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Page 1: Super computers by  rachna

SuperSuper Computers Computers

By RachnaBy Rachna

Page 2: Super computers by  rachna

What is a Supercomputer?What is a Supercomputer?

Supercomputer is a broad term for one of Supercomputer is a broad term for one of

the fastest computer currently available.the fastest computer currently available.

Super computers were designed and built Super computers were designed and built

to work on extremely large jobs that to work on extremely large jobs that could could

not be handled by no other types of not be handled by no other types of

computing systems.computing systems.

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History of SupercomputersHistory of Supercomputers

The history of supercomputing goes back The history of supercomputing goes back to the 1960s when a series of computers to the 1960s when a series of computers at Control Data Corporation (CDC) were at Control Data Corporation (CDC) were designed by designed by Seymour Cray to use to use innovative designs and parallelism to innovative designs and parallelism to achieve superior computational peak achieve superior computational peak performance.performance.

The The CDC 6600, released in 1964, is , released in 1964, is generally considered the first generally considered the first supercomputersupercomputer

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CDC 6600CDC 6600

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History of SupercomputersHistory of Supercomputers(cont’d)(cont’d)

Cray then developed the CDC 7600 Cray then developed the CDC 7600

in 1970.in 1970. Cray-1 supercomputers project Cray-1 supercomputers project

started in 1972 and finished in 1974 started in 1972 and finished in 1974 and was twice as fast as the 7600 and was twice as fast as the 7600 with a vector speed of 80 MFLOPS.with a vector speed of 80 MFLOPS.

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History of Supercomputers History of Supercomputers (cont’d)(cont’d)

In 1990 Cray successful build Cray-4 In 1990 Cray successful build Cray-4 the fastest supercomputer in the the fastest supercomputer in the world at around 10 gigaflops world at around 10 gigaflops

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Measurement of Speed : Measurement of Speed :

Supercomputers speed are measured Supercomputers speed are measured in in

floating point operations per second floating point operations per second

(FLOPS) in units of :(FLOPS) in units of : megaflops (MFLOPS) megaflops (MFLOPS) gigaflops (GFLOPS) gigaflops (GFLOPS) teraflops (TFLOPS)teraflops (TFLOPS)

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Uses of supercomputers :Uses of supercomputers : scientific simulationsscientific simulations Molecular Dynamics SimulationMolecular Dynamics Simulation analysis of geological dataanalysis of geological data nuclear energy researchnuclear energy research Computational fluid dynamicsComputational fluid dynamics Weather forecasting and meteorologyWeather forecasting and meteorology Aerodynamic researchAerodynamic research Probabilistic analysisProbabilistic analysis

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Hardware Hardware While the supercomputers of the While the supercomputers of the

1970s used only a few 1970s used only a few processors, in , in the 1990s, machines with thousands the 1990s, machines with thousands of processors began to appear and by of processors began to appear and by the end of the 20th century, massively the end of the 20th century, massively parallel supercomputers with parallel supercomputers with thousands of "off-the-shelf" processors thousands of "off-the-shelf" processors were the norm.were the norm.

Supercomputers of the 21st century Supercomputers of the 21st century can use over 100,000 processors.can use over 100,000 processors.

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Operating System :Operating System :

modern modern massively parallel supercomputers typically separate supercomputers typically separate computations from other services by computations from other services by using multiple types of using multiple types of nodes, they , they usually run different operating systems usually run different operating systems on different nodes, e.g. using a small and on different nodes, e.g. using a small and efficient lightweight kernel on compute efficient lightweight kernel on compute nodes, but a larger system such as a nodes, but a larger system such as a Linux-derivative on server and I/O nodes.Linux-derivative on server and I/O nodes.

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ArchitectureArchitecture Approaches to supercomputer architecture Approaches to supercomputer architecture

have taken dramatic turns since the have taken dramatic turns since the earliest systems were introduced in the earliest systems were introduced in the 1960s. Early supercomputer architectures 1960s. Early supercomputer architectures pioneered by Seymour Cray relied on pioneered by Seymour Cray relied on compact innovative designs and local compact innovative designs and local parallelism to achieve superior parallelism to achieve superior computational peak performance.computational peak performance.

However, in time the demand for However, in time the demand for increased computational power ushered in increased computational power ushered in the age of massively parallel systemsthe age of massively parallel systems

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Systems with a massive Systems with a massive number of processors use number of processors use one of two paths:one of two paths:

In first approach, e.g. in grid In first approach, e.g. in grid

computing the processing power of a computing the processing power of a large number of computers in large number of computers in distributed, diverse administrative distributed, diverse administrative domains, is used whenever a domains, is used whenever a computer is available.computer is available.

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In another approach, a large number of In another approach, a large number of processors are used in close proximity to processors are used in close proximity to each other, e.g. in a computer cluster.each other, e.g. in a computer cluster.

In such a centralized massively parallel In such a centralized massively parallel system the speed and flexibility of the system the speed and flexibility of the interconnect becomes very important and interconnect becomes very important and modern supercomputers have used various modern supercomputers have used various approaches ranging from enhanced Infiniband approaches ranging from enhanced Infiniband systems to three-dimensional torus systems to three-dimensional torus interconnects.interconnects.

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What do you mean by What do you mean by Cluster ComputersCluster Computers

Cluster computers are two or more Cluster computers are two or more

computers working parallel to achieve computers working parallel to achieve

greater performances. Cluster greater performances. Cluster computers computers

breakup work among the computers in breakup work among the computers in the the

cluster.cluster.

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Cluster Computers (cont’d)Cluster Computers (cont’d)

Each computer in the cluster is a cpu Each computer in the cluster is a cpu itself with its own processor, itself with its own processor, memory, and disk.memory, and disk.

The computers communicate with The computers communicate with each other via an interconnecting each other via an interconnecting bus.bus.

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What are Multi-Processor What are Multi-Processor ComputersComputers

A multi-processor computer has 2 or A multi-processor computer has 2 or more more

cpus. Each processor is capable of cpus. Each processor is capable of running running

different program simultaneously (true different program simultaneously (true

multitasking).multitasking).

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Multi-Processor (cont’d)Multi-Processor (cont’d)

The cpus all shared the other parts of the The cpus all shared the other parts of the computers: memory, disk system, bus, etc.computers: memory, disk system, bus, etc.

Cpu communicate via memory and the Cpu communicate via memory and the system bus.system bus.

Cheaper than cluster computers but does Cheaper than cluster computers but does not perform as well.not perform as well.

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From top 500 supercomputers the 3 From top 500 supercomputers the 3 top ranked supercomputers are:-top ranked supercomputers are:-

RANK NO.1:-JAGUAR RANK NO.1:-JAGUAR SUPERCOMPUTERSUPERCOMPUTER

RANK NO.2:-ROADRUNNERRANK NO.2:-ROADRUNNER RANK NO.3:-TENNESSEE’s KRAKENRANK NO.3:-TENNESSEE’s KRAKEN

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World’s Fastest World’s Fastest SuperComputer:SuperComputer: Oak Ridge ‘Jaguar’Oak Ridge ‘Jaguar’

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About Jaguar :About Jaguar : SITE:-Oak Ridge National SITE:-Oak Ridge National

LaboratoryLaboratory(ORNL’s)(ORNL’s) SYSTEM MODEL:-Cray XT5-HESYSTEM MODEL:-Cray XT5-HE COMPUTER:-Cray XT5-HE Operation Six COMPUTER:-Cray XT5-HE Operation Six

Core 2.6GHzCore 2.6GHz VENDOR:-Cray Inc.VENDOR:-Cray Inc. INSTALLATION YEAR:-2009INSTALLATION YEAR:-2009 OPERATING SYSTEM:-LinuxOPERATING SYSTEM:-Linux PROCESSOR:-AMD x86-64 Operation Six PROCESSOR:-AMD x86-64 Operation Six

Core 2600MHz(10.4 Gflops)Core 2600MHz(10.4 Gflops)

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FEATURES OF JAGUAR FEATURES OF JAGUAR SUPERCOMPUTERSUPERCOMPUTER

Cray XT computer system Cray XT computer system 2.595 petaflops peak theoretical 2.595 petaflops peak theoretical

performanceperformance 255,584 processing cores 255,584 processing cores System memory: 362 terabytes System memory: 362 terabytes Unmatched input/output bandwidth to Unmatched input/output bandwidth to

read and write files: 284 gigabytes per read and write files: 284 gigabytes per second second

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ADVANTAGES OF JAGUAR ADVANTAGES OF JAGUAR SUPERCOMPUTERSUPERCOMPUTER

High speed(1.759Petaflop)High speed(1.759Petaflop) Greater performanceGreater performance.. High data transfer rate(284gb/s)High data transfer rate(284gb/s) High system memory(362tb)High system memory(362tb)

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DISADVANTAGES OF DISADVANTAGES OF JAGUAR SUPERCOMPUTERJAGUAR SUPERCOMPUTER

Required large area.Required large area. Very costlyVery costly($19.5 million).($19.5 million). Required more electricity.Required more electricity. Large no . of chips(37,376chips).Large no . of chips(37,376chips).

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Supercomputers in India Supercomputers in India

Some top ranked supercomputers Some top ranked supercomputers are:are:HP Cluster Platform 3000 BL460c : HP Cluster Platform 3000 BL460c :

Dual Intel Xeon 2.6 GHz eight core Dual Intel Xeon 2.6 GHz eight core

Performance : 303.9 TFLOPSPerformance : 303.9 TFLOPS

HP and Wipro Heterogeneous Cluster HP and Wipro Heterogeneous Cluster

Dual Intel Xeon E5530 quad core and Dual Intel Xeon E5530 quad core and Xeon E5645 hexa core CPUs, and dual Xeon E5645 hexa core CPUs, and dual Intel 448-coreIntel 448-core

Performance : 188.7 TFLOPS Performance : 188.7 TFLOPS

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IBM cluster :IBM cluster :

IBM P6 4.7 GHz sixteen dual-coreIBM P6 4.7 GHz sixteen dual-core

processor processor

Performance : 45.84 TFLOPSPerformance : 45.84 TFLOPS

PARAM cluster :PARAM cluster : Intel Xeon (Tigerton) 2.93

GHz quad core processor Performance : 38.1 TFLOPS