1 Nationalism in Austria & Russia, 1850-1900 Austria-Hungary, Russia.

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Nationalism in Austria & Russia, 1850-1900

Austria-Hungary, Russia

Francis Joseph, 1848-1916 Centralized administration

dominated by German-speaking Austrians (1/3 total pop.)

Abolished internal tariffs Divided Hungary into military

districts Roman Catholic Church given

control of education Croats and Slovaks not

rewarded for their loyalty2

3Ethnic Groups in the Dual-Monarchy

Road to Dual-Monarchy 1860 – October Diploma

– New federation of states/provinces– Single chamber imperial parliament– Landed classes hold local pol. Power

1861 – February Patent– Bicameral Reichsrat

• Upper chamber appointed• Lower chamber indirectly elected

– BUT…• No ministerial responsibility• Armies and taxes do not need stamp of Reichsrat• Emperor could and did rule by decree

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Road to Dual-Monarchy 1866 – disaster of Austro-Prussian War

pushes Austria to “deal” with nationalistic Hungarians Emperor carries out secret negotiation w/ Magyars

Ausgleich (Compromise) of 1867 = homerule– Dual Monarchy: Austria / Hungary

• Equality = separate constitutions; separate legislatures (domestic affairs only); separate capitals (Vienna & Buda+Pest)

• Unity = Habsburg emperor = King of Hungary– Oversees imperial army; foreign policy; economy of

both sectors Sig: primary Hungarian opposition silenced –

but Slavs, Croats, Serbs, Czechs….still ignored!

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Dominating Nationalist Issues “Trialism” Prime Minister Count Edward von Taaffe (1879-1893) –

banking on conservative Germans, Czechs and Poles to help maintain power SO…– allows for Slavic languages in education and administration WHICH..– Leads to alienation of German-speaking administration and

aristocracy Francis Joseph uses Catholic Church as unifying factor

(Poles, Czechs, Slovaks) AND continues to develop a strong imperial bureaucracy– Ruled by decree until 1907– 1907 Universal male suffrage instituted but does not solve political

problems w/in Reichsrat Hungary (dominated by Magyar landowners) begins

campaign of “Magyarization” which ultimately alienates ethnic groups causing tension

19th Century Russia Reforms

Alexander II, 1855-1881 Great Reforms

– Serfdom abolished in 1861 – some 1500 rebellions before 1850• BUT feudalism = collective ownership – peasants restricted to villages (mir)

– Local assemblies created (zemstvos) – BUT liberals want centralized Duma - parliament

– Legal system reformed– Military reform– Russification of Poland– Industry: Russian-Siberian Railroad!!!– Not enough! – Slavophiles – populists – “nihilists” – peasants – socialists: all

unsatisfied

Socio-political factions Populists (Alexander Herzen) – romantic collectivists who idealized the

Russian peasant community– Learn from the masses and prepare them for insurrection – 1901 founded the Social Revolutionary Party

Mikhail Bakunin (anarchist) “one purpose, one thought…revolution” Terrorist Acts

– Vera Zasulich’s assassination attempt of governor of St. Petersburg Nihilists – accept no dogmas, not bound by moral codes

– “Land and Freedom”, “The Organization”, People’s Will” Westernizers vs. Slavophiles

– Slavophiles = Orthodox Church, mir, even tsardom; forego industrialization move right to socialist society (i.e., Aleksandr Herzen)

Expansion of Russia 1863 crushed Polish rebellion 1874 Ukraine, Northern Caucasus and Crimea incorporated into

Russia 1877 Russo-Turkish War – Treaty of San Stefano

– Intervened on behalf of Bulgarians and Serbs (fellow Slavs)– Bulgaria liberated from Turks

1878 Congress of Berlin – how to slow Russian expansion? Answer: rework the Balkans borders = increased tension btw. West & East

Russia conquered Turkistan and others reaching Afghanistan, moved across Siberia to Pacific (Vladivostok)

1881 – Tsar Alexander II assassinated – carriage bombed by “People’s Will” (Narodnaya Volya)