Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire
World History 1750-Present
HAPSBURG EMPIRE DECLINESAustria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire
Hapsburg Empire Declines
• Nationalism led to unity in Italy and Germany
• Nationalism led to something entirely different for the Austrian Empire
• The Austrian Empire had been one of the largest empires in Europe
• The Austrian Empire consisted of Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, and parts of Romania, Poland, Ukraine, and Italy
Hapsburg Empire Declines
• The Hapsburg family ruled over the Austrian Empire and were very conservative
• The Hapsburgs restricted the press and limited industrial development because it threatened tradition
Hapsburg Empire Declines
• By 1850, the Austrian Empire had a population of 50 million
• Of those, only ¼ were Austrians
Hapsburg Empire Declines
• ¼ of the population were Italians and Hungarians
• ½ were Slavic, including Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Ukrainians, Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes
Hapsburg Empire Declines
• Each of these groups wanted their own country
• Nationalists revolts broke out in 1848, but were crushed by the government
Hapsburg Empire Declines
• In the mid-1800s, 18-year-old Francis Joseph inherited the throne
• After being defeated by France and Sardinia in 1858, Joseph realized he needed to strengthen his empire
Hapsburg Empire Declines
• He granted a new constitution that set up a legislature
• The legislature was dominated by Austrians
• This upset the other groups, especially Hungarians
Hapsburg Empire Declines
• After the defeat by the Prussians in 1866, the Hungarians forced Austria to accept a Dual Monarchy
• The Austria-Hungarian Empire was created
Hapsburg Empire Declines
THE AUSTRIA-HUNGARY EMPIREAustria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire
The Austria-Hungary Empire
• Francis Joseph ruled both in foreign matters, but Austria and Hungary were independent of one another domestically
• This made Hungarians happy, but upset the other nationalities
• Some of the influential Slavic leaders wanted to create a Slavic nation
• This led to great unrest in the country that would boil over in the early 1900s
The Austria-Hungary Empire
THE OTTOMAN EMPIREAustria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire
• The Ottoman Empire faced many of the same problems the Austria-Hungarian Empire faced
• It was a very large empire made up of many nationalities
• In the Balkans, Serbia had won independence in 1830
• Southern Greece won independence during the 1830s
The Ottoman Empire
• During the 1800s, many other groups revolted against the Ottoman Empire
• During the turmoil of the mid-1800s, many European countries saw the weakening Ottoman Empire as a chance to grow their own empires
The Ottoman Empire
• European powers scrambled to divide up the Ottoman Empire
• Russia pushed south toward the Black Sea and Istanbul (capital of Turkey)
The Ottoman Empire
• Austria-Hungary took control of Bosnia and Herzegovina
• The action angered the Serbs, which saw the land as their territory
The Ottoman Empire
• Britain and France wanted to take over Ottoman territory in the Middle East and north Armenia
• Many Europeans and other world leaders were very concerned about the developments in Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire
• Both of the Empires were located along the Balkan mountains
• The area became known as the Balkan Powder Keg
The Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire
• The Ottoman Empire tried to westernize
• The Ottoman Empire sent students to western nations to learn about advanced medicine, technology, and farming techniques
• The advanced healthcare created a new set of problems
• It led to a population increase
• This led to fighting over land
The Ottoman Empire
• In the 1890s, a group of liberals formed a movement called the Young Turks
• In 1908, the Young Turks overthrew the sultan (leader of the Ottoman Empire)
• Their reforms were not realized due to World War I, which broke out in 1914
The Ottoman Empire
ARMENIAN MASSACREAustria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire
Armenian Massacre
• In the 1890s, another major event took place in the Ottoman Empire
• The largest nationality in the Ottoman Empire were the Turks and they were Muslims
• The Turks tried to suppress the nationalist minorities
• This suppression reached its height when the Muslim Turks accused Christian Armenians of supporting Russian aggression
Armenian Massacre
Armenian Massacre
• When the Armenians protested repressive Ottoman policies, the sultan had tens of thousands of Armenians slaughtered
• Between 600,000 and 1.5 million Armenians were killed over the next few years
Armenian Massacre
• The slaughter was genocide
• Genocide: a deliberate attempt to destroy a racial, political, or cultural group