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From Editor 1
Your Voice 2
Main Report
Knowing Various Network 3
Water and Sanitation (Watsan) Networking 5
International Sanitation Year
Around International Sanitation Year 9
Interview
Networking to develop WSES 11
Regulation
Law No 18 Year 2008 On Solid Waste Management 14
Insight
Solid Waste Management Technology in PLTSa Gede Bage Bandung 16
Iron (Fe) and Manganese (Mn) Content of Underground Water 18
In The Next Five Years, Tetaf Village Will Become Prosperous Village 20
Knowing Brief Participative Learning 22
Innovation
Ecoplas Environmental Friendly Bag Made From Cassava 25
Our Guest
Building Water Conservation in Sindang Kahuripan 26
Reportage
Visit from the Democratic Republic of Timor Leste Delegation
to Indonesia 28
Inspiration
Unsustainable City 30
Reflection
Dry Toilet for Dense Settlements and Areas Lack of Water 31
ISSDP Roundabout 32
WASPOLA Roundabout 34
WES-UNICEF Roundabout 36
STBM Roundabout 38
NETWORK Roundabout 39
WSES Roundabout 40
Program
SToPS, Total Sanitation and Sanitation Marketing 47
IATPI Clinic 48
CD Info 49
BOOK Info 50
WEBSITE Info 51
WSES Publication 52
Agenda
Information Media for Water Supply and
Environmental Sanitation
Published by:Water Supply and Sanitation
Working Group
Advisor:
Director General for Human Settlement,
Department of Public Works
Board of Trustee:
Director of Settlement and Housing, National
Development Planning Agency
Director of Water and Sanitation,
Ministry of Health
Director of Water Supply Development,
Department of Public Works
rector of Natural Resources and AppropriateTechnology, Director General on Village and
Community Empowerment,
Department of Home Affairs
Director for Facilitation of Special Planning
Environment Management,
Department of Home Affairs
Chief Editor:
Oswar Mungkasa
Board of Editor:
Zaenal Nampira,
Indar Parawansa,
Bambang Purwanto
Editor:
Maraita Listyasari, Rheidda Pramudhy,
Raymond Marpaung, Fanny Wedahuditama
Design/Illustrator:
Rudi Kosasih
Production:
Machrudin
Distribution:
Agus Syuhada
Address:Jl. Cianjur No. 4, Menteng, Jakarta Pusat
Phone/Fax.: 62-21-31904113
http://www.ampl.or.id
e-mail: [email protected]
Unsolicited article or opinion items
are welcome. Please send to our address
or e-mail. Don't forget to be brief and
accompanied by identity.
Percik magazine can be accessed through WSS website http://www.ampl.or.id
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Every year we celebrate various themes related to drink-
ing water and environmental sanitation, like World's
Water Day, Toilet Day, Environmental Day, Earth Day,
and many more. Not to mention each year we also celebrate va-
rious others themes, and coincidentally this year is InternationalSanitation Year.
These celebrations now
become a paradox. The original
idea of each celebration is to
remind us of many important
things we forgot in our daily
activities. But later on, these
celebrations has slipped into
becoming one of our yearly
routine. They've gotten only as
far as how we celebrate and not
how we start something so that
the celebration can become
more meaningful. We're too
busy preparing exhibitions,
launching policies by President
or Minister, and many other
things.
This condition is then
reflected through water supply
and environmental sanitationservices coverage, which until
now hasn't increased much
from 50% and only 65% for
basic sanitation. There are still
70-100 million citizens of
Indonesia that haven't received
proper water supply and envi-
ronmental sanitation services.
While we have celebrate
World's Water Day each year
for quite some time now, and
there were many policies launched and promise told each year.
This celebration has become a routine. A change of attitude
is needed so that we -governments, non governments, and com-
munity- can together change those celebrations into a start of
something meaningful.
The effect of each celebration is actually quite significant, but
then each stakeholder is competing in celebrating them indivi-
dually, and accordingly, the follow ups was done individually
too. This condition has become concerning in the past few years.
Water supply and sanitation development has not reached opti-
mal results. Service coverage is going no where, while much
infestation has been contributed.
Cooperation between stakeholders is needed. This themethen became the main topic of
this edition. How can everyone
work together in water and
environmental sanitation
(WSES) development. Today in
Indonesia a water and environ-
mental sanitation networking
(Watsan Networking) has been
established to become a place to
synergize information poten-
tial, knowledge and informa-
tion between stakeholders in a
mutual relationship that bene-
fits everyone in WSES develop-
ment. We all hope so that this
goal can be accomplished.
Therefore, the history of watsan
networking, interview with the
founders, and watsan network-
ing activities so far, are the
main focus in this edition. Andalso included networking in
abroad.
Besides that also presented
some samples of real activity
from WSES development
activist like Ully Sigar Rusadi
with her commitment to con-
serve nature, Neni Sinta-
wardani with her dry toilet
innovation, and latest innova-
tion plastic bag from cassava
produced by Dana Mitra Lingkungan.
Other interesting article is about Law No 18/2008 on
waste management. This law is a government effort to provide a
better and healthier life warranty for Indonesian citizens. The
celebration of Environmental Day and Earth Day also shares
some portion with the hope that we all can make them an inspi-
ration. As wise man say "Keeping the earth safe for a heritage to
our children." OM
FROM EDITOR
1Percik
August 2008
Source: Bowo Leksono
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PHILIPPINE ECOLOGICAL SANITATION NETWORK (PEN)What is PEN?
PEN is an organized informal network consists of govern-
ment institutions (of the central, legislative, local), donor
agency, program/project, university and NGO.
Establishment History
On 2004, the 1st International Symposium on Low-cost
Technology Options for Water Supply and Sanitation was held at
Bohol, Philippine, which during preparation encourages coopera-
tion between stakeholders, starting from local government, cen-
tral government, NGO, private sector, and academician.
Ecosan was presented in the symposium. A working group
was formed to prepare an initial draft of the action plan of activi-
ty management relating with knowledge transfer, ecosan pilot
project, and establishment of PEN.
Initial Act
PEN's action was initiated when Clean Water Act of 2004
Implementing Rules and Regulations are being compiled. Input
was needed on sanitation option other than conventional sanita-
tion, namely ecological sanitation (ecosan). Furthermore, PEN
also held an important role of the promoter of Philippine
Sanitation Summit 2007 in Manila. PEN also assisted the Health
Department to held Southern Philippine Sanitation Summit
2007.
The Form of Organization
On the early stage, PEN is still in the informal form and rep-
resents lenient advocation organization, but after two years, in
consideration of increasing effectiveness, it was decided to for-
malize and registered it to the authority as nonprofit organiza-
tion. Resource mobilization is expected to be optimized.
Therefore, it was agreed to appoint several people as daily
operators to hold positions of president, vice president, secre-
tary, treasurer, and monitoring agency.
Member
Organizations that have officially become member are the
legislative (House of Representatives Committee on Ecology),
government institution (National Water Resources
Board/NWRB), Health Department, study center (Center for
Advanced Philippine Studies/CAPS), Institute for the
Development of Educational and Ecological Alter-
natives/IDEAS), universities (UP-National Engineering Center,
College of Chemical Engineering/Environmental Engineering
Program), donor agencies (German Technical Assistance/GTZ,
Water and Sanitation Program-East Asia Pacific/ESP-EAP),
NGOs (BNS-Borda), association (Solid Waste Management
Association of the Philippines/SWAPP), companies (Manila
Water Sewerage System/MWSS), projects (LWUA, ECO-ASIA-
Linaw Projects, Waste Water Projects, Sustainable Coastal
Tourism/SCOTIA).
Current Role
TSI 2008 launching was promoted by PEN. Furthermore,
PEN also took role in developing the Program of Sustainable
Sanitation for East Asia (SuSEA) - Philippine Component Year
2007-2010. SuSEA is a SIDA-funded project with the goal of
accelerating target achievement of MDGs' water and sanitation
targets in Indonesia and Philippine.
UGANDA WATER AND SANITATION NETWORK (UWASNET)UWASNET is a national umbrella organization of the NGO
and community-based organization in clean water and sanita-
tion of Uganda. It was established in February 2000 with the
support of Directorate of Water Development (DWD), Danida,
Water Aid and a cooperation working group of 11 NGOs, to uti-
lize potency of NGO and community-based organization in their
contribution of achieving the MDGs' targets.
Motto
Achieving clean water and sanitation access for all in Uganda
through effective coordination, better collaboration, and strate-
gic partnership.
Mission
UWASNET was established to strengthen coordination,
collaboration, and NGO's network and community-based
organization with other stakeholder in clean water and sanita-
tion sector in Uganda.
Vision
Contributing in reducing poverty through increasing access
to clean water and sanitation through effective coordination of
NGOs and community-based organization in the clean water
and sanitation sector of Uganda.
Working Group
UWASNET consists of 4 Working Groups namely:
MAIN REPORT
3PercikAugust 2008
KNOWING VARIOUS NETWORK
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(i) Hygiene and Sanitation Working Group (HSWG), with the
goal of encouraging dialog between stakeholders to increase
awareness on hygiene and sanitation; (ii) Water and Sanitation
Technologies Working Group (WSTWG), with the purpose to be
a media of exchanging ideas and experiences regarding proper
technologies; (iii) Urban Water and Sanitation Working Group(UWSWG), with the main purpose of encouraging better atten-
tion to the availability of clean water and sanitation for poor
people in the urban area; and (iv) Water and Sanitation for
Women and Children Working Group (WSWCWG), with the
purpose of encouraging attention to the interest of women and
children in clean water and sanitation development.
Program and Project
In order to maximize the work result of Clean Water and
Sanitation NGO, UWASNET develops two main programs of:
1. Coordination, Information and Network Program
The purpose of this program is to accelerate effective coordi-
nation, collaboration, and network between clean water and
sanitation NGO with other stakeholders. It is expected that
UWASNET member will be able to influence and respond poli-
cies, strategies, and implementations through the network and
information exchange.
The program objectives are (i) enabling the member to
exchange ideas and experiences with other stakeholders regard-
ing policy, strategy, and implementation; (ii) providing informa-
tion focal point regarding UWASNET or other issues related
with clean water and sanitation; (iii) guarantee continuity of
UWASNET.
Activities related with the program are (i) involvement in the
decision-making process, (ii) contribution of article writing in
the mass media; (iii) managing center of data and information;
(iv) providing consultancy service for the member; (v) publish-
ing routine newsletter.
2. Capacity Building Program
The purpose of this program is to enhance NGO capacity in
order to establish independent, dynamic, and effective NGO net-
work as the working partner of the government. Thus NGO is
expected to have an active role in achieving MDGs targets, have
the ability to respond government policy, and able to performinnovative activities of clean water and sanitation.
THE SUSTAINABLE SANITATION ALLIANCE (SUSANA)Basis of Establishment
The main motivation of SuSana establishment was the UN
General Assembly decision to declare the Year 2008 as the
International Sanitation Year, which followed in the year 2007
by various sanitation development organizations in establishing
open sustainable sanitation network to support TSI 2008.
SuSana Purpose
Contributing in achieving MDGs' targets through promo-
tion of sustainable sanitation
Increasing awareness on sustainable sanitation solution
and promoting the awareness in large scale
Demonstrating the important role of sanitation in achiev-ing the overall targets of MDGs
Changing the sanitation paradigm through promoting
reuse oriented sanitation approach without endangering
health
Main Focus
Main focus of SuSana is to promote sustainable sanitation
implementation in large scale water and sanitation program.
Special Objectives
Collecting and compiling information that will help deci-
sion maker in assessing various sanitation systems and
technologies by taking sustainable criteria into considera-
tion
Demonstrating reuse oriented sanitation
Collecting and presenting sanitation best practices with
regard to TSI 2008
Identifying and illustrating mechanism to replicate sustain-
able sanitation implementation including funding instru-
ment to provide pro-poor sanitation
Develop vision of how sustainable development can con-
tribute in achieving MDGs
In order to obtain these special objectives, general road map
for TSI 2008 has been compiled.
The Form of Organization
SuSana is not a new organization, but more as unbinding
organization network that cooperates, with open and active
nature in promoting sustainable sanitation. SuSana is supported
by several thematic working groups. OM from various sources.
MAIN FE ATURE
4 PercikAugust 2008
S everal years ago sustainable sanitation principles have beenagreed by Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Councilknown as "Bellagio Principles for Sustainable Sanitation" on the 5thGlobal Forum, November 2000, namely:
(i) Human value, live quality and settlement environmental safetyshould be the basis of all sanitation approach.
(ii) In line with the good governance principles, decision makingshould involve participation of all stakeholders, especially cos-tumer and service provider.
(iii) Waste should consider to be resources and the managementshould be integrated and become part of integrated waterresources and waste management process.
(iv) Overcoming sanitation problems should be done in minimumsize as manageable (household, environment, city, catchmentarea). (source: WSSCC).
PRINCIPLE SUMMARY OF SUSTAINABLE SANITATION
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T
he network was established
based on concerns of several par-
ties that realized that the issue ofclean water and environmental sanitation
are currently often being ignored and
have not become the attention and com-
mitment of decision makers both in
national or local level.
On the other side, government policy
in the WSES is not yet integrated. Many
programs are overlapping; stakeholders
with WSES concern are still working
alone without cooperation, while the
community awareness with regards to theclean and healthy lifestyle is still consid-
erably low.
A more strategic coordination and
integration is required from various
stakeholders to inter-coordinate and
established bigger strength. Thus, a net-
work that can communicate the need and
interest of all parties is necessary so that
each party may have place to be able to
contribute and synergized to accelerate
goals achievements in the WSES develop-
ment.
Since the first Watsan Network meet-
ing on February 27th, 2007 in Bappenas
that reached agreement to build
Communication Network between stake-
holders in this sector, continued by a
more intensive meeting on July and
August 2007, a concept draft and strate-
gic directive of the future Watsan
Network. This concept is the basis of
agreement of Network members on
October, 8th 2007 and has become a
mandate to be accomplished by the direc-
tive teams.
Name and Explanation of the
NetworkWatsan Network-INA is a forum to
synergized potencies of information,
knowledge and communication between
stakeholders in cooperation that presents
benefits for all parties.
Vision of Watsan Network is to pre-
sent the network as an effective forum of
WSES communication and information
in supporting stakeholders' participation
(of governments, private and community)
in the process of National development of
Indonesia.
Whereas the mission is to synergize
strategic and applicable programs through
application of partnership principles,
cooperation development of WSES mana-
gement, capacity building of the instituti-on and the human resources, and in-
creasing the fund for WSES development.
Membership
In general, the Network is open,
inclusive, and independent; anyone can
be the Network member:
Individual, open for individuals with
any citizenship.
MAIN REPORT
5Percik
August 2008
WATER AND SANITATION
(WATSAN)NETWORKING
Signing agreement of Watsan Network establishment on October 8th, 2007 in Jakarta
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Non Government Organization
(NGOs), independence organiza-
tions, government organization, or
academicals institutions with the
program and/or interest in the sec-
tors of education and environment. International Organizations.
Projects/programs managed by go-
vernment or non government.
Organizational Structure
The organizational structure consists of
(i) member as directives of the Network po-
licy through the decision of the member
meeting; (ii) Steering Committee, with the
function of keeping the organization in line
with the need of the members; (iii) Chief of
operational, assists by general secretary and
task force, that runs the daily operation of
the organization.
Network Steering Committee
The committee is consist of 9 organi-zations that represent various parties,
namely government, NGOs, donor, uni-
versity, companies, WSES project/pro-
gram team management of the following:
WSES working group, WASPOLA, JAS/-
GTZ, Air Kita/Europromocap IWAT, IHE
Indonesia, Plan Indonesia, ISSDP, Envi-
ronmental Engineering Department of
Trisakti University, and Tirta Pakuan
PDAM.
Task Force
The Task Force was established in
consideration of several main issues of
WSES context such as clean water, waste
management, sanitation, and clean and
healthy lifestyle. The four issues havetheir own problems and management
approach. In the basis of diversity, the
Task Force was established in order for
every problem above to be able to be
more focused. The Task Forces are Waste
Management Task Force (GTPS),
Sanitation Task Force (GTS), Clean
Water Task Force, and Health and
Hygiene Task Force.
Work Program of the Network
1. Center of Information Sources
Building Data Integration Program,
Knowledge Information, and WSES
Program in the form of Data Base.
2. Capacity Building Program
Realizing community enforcement
and empowerment in sustainable
WSES devel opment through
capacity sharing between the
Network members and related
outside parties, through trai-
ning/workshop/seminar through
methodology and best practices of
WSES.
3. Partnership Development Program
Developing internal partnership
between the member of the Network
and external parties by establishing
cooperation and good relation with
the parties outside the Watsan
Network to support the above pro-
grams.
4. Advocation
Encourage the WSES issues to be a
priority of government and public by
series of advocation activities invol-
ving various parties to build support,
policy decision--making, campaign
strategy, and solution review of the
WSES sector.
MAIN REPORT
6PercikAugust 2008
MEMBER
STEERING COMMITTEE
CHIEF OF OPERATIONAL
Of WSES Working Group
(Oswar Mungkasa)
CLEAN WATER:
Dit. PAM, Dep. PU
(Bambang Purwanto)
&
FORKAMI (Abdullah)
SECRETARIAT
(Dini Haryati) &
Air Kita (Indriati)DATA & INFORMATION:
Tim Pokja AMPL
ENFORCEMENT/CAPACITY
BUILDING
Environmental Engineering
Dept. Trisakti Univ.
(Rositayanti) &
ADVOCATION:
Waspola
(Sofyan Iskandar) &
JAS (Manfred Oepen)
PARTNERSHIP:
Plan Indonesia & ESP
(Alwis Rustam)
SOLID WASTE MANAGE-
MENT:
DML
(Kemal Taruc)
HEALTH AND HYGIENE:
Dit. PL, Depkes
(Zainal Nampira)
SANITATION:
ISSDP (Eri Trinurini)
&
Dit. PLP, Dep. PU
(Handy Legowo)
TASK FORCE
BIDANG
GENERAL SECRETARY
ISSDP (Syarif Puradimadja)
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Waste Management Task Force
(GTPS)
To facilitate member of the Network
with interest in the waste sector, Solid
Waste Management Task Force (SWM-
TF) was established. The Task Force ispart of the Watsan Network that repre-
sents a forum to synergize potencies of
information, knowledge, and communi-
cation between WSES Network members
in the waste sector in cooperation that
benefits all parties.
SWM-TF coordinator, who is also
Executive Director of Dana Mitra
Lingkungan (DML), Kemal Taruc, to
Percik said that focus of the Task Force is
community-based solid waste manage-
ment in small scale. While for the strate-
gic objectives, Kemal said, is integration
of data, information, knowledge, and pro-
gram of SWM-TF, site availability as the
facility to access qualify information for
all WSES Network members in general
and SWM-TF especially, and realization
of community enforcement and empo-
werment in sustainable solid waste ma-
nagement.
Membership
Member of the Task Force is indivi-
duals or organizations such as DML, ESP,
Mercy Corps, etc., which are also part of
Watsan Network. According to Kemal,
the involved parties in SWM-TF are all
executors, observers, fans, commenta-
tors, critics, decision makers, decision
executors, decision proposer, people with
concern. "Everything is open for everyone
who interested in community-based solid
waste management".SWM-TF initiated cooperation in the
form of information exchange through
mailing list and site, and information that
can be exchanged between members, and
off course, opportunity to broaden part-
nership network and everything else that
may came up from the Task Force.
According to Kemal, the public activi-
ty in the form of community-based solid
waste management represents important
effort that requires public acknowledge-
ment and political support (which means
budget, policy, etc.). "Not just a hobby of
solid waste managers in the RT-RW,
kelurahan, or housing complex, as it is
currently."
SWM-TF Activities
Until date, SWM-TF has performed
various activities, such as Community
Based Solid Waste Management Work-shop in mid January 2008. Accordingly
with togetherness spirit of the Watsan
Network, the activity was held by syner-
gizing many parties, among others are
JBIC and Mercy Corps.
Recently, SWM-TF held meeting at
ESP office to discuss Solid Waste Ma-
nagement Law that has been legalized by
the Legislative on early April 2008. The
focus was not looking at every section of
the Law, but more at law and regulationsthat were mandated, especially govern-
ment regulations.
"In the future, aside than meetings,
which basically is inviting one another
for activities which was initiated by one
of the members, a general activity is
going to be held, and is currently wait-
ing for the most appropriate form,"
Kemal said.
Sanitation Task Force (GTS)
GTS coordinator, Eri Trinurini Adhi
said that, as for other Task Forces, those
who involved in GTS are organizations and
individuals that have interest in sanitation
issues, both for organization's or indivi-
dual's interests. "An organization or indivi-
dual may join more than one Task Force."
GTS is currently continues to seek
memberships. Unlike solid waste issue,
the sanitation (waste water) issue is not
yet touched by many organizations.Nevertheless, sanitation awareness has
gained more attention from organiza-
tions, either specifically, or together with
other relevant issues, such as clean water
and environment, health and education.
GTS Activities
In principle, Watsan Network is a
communication network. Thus, open and
sustainable communication of all stake-
holders is a necessity.Inter-organization cooperation of
members or other organization outside
Watsan Network is customary for GTS to
run its mission; one example is the sim-
plified sewerage workshop that was held
recently in May 2008. The workshop
represents cooperation between National
Sanitation Technical Team, ISSDP, WSP-
EAP and Sanitation Task Force.
MAIN REPORT
7Percik
August 2008
Solid Waste Management Task Force-Watsan Network held workshop of "Community Based Solid WasteManagement" on 16-17 January 2008 in Jakarta. Source: Bowo Leksono.
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Here, GTS has a role of executor of the
activity with Sanitation Technical Team
and ISSDP as steering committee. GTS is
also actively providing support to the
DitJen Cipta Karya of Public Work
Department during InternationalSanitation Year 2008 and World Water
Day.
According to Eri, the focus of GTS is
learning exchange between stakeholders
on the approach and approach models of
currently developing rural and urban sa-
nitation. "So far, there are many models
existed, especially the developing on site
model, however, it is still in a plot pro-
ject."
Learning between programs is impor-
tant to encourage new innovation. Fur-
thermore, GTS encourages the developed
model to be adapted by broader area and by
other stakeholders and the government.
GTS objective, said Eri, who is also
appointed as the Assistant for Team
Manager of the ISSDP, is establishment
of the data center and good cooperation
with organization, program and individ-
ual with commitment to the sanitation
development. "The work programs
among others are compiling data base of
the Task Force members, conduct
research, and held workshops."
Health and Hygiene Task Force
(GTKH)
WSES development is not merely
focus on the physical development, but
also behavior changes that presents an
inseparable part. Currently, WSES stake-
holders are active on encouraging beha-
vior changes through Community Based
Total Sanitation (STBM). To avoid over-
lapping programs, STBM activities need
to be synergized. Through the Watsan
Network, GTKH represents a forum to
increase synergy of WSES development
through STBM. Synergized steps are
expected to be more effective and effi-
cient.
Therefore, on 26-27 May 2008, by
coordination of Bappenas and Health
Department, a Workshop of Community
Based Total Sanitation was held in Bogor.
The opportunity was also used as the
launching moment of Health and
Hygiene Task Force, one of the Task
Forces under Watsan Network. The TaskForce is under coordination of
Directorate Environmental Health,
Health Department.
In the STBM workshop it was also
presented the draft of STBM National
Strategy by Kasubdit Water Health, who
is also coordinator of Health and Hygiene
Task Force, Zainal Nampira. There are 6
component of strategy, namely creating
conducive environment, increasing need,
increasing supply, knowledge manage-
ment, funding, monitoring and evalua-
tion. The National Strategy is also com-
pleted by work plan and indicator.
Activity Plan
Activity of the Health and Hygiene
Task Force is currently focused on the
Community Based Total Sanitation.
There are five main pillars of the STBM
activities, which are Open Defecation
Free (ODF), Washing Hands Using the
Soap (CTPS), Household Clean Water
Managament (PAM RT), Household
Waste Water Management, and
Household Solid Waste Management.
For the year 2008, from April to
December, series of related activities will
be performed by the Health and Hygiene
Task Force; starting from facilitating
STBM activity, providing guidelines, to
facilitating sanitation clinic on the local
level.
In the future, Health and HygieneTask Force is expected to be able to pro-
vide real contribution in the WSES deve-
lopment in Indonesia, especially in the
STBM activity. Active participation of the
Health and Hygiene Task Force in the
STBM activity is expected to decrease the
mortality number by diarrhea and other
sanitation-related diseases in Indonesia.
BW/DH.
MAIN REPORT
8PercikAugust 2008
"Simplified Sewerage" discussion, held by Sanitation Task Force-Watsan Network in the Public WorkDepartment, Friday, April 25th 2008. Source: Bowo Leksono.
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The declaration of International
Sanitation Year on March 27th by
Minister of Public Works, made
quite an effect. Some districts
had done follow ups by celebra-
ting International Sanitation Year
with various activities.
THE DECLARATION OF PUBLIC WORK
PROJECT IN BALI PROVINCE
As a part of the declaration of
International Sanitation Year, in
June 14th, the Department of
Public Works held a series of activities in
Denpasar, Bali. Starting with award given
by the Minister of Public Works to the
winner of children speech and painting
competition with save water and environ-ment as theme. Then continued by decla-
ration of Denpasar Sewerage
Development Project (DSDP) and Trash-
Track Tukad Badung and Tukad Mati by
the President.
DSDP has started soon after the acci-
dent that causes some Japanese Tourists
in Bali to suffer dysentery, therefore
reducing Japanese Tourists up to 50 per-
cent. Hopefully, after DSDP is built then
the quality of water environment will
improve. Therefore, the image of Bali
tourism will be better.
Other fact that degrades the environ-
mental quality is the people still consider
river as a garbage disposal place. This condi-
tion causes shallow rivers and flood.
Community health level is degrading and
environmental esthetics is also bothered.
The development of Trash-Track is meant to
capture and extract the garbage found in the
river. Hopefully this effort will help reducing
environment quality degradation caused
by throwing garbage to the river.
The declaration of these two projects
is meant to remind us that sanitation and
tourism is closely related. This sentence is
said by the President in his speech that
tourism no longer consist only 4 S's, sun,
sand, sea, smile, but also consist sanita-
tion. Without proper sanitation then
tourism will never develop. OM
DECLARATION OF INTERNATIONAL
SANITATION YEAR IN NANGROE ACEH
DARUSSALAM (NAD)
After 2004 tsunami, many things had
changed in NAD, including WSES devel-
opment. This condition is related with the
abundant support from donors and NGOs
that provides basic needs such as water
supply, sanitation, and waste manage-
ment. Knowing this, the governor of NAD
through Surat Keputusan No
699/66/2008 establish Tim KoordinasiPenyelenggara Program Nasional AMPL
or known as WSES working group. The
presence of this working group hopefully
will give aid to synergize WSES develop-
ment in NAD.
As a part of WSES working group
socialization in NAD, NAD government in
cooperation with UNICEF, BRR, and GTZ
INTERNATIONAL SANITATION YEAR
9Percik
August 2008
Around International
Sanitation Year
Without propersanitation then
tourism
will never develop.
Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono didampingi Menteri Pekerjaan Umum Djoko Kirmanto meresmikanproyek-proyek infrastruktur pekerjaan umum dan penyerahan bantuan langsung Program
Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Mandiri serta kredit usaha rakyat untuk Provinsi Bali di Denpasar.Foto: Repro Kompas.
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held the Launching of International
Sanitation Year 2008 and Building WSES
Working Group Program in Banda Aceh
on June 12th 2008. This meeting was
opened by the District Assistant of NAD
Province, attended by donors, NGOs,
related department, and mass media.
Beside socializing Governor's Decision on
WSES Working Group, a socialization of
Community Based WSES Development
by WSES Working Group is also held in
the same occasion. Further more,
Mardan from Solok WSES Working
Group has the opportunity to explain his
experience in implementing WSES policy
in his region. The event is closed by the
explanation of Sanitation System
Implementation Guide by the GTZ.
The interesting part is, in the corner
of the main road is installed a big bally-
hoo and advertisement about this event.
Hopefully International Sanitation Year is
not only becomes the concern of the govern-
ment, but the people as well. (Sofyan)
DECLARATION OF WORLD WATERDAY
AND INTERNATIONAL SANITATION YEAR
IN CENTRAL JAVA PROVINCE.
Central Java Government by
Dinas Kimpraswil, PSDA, WSES
Working group in cooperation
in UNICEF and WASPOLA held the dec-
laration of World Water Day and
International Sanitation Year on May
29th 2008, in Kabupaten Kendal.
The event consist series of activities
such as Water and Sanitation Workshop,
attended by over 300 participants from
Central Java, Water and Sanitation
Poster Competition, Coloring and
Drawing themed "Healthy Environment"
participated by 60 children. And also is
held an exhibition themed water and san-
itation.
The main event is signed by the
speech and declaration, followed with
tree planting by the Governor of Central
Java. The Governor emphasizes the
importance of water supply by conserving
and environmental sanitation. (SBR)
WSES COORDINATION MEETING AND
DECLARATION OF INTERNATIONAL
SANITATION YEAR IN NUSA TENGGARA
BARAT PROVINCE
In Lombok Raya Hotel Mataram on
May 22nd-23rd 2008, is held
WSES Coordination Meeting and
Declaration of Internal Sanitation Year in
Nusa Tenggara Barat Province. This is
probably the first coordination meeting
in Indonesia that is held by Province
Government through its WSES Working
Group that invites related agencies from
each district/city. In this event, an open-
ing speech and declaration of Inter-
national Sanitation Year is done by the
head of NTB Bappeda, Lalu Faturrah-
man. Several agendas of International
Sanitation Year have been prepared. In
this Coordination Meeting is done some
main agendas such as district Strategic
Plan Finalization, and establishment of
WES UNICEF work plan. (OM)
INTERNATIONAL SANITATION YEAR
10PercikAugust 2008
Diharapkan
Tahun Sanitasi
Internasional
menjadi bagian darikepedulian masyarakat
secara umum,
bukan hanya pemerintah
saja.
Gubernur provinsi Jawa Tengah Ali Mufiz menanam pohon menandai Deklarasi Hari Air Dunia dan TahunSanitasi Internasional. Foto: Sobari.
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INTERVIEW
11PercikAugust 2008
Networking to develop WSES
Establishment of the WatsanNetwork is initiated by concern of severalparties who realize that WSES issues arecurrently not the priority, thus receive onlyminor attention and commitment fromthe decision makers.
It is important to develop WSES sec-tors network in the framework of accele-rating policy reform of the WSES sectorstoward effective, accurate, and sustain-able WSES services. Relation and com-munication between stakeholders in theNetwork will establish commitment onWSES development acceleration, includ-ing more obvious, transparent, andaccountable role division.
Currently, the Network is still in theinformal nature because it is not yetlegally registered in the notary or in theLaw Department and Human Right. Thiswas done in purpose to provide opportuni-ty to all members of the Network to per-form first in this forum. After two or threeyears we will discuss the formal form ofthe Network. Even though, we have pre-pared the budget and code ethic of theNetwork, including form of the organiza-tion. As we know, there are four TaskForces in the Network (solid waste man-agement task force/SWM-TF, sanitationtask force/GTS, health and hygiene taskforce, and clean water task force) undercoordination of vice chief of the operator,and four working fields (data and infor-mation, capacity building, partnershipdevelopment, communication and avoca-
tion) under coordination of the generalsecretary. These fields support the activi-ty of each task force. Supervision is con-ducted by the directive committee con-sists of nine institutions of whom are thefounders of the Network. In near date, wewill start to compile the work plan for theyear 2009, while for the year 2008 still inurgent situation, thus the activities arestill sporadic.
WASPOLA is committed to encouragethe process of knowledge sharingbetween stakeholders, including facilita-ting meetings and information swap;especially on capacity building, institutio-nal reform, and rising awareness.
Many hopes are set for the Network.Several roles to be expected among oth-ers are (i) improve coordination of WSESdevelopment in Indonesia; (ii) becomethe resource center including the supplyforum of advocacy materials; (iii) focalpoint of the WSES development inIndonesia; (iv) become the front guard ofpublic campaign. All of the aboveexpectancies are build to answer issuesof WSES development in Indonesia suchas (i) WSES data that are not in correla-tion with one another; (ii) difficulties inobtaining information regarding WSESlearning and best practices; (iii) there aremany executors of WSES developmentwith seemingly lack of coordinationamong WSES stakeholders; (iv) publiccampaign that have not got proper atten-tion.
As a complete forum of stakehold-ers, the Network is expected to be acce-leration media of adoption and imple-mentation of the National Policies, espe-cially the ones of community based, andalso become the sharing media, as wellas pressure advocacy on commitment ofvarious parties in the WSES develop-ment.
Gary D. Swisher(WASPOLA)
In 8 October 2007, around 40 institutions consist of government, international institutions, NGOs, related project, universi-
ties, PDAM, regulatory committee and profession association have reach mutual agreement in establishing Watsan Network.
The network consists of nine Directive Team, namely WSES Working Group, WASPOLA, JAS/GTZ, Air Kita/Europromocap IWAT,
IHE Indonesia, Plan Indonesia, ISSDP, Environmental Engineering of Trisakti University, and PDAM Tirta Pakuan. The following
is review summary of each directive team on the necessity of Watsan Network and their expectancies.
Oswar Mungkasa(WSES Working
Group)
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INTERVIEW
12 PercikAugust 2008
Didier Perez(Air Kita
Europromacap/IWAT)
For foreign institutions wanting to
assist the environment sector inIndonesia is currently facing difficultiesand lack of coordination. We don't knowwhich partner to choose, is it the HealthDepartment, Bappenas, Public WorkDepartment, or PDAM? The WatsanNetwork is the most current and effectivetool.
A step for the interest of the publiccan not be done individually or alone. Wehave to think together and walk togethersustainably, although the awarenessmust come from each different indivi-dual.
I want to try to change the way of
Indonesian people thinks, because theirimage abroad requires improvement. Iwant to try to motivate donors, syner-gized, and improve credibility.
Donate thoughts and ideas. Becausethe Network has program of capacitybuilding of the Watsan Network, in thiscase focus on the capacity sharing amongmembers of the Network and other rela-ted parties outside the Network throughseminar, workshop, dialogue, thematicdiscussion, and review; and distributingexperience, review, strategy, and bestpractices of the WSES.
I don't want anything. I just want to
help, I don't expect anything.
I hope the Network will be able tobuild a new environment-oriented cul-ture. Full devotion and attention for thesustainability of the environment free ofpollution. In the future, the WatsanNetwork is more integrated and sustain-able.
Jan Yap(IHE)
Due to the limited resources/fund inimproving the quality and coverage of
WSES activities in Plan Indonesia.
Strengthen partnership and sharingof lesson learned with other institutions in
the WSES sector in improving WSES pro-gram in the Plan area.
WSES implementation in Indonesiawill be more integrated, and strengthen
each other and avoid overlaps of imple-mentation strategies.
Tofik Rochman(Plan Indonesia)
WSES sectors in Indonesia are still
being ignored in term of investment, re-gulation, policies, and public awareness.In the Watsan Network, commitment isrequired professionally. Therefore, ourcommitment is needed as the form ofour concern on clean water and sanita-tion.
Coordination of activities, data com-
piling, developing training modules,research, establishing legal issues, tech-nical standards, etc. Furthermore, esta-blishing cooperation with policy makersof various sectors such as politics andeconomies.
We, as the member of the Network,
hopes there will be a good coordination.We are looking forward to cooperate inthe funding and establishing activities bytaking strategy into consideration.Cooperation is also established to assistthe ignored WSES sectors.
Manfred(JAS)
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INTERVIEW
13PercikAugust 2008
In order to provide clearer direction,accurate, and vast coverage of all WSESactivities executed by the member.Furthermore, through the Network, theWSES issues are expected to obtainmore attention in the National policies.
Compile, execute, and evaluate
WSES activities accordingly with thecapacity and work program ofEnvironmental Engineering Dept. ofTrisakti Univ.
Better understanding between allstakeholders of WSES sector in
order to realize more beneficialactions. Support activities and programs
between governments and non go-vernments in order to realize moreconsolidated social objectives.
Establish mapping of various activi-ties in the same field of differentsector and area in order to under-stand the base line to be use as feedback in compilation of policy andstrategy reconsolidation of theWSES development in the nationallevel.
Support for the program strengthen-ing on the goverment side to have a
workable program and political sup-port for funding . The establishment of harmoniza-
tion, cooperation, and collaborationamoung stakeholder infocusing thepropure target services.
Acquiring synergy and broader part-
nership in conducting the WSES activi-ties in the Environmental EngineeringDept. of Trisakti Univ.
Rositayanti(Environmental
Engineering Dept. ofTrisakti Univ.)
Watsan Network is really importantas communication and socializationmedia regarding activities of clean waterand environmental improvement, for allWSES perpetrator, practitioner, academi-cian, and public.
Provide ideas, innovation, experienceor best practices in the WSES sector toimprove WSES in the National level.
Latest training and information ofthe WSES sector.
Henry Darwin(PDAM Tirta Pakuan
Kota Bogor)
To establish and develop effectivetwo-ways communication of all mem-
bers and stakeholders to improve theservice of clean water and environmen-tal improvement. Through communica-tion raft in the form of Network will makeit very possible to establish synergy andcommitment in uniting a more focusvision.
SyarifPuradimadja
(ISSDP)
BW
There 3 focus activities: partnershipdevelopment, capacity building, and
communication improvement thro-ugh advocacy and development andstrengthening of WSES data bank.
There is also sectoral program focusin the sector of solid waste sanitationtask force development and beha-vior changes in the effort of provi-ding a more efficient and effectiveservice.
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Since 2003, community that long for clean and healthy
environment is waiting for law on solid waste. The long
wait is finally over. On April, 9th 2008, Draft Law
(Rancangan Undang-undang- RUU) regarding Solid Waste
Management is approved by Plenary Meeting of Dewan
Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) of Republic of Indonesia.
The law that was academic paper of Environmental Ministry
team is Law No 18 Year 2008 on Solid Waste Management. The
Law represents government effort in providing guarantee of
healthy and clean life for the Indonesian.
Background of Solid Waste Management Law
Along with the growing population, solid waste is also con-
tinues to increase. However, solid waste increment is not mere-
ly on volume but also in type and quality. Meanwhile, current
solid waste management method is still using the old final dis-
posal (Tempat Pembuangan Akhir - TPA).
Various problems present not just in matter of cleanliness
and environmental pollution, but also in social aspect of friction
among community surrounding the TPA. Coarsely, almost all
cities in Indonesia, no matter big or small, do not have good
solid waste management.Most treatment is with the same management of collect-
transport-dispose; a classic arrangement that should be ended
because it was proven to have flaws and tends to have negative
effect. Not just for the environment, but also for the people living
surrounding TPA.
Surely we remember explosion disaster in TPA Leuwigajah,
Cimahi, Jawa Barat that harmed hundreds of people. Not to
mention conflict of community around the location of integrat-
ed solid waste management (tempat pengolahan sampah ter-
padu - TPST) Bojong, Bogor, Jawa Barat or TPA Bantar Gebang
Bekasi that often appear in mass media. There are also solidwaste problems in other cities. This is not only impacted one
city, but also interrelated between cities.
Therefore, it is very important that solid waste law to be
issued. By issuance of Solid Waste Management, it is expected
that good, proper, healthy, safe, and environmentally-friendly
solid waste management will be realized. One important issue
regulated in this Law is paradigm changes in the solid waste
management, from currently just collecting, transporting, and
disposing to TPA, into solid waste management with 4Rs princi-
ples of reduce, reuse, recycle, recover.
Solid Waste Management Revolution
The term was initiated by Environmental Minister Rachmat
Witoelar who said that Solid Waste Management Law represents
solid waste management revolution, with which hopefully soon,
community will have clean and healthy environment.
As in Section 4 saying that "Solid waste management is
aimed in improving community's health and environmental
quality while treating solid waste as resources."
By application of the Solid Waste Management Law, since
legalization in the lembaran Negara, solid waste management
in Indonesia is arranged in new paradigm. All parties are
responsible, no matter community, government, or solid waste
REGULATION
14 PercikAugust 2008
Law No 18 Year 2008 On Solid Waste
Management
Source: Bowo Leksono
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related-stakeholders.
As known, so far, in managing solid waste, most community
is still using the approach method of collect-transport-dispose.
The new paradigm sees solid waste as resources with economi-
cally value, for example to be used as energy, compos, fertilizer,
or industrial raw material.
Solid Waste Management Responsibility
In this Law, government is not the only one who responsible
on the solid waste problems. Community (household) and pri-
vate sector (solid waste producer) are also obliged to manage
solid waste accordingly with the Law.
This arrangement can be found in Section 12 verse (1) saying
"Everyone in managing solid waste of household and household-
alike are obliged to reduce and manage solid waste in environ-
mental-oriented method."
While Section 13 says "Managers of housing area, commer-cial area, industrial area, special area, public facility, social faci-
lity, and other facility are obliged to provide solid waste separa-
tion facility."
In other words, the Law forces community to recycle in solid
waste management. Those who do not manage their solid waste
will be sanctioned accordingly with the regulation.
Other interesting thing regarding the Law is regarding regu-
lations for producers, such as Section 14 and 15. As obligation for
the community, producers also obliged to manage packing of the
product that cannot or difficult to be disintegrated. Government
will apply punishment and reward mechanism to the companiesthat violated and do not manage their solid waste. No exception
to the community, both as individual or as community.
Responsibility of the Local Government
Before Law No. 18 Year 2008, there are no firm regulatory
standards regarding solid waste management in all
kabupaten/kota or province in Indonesia. Every kabupaten/kota
holds their local regulations, which cause different solid waste
management.
It is worsen by the fact that local governments are trapped in
retribution and sanctions issues to increase local revenue, more
than the responsibility of managing solid waste for greater good.
Through this Law, basic concept regarding solid waste ma-
nagement improvement can be realized in quick manner, cer-
tainly after the issuance of government regulation as guidance to
execute the Law. It will then followed by local regulation with
the framework of higher regulations.
In writing, Solid Waste Management Law forces local go-
vernment to manage solid waste, unless they want to be perse-
cuted or sanctioned. The regulation obliged local government to
manage solid waste within their area.
In Section 5, "Government and local government are respon-
sible to guarantee good and environmentally-oriented solid
waste management accordingly with the purpose as meant in
this Law."
Clean and healthy condition of an area from solid waste
problems is solely depends on intention and interest of the lead-
ers. Monitoring of the solid waste management is arranged inbertingkat as mentioned in Section 30 verse (1) and (2). Series of
obligations for government and local governments regarding
solid waste management is included in the first law of solid
waste management.
All parties hopes, off course, that by taking this law into
action, solid waste problems of this country will be able to be
reduced. In the future, hopefully, Indonesia will be a country
that is no longer worry about solid waste, but in contrary, able to
provide job creation from the solid waste management. BW
REGULATION
15PercikAugust 2008
Source: Bowo Leksono
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Solid Waste Power Plant Gede Bage that will be built at
Kabupaten Bandung apparently has caused pros and
cons in the development plan. Part of the community
rejected while the other part accepted, despite the issuance of
visibility study of the PLTSa operation by team from Institut
Teknologi Bandung (ITB).
Community has a right to know which process will be applied
in PLTSa, considering that solid waste management may also
cause sensitivity of social friction. Inaccurate or even mislead
information can be boomerang to the government in the appli-
cation of the PLTSa.
Despite the current pros and cons, community needs to
know that the treatment that will be applied in PLTSa Gede Bage
is an integrated treatment. The treatment will not merely burn
the solid waste, but will also generate products of electricity,
usable ash, and job creation. On the other hand, if the operation
is not conducted properly, environmental damage may rise in
the local and regional level which will have to be paid with a high
social cost by the community.
PLTSa Term
The term was created due to the energy generation process
from the treated solid waste in the PLTSa. The term is actually
quite risky, considering the high chance of incapability of solid
waste treatment that will generate electricity economically. This
is understandable, due to the high water content of solid waste
in Indonesia (which approximately may reach 60-80 percent),
that will decrease caloric and energy value that can be generated
from the solid waste.
For example, during the rainy season, where the water con-tent of the solid waste is higher, the chance of PLTSa to generate
electricity will be decreased, and PLTSa may consume more
energy in order to treat the solid waste.
In the infrastructure term in relation with the above, there
are Water Treatment Installation (Instalasi Pengolahan Air -
IPA) and Waste Water Treatment Installation (Instalasi
Pengolahan Air Limbah - IPAL).
In order to maintain consistency, why not named it as Solid
Waste Treatment Instalation (Instalasi Pengolahan Sampah - IPS)?
Furthermore, IPS' main purpose is to treat solid waste, not to gener-
ate electricity. Electricity product or other usable product will only
represent side products of the solid waste treatment itself. By usingthe term IPS, the function of solid waste treatment will be more gen-
eral, which is to treat/manage the solid waste.
Controlled Combustion
The technology used by PLTSa Gede Bage is controlled com-
bustion. PLTSa is designed to treat the capacity of 500 ton/day
or equal with the service of 850 thousand people of Kota
Bandung. While the solid waste generated in Kota Bandung with
2.6 million people (in the year 2007) is around 1,600 ton/day.
In this case, PLTSa Gede Bage will treat approximately 30
percent solid waste generated by Kota Bandung every day. TheGovernment of Kota Bandung is still have to find ways to treat
the other 70 percent of the solid waste that are not managed by
the PLTSa.
Solid waste from the solid waste disposal locations, such as
settlements, commercial, offices, industrials, until tourism
areas, will be transported by garbage truck. Solid waste collect-
ing which is normally done by garbage cart will be then trans-
ported to the Temporary Disposal Point (Lokasi Penampungan
Sementara - LPS).
INSIGHT
By Sandhi Eko Bramono, S.T., MEnvEngSc. *)
16 PercikAugust 2008
Solid Waste Management
Technology in PLTSa Gede
A banner contains support for PLTSa Gede Bage development in front of
Balubur Market, Bandung. Source: Exclusive
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Garbage trucks will transport the collected solid waste to
PLTSa Gede Bage to be treated. There are zoning of solid waste
services of which will be treated by PLTSa, while the rest that
have not included in the service area will be transported to the
Final Disposal (Tempat Pembuangan Akhir - TPA) of Kota
Bandung.Solid waste that will be treated in PLTSa is collected in a
large temporary solid waste bin, with the role such as reservoir.
The solid waste will be placed there for 2-3 days, to guarantee
continuous and constant supply to PLTSa. Without the bin, solid
waste supply will fluctuate, sometimes there will be plenty of
solid waste, and sometimes there will only be small volume of
waste. This must be avoided to maintain process performance.
After collected in the bin, solid waste will be milled to ensure
uniform and smaller size prior to the combustion chamber. After
being milled, solid waste will be transported into the combustion
chamber with the temperature of 600-800 Celsius degree to
reduce solid waste volume into ashes with residual volume of
only 10 percent. The process will then continue with the second
combustion chamber with temperature of 800-1000 Celsius
degree to guarantee gas perfection as the result of combustion of
the first combustion chamber.
In the combustion chambers, solid waste is also blown from
below and above by air supply and also moved by some kind of
stoker to mix solid waste, air, and fire in the combustion cham-
ber. The ash produced by the combustion process in both cham-
bers will be collected in the bottom part of the combustion
chambers, and transported by a conveyor to be collected in se-
parated place, and disposed in TPA.
Approximately 90 percent of solid waste volume has con-
verted into gas which may still contain dangerous pollutant.
Therefore, the produced gas is flowed into air pollution control
unit to decrease the content of particulates, carbon monoxide
(CO), sulfuric oxide (SOx), nitrogen oxide (NOx), and various
heavy metals (Hg, Cu, Zn, etc.)
Particulates will be trapped by cyclone and wet scrubber that
will trap particulate centrifugally by contact with water. This
process will remove up to 90 percent particulates. Gases such as
SOx, NOx, and heavy metals will be removed in both air pollu-
tion control devices.
Removal performance of pollutants is enhanced by bag
house filter that will filter residual particle, thus quality of the
disposed gas will be better. CO gas will be controlled in the com-
bustion chamber with temperature control, control of air being
blown, and also a more intensive solid waste mixing.
From the eye of the law in Indonesia, controlled solid waste
combustion known as incineration refers to KABAPEDAL
Decree No 03/BAPEDAL/09/1995 on emission standard for sta-
tionary sources, including incinerator.
Main standard of pollutants are particulate (must be less
than 350 mg/m3), nitrogen oxide in the form of nitrogen diox-
ide (must be less than 1000 mg/m3), sulfuric oxide in the form
of sulfuric dioxide (must be less than 800 mg/m3), and smoke
density known as opacity (must be less than 35 percent).All solid waste combustion operating in Indonesia must refer
to the regulation, to be able to provide relatively minimum envi-
ronmental impact on human health, accordingly with the stan-
dard set by the Government of Indonesia.
Environmental Impact
All human activities are guaranteed to provide environmen-
tal impact, either favorable or adverse for environment.
Improper PLTSa operation in term of the applied technical and
law principles will cause PLTSa to be new pollutant source that
will endanger health of both human and environment.Impact of the untreated disposed gas will be dangerous air
pollutant. However, if PLTSa is properly operated, solid waste
problems will be well overcome, with job fields that will absorb
plenty of workers, solid waste experts will be able to practice
their knowledge in order to solve solid waste havoc in Indonesia,
able to produce electricity and ashes that can be used as road
aggregates, without having to sacrifice environment.
In other words, PLTSa can be boomerang for the environ-
ment, but can also be environment rescuer. It is up to the
Government of Kota Bandung and the community to provide
active role in the success of PLTSa operation.Among pros and cons of PLTSa Gede Bage development, it is
important for us to see good intention of Kota Bandung
Government in their serious effort to manage solid waste.
Numbers of technologies have been applied in the past, we have
to admit that they have not succeeded in managing solid waste
in this city, that once receive predicate of the dirtiest city from
Environmental Ministry, due to the solid waste emergency in the
year 2006.
As far as there is serious effort from Kota Bandung
Government, professional operation of PLTSa, and objective
and honest scientific review regarding readiness level of techni-
cal-technological-socio-economy-cultural sectors of PLTSa Gede
Bage, why should we not ready to see PLTSa as new break-
through in the solid waste world of Indonesia?
*) writer is a doctoral program student in Division of
Environmental Science and Engineering, National University of
Singapore (NUS), Singapore.
Writer contact: [email protected]
INSIGHT
17PercikAugust 2008
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Survey and analysis of new raw water source quest for cus-
tomer consumption must always consider aspects in
relation with water quality, other than maximum water
capacity (debit). Quality consideration will provide information
regarding the nature of raw water physically, chemically, or bac-
teriological, that may cause problems in customer's health, or
increment of cost production because the water requires
advance quality improvement.
In this article, the writer will only discuss consideration with
regards to raw water collection in relation with underground
water (well) quality for consumption/distribution/sale to the
customer. The article may suit more as information regarding
quantity condition of the raw water that is more and more limit-
ed, caused by more scarce and more polluted surface water that
eventually people are looking for raw water alternatives, in the
city area in particular, of underground water (well).
From the writer's experience in conducting research, test,
and analysis of the underground water, either physically, chemi-
cally, or bacteriologic, underground water is very similar with
the surface water in term of water capacity and quality. Wellwater capacity decreased quickly during the dry season, and cu-
rrent quality is relatively polluted. In the picture we can see that
well water is physically clear during sampling, however, after
chemical test, the sample contains relatively high Iron (Fe) and
Manganese (Mn), and not qualified as clean water/drinking
water.
Pollution indication, as far as the writer knows, especially
from bacteriologic analysis, is always show numbers of Coli and
Eschericia Coli bacteria. The same with chemical parameters
that always show content of Iron (Fe) and Manganese (Mn),
with different concentration depends on sampling locations.Absence of Iron and Manganese components in the water is
usually followed by content of other chemical components that
still in compliance with the standard of clean/drinking water,
which means that the raw water is relatively not polluted in term
of chemical.
Theoretically, Iron content is usually quite common in
underground water, which is not the case for Manganese compo-
nent. However, Iron content usually followed by Manganese
content. Water contains Iron and Manganese can still be used as
clean water if the concentration is still under the maximum stan-
dard allowed (see: Table).
INSIGHT
18 PercikAugust 2008
Iron (Fe) and Manganese (Mn)
Content of Underground Water
No
1.
2.
3.
4.
Minimum/maximum Standard
6,5 - 8,5 6,5 - 8,5
0,3 1,0
0,1 0,5
Clear Clear
Drinking water Clean waterParameter
pH (acidity level)
Iron Level (ppm)
Manganese Level (ppm)
Visually
By: Ir. Iyus Yusup
KaSubag. Water Quality Laboratorium
PDAM Tirta Bumi Wibawa Kota Sukabumi
Staff of PDAM Tirta Bumi Wibawa Kota Sukabumi is collecting raw water in the
treatment location. Source: Exclusive.
MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION OF IRON AND MANGANESE INCLEAN/DRINKING WATER
Source: SK. Menkes No. 907/Menkes/SK/2002 for Clean Water and Drinking Water
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It can also be explained that Iron and
Manganese elements are in the form of
minerals that originally not dissolved
(Fe3+ and Mn4+), thus anaerobic condi-
tion in the soil (low oxygen) of the ele-
ments will be reduced into valented ion ofFe2+ and Mn4+ thus dissolved in the
water (see: Matrix of Iron elements form
in the water).
From several research literatures,
Fe2+ and Mn4+ can be compounded with
Bicarbonate, Sulfur, and Hydrogen
Sulfide (H2S), thus from aesthetic aspect,
especially color and odor, is less attractive
and complained by water user.
Iron and Manganese elements with
relatively large concentration (mg/l) in
the water will provide the following
impacts on individual, industrial, or com-
pany's water supply system:
1. Will cause clogging in the pipe
installation system caused directly
by iron deposit, and indirectly by
iron bacteria. These bacteria will
increase friction (losses) which in
turn will increase energy require-
ment. If degradation occurs,
unpleasant odor and taste will also
occur in the water.
2. Iron and Manganese elements in
large concentration of some mg/l
(parts per million/ppm) will cause
metal taste or medicine odor.
3. In ion exchanger process, Iron and
Manganese deposit will clog or cover
ion exchange media (resin) that will
cause losses of ion exchange capaci-
ty.
4. Causing complaints from the cos-tumer (as in red water case) when
Iron and Manganese deposit accu-
mulated in the pipe is re-suspended
caused by debit or pressure incre-
ment in the distributing pipe, thus
deposit will be carried to the cus-
tomer.
5. Iron and Manganese elements will
cause unclear appearance on the
water and leaving stain on clothes
that were washed by this water, thusis least expected by the water user.
6. Leaving brownish stain caused by
Iron element and blackish stain
caused by Manganese element in the
tub and other equipments.
7. Metal deposit can also caused prob-
lems in the water supply system of
individual, industrial, or company
such as PDAM.
INSIGHT
19PercikAugust 2008
Matrix of Iron elements form in the water
Piping system to collect raw water from water source to be channeled to the reservoir. Pic: Bowo Leksono
Total Iron
Iron II
Free Free
Deposit- Fe(OH)3- OtherDeposit
Organic Complex- Asam humus- Asam fulfik
Mineral Complex- Silikat- Fosfat
Dissolved/dispersed Iron(escaped from filter)
Deposit Iron (trapped in the filter)
Dissolved- Fe2+
- FeOH+
Deposit- FeS2- FeCO3- Fe(OH)2
Complex Form
Iron III
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Some area are proud and become
inspiration for other area to
remain confidence that WSES
development will be able to be the trigger
factor of community prosperity level. In
sense, WSES development that basically
provide easier access -whether simply
bringing the clean water closer or provide
the service to the households- will pre-
sent direct and indirect results that will
able to increase community's revenue,
health, education, etc.
The outcome of clean water facility
development, which above paper will be
able to increase prosperity, has been truly
proven with clean water facility develop-
ment in Tetaf Village of Kabupaten Timor
Tengah Selatan (TTS) which was facilita-
ted by ProAir Program, a grant from the
Government of Germany. The article is a
gift from the trip made by documentermovie team of WSES Policy Operation in
TTS Kabupaten of which most shooting
was taken in Tetaf Village, Kecamatan
Amanuban Barat, Kabupaten Timor
Tengah Selatan.
Poor Tetaf Village
In general, Tetaf Village is categorized
as poor. The main living is farming of sea-
sonal crops, such as corn as their main
plant, and vegetables such as eggplant,chili, cabbage, cress, etc. People also
plant coconut, sirih, banana, mango,
mahoni, acacia, which partly grow by
nature, and other parts are grown inten-
tionally.
Truthfully, when we enter Tetaf
Village, we won't see any poverty impres-
sion, because as far as the eyes can see,
green plants scattered everywhere, which
indicates soil fertility and abundant
crops. However, in reality, the people of
Tetaf Village are in general still under
poverty line. Their daily revenue and con-
sumption level (nutrition) is still low.
Most kids are going to school with barefeet, some of them with mucus showing
on their nose as indication of low revenue
and lack of nutrient.
Their houses are still using simple
materials; roof from leafs (thatch), pillars
from rough woods, and floor from dirt.
Only small numbers of houses with
cemented walls, zinc roof, and tiled floor.
This is general depiction of prosperity
level in Tetaf Village.
ProAir Clean Water Program
Thorough WSES Program funded by
the Government of Germany through
GTZ and KFW -with criteria such as
water resource availability, willingness to
contribute in cash for the maintenance
fund, statement of interest to be facilitated,
etc- has chosen Tetaf Village to acquire
WSES facilities development facilitation.
The program known as ProAir is con-
sistently applied national policies princi-
ples, in initiation phase, planning, deve-
lopment, and post development (mainte-
nance) phase.
Because the objective is more on com-
munity empowerment through WSES
development, it is not surprising that dur-
ing preparation phase, community needs
longer time - much longer than the time
needed for physical construction -
because public facilitation is dedicated
more to change the way of thinking,
behavior, and attitude of the people,
especially understanding (affective), atti-
tude (cognitive), and behavior (psy-
chomotor) in relation with clean water as
economic and social property, as well as
management to sustain continuity.
ProAir in NTT has been started since
the end of 2003 in three kabupatens of
Kabupaten Sumba Barat, Sumba Timur,
and Timor Tengah Selatan. At first, the
program is relatively difficult to apply
because it is a development program that
applies need-based principles which con-
sist of the idea of prioritizing communi-
ty's role as the main actor of the develop-
ment. 11 points of complete National
Policy Principles of WSES Development
are applied consistently.
The problem is that NTT people as the
development target are poor people,whereas ProAir firmly applied condition
that the people must provide cash contri-
bution as maintenance fund of the facili-
ty. In the national policy, this refers to the
cost recovery principle.
Obligation to provide cash contribu-
tion in the early stage of ProAir activity
has caused conflict. On one side there is
opinion that "community is capable of
paying cash contribution" while on the
other side, there is opinion that "commu-nity will not be able to pay cash contribu-
tion due to the poverty".
Those who think that poor people
cannot pay asked that cash contribution
of the community can be done by convert-
ing man energy and local material dona-
tions into rupiah, while on the other side,
those who think that community is capa-
ble to pay, insisted that community will
INSIGHT
In The Next Five Years, Tetaf Village
Will Become Prosperous Village
20 PercikAugust 2008
By Alma Arief and
Dormaringan Saragih
WASPOLA Consultant
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be able to put aside their revenue or wealth in form of cash or
materials (such as livestock, jacquards, etc) little by little.
Latter on, what ProAir has done prove that the community is
capable. However to change paradigm from "always receiving
instant packages" into "involved in decision making of every
phase of development, even asked for cash contribution"requires a very long time. Various facilitation to explain proce-
dure of proposing ideas of clean water development facilitation
along with conditions, explanation of the benefit of water facili-
ty, obligation of providing cash contribution for maintenance of
the facility, technical training of facility maintenance, PHBS
campaign to change the way of life, utilization of time and ener-
gy after easy access to the water, etc, are given intensively.
In every facilitated village, ProAir is able to collect cash con-
tribution and monthly fee. In TTS, the number of money collect-
ed from cash contribution before construction is begun and
monthly fee until September 2007 is shown below:
Willingness of the poor community in providing cash contri-
bution and monthly fee is also break the myth that poor people
cannot pay. With intensive facilitation, structured organization
of all activities with proper administration, every problem can be
overcome. Community in the villages facilitated by ProAir,
whether those who live in TTS, Sumba Timur, or Sumba Barat,
are able to execute all points of the national policy. And now,
they have started to feel the result of the water facility develop-
ment.
Synergy with the Agriculture Agency
When access to clean water is started to be enjoyed by the
community, they then have extra time and energy compare to
the past where most of the time and energy is being used to
obtain clean water for their need. The change happened to-
gether with Agriculture Agency who facilitates Tangerine (Soe)
Orange seed distribution.
That synergy (whether planned or not) is accepted with openarms by the people who now have extra time and energy. In
Tetaf Village, community is now plant Tangerine Orange in the
area of 70 hectares with orange plants of 30 thousand trees,
while in OeUe Village, OeUe farmer group with 20 household
members, are now planting 7,200 trees in the area of 18
hectares.
Closure
Water facility development, whether simply bringing the
water closer or to provide service to the household, do present
power to increase prosperity of the people. In Tetaf Village,
Kecamatan Amanuban Barat, Kabupaten Timor Tengah Selatan,
the community with extra time and energy, accepted govern-
ment offers (Agriculture Agency) with open arms to plant
oranges in their land.
It seems just the matter of time to see the people to harvest
the oranges with smile on their faces while singing local songs.Kids go to school in the morning, with tidy clothes and shoes.
However, this hope still leaves question; has the people ready to
welcome abundant harvest? Have post harvest technologies
been prepared? Have post harvest institutions been prepared?
How about the market capacity, and where? How to handle com-
petition with products from other area? Have the people protect-
ed from monopoly of wholesaler from Kupang who are said to
buy the harvest in wholesale? There are still other questions of
which policy intervention requires to synergize potencies of the
related institutions.
INSIGHT
21PercikAugust 2008
No Name of Group/Village Amount per September 2007
1
2
3
Nekmese-OeUe (Tetaf Village)
Heimituin-Oemofun
Kofi Tel - Nefokoko
Rp 16.547.054
Rp 15.597.991
Rp 40.211.395
Source: Dok/ProAir
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Participative learning is generally
believed as a long process, where
to facilitate, days even weeks are
required. In reality, many programs do
not have that long of time. Many pro-
grams can only allocate one day or even
less than one day to introduce and
acquire initial agreement from the com-
munity.
In such condition, most field faci-
litators finally chose the non-partici-
pative ways when talking to the com-
munity. They invited the people and
give out speech. If the ability of public
speaking facilitator has not as
advance as Bung Karno, Gede Prama,
AA Gym or ot her gr ea t orat or ,
unavoidably, lots of people disappear
since the fifth minute.
Brief Participative Learning (PPS)
is a community learning method
established by John Hopkins Uni-
ve rs it y/ Ce nt er fo r Co mm un ic at io n
Program Indonesia (JHU/CCP In-
donesia) since 2006 from various dis-
cussion facilitation experiences of
community group, both con-
ducted by CCP or its partners.
PPS is actually learning agreat deal from previous known
participative techniques. The dif-
ferent is that PPS is also purposed
on accommodating interest of the
program to quickly introduce numbers
of messages to the community groups
and acquire initial agreement regarding
the program to be implemented.
Brief but Participative
Even though brief, PPS highly respect
participative principles in the learning
process with the basic thinking that par-
ticipative space will below community's
knowledge to be latter circulated between
participants, including facilitator. Partici-
pative space will build community accept-
ance on alternative knowledge that has
been identified together. Knowledge
acceptance will latter greatly helped to
build sense of ownership of the program.
PPS has four important components,
namely conducive communication situa-
tion, individual participation, generalreflection, and strengthened general
recall power. The four components need
to be developed systematically and inte-
grated, as illustrated below.
Such as shown in the diagram, build-
ing communicative situation is a compo-
nent that needs to be developed in the
ongoing process. Communicative situa-
tion will bring about comfort on the par-
ticipants to participate and accept new
knowledge as the result of discussion.
When communicative situation is built,
individual participation is more likely to
rise.
When individual participation is ade-
quate, process of general reflection will be
able to be done to enrich community with
alternative knowledge. In the end, in
order for the alternative knowledge to
remain in memory, participants are
helped to recall alternative knowledge
they acquire from their own experience
and knowledge.
PPS Stages
a. Build communicative situation
Build informal communication
before discussion session is started.
When approaching all participants
is not possible, focus on small num-
bers of participants (approximately
1/5 of total participants)
Introduce yourself and the team
briefly and presents the purpose and
message that commonly conveyedby fellow facilitators such as, this
session is a session to learn
together, everybody is teacher and
everybody is students.
During discussion, show apprecia
tion to the participants as source of
knowledge.
Follow the flow of discussion while
elegantly encourage passive partici-
INSIGHT
Knowing Brief Participative Learning
(Pembelajaran Partisipatif Singkat- PPS)
Bangun Situasi Komunikatif
Dorong
partisipasiindividual
Refleksi
bersama
Perkuat
ingatan
bersama
By
Risang Rimbatmaja
(Researcer at JHU/CCP Indonesia)
Encourageindividual
participation
BUILDINGCOMMUNICATION SITUATION
Strengthengeneral
recall power
Generalreflection
22 PercikAugust 2008
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pants to speak up and controlled
those who talk too much.
After discussion, build informal dis-
cussion with more participants.
Say thank you on the process of
learning together.
b. Encourage individual participa-
tion
Toss interesting question that is easy
to answer by all participants, such as
things that they recently encoun-
tered. Toss 2-3 easy questions before
tossing more difficult question
(around knowledge or attitude).
Use pictures and other tools to facil-
itate individual assessment.
c. General reflection
Perform games and show various
pictures to raise indirect alternative
knowledge.
Encourage participants to practice,
analyze, and interpret alternative
knowledge.
Encourage participants to compare
common knowledge with their own
interpretation of various games and
pictures that inspire alternative