Super computers

Efforts by: Brendon VI NBy:

BrendanVI - N

Supercomputer is a broad term for one of the fastest computer currently available.

Super computers were designed and built to work on extremely large jobs that could

not be handled by no other types of computing systems.

WHAT IS A SUPERCOMPUTER?

The history of supercomputing goes back to the 1960s when a series of computers at

Control Data Corporation (CDC) were designed by Seymour Cray to use

innovative designs and parallelism to achieve superior computational peak

performance. The CDC 6600, released in 1964, is

generally considered the first supercomputer

HISTORY OF SUPERCOMPUTERS

CDC 6600

Cray then developed the CDC 7600 in 1970.

Cray-1 supercomputers project started in 1972 and finished in 1974 and was twice as fast as

the 7600 with a vector speed of 80 MFLOPS.

HISTORY OF SUPERCOMPUTERS

(CONT’D)

In 1990 Cray successful build Cray-4 the fastest supercomputer in the

world at around 10 gigaflops

HISTORY OF SUPERCOMPUTERS

(CONT’D)

Supercomputers speed are measured in

floating point operations per second (FLOPS) in units of :

megaflops (MFLOPS) gigaflops (GFLOPS) teraflops (TFLOPS)

MEASUREMENT OF

SPEED :

scientific simulationsMolecular Dynamics Simulation

analysis of geological data nuclear energy research

Computational fluid dynamics Weather forecasting and

meteorology Aerodynamic research Probabilistic analysis

USES OF SUPERCOMPUTERS :

While the supercomputers of the 1970s used only a few processors, in the 1990s, machines with thousands of processors began to appear and by the end of the

20th century, massively parallel supercomputers with thousands of "off-

the-shelf" processors were the norm.

Supercomputers of the 21st century can use over 100,000 processors.

HARDWARE

modern massively parallel supercomputers typically separate computations from other services by using multiple types of nodes,

they usually run different operating systems on different nodes, e.g. using a small and efficient lightweight kernel on compute nodes, but a larger system such as a Linux-derivative on server and I/O

nodes.

OPERATING SYSTEM :

Approaches to supercomputer architecture have taken dramatic turns since the earliest systems were introduced in the 1960s. Early supercomputer architectures pioneered by Seymour Cray relied on compact innovative designs and local parallelism to achieve superior computational peak performance.However, in time the demand for increased computational power ushered in the age of massively parallel systems

ARCHITECTURE

Systems with a massive number of processors use

one of two paths:

In first approach, e.g. in grid computing the processing power of a large number of

computers in distributed, diverse administrative domains, is used whenever a

computer is available.

In another approach, a large number of processors are used in close proximity to each

other, e.g. in a computer cluster. In such a centralized massively parallel system

the speed and flexibility of the interconnect becomes very important and modern

supercomputers have used various approaches ranging from enhanced Infiniband systems to

three-dimensional torus interconnects.

Cluster computers are two or more computers working parallel to achieve

greater performances. Cluster computers

breakup work among the computers in the

cluster.

WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY CLUSTER COMPUTERS

Each computer in the cluster is a cpu itself with its own processor,

memory, and disk.

The computers communicate with each other via an interconnecting

bus.

CLUSTER COMPUTERS (CONT’D)

A multi-processor computer has 2 or more

cpus. Each processor is capable of running

different program simultaneously (true

multitasking).

WHAT ARE MULTI-PROCESSOR COMPUTERS

The cpus all shared the other parts of the computers: memory, disk system, bus, etc.

Cpu communicate via memory and the system bus.

Cheaper than cluster computers but does not perform as well.

MULTI-PROCESSOR (CONT’D)

RANK NO.1:-JAGUAR SUPERCOMPUTER

RANK NO.2:-ROADRUNNERRANK NO.3:-TENNESSEE’s KRAKEN

TOP 3 SUPER COMPUTERS

Oak Ridge ‘Jaguar’WORLD’S FASTEST SUPERCOMPUTER:

SITE:-Oak Ridge National Laboratory(ORNL’s)SYSTEM MODEL:-Cray XT5-HE

COMPUTER:-Cray XT5-HE Operation Six Core 2.6GHzVENDOR:-Cray Inc.

INSTALLATION YEAR:-2009OPERATING SYSTEM:-Linux

PROCESSOR:-AMD x86-64 Operation Six Core 2600MHz(10.4 Gflops)

ABOUT JAGUAR :

Cray XT computer system 2.595 petaflops peak theoretical

performance255,584 processing cores

System memory: 362 terabytes Unmatched input/output bandwidth to read and write files: 284 gigabytes per

second

FEATURES OF JAGUAR SUPERCOMPUTER

High speed(1.759Petaflop)Greater performance.High data transfer

rate(284gb/s)High system memory(362tb)

ADVANTAGES OF JAGUAR SUPERCOMPUTER

Required large area.Very costly($19.5 million).Required more electricity.

Large no . of chips(37,376chips).

DISADVANTAGES OF JAGUAR SUPERCOMPUTER

HP Cluster Platform 3000 BL460c : Dual Intel Xeon 2.6 GHz eight core

Performance : 303.9 TFLOPSHP and Wipro Heterogeneous Cluster Dual Intel Xeon E5530 quad core and

Xeon E5645 hexa core CPUs, and dual Intel 448-core

Performance : 188.7 TFLOPS

SUPERCOMPUTERS IN INDIA

SOME TOP RANKED SUPERCOMPUTERS ARE:

IBM cluster : IBM P6 4.7 GHz sixteen dual-core

processor Performance : 45.84 TFLOPS

PARAM cluster :PARAM cluster : Intel Xeon (Tigerton) 2.93

GHz quad core processor Performance : 38.1 TFLOPS