Super Computers by Phuong Vo

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SuperSuper ComputersComputers

By Phuong VoBy Phuong Vo



What is a Supercomputer?What is a Supercomputer?

Supercomputer is a broad term for one ofSupercomputer is a broad term for one of

the fastest computer currently available.the fastest computer currently available.

Super computers were designed and builtSuper computers were designed and built

to work on etremely large !obs that couldto work on etremely large !obs that could

not be handled by no other types ofnot be handled by no other types of

computing systems.computing systems.



What is a Supercomputer?What is a Supercomputer?

"cont#d$"cont#d$Supercomputers speed are measuredSupercomputers speed are measured

inin

%oating point operations per second%oating point operations per second

"&'(PS$ in units of"&'(PS$ in units of

mega%ops ")&(PS$mega%ops ")&(PS$

giga%ops "*&'(PS$giga%ops "*&'(PS$

tera%ops "+&'(PS$tera%ops "+&'(PS$



What are SupercomputersWhat are Supercomputers

,sed &or?,sed &or? scienti-c simulationsscienti-c simulations

animated graphicsanimated graphics

analysis of geological dataanalysis of geological data

nuclear energy research andnuclear energy research and

meteorologymeteorology

computational %uid dynamicscomputational %uid dynamics



arly /istoryarly /istory

Supercomputer.Supercomputer. Seymour Clay made the -rst transistori0edSeymour Clay made the -rst transistori0ed

computer "C1C 2345$ in 2635.computer "C1C 2345$ in 2635.

7n 2638 Cray developed C1C 33449 the -rst7n 2638 Cray developed C1C 33449 the -rstmultithreading computer. Cray thenmultithreading computer. Cray thendeveloped the C1C :344 in 26:4.developed the C1C :344 in 26:4.

Cray;2 supercomputers pro!ect started inCray;2 supercomputers pro!ect started in26:< and -nished in 26:5 and was twice as26:< and -nished in 26:5 and was twice asfast as the :344 with a vector speed of =4fast as the :344 with a vector speed of =4)&'(PS.)&'(PS.



arly /istory ofarly /istory of

Supercomputer. "cont#d$Supercomputer. "cont#d$ 7n 2664 Cray successful build Cray;5 the fastest7n 2664 Cray successful build Cray;5 the fastest

supercomputer in the world at around 24 giga%opssupercomputer in the world at around 24 giga%opsand was smaller than a human brain.and was smaller than a human brain.

Cray died on (ctober 8Cray died on (ctober 8thth 2663 at the age of :2 as a2663 at the age of :2 as aresult of in!uries sustained in an automobileresult of in!uries sustained in an automobileaccident.accident.

Currently the fastest computer isCurrently the fastest computer is

7B) Blue*ene>' at around :7B) Blue*ene>' at around :

tera%ops "+&'(PS$tera%ops "+&'(PS$



Parallel ProcessingParallel Processing

+wo common type used in +wo common type used in

supercomputers.supercomputers.

ClusterCluster

)ulti;Processor)ulti;Processor



Cluster ComputersCluster Computers

Cluster computers are two or moreCluster computers are two or more

computers working parallel to achievecomputers working parallel to achieve

greater performances. Clustergreater performances. Cluster

computerscomputers

breakup work among the computers inbreakup work among the computers in

thethe

cluster.cluster.



Cluster Computers "cont#d$Cluster Computers "cont#d$

ach computer in the cluster is a cpuach computer in the cluster is a cpu

itself with its own processor9itself with its own processor9

memory9 and disk.memory9 and disk.

+he computers communicate with +he computers communicate with

each other via an interconnectingeach other via an interconnectingbus.bus.



@bo Cluster@bo Cluster

www.anandtech.comwww.anandtech.com

successfully built asuccessfully built a

@B(@ 'inu cluster@B(@ 'inu clusterconsisting of = @B(@s.consisting of = @B(@s.

@B(@ specsA@B(@ specsA

P777 :)/0 2<= '<P777 :)/0 2<= '< Seagate 8544P) =*BSeagate 8544P) =*B

35)B Shared PC<4435)B Shared PC<44

http://www.anandtech.com/





@bo Cluster "cont#d$@bo Cluster "cont#d$

Distributed Compiling Distributed Rendering

Performance Benchmarks



)ulti;Processor)ulti;Processor

D multi;processor computer has < orD multi;processor computer has < or

moremore

cpus. ach processor is capable ofcpus. ach processor is capable ofrunningrunning

diEerent program simultaneously "truediEerent program simultaneously "true

multitasking$.multitasking$.



)ulti;Processor "cont#d$)ulti;Processor "cont#d$

+he cpus all shared the other parts of the +he cpus all shared the other parts of the

computersA memory9 disk system9 bus9 etc.computersA memory9 disk system9 bus9 etc.

Cpu communicate via memory and theCpu communicate via memory and the

system bus.system bus.

Cheaper than cluster computers but doesCheaper than cluster computers but does

not perform as well.not perform as well.



Ddvantages of ParallelDdvantages of Parallel

ProcessingProcessing Costs are much cheaper thanCosts are much cheaper than

building one supercomputer.building one supercomputer.

/ighly scalable./ighly scalable.



1isadvantages of parallel1isadvantages of parallel

processing.processing. /igh overload F it is diGcult to make/igh overload F it is diGcult to make

many processor work togethermany processor work together

eGciently.eGciently.

7t is diGcult to write programs to7t is diGcult to write programs to

utili0e multiple processors at once inutili0e multiple processors at once inan eGcient manner.an eGcient manner.



eferenceseferences

www.anandtech.comwww.anandtech.com

httpA>>ei.cs.vt.edu>Hhistory>S,PChttpA>>ei.cs.vt.edu>Hhistory>S,PC

().Calle./+)'().Calle./+)' httpA>>www.cs.s!su.edu>Hlee>cs25:>SuhttpA>>www.cs.s!su.edu>Hlee>cs25:>Su

perI<4ComputersI<4;;;ParallelperI<4ComputersI<4;;;Parallel

I<4Computers.pptI<4Computers.ppt



http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/SUPERCOM.Calle.HTML







Super Computers by Phuong Vo

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