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Adrenal Gland
and Cortisol
Renz Jethro M. Orte
ga
III BS in Medical Technology
Emilio Aguinaldo College Manila
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Objectives
Deine the adrenal gland
Di!cu!! the anatomy and "hy!iology o
adrenal gland
Identiy the hormone! and location! they are
"roduced in the adrenal gland
E#"lain corte# !teroidogene!i! and
$io!ynthe!i! o catecholamine E#"lain the hormone corti!ol
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Adrenal Gland
A multiunctional endocrine organ that
"roduce! !teroid hormone! and
neuro"e"tide! e!!ential or lie.
Su"rarenal gland% ound ato" the &idney!.
A "yramidal !tructure 'eighing a""ro#. (
gram!.
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Functions of the Adrenal Gland
Maintaining meta$olic "roce!!e!) !uch a!
managing $lood !ugar le*el!) regulating
inlammation and $lood "re!!ure.
Regulating the $alance o !alt and 'ater
Controlling the +ight or light, re!"on!e to
!tre!! Maintaining "regnancy
Initiating and controlling !e#ual maturation
during childhood and "u$erty.
The!e unction! relect to the hormone!"roduced $y the gland-
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Anatomy of Adrenal Gland
In human!) the right adrenal gland i!triangular !ha"ed% let i! !emilunar !ha"ed.
Each adrenal gland i! com"o!ed o t'o
em$ryologically di!tinct $ut con1oined)
gland!- the outer adrenal corte# and the inner
adrenal medulla.
Surrounded $y adi"o!e ca"!ule and renal
a!cia.
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htt"-'''.urologyhealth.orgurologyarticle!image!anatomy0Adrenal2l
and0coronal.1"g
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Anatomy of Adrenal Cortex
It i! deri*ed rom me!enchymal cell! thatdierentiate! into three di!tinct zone!- zona
glomerulo!a) zona a!cuculata and zona
reticulari!.
Contri$ute! to 345 o the gland6! 'eight.
A""ear! yello' in gro!! !ectioning.
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Anatomy of Adrenal Medulla
It ari!e! rom the neural cre!t cell! thatin*ade the corte# in the 7nd month o etal
de*elo"ment.
Contri$ute! to 845 o the total adrenal
'eight.
On gro!! !ectioning) the medulla i! dar&
mahogany.
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htt"-'''.cal!tatela.eduacultymchen(99574:ecture!Adrena
l!.""t
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Adrenal Glands Blood Supply
Su"erior !u"rarenal artery i! "ro*ided $y the
inerior "hrenic artery.
Middle !u"rarenal artery i! "ro*ided $y the
a$dominal aorta.
Inerior !u"rarenal artery i! "ro*ided $y therenal artery.
Arterie! that !u""ly $lood to the adrenalgland.
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Adrenal Glands Blood Supply
Right !u"rarenal *ein drain! into the inerior
*ena ca*a.
:et !u"rarenal *ein drain! into the let renal
canal o the let "hrenic *ein.
;enou! drainage o the adrenal gland i!achie*ed *ia-
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htt"-intranet.tdmu.edu.uadata&aedrainternaldi!tancecla!!e!
0!tudEngli!h8cour!eBiochemi!try47574Biochemi!try574o
574hormone!.htm
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hysiolo!y of Adrenal Cortex
The ma1or corte# hormone!) aldo!terone)
corti!ol and dehydroe"iandro!terone !ulate
are !ynthe!ized rom a common
"recur!or) chole!terol $y each zonal layer!.
?ona 2lomerulo!a
?ona /a!ciculata
?ona Reticulari!
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Clinical Chemistry@Michael :. Bi!ho" MS MT C:S) Ed'ard . /ody MD) :arry E. Schoe MS MT th
edition
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"ona Glomerulosa
Synthe!ize aldo!terone .
Critical or !odium retention ) "ota!!ium
and acid$a!e $alance.
=a*e lo' cyto"la!mictonuclear ratio and !mall
nuclei 'ith den!e chromatin 'ith intermediateli"id inclu!ion!.
2 cell! con*ert chole!terol to "regnenolone.
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"ona Fasciculata
Synthe!ize glucocorticoid! !uch a! corti!ol
and corti!one) critical or $lood gluco!e
homeo!ta!i! and $lood "re!!ure.
Cord! o clear cell!) 'ith high cyto"la!mic
tonuclear ratio and li"id! laden 'ith oamycyto"la!m.
2enerate androgen "recur!or D=EA
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"ona #eticularis
Sulate D=EA to D=EAS) the main adrenal
androgen.
Andro!tenedione and
dehydroe"iandro!terone
Shar"ly demarcated 'ith li"iddeicient cord!o irregular) den!e cell! 'ith li"ou!cin
de"o!it!.
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Cortex Steroido!enesis
Bio!ynthe!i! o hormone! occur *ia !u$!trate
a*aila$ility) enzyme acti*itie! and inhi$itory
eed$ac& loo"!.
Stored LDL
Use Acetyl-CoA
6 Carbons removed by
Cytochrome P450
Circadian signals
Serum cortisol
Stress
Cortisol Primary
!eedbac"
#egulator$
C#$ % Corticotropineleasin! $ormoneAC'$ % Adrenocorticotropic $ormone
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hysiolo!y of Adrenal Medulla
In re!"on!e to !ym"athetic !timulation) it
!ecrete! catecholamine) the ir!t re!"onder!
to !tre!!.
romote! the ight or light re!"on!e 'hichincrea!e! cardiac out"ut and $lood
"re!!ure) di*ert! $lood to'ard mu!cle and
$rain and mo$ilize! uel !torage.
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Biosynthesis and Stora!e ofCatecholamine
Clinical Chemistry@Michael :. Bi!ho" MS MT C:S ) Ed'ard . /odyMD) :arry E. Schoe MS MT th edition
(OA % )&*+,&dihydroxyphenylalanine-MA' % -esicle Monoamine 'ransporters.M' % henylethanolamine N&methyltransferase
/0 % /pinephrine./ % .orepinephrine
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Biolo!ical /ffects of Cortisol
rotein nitrogen cata$oli!m increa!ed 2luconeogene!i! Increa!ed $lood gluco!e concentration Decrea!ed gluco!e tolerance Increa!ed li*er glycogen Increa!ed li*er glycogenoly!i! Decrea!ed "eri"heral u"ta&e and utilization o
gluco!e
Decrea!ed !ynthe!i! o acid!ulated
muco"oly!accharide!
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Biolo!ical /ffects of Cortisol
/at !ynthe!i! and redi!tri$ution Cellular or ti!!ue eect! Antiinlammatory Di!!olution o lym"hoid ti!!ue :ym"ho"enia Eo!ino"enia Increa!ed erythro"oie!i! Alteration o cellular "ermea$ility) e!"ecially
decrea!ed mem$rane "ermea$ility to 'ater Increa!ed ga!tric !ecretion
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1rinary Metabolites of Cortisol
The li*er degrade! all glucocorticoid!
meta$olite! e#creted in urine.
23&hydroxycorticosteroid
Te!t- Poster-Silber %ethod & ' yello($
Reagent- Phenyl )ydra*ine in )+S,4 & alcohol
23&4eto!enic Steroids
Te!t-immermann #eaction & ' reddish .ur.le$
Reagent- %eta-dinitroben*ene
O#idation rocedure- /orymbers"i /a&
bismuthate$
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#eferences5
Clinical Chemistry @Michael :. Bi!ho" MS MT C:S ) Ed'ard . /ody MD) :arry
E. Schoe MS MT 6th edition
#evie7er for Clinical Chemistry @Maria Tere!a
Rodriguez8nd edition
$enry9s Clinical (ia!nosis and Mana!ementby )aboratory Methods @Richard A. Mcher!on)
MD and Matthe' R. incu!) MD) hD 88nd/dition
htt"-'''.ouh!c.eduhi!tology2la!!
574!lide!93049.1"g
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