THE ADRENAL GLAND. The Adrenal Gland The adrenal medulla catecholamine The adrenal cortex corticoids.

THE ADRENAL GLAND

The Adrenal Gland

The Adrenal GlandThe adrenal medulla catecholamine The adrenal cortex corticoids

Anatomy of Adrenal Cortexzona glomerulosasecretes aldosterone zona fasciculatasecretes glucocorticoids zona reticularissecretes androgens

Adrenocortical hormone

Renal and Circulatory effects of AldosteroneAldosterone Increases Renal Tubular Reabsorption of Na+ and Secretion of K+ Excess Aldosterone ECF ABP Small effect on plasma Na+ Concentration

Renal and Circulatory effects of aldosteroneK+ concentrationAldosterone Hypokalemia and Muscle Weak-nessAldosterone Hyperkalemia and Cardiac ToxicityMild Alkalosis: Aldosterone adrenal glands suddenly stop secreting aldosteronesalt are lost in the urineECF blood volume circulatory shock causes death within a few days (without treatment)

Glucocorticoids Function

:inhibit NADH oxidation which is necessary for glycolysis :FFA

GlucocorticoidsFunctionPoor wound healingnot most other cells

GlucocorticoidsFunction: same with mobilization of amino acid from muscle glucose uptake in adipose cell

GlucocorticoidsFunctionCushings syndrome

Cushings syndromeBuffalo-like torso Rounded face, moon-face.

GlucocorticoidsFunction Resisting stressTrauma , infection, intense heat or cold, surgery

Resisting stressBrain Anterior pituitary (ACTH)Sympathetic nervous systemAdrenal cortexAdrenal medullaGlucocorticoidsNE,E

GlucocorticoidsFunction

GlucocorticoidsFunction

Summary of glucocoticoid action

GsHepatic gluconeogenesisInsulin actionBG GlucocoticoidAdrenal diabetesPro-teinCatabolism (especially in muscle)anabolism Amino acid in blood plasmadifficult of wound healingFat Fat mobilization Fat redistributionacetone body Glucocoticoidcentral obesityCushings syndrome H2O and Na+Similar with aldosteroneADH GFR (1/400 of aldosterone)GlucocoticoidWater Intoxication

Blood cellhematopoiesislymphopoiesislung and spleen eosinophil storageRBCTBClymphocyteneutrophileosinophil Leuke-miaGastric shieldgastric acid and peptic enzyme gastric mucosafall off of gastric epithelia cell ulcer Circulat-ionpermisivienesssglucocoticoidBPCNSexcitabilitylesseuphoria morerestlessness, insomnia

Regulation of Secretion of Adrenocortical HormoneHypothalamus Anterior Pituitary Adrenocortical Axis

Regulation of Secretion of Adrenocortical HormoneAction of CRHSynthesis and release of ACTH Action of ACTH (adrenocorticotropin hormone )control Cortisol secretionhypertrophy and proliferation of the adrenocorticol cells

Large amount administration of exogenous glucocoticoid , prohibit to stop using it suddently?

Regulation of Secretion of Adrenocortical HormoneRegulation of cortisol SecretionNegative feedback effect of cortisol

Diseases of Adrenal GlandsCushings DiseaseHyper-active adrenal cortexrounded face & obesityThin, frail skin poor wound healingAddisons DiseaseHypo-active adrenal cortexDecreased appetite, weight lossCold intoleranceStress susceptibility

The adrenal medulla

The adrenal medulla

The adrenal medulla

The adrenal medulla

Insulin Insulin Small protein 51 AAReceptorTyrosine kinase

Insulin

Insulinacetoaceticacid is also converted into b-hydroxybutyric acid andacetone.ketone bodies: Acetoacetic, b-hydroxybutyric acid ,acetone

Insulin

Insulin

Glucagon

Endocrine regulation of calcium and phosphate metabolism

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)Polypeptide

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)Funtion : increase the calcium concentrationBone Stimulate osteoclast to remove Ca 2+ from the bone matrix Kidney: Increased Ca2+ reabsorption, PO42- excretionSmall intestineIncreased Ca2+ reabsorption

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

CalcitoninProduced by the C cells of the thyroid gland.Function plasma Ca 2+ and PO42-RegulationConcentration of Ca 2+ increased ,The calcitonin increased.

Vitamin D3Function intestinal calcium and phosphate absorption.renal calcium and phosphate excretion.Coordinate with PTH increase Ca 2+ .

Summary

Summary

Zona glomerulos zona fasciculata zona reticularis*Androgen glucocorticoid*gluconeogenesis*torso*Striae bruisability with ecchymose**leukemia***cortisol*