers project started in 1972 and finished in 1974 and was twice as fast as
the 7600 with a vector speed of 80 MFLOPS.
HISTORY OF SUPERCOMPUTERS
(CONT’D)
In 1990 Cray successful build Cray-4 the fastest supercomputer in the
world at around 10 gigaflops
HISTORY OF SUPERCOMPUTERS
(CONT’D)
Supercomputers speed are measured in
floating point operations per second (FLOPS) in units of :
megaflops (MFLOPS) gigaflops (GFLOPS) teraflops (TFLOPS)
MEASUREMENT OF
SPEED :
scientific simulationsMolecular Dynamics Simulation
analysis of geological data nuclear energy research
Computational fluid dynamics Weather forecasting and
meteorology Aerodynamic research Probabilistic analysis
USES OF SUPERCOMPUTERS :
While the supercomputers of the 1970s used only a few processors, in the 1990s, machines with thousands of processors began to appear and by the end of the
20th century, massively parallel supercomputers with thousands of "off-
the-shelf" processors were the norm.
Supercomputers of the 21st century can use over 100,000 processors.
HARDWARE
modern massively parallel supercomputers typically separate computations from other services by using multiple types of nodes,
they usually run different operating systems on different nodes, e.g. using a small and efficient lightweight kernel on compute nodes, but a larger system such as a Linux-derivative on server and I/O
nodes.
OPERATING SYSTEM :
Approaches to supercomputer architecture have taken dramatic turns since the earliest systems were introduced in the 1960s. Early supercomputer architectures pioneered by Seymour Cray relied on compact innovative designs and local parallelism to achieve superior computational peak performance.However, in time the demand for increased computational power ushered in the age of massively parallel systems
ARCHITECTURE
Systems with a massive number of processors use
one of two paths:
In first approach, e.g. in grid computing the processing power of a large number of
computers in distributed, diverse administrative domains, is used whenever a
computer is available.
In another approach, a large number of processors are used in close proximity to each
other, e.g. in a computer cluster. In such a centralized massively parallel system
the speed and flexibility of the interconnect becomes very important and modern
supercomputers have used various approaches ranging from enhanced Infiniband systems to
three-dimensional torus interconnects.
Cluster computers are two or more computers working parallel to achieve
greater performances. Cluster computers
breakup work among the computers in the
cluster.
WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY CLUSTER COMPUTERS
Each computer in the cluster is a cpu itself with its own processor,
memory, and disk.
The computers communicate with each other via an interconnecting
bus.
CLUSTER COMPUTERS (CONT’D)
A multi-processor computer has 2 or more
cpus. Each processor is capable of running
different program simultaneously (true
multitasking).
WHAT ARE MULTI-PROCESSOR COMPUTERS
The cpus all shared the other parts of the computers: memory, disk system, bus, etc.
Cpu communicate via memory and the system bus.
Cheaper than cluster computers but does not perform as well.
MULTI-PROCESSOR (CONT’D)
RANK NO.1:-JAGUAR SUPERCOMPUTER
RANK NO.2:-ROADRUNNERRANK NO.3:-TENNESSEE’s KRAKEN
TOP 3 SUPER COMPUTERS
Oak Ridge ‘Jaguar’WORLD’S FASTEST SUPERCOMPUTER:
SITE:-Oak Ridge National Laboratory(ORNL’s)SYSTEM MODEL:-Cray XT5-HE
COMPUTER:-Cray XT5-HE Operation Six Core 2.6GHzVENDOR:-Cray Inc.
INSTALLATION YEAR:-2009OPERATING SYSTEM:-Linux
PROCESSOR:-AMD x86-64 Operation Six Core 2600MHz(10.4 Gflops)
ABOUT JAGUAR :
Cray XT computer system 2.595 petaflops peak theoretical
performance255,584 processing cores
System memory: 362 terabytes Unmatched input/output bandwidth to read and write files: 284 gigabytes per
second
FEATURES OF JAGUAR SUPERCOMPUTER
High speed(1.759Petaflop)Greater performance.High data transfer
rate(284gb/s)High system memory(362tb)
ADVANTAGES OF JAGUAR SUPERCOMPUTER
Required large area.Very costly($19.5 million).Required more electricity.
Large no . of chips(37,376chips).
DISADVANTAGES OF JAGUAR SUPERCOMPUTER
HP Cluster Platform 3000 BL460c : Dual Intel Xeon 2.6 GHz eight core
Performance : 303.9 TFLOPSHP and Wipro Heterogeneous Cluster Dual Intel Xeon E5530 quad core and
Xeon E5645 hexa core CPUs, and dual Intel 448-core
Performance : 188.7 TFLOPS
SUPERCOMPUTERS IN INDIA
SOME TOP RANKED SUPERCOMPUTERS ARE:
IBM cluster : IBM P6 4.7 GHz sixteen dual-core
processor Performance : 45.84 TFLOPS
PARAM cluster :PARAM cluster : Intel Xeon (Tigerton) 2.93
GHz quad core processor Performance : 38.1 TFLOPS