Private Sector Contribution in Water and Sanitation. PERCIK. Indonesia Water and Sanitation Magazine. October 2005

Information Media for Water Supply andEnvironmental Sanitation

Published by:Working Group for Water Supply and Sanitation

Advisor:Director General for Urban and

Rural Development, Department of Public Works

Board of Trustee:Director of Human Settlement and Housing,

National Development Planning Agency Republicof Indonesia

Director of Water and Sanitation,Ministry of Health

Director of Water Supply Development,Department of Public Works

Director of Natural Resources and AppropriateTechnology, Director General on Village and

Community Empowerment,Department of Home Affairs

Director for Facilitation of Special PlanningEnvironment Management,Department of Home Affairs

Chief Editor:Oswar Mungkasa

Board of Editor:Ismail, Johan Susmono,

Indar Parawansa, Poedjastanto

Editor:Maraita Listyasari, Rewang Budiyana,

Rheidda Pramudhy, Joko Wartono, Essy Asiah,Mujiyanto, Andre Kuncoroyekti

Design/Illustrator:Rudi Kosasih

Production:Machrudin

Distribution:Meiza Aprizya, Agus Syuhada

Address:Jl. Cianjur No. 4, Menteng, Jakarta Pusat

Phone/Fax.: 62-21-31904113http://www.ampl.or.id

e-mail: [email protected]@ampl.or.id

[email protected]

Unsolicited article or opinion itemsare welcome. Please send to our address

or e-mail. Don't forget to be brief andaccompanied by identity.

This magazine can be accessed at WaterSupply and Environmental Sanitation Website

at www.apml.or.id

From the Editor 1

Your Voice 2

Main Feature

PWSS Implementation Awaiting Private Sector Contribution 3

What do we mean by Corporate Social Responsibility? 4

Private Sector Cares, Is Beginning 6

Interview

CFCD Chairman, Thendri Supriatno

Synergy for Community Empowerment 7

Report

Green City Green Community

An Urge to Care to Waste 9

Article

Regional Waste Management, Why Not? 15

Megumi, Drinking Water from an Unlimited Source 18

Water, Between the Principles of Sustainability and

Demand for Prosperity in the Midst of Shortage and Need

Between the Monopolistic Rights of the Present Generation and

Inheritance to the Future Generations 20

Studies

Analytical Study on Kabupaten Level WSS Service in

the Era of Decentralization

Kaleidoscope

Sanimas (Sanitation for the Community).

Between Hope and Reality 25

Around WASPOLA 28

Around WWES 32

Innovation

Water Pump Without Engine 41

Institution

Training Centre for Housing Scale Water Supply and Environmental

Sanitation Facility (BPAB-PLP), Bekasi Revival from listlessness 42

Book Info 43

CD Info 44

Website Info 45

IATPI Clinic 46

Agenda 47

WSS Bibliography 48

This magazine is a translation of the official Bahasa version.

FROM THE EDITOR

Percik October 2005 1

Dear readers,Time flies so fast. We did not realize

Percik is now 2 years old. This magazi-ne was published for the first time inAugust 2003 carrying with it the Natio-nal Policy for Water Supply and Envi-ronmental Sanitation Development inits main feature. At that time, thefacing was still so simple. Thecontents were not too ma-ny. The rubrik consistsof main feature, in-terview, opinion, vi-sist, mirror, book in-fo, website info,and miscellane-ous.

From time totime we gradu-ally make im-provement. Insecond and thirdeditions, changeswere made, bothin terms of facingand the rubrik,Percik is trying tofind its form. It wasin the fourth edition,along with organizationaldevelopment, Percik findsits present form. There is, ho-wever, some modification hereand there but none of it is significant.

We are quite pleased that in spite ofits still relatively young in age Percikhas attracted the readers' attention, es-pecially those connected to water supplyand environmental sanitation from theburaucracy (central and regional levels),university, NGO and the general com-munity. At least this is evidenced fromthe incoming letters, article writing ande-mails addressed to the editor. This co-uld happen because of the efforts exer-ted by each and everyone of WSS Wor-king Group members who acts asPercik "marketing officer" in any WSSrelated event he/she presents. Besides,

Percik is distributed free of charge toall regional governments in Indonesia.

Dear readers, today Percik is pa-

cing into the third year of its life. Werealize that many are still left to be doneto put this segmented magazine intoorder. Many things we still have tothink together. Including how long thismagazine will survive, considering thatup to now Percik's existence relies fullyon government subsidy, therefore it canbe distributed gratis. It not impossible,some day the budget is discontinued.From the side of readers empowerment,distribution for free is unsuitable becau-se Percik always tries to convey the

message of community self-reliance.Let's hope this free distribution is notagainst the principles of communityeducation. We are deeply contempla-ting on it. Perhaps the reader may comeup with a brilliant idea that helps to ma-

ke Percik sustains with the readers'participation.

What is certain is, we arecontinuously putting

things into order so thatwe can offer you with

the best. This timewe appear with a

slightly differentdesign. We hopethis change co-uld make oureyes more fo-cused in rea-ding it. Besi-des, we alsoadd new ru-

briks, innovati-on, study and

institution. Weconsider there are

things worthy of no-te from the new ru-

briks. Several new ru-briks are being contem-

plated for appearance in thefollowing editions. This is mere-

ly for the sake of information dis-semination to all WSS stakeholders. Itis obvious, the existing rubriks are stillunable to satisfy the issues and pro-blems and recent development takingplace around us.

Changes may not cease simply be-cause good deed has been done. The-refore, we are continuously looking for-ward to inputs and comments as well assupport from you. For without you thismagazine is nothing. Let's work toge-ther to put it forward so that Percik maycontribute to the development of watersupply and environemntal saniationsector in Indonesia. Best regards.

Suggestion for a New Rubrik

Acknowledge with thanks receipt ofPercik ed. July 2005. Percik is indeedoffering very valuable information to itscommunity of readers. We would pro-pose to add more rubriks consisting ofregional report, art and culture (shortstory, review and poem), and articlewriting competitition for Percik annualcommemoration. We know exactly thatthe three items have ever been pre-sented. We would be ready to help andbe a correspondent when needed.

Sulaiman PirawanJl. Danau Sintarum Gg. H. Namawi 68

Kel. Sui Bangkong. Pontianak 78116

Thanks for your input. As for regio-nal rubrik we admit that up to now it isstill missing, however, we continuouslypublish successes and failures of activi-ties taking place in the regions withinthe existing rubrik. Regarding art andculture, for the time being it seemsrather difficult for us to fulfill it consid-ering Percik is dedicating itself in wa-ter supply and sanitation. Article wri-ting competition is quite interesting,and WSS WorkingGroup has organizedone last year. The feedback looks excel-lent. (Editor)

Info on Brackish Water

We acknowledge with thanks receiptof Percik of May 2005 edition. HopePercik would unceasingly increase itsquality and will become a means forsharing of information among watersupply and environmental sanitationobservers.

We would like to inform you that ourregion, Pati, especially the southern partcovering 8 kecamatans, 72 villages, and163.381 inhabitants are in shortage ofdrinking water. The existing water so-urce is brackish with high calcium con-tent. As such this water is not used fordrinking and cooking. The communityhave to take water from other villages or

buy it from vendors.Through this media, we would like

to tap the knowledge/field experiencefrom any one to process brackish waterinto drinkable water. Considering theeconomic condition of the populationthe most possible means of doing this isthrough an applied technology. We ho-pe Percik would facilitate in fulfilmentthe expectation of south Pati communi-ty.

Ir. Budi WaluyoKasubdin Cipta KaryaDiskimpras Kab. Pati

Central Java

We hope with the publication of thisinformation some competent stakehol-der will get excited in helping you solvethe problem. (Editor)

Relevant Content

I am a student studying on a fellow-ship at ITB (Bandung Institute of Tech-nology). I am quite interested after re-ading Percik of July 2005 edition inthe campus' library. The information isquite relevent with our lectures in con-nection with development of the villa-ges, especially in Workshop subjectmatter, where in the field we are facedwith problems widely discussed in thismagazine, such as poor sanitation,water source polluted with domesticand industrial wastes. Percik serves asa valuable reference for knowing pro-blems related to other areas.

Therefore, I would highly appreciateit if I could subscribe this magazine star-ting from the first edition. If the hardcopy is out of print the soft copy will ser-ve my purpose. Pray to God that Per-cik will survive.

Arfianto AhmadRural Development Management Division

Dept. of Architecture ITBLabtek IX B Building

Jl. Ganesa 10,Bandung

Percik really intends to become ameans for information sharing in thesubject of water supply and environ-mental sanitation. Your request will becomplied with by our distribution sec-tion. (Editor)

Request for Copies of Percik

I am an activist of an environmentalrelated institution in Yogyakarta. I'dappreciate if I could have copies ofPercik for our reference.

Tri ApriyadiYayasan DAMAR

Karanggayam CT VIII/26A,Depok, Sleman

Yogyakarta 55281

Similar requests come from YudhiKristian Jl. Sadang Subur 1/48,Sadang Sari RT 2/14, Sadang Serang,Bandung 40134; Ida Sukmawati Jl.Akar Wangi II/17 Kompleks PertanianAtsiri Permai, Citayam, Depok; ArieIstandar, USAEP Indonesia, Plaza DM18th floor, Ste 1807, Jl. Jend. SudirmanKavling 25, Jakarta 12910; DinasLingkungan Hidup, Kebersihan danPertamanan, Sawahlunto City, Jl.Lubang Tembok, Kelurahan Saringan,Kecamatan Lembah Segar, Sawahlun-to City, Sumatra Barat; Robert Ainslie,John Hopkins University-Centre ofCommunication, Tifa Bldg 5th floor, Jl.Kuningan Barat 26 Jakarta. We willsend copies to all of them.

Beside inputs and above requestswe also received acknowledgement andthanks for the Percik we sent them.

The senders are among others De-puty for Environmental Pollution Con-trol, State Ministry of Environment,Regional Secretary Kabupaten BatangHari, and PDAM of the City of Se-marang. And many others.

(Editor)

YOUR VOICE


MAIN REPORT


Five years ago in Sep-tember, UN General As-sembly mandates Millen-nium Development Goals(MDGs) as the targets for

global community to reduce poverty and

improve health and welfare of all thepopulation. Two years later, in theWorld Summit on Sustainable Deve-lopment, the United Nations recon-firmed MDGs and adds a special targeton sanitation and hygiene.

The condition of the world popula-tion, especially in the poor and develo-ping nations, does not move up in pro-portion to the progresses made in theindustrialized nations. Data of 2000indicates that 2,4 billion of world popu-lation has no access to acceptable sani-tation, 81 percent of whom live in ruralvillages. Besides, 1,1 billion people haveno access to water supply, 86 percent ofthem in villages. We should not be sur-prised this causes diseases such as diar-rhoea and so on.

It is estimated that in 2015 the worldwill be inhabited by 7 billion people.The biggest population growth takesplace in the developing nations. The ad-ditional population will increase thenum-ber of people living without accessto acceptable sanitation by 3,4 billion in2015. WHO estimates 150 million addi-tional world population must have ac-cess to sanitation annually.

Indonesian situation is not too farfrom the above picture. Data from 2002indicate that Indonesian populationwho have a basic sanitation facilitymade of pit or septic tank is only 63,5percent. In the villages the proportion issomewhat lower, 52,2 percent while inrural areas 77,5 percent.

The figures indicate the availableproportion without telling us what thequality is really like. Therere is strongdoubt if the above data tell us the realcondition. The real fact may be muchworse. It is estimated that many of thebasic sanitation facilities do not meetthe environmental and sanitationrequirement anymore.

WSS Implementation,Awaiting Private Sector

ContributionDevelopment paradigm has changed. No more pivoted

on economic growth, rather it is now on sustainable development.The industrial sector is also changing its basic thinking.

No more simply profit oriented, rather it is environmental care,natural as well as social economical. Has it touched water supply

and environmental sanitation sector?

If this situation is connected toMDGS target what Indonesia has to doto reach the target is something diffi-cult, indeed. Especially if the financialburden is imposed solely on govern-ment - which actually should be thecommunity's - considering the govern-ment has admitted that it does not haveenough development budget. Worsestill is the fact that water supply andsanitation sector does not obtain theattention it deserves from the policymakers including from the legislatures.

Private Sector ContributionA new development paradigm ari-

ses, especially in the developing nations,that all involved parties must take shareand care in development process. Thestate, as much as possible, is limited tofacilitation function. The state also sho-uld embrace the private sector and thecommunity. From the side of the com-munity, there is emerging a communityempowerment programme to make itcapable of developing itself with lessgovernment support.

Whereas with the private sector,there was formerly reluctance to direct-ly deal with the community. This wasnatural because they considered thatthey have paid taxes and other levies tothe government, therefore it is the lat-ter's job to work with community deve-lopment. But, as it finally turned out,the private sector has no choice but toget involved, because of the differentinterests. What is expected by the pri-vate corporations does not necessarilycomply with the government pro-gramme. Therefore, in the decade of1970s the change in business paradigmdid occur. They did not think singly interms of profit (single bottom line), butalso care for the environment, natural aswell as social economical. The para-digm changes from shareholders res-ponsibility to stakeholders responsibili-ty.

This fact stimulates the industrialworld to review their corporate vision

and mission. The CEOs put corporatesocial responsibility and corporate sus-tainability as part of Good CorporateGovernance. The seed of this awarenessemerged in 1992 World Summit in Riode Janeiro, Brazil.

Today the global environment hasundergone changes, corporate reputa-tion and image is not viewed singly fromthe profit side but to also include (1)financial competence, (2) quality ofproduct and service, (3) customer focus,(4) human resources excellence andsensitiveness, (5) reliability, (6) innova-tiveness, (7) environmental responsibi-lity, (8) social responsibility, and (9)Good Corporate Governance. Theefforts to achieve the above objectives

consist of (1) fairness to all stakeholders(not limited only to shareholders), (2)proactive and acts as agent of change incommunity empowerment within thearea of operation; (3) efficient, carefulagainst unnecessary spending especiallyin relation to problem solution focusedon stakeholders in the area of operation.

What then is implementable by thecorporate? The corporate can launch acommunity development (CD) pro-gramme; relation development (RD)programme targeted to (1) empower-ment of local human resources (inclu-ding students and youth); (2) strength-ening of economic condition of the sur-rounding community; (3) developmentof public facilities; (4) community

MAIN REPORT


C orporate Social Responsibility

(CSR) is synomym to Good

Corporate Citizenship (GCC) has a

broader connotation than corporate influ-

ence to the community for the benefit of

the corporation and the community in gen-

eral (Marsden and Andriof. Warwick

Business School UK, 2001). While in

Indonesia Business Link, CSR is mentioned

as business decision related in business

ethic that is not motivated merely on mar-

keting, public relations, or other commer-

cial benefits.

CSR is considered capable of providing

competitive superiority for the company

and may help in improving its financial

performance and access to capital, im-

proving brand image and sales, mainta-

ining quality of work power, improving de-

cision making in critical issues, handiling

risk more efficiently, and reducing long

term costs.

Through CSR program a company can

contribute to directly the community for

poverty reduction, equity, participation,

peace, and security, and environmental

protection. The company that develops a

new business model will become a business

leader of the 21th century (Mark M. Brown,

UNDP in Business and Poverty; Bridging the

Gap, 2002).

From there emerged a term corporate

philantrophy which means how big and

small companies provide cash contribution

for various social, economical etc. as part

of the overall corporate citizenship strate-

gy.

There are many benefits can be ob-

tained from CSR such as improveing brand

image, reducing poverty, resolving con-

flicts, environmental conservation, social

investment, and sustainable development.

(MJ)

What do we mean by CorporateSocial Responsibility?

health improvement; (5) socio culturalactivities, etc.

In this case the corporate may playan important role in triggering watersupply and sanitation development. Itis undeniable, that WSS condition is stillfar from expectation. Therefore theopportunity for the industrial sector togain respect from the community isopen wide. The more so, the govern-ment is ready with a national policy forWSS development which substantivelycontains community development prin-ciples. With synergy between the go-vernment and the industrial sector, bothprivate and public, the target for WSSsector development could be appro-ached.

Era of AutonomyPotentially the regional government

has a big opportunity to trigger commu-nity empowerment in water supply andenvironmental sanitation sector. It candevelop a program in collaboration withthe industrial sector. The business cor-porations may no more function assource of donation for an empowermentprogram. The corporate must be invitedto directly involve.

As it was brought forward byThendri Supriatno, Chairman of Corpo-rate Forum for Community Develop-ment (CFCD) the corporations arepleased for cooperation with the regio-nal government. The corporationsmembers of the forum expect that thePemda would act as facilitator and regu-lator to make community empower-ment process flow smoothly.

Pemda should realize that the indus-trial sector will find difficulty to allocatefund for charity purposes. They realizethat by mere extending gifts will onlycreate dependency and therefore un-educative. They also realize that a facil-ity will be sustained if the community isdirectly involved from the very begin-ning, in planning, implementation, eva-luation and maintenance.

One more opportunity that should

be exploited from the business corpora-tion is the entrepreneural spirit andexcellent organization. The industrialsector has a big supply of skilled humanresources that could be utilized e.g. forpoverty reduction and propelling peo-ple's economic gear. They are naturally

more competent for field activities com-pared to government employees whoused to deal with bureaucratic matters.

Concluding RemarkAt any rate all corporations wish to

survive. What is important is how tobuild an excellent communicationbetween the government and the indus-trial sector. They have social invest-ment. The questtion is how to spendthis fund effectively for an equitable col-laboration development activities in-volving three parties - government, pri-vate sector and community. This pat-tern is expected to benefit all of thethree parties. The corporation can havea favourable business atmosphere, thegovernment can proceed with its pro-grammes and obtains an added valuefrom the business, and the community'swelfare is improving. More than that,the development target, especially watersupply and environmental sanitation, isachieved. (MJ)

MAIN REPORT


Potentially the regionalgovernment has a bigopportunity to trigger

community empowermentin water supply and

environmental sanitationsector. It can develop

a program in collaborationwith the industrial

sector

SOURCE: WWES

The effort made by the privatesector to care for the surroun-ding environment, including

water supply and sanitation is begin-ning. However, because of the limitedsize and area, the echo seems inaudible.Take PT Unilever Indonesia Tbk forinstance, one that has a Corporate So-cial Responsibility (CSR) programmeimplemented through Yayasan UnileverPeduli (Unilever Care Foundation). TheYayasan operates in four programmeareas, namely environment, UKM(small and micro enterprises), com-munity health improvement, and huma-nitarian assistance.

Silvi Tirawaty, Environment Pro-gram Manager PT Unilever IndonesiaTbk, explained that in terms of environ-ment her company is handling wasteproblem. "We have a deep concern withthe condition of river Brantas especiallythe part that flows past the city ofSurabaya. Approximately 60 percent iscaused by by domestic wastes," she said

The corporation tries to educate thefamilies to care to waste material.During the early phase, the yayasantried its activity in RW 3 of Jambanganvillage, Surabaya city. Several membersof the community were recruited ascadres. They are individualas withstrong environmental inclination. Theywere given 3-day training on the subjectof waste material, regreening, sanita-tion, and personality development. Thewife of the Mayor was involved in thededication of the cadres.

In carrying out its mission theyayasan works together with a universi-ty in Surabaya. This university contri-buted its knowledge is composting unitmade from used drums to let domesticwaste decomposes naturally.

Within a month these cadres wereexpected to influence their neighbours.

At the same time, the cadres started vo-luntarily treat their waste right from thehouse. The result, sufficiently good.Gradually the rate pollution is decrea-sing and the community begins to imi-tate what the environmental cadres aredoing. During all this process, Unileveracts as facilitator.

"Early 2005 this program startedrolling in 5 RWs (25 RTs)," said Silvi.Dissemination was done through roadshow by the cadres to other RWs. Thisprocess produced 70 new cadres makingthe whole total of 120 cadres.

To instill dynamic and programmesustainability, continued Silvi, a com-petetion was held to select the best RTin waste and sanitation management.This activity managed to trigger thecommunity to make the environmentclean and hygienic. Besides, the thecommunity begins to benefit from theseparation of their wastes. Inorganicwaste can be sold. In this process, Uni-lever develops a connecting link bet-ween the community and the recyclingindustry. The proceeds are used to de-velop medicinal herb garden.

To boost further community care,according to Silvi, her company is work-ing together with the biggest Jawa Ti-mur newspaper to launch an environ-mental campaign entitled 'SurabayaGreen and Clean' and environmentalcompetition in the city of Surabaya.This campaign is featured for 3 conse-cutive months in the paper. From thiscampaign 8 nominators were selected tojoin the next Unilever programme.

Currently, according to Silvi, hercompany has a running program in 14villages (51 RTs) covering approximate-ly 11 thousand inhabitants. "If this co-uld roll on, it will reduce garbage bur-den to the river Brantas," she explained.

Besides the above programme, the

Yayasan is also collaborating with localNGOs to form coordination forum toimprove community care to environ-ment. The local Dinas Kesehatan actsas facilitator.

In addition to the Yayasan, Unileverhas a brand image related programme.For instance, Lifebuoy has a diarrhoealreduction programme, hygiene impro-vement through MCK development inBandung, Makassar, and Yogyakarta.Pepsodent has a programme that pro-motes twice a day toothbrushing habitto reduce toothache which is quite com-mon in Indonesia. "The focus is on he-alth, i.e. Integrated Health PromotionProgram," explained Silvi.

On air garbage care program is alsotransmitted by Delta-Female Radio Net-work (JDFI). This company organizesGreen Ciy Green Community (GCGC)program in Jakarta.

The program is implemented in col-laboration with Dinas Kebersihan DKIJakarta, InSWA (Indonesian Associa-tion of Waste Materials), Ministry ofEnvironment, Yayasan Kirai (a Jakartabased NGO that provides help to deve-lop scavengers), Carrefour, and Uni-lever (producer of Lifebouy). For detailsplease read Report.

PT Merck Tbk, a pharmaceuticalcorporation, has an anaemia free cam-paign programme. It works togetherwith Yogyakarta government in HealthyYogya 2005 programme. This companyeducates the community to take ironcontaining diet. This campaign is con-ducted as a response to the high preva-lence of anaemia in Indonesia.

Those are a few examples of compa-nies that care to community, particular-ly in water supply and environmentalsanitation. It does not imply that manyother companies that are not mentionedhere are not doing the same. (MJ)

MAIN REPORT


Private Sector Cares, Is Beginning

C ould you briefly explain the di-fference between Corporate

Social Responsibility (CSR) andCommunity Development (CD)?

CSR embraces a more extensive sco-pe than community development bacau-se CD is one aspect of CSR. Businesscompanies undertake CD activities wi-thin the framework of implementing its

corporate social responsibility (CSR).But CSR is not limited to this aspect, italso includes for instance selling da-ngerous products yet without pollutingthe environment.

Who are the targets of CSR pro-gramme?

We are interested in how to coexistwith the community around us. In oilindustry we have the so-called ring 1,ring 2 and ring 3. If we cannot makeharmony with ring 1, one cannot expectthat we can do it with ring 2 and ring 3.Ring is the internal kabupaten wherethe company is operating, ring 2 thesurrounding kabupatens, ring 3 up tothe province. This means, if the compa-ny has its activities in the region it musttake into consideration the said threerings.

What is the importance of CSRto the company?

There are many examples around usthat CSR is beneficial to the company.

That is what we call social investment.Imagine we are producing dangerousproduct, and there is a case where weface a trial before the court, how muchwill it cost to the company? This doesnot count closure of the company andface a public court. Currently the awa-reness of community civil rights is gro-wing. In Indonesian context, in the eraof regional autonomy with human rightsissue and public education, legal reform,all has increased the community aware-ness of the rights. Gone are the days oflying to public, cheating and non ethicalbusiness practices. That was the past.The choice is within the changing envi-ronment. If we do not change ourselveswe will be crushed down because theparadigm has also changed. Based onsuch consideration we establish amongourselves a Corporate Forum forCommunity Development (CFCD).

How much is the budget allo-cated by the company?

In public companies there is the so-called PKBL at 1,5 - 2,0 percent pur-suant to SK 236. In private companiesthis amount varies greatly because thereis no rule on that. Take Medco Energyfor instance, during normal times it setsaside 2 percent. But during the tsunamidisaster it set aside up to Rp 18 billion.

What does the company getfrom implementing CSR pro-gram?

Actually there many things. Eachcompany has a different intention fromthe other. But the benefit is that we canexist together the community that even-

INTERVIEW


Chairman of CFCD, Thendri SupriatnoSynergy for Community

EmpowermentIt might be only few who know of a forum of business companies in Indonesia

that dedicates itself to community empowerment. The forum is called CorporateForum for Community Development (CFCD). Established on 24 September 2004,the forum membership consists of big companies (mining, oil and gas, estateplantation, steel industry, fertilizers, consulting firm, forestry, paper industry,food, telecommunication, and cross sectoral). The vision of this forum is corpo-rate social responsibilty in community empowerment and sustainable corporategrowth. The misson is to act as a multistakeholder network centre and the fore-most CSR/CD learning centre.

This forum has a big potential to go together with the government, central aswell as regional, to undertake community empowerment efforts. In order toreveal what swe mean by Community Social Responsibility Percik made an inter-view with Thendri Supriatno, CFCD Chairman, last September. The following theexcerpts of the discussion:

SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

tually creates a favourable atmospherefor doing business. Once I was accusedof being ill-intentioned. A company canlegimately obtain coexistence with thecommunity. Some company puts it assupreme intention, i.e. seeking God'sfavour. Some disburse it as zakat(tithe). We take it from the earth, there-fore we have to return it to the commu-nity. Some merely for the sake safe-guarding against nuisance. Motivationdoes vary widely. At least the companybecomes safe. Good image. That is theimplication and not the objective. If acompany has a good image it has nofriction with the community, and as agood company, wouldn't investors takea look at it? The investors would not bewilling to invest in a risky company. So,the other objective is to build investror'sconfidence, especially for public compa-nies. For non public companies, this isto safeguard its shareholder value.

What is (are) the consequen-ce(s) for companies not conduc-ting CSR?

There are many cases where compa-nies not willing to do this are sufferingfrom losses. For example, an unnamedpaper industry, was experiencing a na-gging problems that cost hundreds ofmillion dollars to resolve. But if theAMDAL is implemented properly,meaning not polluting the environment,it may have to spend 10 million dollars.

What is (are) the constraint(s)in implementing CSR?

Not all companies are conducting it.Those conducting some are just for thesake of courtesy, not looking it as some-thing beneficial. Some consider that un-dertaking CD is only for image building.This is because of lack awareness and un-derstanding. Among the various com-panies CSR understanding vary widely.

How far is the synergy betweenCSR and government program-mes?

It is still below expectation, but themovement towards it is beginning. Atleast there are several regional govern-ments that begin to build contacts withus. The best thing to do is for the headof administration, the governor, to takea serious attention about this matter. Ifthey couldcreate a favourable businessclimate the friction with the communitycan be brought to a minimum. The im-pact is, regional revenue increases. Thisis a sample of supreme governmentintention. The next intention is com-munity development because the gover-nor must realize that he will not be ableto do it alone because of budget limita-tion. That is why, let us cooperate, trywhich one is more effective.

With the misunderstandingfrom some companies about CSRprogramme, what has been (willbe) done to straighten it out?

With the varied understanding, se-veral colleagues from other companiesand myself are taking a communitydevelopment course in University ofIndonesia to establish a group. That isCFCD. From there we conduct trainingfrom a simple one up to conflict resolu-tion in a company. Then we will sharethe knowledge and experience to others.

How do you see the govern-ment understanding about com-munity development?

Regional governments each havetheir own characteristics. Some regionhas less disciplined officers or lack ofunderstanding. What is meant by CD orwhat is CSR. Sometimes they come to acompany only for collecting CD budgetfor them to manage. In this case this isnot a corporate CD and certainly will notachieve its purpose. Let the communityknow that this activity is initiated by thecorporation. No self contemptuous isintended. But this is our form of care.As for the government, it is their jobbecause we pay taxes, and so forth.There is still this kind of understanding.

But in Riau, the governor understandsfully the CFCD movement and willinglysupports it. The provincial officers andCFCD representatives do sit together ina team for poverty alleviation and otherprogrammes. Indeed the outcome isstill yet to be seen. But the efforttowards that direction is indeed begin-ning. Therefore I often call upon ourcolleagues, if some regional governmentmay have no budget for its staff toattend a particular CSR training, whynot help them. We hope that a betterunderstanding is growing so that thegovernment officers will better under-stand and therefore we can speak thesame language. Some regions thatattended the training said that inessence there is no difference, what isdifferent is the funding source. CFCDfollows a tripartite concept. How towork in synergy among the government,corporation and the community.

How to develop synergy direct-ly with the community?

To be honest, the community hasbeen mistakenly educated. Sometimesthe corporate also makes a wrong move,giving fish rather than teach them tofish. This is what we call Santa ClausSyndrome. Eventually there is a backfire because of the mistake in education.And worse even, because there are manyirresponsible persons, repeat offenders.It also frequently happens, that becauseit is charity program, some individualswho call themselves community leadersmake use of the situation. Besides,charity will lead to dependency. The-refore, the community must be involvedearly on since the planning stage.

What do you expect the govern-ment should do to make CSR pro-gramme successful?

There must be a change in mindset.Give a more favourable atmosphere,better regulation, and act as a fair regu-lator. The government must educate thepublic together with us. (mujiyanto)

INTERVIEW


Amiddle aged lady parked her fi-ne car exactly in front of a tentbearing a banner that reads

"Green City, Green Community". A pileof bundled old newspapers was carriedout of her car. An officer from the tentcame out to lend a hand. One by one thebundle was weighed using a scale tied toa tree branch.

"Is the voucher the same as usual,"asked the lady. "I am sorry to say, it haschanged ma'am. Since 13 July the vo-ucher has been increased to 50 kgs. Not10 kgs as it was before," said the officer.

"In that case, I won't give it to you.I'd rather sell it to a scavenger," said thelady.

At last the pile is reloaded to her car.And off she went in her nicely polishedcar.

This attitude may represent Jakartacitizens. Everything is valued in termsof money regardless it is for the sake ofcommon interest. "Indication of care tofellow citizens is still way from expecta-tion. What is obvious is business sig-nal," said Anom who monitors the'Green City Green Community' (GCGC)programme at Carrefour Lebakbulus,site of the scene.

What has happened is in obviouscontrast to the expectation of the pro-gramme designer. This programmewhich was initiated by Delta FemaleIndonesia Netwok (JFDI) -a radio com-munication nework- expects GCGCcould improve community care, espe-cially the upper middle class, aboutwaste material. Especially so, consider-ing daily garbage production in Jakartais 7 thousand tons. "We hope this pro-gramme would produce a snowballeffect for garbage handling manage-ment in Indonesia, especially Jakarta,"

said Ujang Nugraha, JFDI corporatesecretary, in Jakarta last August.

GCGC came into being as a form theradio network's concern about theamount of garbage that is continuouslyincreasing and garbage handling ma-nagement is still much to be desired.More than that, community care to se-parate domestic waste materials is stillwanting. What happens is still farbehind that in other countries. "This isa complex problem involving a multi-tude of sectors. We also want this to beovercome, therefore we try to take a roleto play and at the same time invite theinterested parties to get involved,"Udjang further explains.

The parties involved in this pro-gramme are JDFI, Dinas KebersihanJakarta, InSWA (Association of WasteMaterial Indonesia), Ministry of En-vironment (KLH), Yayasan Kirai (NGO

focusing on Jakarta scavengers' deve-lopment), Carrefour, and Unilever (pro-ducer of Lifebuoy).

There are two main activities in thisprogram. First, off air by stimulatingthe community to directly participate incollecting inorganic waste at certainlocations. Second, on air through talkshow about waste material invitingcompetent resource persons in thisfield.

The programme which started on 16June made available a garbage bin eachin all Carrefour compunds in Jakarta(Lebak Bulus, MT Haryono, DutaMerlin, Cempaka Putih, Puri Mall, andMega Mall Pluit). Next to the garbagebin, a 2x2 m2 tent is erected in the par-king area and is attended by two offi-cers. Garbage collection is done everyWednesday and Saturday from 10.00 to16.00 hours. In the afternoon the

REPORTAGE


Green City Green CommunityAn Urge to Care to Waste

SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

garbage is transported to the scavengerscentre. The waste material is notdumped to Final Disposal Site, rather itis brought to scavengers for them tomake benefit from. "This is a reduceeffort since the very beginning," saidAnom.

In the beginning of the programme,one who brought in 10 kgs of waste wasgiven Rp 10 thousand shopping voucherfrom Carrefour and 3 pieces of Lifebouysoap. Since the launching of the pro-gramme the amount of garbage comingin was steadily increasing. The peakwas in 9 July when the total wastereached 6,815 tons from 101 members ofthe community. The daily average was3,732 tons. Most of the waste is in theform of paper.

Somehow the amount was thendecreasing. This was because on 13 Julythe ceiling was changed from 10 kgs to50 kgs of waste. From that day theamount collected went down to 1,767tons a day on average. The number ofparticipants was also decreasing from adaily average of 53 to 34.

The ceiling increase, according toUdjang, was intended to measure thecommunity awareness. Whether theybring their garbage to the bins becausethey care or because of some other rea-son.

Based on an evaluation, admittedlyor not, the awareness of upper middleclass is still in a low position. Whatbecomes obvious is an indication ofstrong business motive. The facts re-vealed by Anom explain the phenome-non.

Several times it was found someonewho tried to cheat the weighing. Anomtold a story that he found a used watercontainer filled with water, a rockwrapped in rag, and inserting engineblock into the garbage. "This indeedmakes no sense," he said.

Roughly speaking, the charactrisicof the participants are upper middleclass families who have a car and cameto know about the programme from

JDFI radio. Some exemplary partici-pants are there, however, those whodeliberately come to dispatch theirgarbage without expecting any incentiveand refuse to accept the voucher. They,according to Anom, are very few innumber and mostly students.

Therefore, from the aspect building

community care, this programme isconsidered futile, but from the objectiveaspect this is well targeted. Accordingto him, educational level highly deter-mines level of care.

Roesdan Sjah Alam Perdana, GCGCChief Officer, considers a positive impli-cation has been revealed by this activity,that cooperation among the involvedparties. "In the beginning the coopera-tion was quite difficult to build. Nowthe communication is flowing smoothlyand intensively," said he further.Besides, the care of those who wereinvolved in this attempt is also incre-asing.

What becomes certain is, the activi-ties that was initially to last for threemonths is now extended up to the end ofthe year. This is because the sponsorsconsider this program should be conti-nued in order to improve communitycare to waste material. And, not theleast important, this program has built agood image to the involved parties,especially the sponsors. (mujiyanto)

REPORTAGE


Based on anevaluation, admittedlyor not, the awarenessof upper middle class

is still in a lowposition. What

becomes obvious is anindication of strong

business motive

SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

ARTICLE


The village of Dembe I is a settle-ment located along the shore ofLake Limboto. At a glance this

village is similar to other villages else-where. Friendly, highly religious andsocially cohesive people, quite respon-sive to any foreigner looking for help.There is a mosque in this village indica-ting the religiosity and a school orga-nized by Muhammadiyah identifyingthat the people are followers of modernIslam teaching.

On 18 August 2005 the Governor ofGorontalo, Ir Hj. Fadel Muhammad,accompanied by Chairman of Bappeda,and officials from 4 kabupatens andkota (municipality), led a group ofBappenas officials (WSS WorkingGroup Jakarta) to this village. He wan-ted to show to the road show partici-pants of no leass than 30 people thatGorontalo has a WSS developmentmodel that conforms to the national po-licy. The governor said that: "…..Dembewill be made a model for communitybased WSS development throughoutGorontalo." What the complete storylooks like a paper written on the basis ofhistoric time lines method will reveal it.

Formerly having shortage of cleanwater supply

In the midst of WSS developmentproblems faced by Gorontalo and otherregions in Indonesia, the village ofDembe springs up with its specific uni-queness and superiority, though someother viallges may have something com-parable. Dembe is highly self reliant, in

the sense that it is capable of solving itswater supply problem and capable ofmaintaining facility properly in themidst of scores WSS projects of the past(built and funded by the government in1995/6) are currently standing as mo-numents.

In the past Dembe was also encum-bered with water supply problems.Prior to 1999, Dembe community usedwell water for their daily need, in spiteof its inferior quality. Microbiologicalexamination conducted by HealthAgency indicates that water from thewells in Dembe does not meet health re-quirement. The wells have been pol-luted from intrusion of murky and yel-

lowish coloured, smelly and bacteriacontaining water from Lake Limboto. Itis said, according to participants of adiscussion, the inhabitants were infes-ted with skin disease, and many diar-rhoeal cases, and other water borne di-seases. While those who live in the up-per section, on the mountain slopes,find it difficult to dig a well becausewater table is too deep, 30 metres anddeper.

Taking the above apprehension aspoint of departure, Umar Latif who wasthen the secretary of LKMD (village re-silience council) and presently Muham-madiyah orgnization held a discussionwith his neighbours to identify the pro-blems and to find the possible way out.It came to a conclusion to find a cleanwater source, which was actually not toodifficult. Somewhere around 2,5 kmfrom the village mosque there is a watersource located at Gunung Batu Didia.One with sufficiently big dischargecapacity, though Umar cannot expresshow big it is. He only says that the noiseof water splash can be heard from thedistance of 50 m.

In 1998 he and his friends conduc-ted more intensified meeting to make aplanning. This planning involved otherelements of the community: village ad-ministration, community leaders, reli-gious leaders, youth leader, business-men, and fishermen of Lake Limboto,women representatives. It was conclu-ded from the meetings to lay down awater supply facility using bamboo asconveyance.

An Ideal Type of Community BasedWSS Development is There on the

Shore of Lake LimbotoBy: Alma Arief *)

Microbiologicalexaminationconducted byHealth Agencyindicates that

water from thewells in Dembedoes not meet

healthrequirement

With a capital of 650 bamboo rodsdonated by Ja'far Sulaiman, the com-munity worked out constructing a con-veyance line down to the foot of the fort(Otanaha Fort). At this place a reservoirwas built and it is still standing up tonow. The bamboo conveyance line wasfunctioning since 1998 and is used by150 families.

Bamboo construction was only theinitiation of a bteer construction thatfollowed. This was only to show thatthey have done something, and theywere now confident enough to build abetter quality water supply piping sys-tem covering a larger segment of thecommunity. In the meetings that fol-lowed it was concluded to submit a pro-posal for construction of a water supplysystem to the Mayor. The proposal wassubmitted in 2000 and was approved in2001. The village was given a subsidy ofRp 200 million for the piped water sup-ply system construction.

Operational StageThe construction was done by a con-

tractor, the community contributedlabour for hauling materials. Those whoworked as paid labourers were givenwage at a half rate of Rp 20.000 a day,the other half is considered as contribu-tion. In August 2002 the constructionworks started and was finished inOctober the same year. The new facilitywas inaugurated by the Mayor andChairman of DPRD in January 2003.

The new system serves 188 homeconnections or 2.850 pepople plus pu-blic hydrant users. Since there are stillmany families cannot enjoy the service,more hydrants were built for the benefitof the public, the poorer families, themosque and the school.

For 23 months the community couldenjoy water supply service for free. Butit was later realized that the facilityneeds maintenance and repair, thususing without collecting any paymentwill led to disfunction if the facility isbroken someday. To run the manage-

ment the community met to elect aDrinking Water Management Com-mittee, this Committee was given train-ing by PDAM (Regional Utility/WaterCompany). The training participantsconsisted of five members of the Com-mittee, three (3) in administrative andtwo (2) in technical matters.

Realizing that the facility will notsustain unless there is a contributionthe Committee chaired by Umar Latifinvited all the users into a meeting. Aseries of meetings held in the mosqueand the village hall cama to a conclusionthat each customer including the socialfacility is levied with a payment inaccordance with the quantity of water

used. Now that the flow meter was to beaffixed to all users. The tariff was set atRp 800/m3 for home connection, andRp 500/m3 for social service (less pri-viledged families, mosque, school, etc.).This tariff level is half of the PDAM.

During the meetings there are prosand cons, but the majority are willing toobey. The cons claimed that the facilitywas a contribution from the Mayor forthe less previlleged families. Accordingto Umar Latif who currently is theChairman of Muhammadiyah Youth ofDembe, those who were in disagree-ment and put the case as pretext are themore prosperous members of the com-munity. Quite amazing, indeed.

ARTICLE


At this moment there are still many Dembe familiescannot subscribe to the established facility.

They are requesting for services,but we have to consider the available capacity

SOURCE:OSWAR MUNGKASA

Expansion and MaintenanceAt this moment there are still many

Dembe families cannot subscribe to theestablished facility. They are requestingfor services, but we have to consider theavailable capacity. Up to now, thosewho have no home connection may usethe hydrants or make a private arrange-ment with a neighbour to get water fromhim. Some customer pays a monthlycontribution up to Rp 70.000, and whenasked why it was so high the owner said:"…our neighbours living behind ourhouse make connection from ours…."

When asked how many families haveno home connection, and how they getwater service, Latif provides us with thefollowing details: the village consists of7 sectors. In Sector II there are 153families without home connection, theyhave got one hydrant, Sector III thereare 9 families and they are given one

hydrant and a drum collector, in SectorI there are 15 families and are given onehydrant. The other members of thecommunity particularly the less privi-

ledged may make private arrangementwith the neighbour or use the public hy-drant. The principle is, the well to dohelp the poor. At this time there are ma-ny outstanding requests for new homeconnection, but we cannot comply withthe requests. At the most there are onlythree additional home connections to bemade.

To make a home connection, in ac-cordance with the regulation as set forthtogether, the user is charged with a totalcost at Rp 480.000 of which Rp150.000 is paid in advance. The balanceis payable in 10 installments. This flowmeter and other accessories we have toask the services of PDAM, payable ininstallments.

Problem and solutionBecause of the requests for new

home connections, Latif is contempla-ting on building an additional facilityfrom a different water source. But thisis still in mind considering the highcosts involved. Up to now, the moneycollected from monthly dues is still usedfor the repayment of the water flowmeters.

The Committee members work vo-luntarily without salary. They may re-ceive some payment when they do somereal job such as fixing a breakdown.And the amount is quite meager. If the-re is a breakdown, the community wo-uld lend their hands to fix it, and thishappens quite often. To do this theymay work all day, and they only get a lit-tle pocket money. For youth (5 repre-sentatives were present in the discussi-on) the pocket money is Rp 20.000 andfor the Committee members Rp 60.000.

The problem mostly comes fromtechnical and environmental aspects, al-so social. As for institutional and finan-cial related problems they are mostlynot so prominent.

From the technical aspect there aretwo things frequently occur, they arebroken pipe because of excessive water

ARTICLE


The problemmostly comes from

technical andenvironmentalaspects, alsosocial. As for

institutional andfinancial related

problems they aremostly not so

prominent

SOURCE:WWES

pressure and the shifting of waterspring. When asked why they do not fixa pressure release, Latif only said thatthey have failed to affix an automaticpressure release. While the shifting ofwater spring also happens frequently.When it happened the community wo-uld gather to fix it together, expand thewater capture structure. Several timeswater spring moves out of the existingwater capture structure.

Basically the socially related pro-blem can be resolved internally. Forexample, refusal to pay contributionwhich was brought up into the meetingwas later resolved, and also a customerwho refused to have a flow meter affixedto his home connection. This customerdeliberately broke the device, but imme-diately the Committee responded byclosing down the service to his dwelling,and for days he did not have water ser-vice. Finally the customer, who hap-pens to be a government employee,came to the Committee crying for his re-pentance. The Committee forgave himand his connection was resumed.

The strict action taken by DembeCommittee against disobedience of acommonly agreed regulation is a mustotherwise it will lead to other disobedi-ences such as paying contribution, usingwater as one likes, etc. Several casessuch as in Talumelito, Lonuo (Goron-talo) and Banyu Mudal (Kebumen) indi-cate that service failure and facility dis-function start from disobedience that isnot promptly and properly handled bythe respective committee.

The villages of Lonuo and Talu-melito in an evaluation conducted by UIResearch Centre and the World Bank in1998 were considered as two of the bestfour villages in facility management.This is based on well kept record keep-ing and well functioning water users'management committee (UPS andKPS).

Peresently the facility in these twovillages is not functioning any more, itbegan with disobedience such tapping,

water use for unintended purpose (fishpond), and so on that the community atthe tail end got no water and refused topay. This was then followed by theother, and finally all the payment sys-tem came to disorder.

As far as institutional aspect is con-cerned everything seems to run well.The committee consists of 12 membersof which five of them run the day to dayactivities. Contribution runs relativelysmoothly and is well recorded in theCommittee office. The office was for-merly a storage house owned by the vil-lage administration.

Lessons learnedThere are several lessons learned

from the Dembe WSS development:The community as well as the govern-ment are in agreement in the applicati-on of demand responsiveness approach.Community participation is invited inall phases of the process beginningfrom concept formulation, planning,implementation of pilot project, pro-posal submission, facility construc-tion and management.

Being rich is no guarantee that hesubmits to a payment system and apoor does not always mean he isunable to pay.Documentation of activities includesproper financial recording.Strict Committee action against diso-bedience to regulation is a mustotherwise it will lead to further diso-bediences.Technical and environmental difficul-ties should be anticipated early on,and preventive models must be inte-grated in facility construction, such asshifting of the water spring, releasevalves, etc.Regeneration of committee officersand upholding of regulation must beinherited. The Committee has beeninvolving the younger generations (5high school graduates) to be includedin the team.

ARTICLE


1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

*)-Active in Water and Sanitation Policy

and Action Planning Project at Gorontalo

-Researcher at Center for

Science and Technology,

University of Indonesia

SOURCE:WWES

Man for his lifetime is alwaysfollowed by waste problem.Waste problem is actually

part of life consequences because eachactivity produces waste or garbage. Thefall of a mountain of garbage at TPA (Fi-nal Disposal Site) Leuwigajah taking thelives of 140 people is one of the mosttragic disasters in the history of a citywaste management. It is not only inBandung, but waste management inmany cities is also in critical condition.

Kompas Jatim of 14 July 2005 wrotethat domestic waste management in thecity of Sidoarjo is in a critical condition.Currently TPA at Tambak Kalisogowhich started operation in 2002 hasexceeded its initial capacity. Garbage isnow piling as high as 7 m or 70.000 cu.m. whereas the fence is built only 4 mhigh. Only 60 percent of total Sidoarjowaste is dumped in this TPA. The dailywaste material production is 3.677 m3only 2.200 m3 is dumped to TPAs ofKalisogo and Barengkrajang each has 2ha surface area.

The condition of TPA Benowo of Su-rabaya is also equally apprehensive. Aland area of 26 ha is designed to last for16 years and at current pile of 20 m highit is estimated to last only up to 2008.According to the record in DinasKebersihan of the city of Surabaya, theaverage waste dumped to TPA Benowois 6.000 m3 daily. With 6.000 m3 dum-ped into the area the height rises by 2,3cm a day. In a month it raises to 69 cmor 8,28 m a year. With an averageshrinking rate of 25percent the yearlyheight increase is 6,21 m. This means in16 years it will reach the height of 99,6metres. Whereas, according to Wahyo-no Hadi of ITS Surabaya, Leader of Con-sultant Team for the TPA Benowo con-

struction, the TPA was designed for 16years of effective use at a maximum pileheight of 32 metres (Kompas Jatim 15March 2005).

Looking at the apprehensive situa-tion related to waste management, thestep taken by Kabupaten Sidoarjoadministration is apparently similar tothat of Surabaya city, i.e. adding newland space. According to HariadiPurwantoro, Head of Dinas Kebesihanand Pertamanan, Kabupaten Sidoarjo iscurrently preparing 2 ha new land atKupang village to replace the presentTPA (Kompas Jatim 14 July 2005).

Surabaya city administration doesnot want to be left behind. A plan hasbeen set to enlarge TPA Benowo to 140ha from currently 26 ha. Then the ques-

tion is, when will this land condemna-tion for city waste dumping ground ofSurabaya come to an end? Is there nobetter and elegant solution to this wasteproblem?

Waste material problem does notonly relate to TPA. Waste managementsystem involves a multitude of stake-holders. It includes garbage producer,management, policy maker, informalsector, scavengers, and the communitysubject to management impact.Consequently, the solution calls for aninvolvement of the related stakeholdersand applying a variety of differentapproaches.

Additionally, waste material is alsoconnected to different aspects, political,social, economical, cultural, and envi-ronmental. We have to admit that inmany places garbage is not treated

ARTICLE


Regional Waste Management, Why Not?

By: Muhamad Zainal Arifin*)

SOURCE:WWES

exhaustively, it consists merely of co-llecting, transport, dump, merely forsake of removal for one's immediatesurrounding. Management disorderarises as a consequence of an accumula-tion of prolonged destructive steps,beginning from choice of technology,incomptetent operation, city manage-ment misunderstading, till communitycarelessness to material problem.

Therefore, waste management ofplaces like Surabaya and other cities inIndonesia, the only way out is usingregional approach. With the stipulationof regional autonomy does not meanthat one particular region does no careabout the problem of others. Severalregions must collectively take care oftheir common problem, such as wastematerial.

Waste material management basi-cally knows no administative boundary,sector nor department. In an absence ofcooperation amongst municipality-kabupaten-province that are actuallyinterdependent and influence eachother, waste material problems becomemore and more complex along with theincrease of population. And besideswith cooperation the burden of manage-ment costs will become lesser for each ofthe parties involved.

To support regional waste materialmanagement, there are several steps totaken into consideration. First, the li-gislature needs to develop a WasteMaterial Law. With the Law as a legalumbrella it is expected that the manage-ment will be viewed from a holisticapproach. Without a legal umbrella themanagement will always be based onpartial aproach and a reactive underta-king.

An absence of a national legalumbrella may, additionally, trigger con-flict of interests between two or moreregions in waste management. At theregional level such as Jakarta, Bogor,Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi(Jabodetabek) a collaborative wastematerial management system develop-

ment is under way. With the establish-ment of Jabodetabek WasteManagement Corporation (JWMC) anew cooperation era in regionallyaproached waste management is begin-ning. Wth the rising trend such asJWMC there is a need for a national pol-icy to embrace all the intr-kabupaten/kota and inter provincialintersts in the context of cooperation inwaste management.

Second step is formation of body orinstituion with national authority inconnection with waste management andis directly responsible to the President.

To unify of the visions and missions ofthe involved parties, the establishmentof a National Body for WasteManagement is a pressing requirement.

It is expected this Body will act aspolicy maker in anyting related to wastemanagement. The task of thi Bdy is tocoordinate through integration of theinterests of the various different sectors,areas, agencies, community and stake-holders related to waste management.It is expected that this National Bodywill be able to formulate a more inte-grated policy and strategy for wastematerial management in Indonesia.

In other countries formation ofwaste maerial management body hasbeen done long time ago. In thePhilippines for instance, A NationalCommittee for Waste Management wasestablished by ther Presidential Office.The members of the Committee consistof 14 government representatives, and 3private sector is chaired by Minister ofEnvironment and Natural Resources.In Canada there is also FederalCommittee on Environmental Mana-gement System (FCOMS) one of itstasks is waste management policy.

ARTICLE


With the stipulation ofregional autonomy it doesnot mean that one particu-

lar region does no careabout the problem of

others. Several regionsmust collectively take careof their common problem,

such as waste material

SOURCE:WWES

The third step, is waste managementprivatization. It has been a public secretthat the government is incapable of han-dling garbage problem. Whereas if wesee it from business angle, waste ma-nagement is actually a promising busi-ness. Take Jakarta as an example, thedaily waste production is 6.000 m3, andis dumped to 108 ha TPA BantarGebang in Bekasi. Besides causing anumber of problems, the sea of garbageis at the same a sea of blessing for thescavengers, and currently also a pro-mising business for mwaste manage-ment enterprise. The profir collected byPT Wira Guna Sarana (WGS) with acapacity at 2.000 tons of waste daily at aprocessing caost of Rp 53,000/tonequals to Rp 106 million/day.

Therefore, in order to preventwastes produced in the regions frombeing a useless waste and only to causedisaster, we need to contemplate anintergrated waste management system.The system must be effective, efficient,and reliable using an environmentallyfriendly technology. The system mustbe able to serve the entire communityand provide the opporunity fotr thepriveate sector to participate. Commu-nity empowerment that enables them toseparate, which is organic waste whih isinorganic is key to success in integratedwaste material management.

In an integrated hi-tech waste ma-nagement the role of private sector ishighly necessary. There are severalunderlying reasons why private sectorinvolvement must be put forward inwaste management. First, governmentorganization is too fat that makes it toolazy to deal directly with waste pro-blems. Second, privatization is to returnthe true role of the government as statecontroller rather than implementer.Third, privatization will benefit the con-sumers of stakeholders because the pri-vate sector implemnts an incentivemechanism. Fourth, privatization sti-mulates competence thus leads to effi-ciency. Fifth, privatization will help the

government in infrastructure develop-ment.

Private sector involvement in wastemanagement is believed to create amore efficient government, because pri-vate companies use business referencein management and can be focused inthe solution of inferior performance andlow productivity. Many countries haveprivatized waste management. Privatesector involvement in management andfinancing will create a better perfor-mance in waste management. As an

example in Monterey an area in Mexicohas transformed a sea of garbage intoblessing. In the area, an institutioncalled Simeprodeo has managed to con-vert waste material into power for onethird of the street lighting. At an invest-ment of USD 11 million the profit gainedreaches USD2 million per annum(Kompas, 18 May 2005).

For some extent the Dinas KebersihanSurabaya has actually implemented priva-tization of waste management. A Rp 4,1billion contract is awarded to a privatecompany to carry out street and garbagecleaning operation. Again however, thestep taken by the Dinas Kebersihan goesback to implementation of collecing,transport and dumping philosophy. Theparadigm is "provided it is away from ourdirect eyesight" then the waste materialproblem is considered solved.

We hope that with a regional wastemanagement in the future Indonesiawill be free from garbage problem.Finally, regional waste management,why not?!

ARTICLE

Percik Oktober 2005 17

* Student of Law Departement,Airlangga University

1st winner PPRI LIPI 2003 (Pemilihan Peneliti Remaja Indonesia)

Many countries haveprivatized waste

management. Privatesector involvement in

management andfinancing will create abetter performance in

waste management

SOURCE:WWES

ARTICLE


Kabupaten Jembrana is one theregions of Bali located at thewestern end of the island is dif-

ferent from the other regions located inthe middle and eastern part wheretourism is the main industry. Thebiggest difference is because Jembranalacks the artistic nuanse of Balinese cul-ture to attract tourists.

The livelihood depends primarily onagriculture, and not strong enough todevelop its own region. One of the con-straints to agricultural development isenvironmental degradation caused byforest damages that reduces watersource and uncontrolled conversion ofagricultural lands. Although Jembranahas the biggest groundwater reservecompared to other regions in Bali, but itis not used efficiently.

As one of Bali's poorest kabupatensJembrana tries its best to make a futureoriented breakthrough taking into con-sideration the available resources poten-tial. Considering that Jembrana doesnot have enough permanent surfacewater reserves, the alternative is to lookto the sea as an unlimited source ofwater. The outcome is Megumi.

Policy BreakthroughThe booming of bottled water busi-

ness using the existing spring watersource by industrialists, Megumi wasborn as the only water produced from ayet unpopular in terms of business as aresult of tradition of drinking mountainspring water. Balinesse have a strongbelief that the sea is religiously tied withuniversal cleansing. Facing a communi-

ty not accustomed to unusual source ofwater and unfavourable image frombusiness point of view does not makeKab. Jembrana lose spirit to try to studyand develop business opportunity.

This is the first and pioneering effortin the treatment of sea water to producesweet water for drinking. Using DAIUG-YN technology from Japan, sea watertaken from the Indonesia Ocean is trea-ted and sterilized by ozone to producesafe drinking water free from bacteriaand chemical impurities. Ozone is themost effective means for killing bacteriaand reduces iron and magnesium com-pounds. Based on a test made bySucofindo, Megumi water contains 20minerals each at a concentration wellwithin safe treshold for drinkling water,

all elements are necessary to maintainhealth condition.

Seawater from a depth of more than300 m, according to several studiesmade in Japan and at the Department ofFishery and Marine Resouces ResearchCentre, contains a complete number ofminerals that are comparable to whatthey are in the human body. Whereasthe ordinary drinking water contains notmore than 3-5 minerals. Megumi whichis produced by a modern water treat-ment device and using O3 sterilizing sys-tem producing the most natural drin-king water. Therefore, Megumi is anadvanced breakthrough in terms of theapplication of marine researh findings inIndonesia. This is quite deffierent fromthe conventional water purificationknown so far including the one used byrefillable water industry.

Megumi in Balinesne means more orless a place to live and earn a living.Megumi in Japanese means GodBlessing. So the Megumi produced inJembrana Bali utlizes hi-tec machineryfrom Japan. This signifies an close rela-tionship btween twin cities Jembrana inBali and Okahama in Japan.

Megumi's ProspectThe birth of Megumi that must be

introduced to the community can beviewed from two different angles:

1. From business angle, in the shortterm, Megumi at a relatively high (+Rp 7billion) investment value and applica-tion hi tech component, will not be pro-fitable, because being a new product it isstill struggling to push itself into the

MegumiDrinking Water

from an Unlimited SourceOleh: I Nyoman Karnatha *)

Megumi in Balinesne meansmore or less a place to live

and earn a living. Megumi inJapanese means God Blessing.

So the Megumi producedin Jembrana Bali utlizes hi-tec

machinery from Japan. This signifies an close

relationship btween twin citiesJembrana in Bali and Okahama

in Japan.

market, determine its position, andchanging the old community traditionof drinking water derived from moun-tain spring. In the long run, however,Megumi with an unlimited source ofraw material provides a wide opportuni-ty for commercial scale production.Besides, the advantage of deep seawaterconsumption regularly and in a suffi-cient quantity will neutralize harmfulsubstances in human body that willreduce the risk of cancer, improvemetabolism and resistance to diseases.

2. From the angle of strategic pro-gram, Megumni should be seen from themore extensive interests, i.e. environ-mental protection of the future.Megumi contains a bright prospect forthe future, especially as it relates to theincreasingly difficult and costlier watersupply service. Though many expertssay that water source of our country isstill in highly surplus position, the fact iscontroversial. PDAM as the drinkingwater provider quite often has to face aproblem and suffer from financial lossesand consequently becomes the financialburden to the regional administration.This can also be viewed in the field howcomplicated is the water supply pro-blem in Kab. Jembrana:

Since the last decade, more or less,water discharge for agricultural pur-poses has been decreasing significant-ly that eventually adversely affectingland productivity, the rate of landconversion (9 percent a year) threa-tens the future of agriculture as awhole. Extensive exploitation of wa-ter sources causes conflicting inte-rests with agricultural sector especial-ly the subak community of Bali.Decreasing water resilience as a resultof increasing critical land area andforest depletion (9.500 ha of forestarea is in damaged condition, or 23percent of the total area).Utilization of almost entirely ground-water relative to very little surface

water. Excessive groundwater exploi-tation as a consequence to populationgrowth and development activitiesmay lead to salt water intrusion andmay adversely affect inland biotic life.Increasing in size of covered areas(dwelling and other buildings) de-creases vegetative covered infiltrationareas.Spreading of global environmentalhazard and increasing domestic andindustrial pollution have broughtdown the quality of environmentespecially water source. The abovementioned problems do notseem to improve despite progressesmade in science and technology, ittends to get worse. The current go-vernment and community effort anddetermination to finding their solu-tion does not seem resolutely strongenough nor has it been successful.This adversely affects inland watersources.

If this condition prevails, thenMegumi water will be able to provide asignificant substitute when conventio-nal water source such as presently beingpractised is in scarce quantity. It is nowbeginning to be felt that water of com-munity consumption is increasing inprice and compettition for new sources

is getting tighter. On the other hand,demand for water is stedily increasingand to sustin life we need sufficientamount of water considering 70 persentof human body consists of water. Withthe limited convensional water sources,the salt containing sea water will serveas a source for clean and drinkablewater supply such as Megumi.

After a trial production for approxi-mately one year, Megumi which was ini-tially handed over to a cooperative tomanage, but it came to unfortunate dif-ficulty. To improve management it isnow transferred to Kabupaten Jem-brana Public Company. Nevertheless,the new management is still being facedwith a set of problems such as capi-talization, human resources and equip-ment.

Concluding RemarkMegumi could be an alternative to

solve water crisis problem. It has anobvious advantage that its source isbountiful and it contains additionalpotentials beside its function as drin-king water. However, Megumi may notbe the only solution because it still haslimitation in terms of its productionsupport and the community habit inwater use up to now. Therefore, the bestavailable solution is one that dependson environmental rehabilitation andprotection for a sustainable environ-mental condition because of its exten-sive implication and perfectness. Up tonow such an effort is still facing a num-ber of contraints in terms of financing,education, moral and immediate inte-rests of certain idividuals or groups;thus a general awareness and commit-ment for such must be built and ho-noured by all. Education in this respectmust start as early as possible andshould continue incessantly.

ARTICLE


*) Senior Planner, Bappeda ofKabupaten Jembrana.

After a trial productionfor approximately

one year, Megumi whichwas initially

handed over to acooperative to manage,

but it cameto unfortunate

difficulty.

"Only increasing 10 percent

efficiency in global water use

we can save enough water

to supply all settlement

areas all over

the world"

Sandra Postel

(Worldwatch Institute)

Water is the most abundant con-stituent of the earth, it covers70 percent of the world surface,

amount to approximately 1,4 billionkm3. From the amount only a minuteportion is being used, i.e. around 0,003percent. Because most of it, about 97percent is in the seas and oceans with ahigh salt content that makes it un-suitable for human consumption andalmost all of the remaining 3 percent,about 87 percent is locked in the polarice cover or too deep below the ground.The biggest problem in water supplydoes not develop solely from watershortage in relation to number of popu-lation but also from error in policy for-mulation, a fact realized very much laterafter the unexpected consequencebecomes to reality (Middleton, no date).

As it happens in Indonesia, in early2003 there was a water shortage war-ning not only in densely populated

urban areas but also in rural villages,the areas that traditionally are intimatewith rivers and forests. It makes no sur-prise when the annual average ofIndonesian precipitation rate at 2,799mm heavy rain is expected during dry

season, and conversely it becomes anenemy during wet seasons.

Why is it that this nation's cleanwater source is continuously decrea-sing? In spite of amount of investmentfor this sector's development is almostdepleting national or regional budget,the effort seemingly does not bring sig-nificant change. The main priority is,perhaps, to determine the wise use ofthe big government investment for asustainable water supply service to thecommunity.

ARTICLE


WaterBetween the Principles of Sustainability and Demand for

Prosperity in the Midst of Shortage and Need Between theMonopolistic Rights of the Present Generation and

Inheritance to the Future Generations

By: I Gede Arya Sunantara*)

Student, MPRK Univ. Gadjahmada Yogyakarta

Honorable Mention Article Writing Competitionon Water Supply and Evironmental

Sanitation Management

SOURCE:INTERNET

Real and Actual DescriptionWater source availability as part of

regional potential that is decreasing as aresult of non-natural and technicallyinduced forest degradation has caused aprolonged draught from mid till end of2004 has been felt by the majority ofpopulation, especially on Java.

The global finding on the decreasingwater supply quantitatively and qualita-tively connsequent to environmentaldegradation was first realized in thedecade of 1970s, together with severalother issues such as global warming,ozone depletion, decreasing air quality,population pressure and increasingenvironmental radioactivity (Alimi,1995). But in Indonesia, during thoseyears the impact was too small to berealized. Now, just about twenty yearsafter the situation has changed, in themidst of the increasing demand forenergy, synthetic products and land,water quantity and quality also becomesan important issue for the majority ofIndonesians.

When water supply management inthis country is based on the principle ofcommon property, Indonesian naturalresources especially water is treated asdisowned treasure so that everyone mayfreely occupy and exploit, since water isusually distributed for free or on a he-avily subsidized tariff. This makes theleast intention to use water efficiently,and to pay a subscription. If any, itwon't be enough to maintain the facilityaccordingly. The end result is anextremely inefficient use. Whereas, ifsome segment of the nation is willingopen their eyes and ears, the commonproperty doctrine has long since reapeda sharp critism, especially by Francis T.Christy. Common property doctrinecontains 4 detrimental consequenceswhen used as underlying principle fornatural, especially water resources ma-nagement policy, they are namely: (i)extravagant use of natural resources; (ii)economic inefficiency; (iii) may lead toimpoverization; and (iv) causing con-

flicts among users.Taking the above facts as point of

departure and to prevent environmentalpollution, especially disturbances toground water reserve, it is but natural toput water as a national asset, so that itsuse is more calculated, technicallyincluding regulation on exploration,exploitation and process, and non tech-nically including tax and levies for com-mercial use of water and observance totraditional law and local wisdom inwater resources management.

Water: Natural vs Human vs Fi-nancial Capital

With the growing awareness of the

importance of community empower-ment in water supply and environmen-tal sanitation, the community as the pri-mary element has not been freed from"traditional way of thinking" inheritedby the new order regime, let alone thegovernment that is still suffering from"institutional sickness." Therefore, boththe community and the government stillsee the exploitative relationship withnatural resources, especially water, asnatural and acceptable concept. It isobvious from above the national econo-my is highly dependent upon naturalresources though without optimism (letalone capacity) to sustain ecological ba-lance through application of scientific

ARTICLE


SOURCE:INTERNET

Taking the above facts as point of departureand to prevent environmental pollution, especially

disturbances to ground water reserve, it is but natural toput water as a national asset, so that its use is more

calculated, technically including regulationon exploration, exploitation and process, and

non technically including tax and levies for commercial useof water and observance to traditional law andlocal wisdom in water resources management.

management approaches. In otherwords, in this country, naturalresources, especially water managementis implemented by way of manipulationof natural characteristics for the sake ofsatisfying human desires. To sum up,nature is conceived as having willing-ness and submission to be manipulated,or as Murphy puts it, nature is treated asplastic that may be smelted and formedin any way one likes (Murphy, 1994).The implication is formation of reluc-tance to adopt precautionary principlein nature management (Riordan &Cameron, 1994).

Water resources concept must beobserved cautiously since focusing ourattention to water singly as an environ-mental component with an economicvalue will not come to a comprehensiveunderstanding, water can also be seenas an environmental component with-out economic value, as its position isplaying an important role in sustainingthe overall productivity of the waterresources itself.

This economic bias should be identi-fied early from the beginning, so thatthe interlinkage between water witheconomic value and water without eco-nomic value (but it has other values:ecological, political, social, cultural, andreligious) can be clearly understood.With the proper attention to water with-out, or less, economic value, an earlywarning system and early response sys-tem can be developed in order to avoidany possible conflict in water use, inter-nal and among localities.

The tendency to see water merely asan economic asset does not have to beimplemented by way of conversion andexcessive exploitation of water. Becausethe difference in understanding abouteconomic value of water, and how thebenefit from the value has a various dif-ferent social implications.

By focusing our attention to the eco-nomic value of water derived from aunderlying concept that water existencein this world is as a natural capital, will

lead us to think that water can beexploited to the utmost benefit in theeconomic process (financial capital),and finally be converted into otherforms of capital (human capital)(Usman and Santoso, 1999).

From this viewpoint one couldassume that the community togetherwith the government (from the centralto the village levels) have conducteddeterioration to natural resources ofthis nation. It is made worse still thatwith the minimum (if not to say with-out) water resources managementparameters attached to the involvedagencies. Based on the above discussionit is indeed that the entire Indonesiancommunity has been deceived with thesuccess of National development,

because most of it has been obtainedfrom nature deterioration, from theambition of the authorities, all as a con-sequence to erratic conceptualization inseeing natural a "form" of capital.

Water: Forest vs Wrong ViewpointAccording to its function forest can

be divided into: (1) Production Forest,(2) Protection Forest; and (3) NatureConservation. In various regulationsgoverning the functions of the forest, beit a UUPK, Minister's, Director GeneralDecision, and others there is a profoundmistake and entirely wrong definition asan erratic view in looking at forest. Thebasic mistake is on how the communitydefine a production forest, in which it issaid as a forest mainly for wood produc-

ARTICLE


SOURCE:INTERNET

Forest management error will produce an immediateconsequence as it will also produce a long range

implication such water scarcity currently experiencedin Indonesia which is yet followed by an increased rate of

forest degradation. The need to sustain forestand the demand for water supply are

equally complicated.

tion. Because of this mistake there aremany who then manage forest in awrong way, since they miss to under-stand the services produced by a forestare not limited to wood and productiononly, but extends much more as supportto water production process (Warsito,1999). In principle, a production forest(whatever production it may yield) mustproduce a sustained and maximumyield (Marsono and Sulthoni, 1999).

Forest management error will pro-duce an immediate consequence as itwill also produce a long range implica-tion such water scarcity currently expe-rienced in Indonesia which is yet fo-llowed by an increased rate of forestdegradation. The need to sustain forestand the demand for water supply areequally complicated.

It is therefore deemed necessary tobring to everyone's attention and bereminded again and again that forestresources is water resources buffer,although it belongs to the public (publicgoods), but it would be better if the useis based on the principle of sustainabili-ty, especially for the community atlarge. The renewable forest functiondoes not absolutely necessary apply ifthe rate of deterioration has spread toother components such as waterresources contained therein. In short,the present generation begins to experi-ence the inheritance of his forefatherswho damaged forests without mercy, inthe form of decreasing of water supply,such as being experienced presently.

Water: Community Asset vs. Go-vernment Asset

Water resources utilization shouldbe directed to renewable direction (bio-tic resources) especially in the light thatwater is one of those resources that isalways in motion, across territorialboundaries, and policy boundaries thatit requires inter-regional and inter com-munity coordination. The next questionis how far is community preparednesswithout constinuously demand for

remuneration especially on the pretextof ideological-political reasons.

This slow and sure water resourcespotential depletion process and its fu-ture implication should be taken serio-usly into consideration particularly atthe time when the community is nolonger able to put water as an asset forthemselves and their children, sustaina-bility that makes the substantive con-tent of water resources management isat stake. The fate of the water lackinggenerations of the future not only in theirindigenous areas but also of the surroun-dings, even global water supply will be atstake, as also trans-regional even trans-national consequences (Lay, 1999).

The above argument tells us that inthe realm of water resources manage-ment the community is still governed byderivation of immediate benefits,whereas in the long run the mistake willbe paid at a very high cost. Therefore,how to bring the conflicting interestsbetween sustainable long term supplyand immediate drive to benefit fromnatural resources exploitation to apeaceful solution. Otherwise an extinc-tion of community future by the com-munity itself, at least a new conflict

around its life, a conflict from the pro-ple, by the people and for the people.

Analytical solutionBasically, water resources manage-

ment and its implications as describedabove will lead to dualistic reallocation,i.e. advantage and disadvantage, in rela-tion to government, private sector andthe community as water users. The dis-advantage is an excessive loss throughleakages. Improvement of efficiencyand management will be better if it isdirectly connected with maintenanceproblems (lack of conservation willing-ness and water resources recovery).There are, however, significantimprovement cases particularly waterservice to the poor, but in terms of envi-ronment in general the achievement isnot as dramatic as is expected. Besideleakage problem, management ( opera-tion, recovery and maintenace) asdecribed above, the problem related toworsening of water quality caused byindustrial and untreated urban domes-tic wastes, and pollution from agricul-tural waste, must also be taken into con-sideration.

For all of the above resons, waterproblem and its corollary appurte-nances especially quality and quantityreduction as experienced by this nation,though not so severe yet, is not causedby shortage of water supply, but morebecause water is not managed properlyand not equitably distributed. Such awasteful use of water is not limited in adeveloping nation like Indonesia, exces-sive exploitation is also a serious pro-blem in many states in United States.

To mitigate water quality and quan-tity reduction problem of this country isdone through prevention, and notthrough recovery. If properly managedwater will be available at an amazinglycheap commodity. Now, it is up to theIndonesians together with the interna-tional community, in the developingand industrialized nations alike, to im-plement the concensus. Pray God….

ARTICLE


This slow and surewater resources

potential depletionprocess and its future

implication shouldbe taken seriously

intoconsideration

particularly at thetime when

the community isno longer able

to put water as anasset for themselvesand their children

The province of Sumatra Barat islocated on the west coast ofSumatra and it is also known as

Ranah Minang. Commanding an area of42,2 km2 and 5.454.185 population it isdivided into 12 kabupatens and 7municipalities (kotas). Although it isrelatively large in area and possessing abig natural resouces potential, it is yetunder-exploited. Only 25 percent of thearea can be readily utilised, the remain-ing majority is made up of hills, moun-tains, valleys and lakes. In 2002 theaverage per capita gross regionalincome is Rp 6,65 million per annum.

Up to this time only 58,6 percent thepopulation has access to water supplythrough various different systems, i.epiped water, pit well, hand pump, rain-water collector, and spring water collec-tor. Of all the number only 16 percentgets PDAM water service, or equal to136.621 home connections. PDAMcharges the same tariff level to all of itsusers.

While the number of families whohave private latrine as an indicator ofsanitation service is only 524 thousandor 51 percent of the total families, in thevillages the ratio is even lower. In townsand cities the people are using toiletwith septic tank, while in village themost common type is pit latrine.

Almost half of Sumatra Barat popu-lation has no access to water supply sys-tem. The coverage rate may even lowernow considering many WSS facilitiesare not functioning anymore. Especiallyso with the fact that service coveragedata are calculated based on projectdesign. Whereas environmental sanita-

tion especially garbage transport anddrainage have not been given the atten-tion they deserve. Garbage issue is stillconsidered as technical problem andtherefore must be dealt with soley bytechnical agency.

The conclusion from several work-shops conducted by the provincial WSSWorking Group reveals several prob-lems and issues faced by WSS develop-ment in Sumatra Barat as the following:

Low coverage and inequitable ser-vice;Ineffective, inefficient and unsus-tainable WSS development;Lack of willingness to protect theenvironment and lack of communityawareness of hygienic life;Lack of interagency coordination inrelation to WSS development;Lack of village level managementteam.If we relate to MDGs target that half

of the population presently withoutaccess to sustainable and acceptablewater service then the minimum targetis to serve 80 percent of the populationof 3.932.000 assuming that by 2015Sumatra Barat will be inhabited by4.916.000 people. Whereas the targetfor sanitation is 75 percent or 3.686.000people.

Taking the Benefit from NagariIstitutional Potential

Nagari institution as the lowest levelgovernment administration in SumatraBarat is considered as a democratic

administration born from the com-munity and not engineered by theauthorities. This system honours 3powers in nagari administration, i.e.people's sovereignity, parliament,and the administration.

The national policy for communitybased WSS development which is ori-ented to sustainability and effective useis in strong compliance with the nagarisystem of administration in which bothtry to introduce changes that are orien-ted to more freedom and access to thepeople to take part in developmentactivity and control. Thus policy reformis translated as change, improve andmake available.

Based on experience, policy doesnot mean the end but rather it is thebase, an activity to support the massof population does not necessarily astep towards improvement of lifeunless the implementation is properlyguided. For that purpose it needs todevelop critical awareness of the po-pulation, and a capacity to translateawareness into action. Policy reformbasically consists of resistence againstemancipation and a basic correctionof the past and a basic concept for fu-ture development.

In so doing and in connection withnational policy for WSS development atthe regional level may put nagari insti-tution as a response to the to basicchanges in the development pattern(top down) of the past into one that isoriented to providing more freedom andaccess to the people to either take partin implementation or in control.

ARTICLE


Water Supplyand Environmental SanitationCondition in West Sumatera

By: Syarifuddin *)

*) WASPOLA Consultant for West Sumatera

Astudy on kabupaten level WSSdevelopment after the enactmentof law on decentralization was

made to find out the kabupatens per-ceives it and what issues related to WSSdevelopment the implementation ishanded over to the kabupatens. Thesequestions must be answered satisfacto-rily because following the national poli-cy formulation we must know for cer-tain what implementation tools areneeded to make sustainable WSS deve-lopment a reality. The implementationtools will be assessed from 3 subjectareas, i.e regional regulation, regionallevel planning and budget mechanism;and regional/local level institution.

National Policy for CommunityBased WSS Development is a policydirected to improve services coveringdrinking water, toilet, drainage, garbagehandling and wastewater management,implemented through a reform in go-vernment paradigm in WSS develop-ment. The government paradigm forsuch development implementationshould be shifted to more communitydemand oriented, more room for com-munity participation, more accountable,more responsive to poverty, gender, andempowerment to enable the communityto participate in the developmentprocess, including more capable to pro-vide financial contribution in accor-dance with equity and just principle. Allthis is summarized into eleven (11) WSSdevelopment basic principles coveringthe principles to treat water as economicgoods as well as public goods, demand

resposiveness approach, environmen-tally sensitive, hygiene behaviour pro-motion, poverty sensitive, promoting anactive participation of women, acco-untability in management, governmentas facilitator, active participation of thecommunity, optimun and well targetedservice, and cost recovery principles.

Site of StudyThis kabupaten level study was con-

ducted in regions with three differentcharacteristics, first, four kabupatensthe former field trial sites of the commu-nity based development policy, they areMusi Banyuasin, Solok, Solok, Subangand Sumba Timur; second, 3 kabu-patens the former field trial sites ofT2PTD (Regional Governance Reform)Programme, they are Bandung,Lamongan, and Takalar; third, 3 kabu-

patens representing neither the nationalpolicy not P2TPD program even beentried, namely Kuningan, Lumajang, andSikka. Kabupaten with special charac-teristic is Solok because it is the siteboth field trials.

Scope of StudyIn the three regional characteristics

studies were made on the extent of theexisting regulation, planning and bud-get mechanism, and institutional me-chanism support the principles of thenational policy for community basedWSS development. The three subjectsof study are selected because they arethe tools for policy implementation,including this national policy for WSSdevelopment. However, because theprinciples of the national policy for WSSdevelopment are universal in nature,

STUDY

Percik October 2005

Analytical Study on KabupatenLevel WSS Service Development

in the Era of Decentralization*)

SOURCE:EXCLUSIVE

the support of a set of regulations, plan-ning and budget mechanism, and insti-tutional mechanism to these principleswill be worthy of studying.

MethodologyThe supporting power to the princi-

ples underlying the national policy forcommunity based WSS developmentcan be viewed from two angles. First,the existence of a regulation, planningand budget mechanism, and regionallevel institutional arrangement toaccommodate the policy principles.Second, whether the regulation, plan-ning and budget mechanism, and theregional institution mechanism arecapable of accomodating the logicalconsequences of the national policy forcommunity based WSS development atthe regional level. To this end, theeleven policy principles are subjected toWeimar and Vinning (1989) policyanalysis methodolgy.

The analytical study of WSS serviceconsists of document review and inter-view with the regional level stakehold-ers. The documents to be reviewed con-sist of regional regulation, and mid- andlong term plans. The stakeholdersselected for interview include key deci-sion makers in the WSS developmentimplementation agency (RegionalKimpraswil or Public Works and Agencyof Health), and support agencies(Environment, Community Empower-ment, Forestry, Agriculture), and otherexecutive agencies (Bappeda, FinanceSection of the Regional Secretary, andLegal Officer of the Secretariat; and themanagement institution for communitybased WSS development.

FindingsThe findings from the study indicate

that WSS development problems withinthe three regional charactirsistics arerelatively similar. The problems are:

The coverage of piped water service isrelatively too small, except in Musi

Banyuasin. Outside the piped waterservice the community is consumingwater with questionable quality. Thecoverage of non piping water supplysystem varies widely. In all regionalcharacteristics one can find kabu-patens with relatively big water sup-ply service coverage, such as Subang,Lamongan, and Lumajang.The coverage of latrine, drainage,garbage disposal and wastewatertreatment is low. WSS services of the urban and therural areas are not equal. Services areconcentrated in the cities.In all study characteristics the majo-rity of the population lives from far-ming. In such areas conflict in wateruse for agriculture and domestic pur-poses is likely to happen. This kind ofconflict is common in areas with per-manent water shortage, such as Sikkaand Sumba Timur. In Sumba Timur,the potential conflict is also triggeredby water use for animal husbandry.Up to now a conflict that led to da-maging of water facility is between thecommunity and PDAM and govern-ment subsidized piping system.In all study characteristics, invest-ment for water service system is con-sidered too high. Up to now PDAMservice and empowerment pro-grammes are limited in areas withavailable water source, manageablewith a relatively reasonable invest-ment. The areas that are withoutwater source and need a big amountof investment are still far from waterand sanitation services. Exception isin Kabupaten Lumajang. The govern-ment of Kab. Lumajang tries its bestto develop water supply facility inareas without water source andrequires a very big investment. Up tonow, the operational costs for suchfacilities are paid for by the regionalgovernment budget.The regions are experiencing environ-mental degradation, especially with

the shrinking of forest areas, thusreducing raw water source.Prevalence of environmentally baseddiseases such as diarrhoea, malaria,and upper respiratory tarct is stillquite common.Hygiene behaviour is still not widelypracticed in many community groups.Many of them do not use toilet, do notwash hands with soap, and do notindicate other habits that indicatehygiene behaviour.

AnalysisThe regions have a wide variety of

regulation, planning and budget mecha-nism, and institutional arrangement forWSS development implementation.

Almost all of the regions have nospecific regulation on WSS manage-ment. There are however, regions withregulation that indirectly supports WSSmanagement. For instance, throughdelegation of authority to the lowestlevel of the government, the one closestto the community. Other forms of sup-porting regulation are delegation offinancial management authority to thevillage and village fund allocation me-chanism. These types of regulation tendto promote development mechanisminvolving formulation and decisionmaking process undertaken through vil-lage level community participation.

The types of regulation are mostlyfound in the kabupatens where the com-munity based national policy was putinto field trial and at the same time alsothe site of P2TPD. The next group arethe sites of either the national policy forthe community based WSS developmentor the P2TPD.

There is no regional regulation thatrequires the community and the privatesector distribute the costs and benefit ofWSS services equitably to all users.Besides, there is no rule that deals withgovernment role as facilitator andimposes a sanction system to those vio-lating the rule.

STUDY

Percik October 2005

In some regions, the quality of vilageand kecamatan level government parti-cipation is frequently quite poor. This isbecause the planning at this level isdominated by village and kecamatanlevel government elements. KabupatenSolok and its kecamatans are the onlyones that are relatively accomodative tothe community. The enactment of JointMinisterial Circular Letter (JMCL) bet-ween Minister/Chairman of Bappenasand Minister of Home Affairs No.0295/M.PPN/1/2005 050/166/SJ onTechnical Guidelines for the Imple-mentation of Development Plan 2005has made possible for community par-ticipation to extend up to kota (munici-pality) level.

It can be seen that there are two (2)general institutional patterns deve-loping in all of the regions under study:

The government plays a dominatrole in WSS development.Government is unprepared withany concept and implementation ofcommunity empowerment baseddevelopment model. The centralgovernment subsidy under theempowerment model is perceivedas a slow moving programme,excessive burden to regional bud-get, and is difficult to adapt to theyearly plan and budget mechanism.

All the regions under study have aStrategy Plan underlining environmen-tal development and protection. Ne-vertheless, this regulation is developedin isolation and by a different agency, sothat it is not focused on environmentalprotection measures for WSS develop-ment purposes. In all the regions thereis no regulation that can make theregional government control the privatesector or community involved in WSSmanagement to also assume responsi-bility for environmental managementand protection.

Poverty sensitiviteness and increa-sing of women participation have notbeen given any mention in the regional

regulations. The kabupatens site ofP2TPD implementation makes somemention about poverty sensitiveness ina document called Strategy Plan for Po-verty Alleviation.

From planning and budget supportmechanism, all the regions under studyprovide no possibility for a selectionbased on programme design. The LA-KIP (Government Agency PerformanceAccountability Report) does not provideany opportunity for the involved agenc-cies to assess and verify environmental-ly, poverty responsiveness, womeninvolvement of a regional level WSSdevelopment programmes. However,budget accountability is being tried inthe regions. This is stipulated in variousfinancial management regulations.

From institutional viewpoint, it of-ten happens an overlapping and ambi-guity as to what agency is to take theresponsibility for water source protec-tion.

The principle of promoting hygienebehaviour has been adopted by theregions as can be seen from the StrategyPlan that mandates all regions to imple-ment environmental sanitation pro-grammes, including hygiene behaviourpromotion.

The application of demand respon-

siveness approaches for optimum andcorrectly targeted service is intended toovercome ineffective WSS developmentsince development does meet communi-ty aspiration. The regional regulationthat supports both principles is amongothers in Kabupaten Solok that dele-gates the WSS service management res-ponsibility to the lowest governmentinstitution, one that is closest to the po-pulation, i.e. the nagari institution.

In general, the planning and budgetmechanism does not guarantee fullresponse to community demand. WSSdevelopment is a sectoral agenda and assuch it is to be implemented by regionalgovernment level technical agencies.

With the issuance of Joint Ministeri-al Circular Letter (JMCL) between Mi-nister/Chairman of Bappenas andMinister of Home Affairs No.0295/M.PPN/1/2005 050/166/SJ onthe Technical Guidelines fot theImplementation of Development Plan2005, the mechanisms such as the oneinitiated in Solok may potentially beadopted extensively elsewhere. There-fore the JMCL promotes the develop-ment of a specific forum called RegionalWork Unit Forum at kecamatan level.

Regional level regulations have, ingeneral, included tariff system fordrinking water and garbage cleaningand transport services. The gradated ta-riff system is being arranged in accor-dance with social economic classifica-tion and is intended as a cross subsidymechanism. From planning and budgetpoint of view, almost all of regionsunder study develop a stimulant fund topromote community contribution fordevelopment financing.

In some regions where the nationalpolicy for community based WSS deve-lopment meets with retardance theregional regulation is powerless in pro-viding any meaningful support becausethe regulation formulation is still domi-nated by executitive-legislative regula-tion formulation mechanism.

STUDY

Percik October 2005

All the regions understudy have a Strategy Planunderlining environmental

development andprotection. Nevertheless,

this regulation isdeveloped in isolation

and by a different agency,so that it is not focused

on environmentalprotection measuresfor WSS development

purposes.

Recommendation1. From the policy argumentation or

substantive matter, it seems that thepolicy rationale that most frequentlytrigger controversy are the principles ofwater as economic goods and publicgoods, and cost recovery principle. Inthis case the national WSS developmentpolicy substantive matter should:

Complemented with argument of therights of the people to WSS serviceand state's responsibility in the fulfill-ment of these rights.Inclusion of preconditions to be metby the government if the people'srights to WSS service are decided tobe fulfilled directly by the governmentagencies, and tranfered to the privatesector or the community.Inclusion of participation mechanismthat is applicable to the community invillage, municipal and national levelin WSS service management.

2. Socialization of national policyfor community based WSS developmentshould be undertaken with the supportof a regional level policy implementa-tion framework.

3. Strengthening regional level re-gulation is conducted to promote theenactment of regulations on:

Equitable rights for everyone tohygienic water service.Government role to guarantee andfulfillment of the rights for everyoneto water as basic rights.Government role to guarantee andfulfillment of the community rights towater sources.Guarantee protection to watersources.Prevent environmental degradation.Overall water and agrarian conflictresolution.Prevention of massive water exploita-tion by industrial sector.Guarantee inclusion of environmentalprotection costs by industrial sector inwater resources utilization.Regional regulation formulation me-chanism to reflect transparency, par-

ticipatory and accountability prin-ciples.

4. Strengthening planning and re-gional budget formulation mechanismto promote the application of the fol-lowing planning and budget principles:

Accomodating community participa-tion, especially the poor families andwomen.Development of community repre-sentation system to represent all seg-ments within the community, and is

institutionalized into some form ofdeliberative forum.Development of community proposalguardianship to the level where pro-gram decision and budget allocationis made.Provision of opportunity for planningand budget information to be accessi-ble by everyone in the community.Designing accountability procedurethat is accessible and controlled bythe community.5. Strengthening instituional me-

chanism that can be undertakenthrough the following efforts:

Establishment of or strengtheningregional level WSS team, involving awide range of stakeholders.Strengthening the regional levelinstitutions.Developmnet of institutional coordi-nation mechanism in WSS develop-ment, applying cross sectoralapproach.Strengthening village administra-tion.Strengthening local civil communityorganization.

STUDY

Percik October 2005

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.f.

g.

h.

i.

*) Part of WASPOLA’S activities in 2005

SOURCE: INTERNET

a.

b.

c.

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

Socialization ofnational policy forcommunity basedWSS development

should be undertakenwith the support

of a regionallevel policy

implementationframework.

It is undeniable that the urban is inapprehensible condition, especiallythe quarters where the poor live. If

any, the quantity of sanitation facility isway below the necessity. It is not a sur-prise, therefore, if diarrhoeal diseasesare endemic in those locations.

Besides poor health condition thediseases cause considerable economiclosses to the nation. According to 1997data, economic losses due to illness isequivalent to 4,4 percent of GDP or Rp47 trillion. This means that each familylooses Rp 120.000 every month.

Wastewater disposal system is oneof the prime sources of problem in sucha location. Based on BPS's (NationalStatistic Bureau) data of 2002, the totalurban families with septic tank is 63,07percent of the total population. Theremainder defecate in the open, such aspond, rice field, river/lake, open pit,beach/open space, and others.

The SANIMAS (Sanitation by theCommunity) tries to assume the role ofsanitation service problem solvingthrough demand responsive approachbased on the available of technologychoices. The community assume theresponsibility for construction andmanagement of the fund collected frominternal sources, and in some case alsosubsidy from the regional (mostly) andcentral government, SANIMAS Project(AusAID) and NGO (such as BORDA).It is hoped that this model will serve asone of the alternatives the regional go-vernment could choose from for thefuture WSS development strategy.

At this time SANIMAS is under fieldtrial in 7 kotas (municipalities), namelyDenpasar, Pamekasan, Mojokerto, Sido-arjo, Kediri, Blitar, and Pasuruan. Thekotas are selected based on (i) availabi-

lity of counterpart budget; (ii) appoint-ment of responsible sector for develop-ment; and (iii) employment of 2 localfacilitators. Up to mid of this year, allthe facilities have completed constructi-on and start with operation.

Not SmoothThe selection of the above cities does

not make SANIMAS project workssmoothly. One interesting example is inPamekasan, Madura. Shortly before theday for placing the first stone for theconstruction, the community came torefuse the project. Achmad Syaifudin, astaff of Bappeda Pamekasan, explainedthat the families living in the immediateneighbourhood are worried about thestench, especially the unpleasant feelingof one family living just in front of thecommunity MCK. Finally, in this loca-tion the project came to a dead end. Asa replacement the regional government

diverted the budget for construction of aPlus Plus MCK to another site, i.e. twopesantrens (religious educational insti-tutions) the Mambaul Ulum, Bata Bataand the Darul Ulum, Banyuanyar,Palengaan. Pesantren is selected for re-ason that mostly it has a poor sanitationfacility. The existing WC does not meetsanitation requirement. Most of thesantris (students) defecate in the river.Or in a septic tank that is flushed direct-ly into the river. During the dry seasonwater is always in short supply.

Different from Pamekasan, somecragginess is also experienced after thefacility is in operation in Sidoarjo. Theproject was funded by the local commu-nity plus subsidy from regional budget,AusAID and the World Bank. It is loca-ted in RT 21 RW V, Kapasan, Sidokarevillage, Kecamatan Sidoarjo. The selec-tion of the site was based on poor sani-tation in the community. Eighty per-

TELESCOPE


SANIMAS (Sanitation by the Community)Between Hope and Reality

SOURCE:ANDRE

cent of its population has no toilet. Theprimary defecation facility is the river.They built a ladder to climb up anddown the bank, although periodicallythe water surface in the river rises up bymore than 1 meter.

The MCK facility started construc-tion on 15 August 2003 and began ope-ration on 15 December 2003. In thebeginning the facility was instrumentalfor changing the community habit ofdefecating in the river. They regularlyuse it and contribute Rp 200 after eachuse. In the meantime, one by one thedefecation riggings (locally called heli-copter) over the water surface werebeginning to disappear. However, thehabit did not last very long. Early thisyear they go back to the river. Helicop-ter riggings began springing up again.

Surur Wahyudi from BORDAdescribed this case is a consequencefrom the very beginning the constructi-on was pushed too hard by the local go-vernment when the community hasn'tbeen well prepared. And besides, thistime RT/RW officials are changing, thisto some extent influences managementof the facility. And, moreover, this faci-lity hasn't been officially handed over."As to what reason behind it, I simplydon't know," he said.

Success StoryAside from the two cases mentioned

above, almost all SANIMAS projectsmeet with some degree of success.Success in terms of sustainability andfacility management.

In Pamekasan, the regional govern-ment made the SANIMAS Phase I as aprecious learning experience. In SANI-MAS project Phase II the governmentshifted MCK development from urbansettlements to pesantren institutions.Based on a survey, in pesantrens theratio between an MCK over number ofusers is between one by 200 to 300.One can imagine how long the queueline is! This is much worse than thecondition in the community, who have a

latrine for a smaller number of people.After a selection process, two pe-

santrens were named as SANIMAS pro-ject beneficiaries, i.e Pesantren MiftahulQulub (MQ) at the village of Polangan,Kecamatan Galis, and Pesantren Sum-ber Bungur (SB), Pakong village of thekecamatan Pakong. Construction workstarted in November 2005, executed byBEST Surabaya. The facilities began

operation in March and April 2005,respectively.

KH Abdul Manan, Headmaster ofPesantren MQ humbly thanks God forthe selection of his pesantren for SANI-MAS project. "Now no need for girl stu-dents to wait in a long queue. Formerlyif there's one had a stomach problemeveryone was nervous," he added.

There are 350 girl students studyingin the pesantren with only two toilets infunction. The other five were in com-plete disorder. For bathing and washingthey have to use a common pond. "Weare in short of money. The students payonly very small tuition fee. Not enoughto construct or repair an MCK facility,"further described Manan.

In terms of money the total cost forthe construction of 6 toilets and 2 bath-rooms in Pesantren MQ is Rp 154 mil-lion. The pesantren contributed Rp 23million consisting Rp 5 million cash andthe rest in kind. The major portion ofthe cost was paid by the regional go-

vernment and BORDA. The santris(students) may use the facility for free.But a six-man management team isalways on duty to maintain cleanliness,water supply, and control over set previ-ously such as to take off sandals whenregulation using bathroom and toilet,and prohibition to wash clothing in thebathroom.

In Pesantren SB, the MCK facilityconsisting of 6 toilet plus 2 bathrooms iscapable to serve the need of 300 malestudents. Formerly the students werecatered with one toilet. As a consequen-ce, many of the santris had to defecateand wash in the water source located 10minute walking distance from thepesantren. "With the facility from SANI-MAS we could accelerate the learningprocess, keeping better cleanliness andhealth condition," says the Pesantren'sHeadmaster, KH Achmad Madani.

The MCK is also used by the sur-rounding community, including the stu-dents of Aliyah (general education withmore religious contents equivalent tosenior high school) located nearby.Because of this MCK the Aliyah is nowaccredited to B level, a better qualifica-tion than it was before. Besides, thewastewater from the MCK is used forwatering plants.

The construction cost amounted toRp 157 million, more expensive thatPesantren MQ. This is because the rooftop is covered with cast concrete forfuture construction of office and healthclinic for the santris. For the construc-tion the pesantren contributed Rp 24million consisting of Rp 5,5 million incash and the rest in kind. The operationis undertaken by the santris under thecoordination of Abdul Hamid, a trusteeof the Pesantren. Users from outsidethe Pesantren may use it for free. TheO&M costs are fully paid by thePesantren.

SANIMAS Project also reachedKampong Karang Kletak, MandaranRejo village, the city of Pasuruan. Itstarted with construction in December

TELESCOPE


The MCK facility startedconstruction on 15 August 2003

and began operation on 15December 2003. In the begin-ning the facility is instrumental

in changing the communityhabit of defecating in the river.

They regularly use it andcontribute Rp 200 after

each use.

2004 and began operation in April2005. The facility consists of 6 toiletsand 2 bathrooms. Different from simi-lar SANIMAS in other locations, thisproject also includes a garden and thekeeper's house. This is a learning expe-rience from several facilities we helpedto build and it turns out that the facilitylooks much better with a keeper'shouse," says Surur.

This SANIMAS facility providesservices to the local community consis-ting of 246 families or 762 members.Before the establishment of the presentSANIMAS the community has had sani-tation services already, including theone run by private organization, but stillthey were not enough to cover the need.Some of the population went to thepond to defecate. The construction costof SANIMAS facility was Rp272 million.

Asfan, the keeper of the SANIMASfacility explains that since the beginningof the operation it produces an averageincome of Rp 30.000 daily. This inco-me is divided equally between the keep-er and the local self-help group as thefacility management organization. "Un-fortunately not all of the community isattracted to use this new facility. Theyprefer to go to the pond to defecate. Hesays if he defecates in a WC the faeceswon't come out," he says pointing to so-meone crouching on the pond not farfrom the new facility.

Not far from Mandaran, there isanother SANIMAS project that has beenfunctioning sometime earlier. The pro-ject is located at Bakalan village, Ke-camatan Bugul Kidul. It is built as acommunal facility. Formerly there wereonly 2 out of 97 families have a toilet.The majority defecated in the river.According to Hasyim, secretary of localselfhelp organization (KSM) in thebeginning of the construction the pro-ject had a difficulty with a communitymember who happens to be an em-ployee of Health Agency. "Later itturned out that he felt offended becausehe was not asked to be member of the

committee," says Hasyim.Construction work started in August

2003 and operation began the followingDecember. For the construction eachfamily was asked to contribute Rp75.000 payable in 2 instalments. Thetotal cost came to Rp 238 million. As forO&M cost each customer is charged Rp2.200 per family. "For the first 3months everything seemed OK, afterthat it stucked till now," says Hasyim.However, presently the managementstill has a cash balance of Rp 3 million.

In the city of Mojokerto, SANIMASproject was located at Balongcok,Balongsari village, Kecamatan Mager-sari and at Miji village, KecamatanPrajurit Kulon. The one mentioned ear-lier is a SANIMAS Phase I and the laterSanimas Phase II. Both are located in adensely populated quarter. The majori-ty of the population has no toilet, theygo to the river or ditches to defecate.One can imagine the stench of theseplaces before.

"We are quite happy", said Sofi,treasurer of KSM Miji Serasi, the self-help organization that runs the manage-ment of the facility. KSM applies amonthly contribution to its user mem-ber. The average monthly income is Rp180.000, coming from Rp 6.000 foreach household. And besides, the ma-nagement also places a contributionbox. Casual toilet user is chargedRp200 and bathroom Rp 300. On aver-age it produces Rp 8-10.000 per day.

The fund collected exceeds the opera-tional costs. The monthly average isRp50.000 for electricity and attendanceRp200.000. "Since the beginning of itsoperation in April, we have a balance ofRp900.000 in cash," said Sofi happily.She also tells us that since April the"Buttock River" (nickname of river fordefecation) is closed down.

The Balongcok facility that has beenoperating since April 2004 is relatively ingood condition. A contribution box isplaced at the entrance. Up to May 2005the balance of amount collected is Rp1.163.000. The Balongcok communityregularly pays contribution. The amountis Rp 150-180.000 a month. Fund collect-ed from the box is Rp 50-80.000. Theoperational costs consist of Rp 70.000 forelectricity and Rp 20.000 for the keeper.

In the meantime, an MCK Plus isconstructed at the Bungur hamlet,Madaeng village, Kecamatan Waru, Si-doardjo. It is located approximately 100m from Bugur Asih bus station. Thefacility was built in November 2004 andbegan operation in April 2005. It con-sists of 5 toilets and 3 shower type bath-rooms. The operational costs are paidfrom user contribution. The tariff is Rp300 for children and Rp 500 for adult.

Sanyoto, the MCK keeper explainsthat in the first month the amount collect-ed was Rp830.000 and the second monthRp900.000. The income was used to paythe keeper at Rp 350.000 a month andwater and electricity combined Rp100.000 a month. The balance is kept bythe KSM treasury. The users are mostlythe travellers and boarders of the neigh-bourhood. "Most of the local familieshave had a private latrine", he says.

That's the story of several SANIMASfacilities that Percik visited. Some aresuccessful yet there are also that areproblematic. What is certain, there area lot of learning experience from theSANIMAS programme. Each region hasits own characteristic so that strategyformulation must be adapted to thelocal condition. mujiyanto

TELESCOPE


SANIMAS Project alsoreached Kampung Karang

Kletak, Mandaran Rejovillage, the city of

Pasuruan. It started withconstruction in December2004 and began operation

in April 2005

After the successful CLTS field trialin bringing changes to communitybehaviour in Lumajang District, a

similar attempt was made in KabupatensMuaro Jambi (Jambi), Muara Enim(South Sumatera), and Bogor (West Java).

The training was intended to build abetter understanding of the basic princip-les of CLTS approach, to promote the par-ticipants to spontaneously act as CLTSfacilitator in their own respective villages,to change community behaviour fromdefecating in the open and to develop ahamlet level action plan as a follow-up tothe training.

At the same time similar training wasalso taking place at Muara Enim District.The event was attended by 42 participantsconsisting of representatives from HealthAgency of Muara Enim, the provincialHealth Agency of South Sumatera, Sanita-rian, Kecamatan (sub-district) level com-munity empowerment officer, Head ofPuskesmas (Community Health ServiceCenter) , WSLIC CPMU, DPMU and con-sultant team, CWSH project representa-tives, WSS Working Group. The trainingfacilitators consisted of WSS WorkingGroup, CLTS consultant, WASPOLA andWSLIC team of Muara Enim. Field prac-tice was conducted in four (4) locations:Palai hamlet of Sebedang village, Babatvillage, Ibul village, and Tanjung Bunutvillage.

The training in Muaro Jambi tookplace on 4-7 July 2005. This activity wasattended by 40 participants representingHealth Agency of Jambi province, districtlevel Health Agency, DPMU of CWSHProject, teachers, sanitarian, PKK (FamilyWelfare Education) representatives, Headof Puskesmas, village headmen, and com-munity leaders. The facilitators of this tra-ining were members from WSS WorkingGroup, WASPOLA, and regional WSS

working group. Field practice was under-taken in the hamlets of Setiti andSukamenanti both of Muaro Pijoan village,and hamlet 1 and 2 of Medalo Laut village.

Meanwhile, CLTS training in BogorDistrict was conducted on 18-25 July 2005and was attended by 40 participants, re-presenting central WSS Working Group,regional Health Agencies of Bogor andCirebon, Public Works of the West Javaprovince and of Bogor District, D/PMUand WSLIC consultant, WSLIC Com-

munity empowerment consultant fromKab. Ciamis, provincial level communityempowerment consultant, Puskesmas'sSanitarian, WASPOLA and WSP-EAP.The field training site was conducted inthe villages of Cimande and Cimande Ilir,and hamlets of Sengked and Laladon ofthe village of Sukaresmi.

In general, this training obtained afavourable response from the participantsand the local community. In Muara Enim,the community of the villages of Babat,Ibul, Tanjung Bunut was triggered to startwith change of behaviour from open defe-cation to using a hygienic toilet. In Bogor,21 families confirmed determinate toimmediately build a toilet.

Nevertheless, in several villages, trig-gering does not produce a direct impact.Based on field experience, the communitydoes need a toilet, but because of povertyand myths, the capacity to construct willnever be expressed explicitly. Myth alsodevelops within the community that toiletconstruction costs a lot of money and mustbe nicely/beautifully constructed in orderto last long. (AK/MJ)

AROUND WASPOLA


CLTS Training in Muaro Jambi,Muara Enim, and Bogor

The basic principles of CLTSapproach, to promote

the participants tospontaneously act as CLTS

facilitator in their ownrespective villages, to changecommunity behaviour from

defecating in the open and todevelop a hamlet level action

plan as a follow-up to thetraining

SOURCE:WWES

In order to get a better picture on theprogress of dissemination of thenational policy for community based

WSS development in the provinces anddistricts (WASPOLA 's working area) con-ducted a series of coordination meetings.For the eastern regions, the meeting washeld in Makassar on 28-29 August 2005,and the western regions it took place inBandung on 31 August-1 September 2005.

The coordination meetings were alsointended to sharpen the participants' per-ception on the importance of WSS data-base for WSS programme planning espe-cially as it relates to MDGs.

Makassar meetingThis meeting was attended by 21 par-

ticipants representing Central WSSWorking Group and WASPOLA team (6people), Province of South Sulawesi (4participants, from Salayar District, Pang-kep District and Takalar District), Pro-vince of Gorontalo (5 participants, fromPohuwato District, Bonebolango Districtand Gorontalo District), Province NTB (4participants, from Lombok Barat District,Lombok Timur District and Sumbawa),and Province South-East Sulawesi (2 par-ticipants).

Introduction was made by OswarMungkasa (Central WSS Working Group)and Rani Nurhadi from AusAID. Oswarhighlighted several important issues espe-cially it relation to MDGs target achieve-ment particularly clarity of the present sta-tus of WSS coverage data. Based on theexperience up to now the available WSSdata are questionable and cannot tell usthe actual WSS coverage.

Specifically with funding, Rani Nur-hadi, explained that AusAID is supportingWASPOLA financially from the beginning

up to the present. From AusAID view-point WASPOLA has achieved the expec-ted output, as evidenced from the formu-lation of the national policy for communi-ty based WSS development and has beendisseminated to 7 provinces. At the mo-ment the institutionally based develop-ment policy is in progress. This furtherindicates that WASPOLA has been able tocontribute to the efforts leading to sustain-able community based WSS developmentin Indonesia. From the meeting a numberof recommendations are suggested to cen-tral and provincial WSS Working Groups,as the following:

A. Central Level Working GroupThe central (national) level WorkingGroup to facilitate the provincial teamfor the development of a concrete step tobe taken in operationalization of thepolicy through (i) coordination meetingwith provincial working group, (ii) thecentral working group makes it arequirement for the provincial team tosubmit a regular implementation pro-gress report;Establishment of central, provincial anddistrict WSS working group network;The future coordination meeting to con-sider inviting other involved elementsfrom the regions.

B. Provincial Working GroupTranslation of Work plan into opera-tion, especially database collection;Take the benefit from district levelactivity.

Bandung MeetingThe coordination meeting was attend-

ed by 34 participants consisting of repre-sentatives from Central WSS Working

Group, WASPOLA, the province of Banten(2 from the province and one each fromPandeglang District, Lebak District andTangerang Municipality), West Sumatera(2 from the province and one each fromTanah Datar District, Sijunjung Districtand Padang Municipality), Bangka Be-litung (2 from the provincial level, oneeach from Pangkal Pinang Municipality,Bangka Barat District and Bangka SelatanDistrict) and Central Java (2 from theprovincial level and one each fromGrobogan District, Pekalongan Districtand Kebumen District).

Opening was made by Oswar Mugkasa(Central WSS Working Group) who dis-cussed 3 important agendas to be dealtwith by WSS Working Group during2006. They are improvement and provi-sion of WSS baseline data, improvementin communication strategy, and improve-ment to WSS multi-stakeholder network.Sofyan Iskandar of WASPOLA describedthat the role of WASPLOA of the organiza-tion is to provide support to WSS WorkingGroup activities and operatonalization ofWSS development policy in 2005 throughthe hands of the provinces based on theexperiences gathered in 2003 and 2004implementation.

In the course of the same meeting Re-wang Budiyatna of WSS Working Grouptook the opportunity to discuss with the au-dience about the stimulant fund for the re-gions. According to him, the fund is confir-med available but its disbursement is con-strained by a regulation that prohibits thecentral government to funnel fund directlyto the regions except in emergency case.Therefore, he suggested further, it is neces-sary to find a way out so that the stimulantfund could be disbursed down to the dis-tricts/municipalities as planned. (MJ)

AROUND WASPOLA


Coordination Meetings on theImplementation of the National Policy for WSS

Development in the Regions

1.

2.

3.

1.

2.

Bangka Belitung,27-29 July 2005

In this province the road show beganwith a talk show through Sonora radio, alocal radio station, 19.00-21.00 hrs 27July. The talk show invited Amri, Chair-man of Bappeda (Local DevelopmentPlanning Agency) Bangka Belitung, whodiscussed WSS related issues of BangkaBelitung (Babel), Nugroho Tri Utomo ofWSS Working Group discussed thebackground of the national policy forcommunity based WSS development,and Sofyan Iskandar of WASPOLA dis-cussed about the role of WASPOLAitself. During the broadcast there weretwo responses from the listeners. First,the need for environmental protectionin Babel because the degradationprocess is going unrestrained. Second, aquestion how to synchronize economicdevelopment and environmental pro-tection.

Stakeholder meeting was conductedin 28 July. The meeting was officiallyopened by the Deputy Governor ofBabel. There were 40 participantsattended the meeting representing theprovincial level government agencies,district/municipal governments, mem-bers of legislative body, and the press.In his opening speech the DeputyGovernor made special mention aboutenvironmental degradation in Babel.He is very much in agreement with thenational policy. What he needs, though,

is a formal letter from the central go-vernment. This conforms to what theBappeda wants.

The road show was concluded with avisit to 3 locations, namely TPA (finalgarbage disposal ground) at Parit Enam,PDAM intake structure currently notfunctioning, and protection area atKolong Kacang Pedang. These threelocations are suffering from the burdenof WSS related problems. All the partic-ipants took the opportunity to discussthe problems with Chairman ofBappeda for possible solution.

An important note from the roadshow is that the policy makers are in fullagreement with the national policy andthey have serious attention to WSSrelated issues, the implementationstrategy has been relegated to the dis-tricts/municipalities level.

Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB),11-12 August 2005

The road show consisted of a meetingof WSS related stakeholders in NTB,meeting with the governor, and meetingwith provincial level WSS Working Group.The delegates from the central level wereEndang Setyaningrum (WSS WorkingGroup), Rick Pollard (WSP-EAP), RaniNurhadi (AusAID), Subari and NurApriatman both from WASPOLA.

During the discussions with the cen-tral Working Group, secretary of regio-nal government and district WSS wor-

king group, several important issuescould be noted:

The National Policy has been adoptedin Lombok Barat. In 2005 LombokBarat revised the draft of WSS strategydevelopment plan and this year hasallocated Rp 2 billion budget as stimu-lant for WSS physical construction.New districts (Lombok Timur andSumbawa) will be added to imple-mentation facilitation activities in2005. Those districts have also allo-cated fund for the facilitation team'soperational costs.Up to this time NTB is being facedwith problems related to sustainableWSS development:

Lack of reliable data to supportWSS development planning;Degradation of environmental con-dition total number of watersprings down from 700 to 250.

It has been realized by the RegionalSecretary that many of the facilitiesconstructed in the past are no functi-oning, this problem calls for an inte-grated solution effort. In the futureWSS development needs be integra-ted with economic implication.

Gorontalo,18 August 2005

The National Policy road show wasattended by central WSS working group,

AROUND WASPOLA

Percik October 2005

Road Show of National Policy forWSS Development in the Regions

To translate the national policy for community based water supply and environmentalsanitation development into operation, WASPOLA together with WSS Working Group

conducted a series of road show activities. This event is intended to present the opera-tionalization of the policy to the stakeholders. With this it is hoped that the stakehold-ers especially the policy makers would then support to accelerate the regional strategydevelopment process for sustainable WSS development.

SOURCE:WSES

30

WASPOLA and WSP-EAP. The agendaconsisted of meeting with the governorand all heads of district administration,field visit and talk show in TVRIGorontalo.

The meeting was attended by 25 par-ticipants representing the involvedprovincial government agencies andheads of district administration. Themeeting agenda started with report onpolicy implementation by the chairmanof provincial Bappeda and followed by aspeech by the Governor, FadelMuhammad, on the status of WSSdevelopment in Gorontalo. Then fol-lowed a presentation on WSS Develop-ment Policy by Oswar Mungkasa (WSSWorking Group) and closing by theChairman of Bappeda.

Several important issues worthy ofnote derived from the meeting are:

CARE International Indonesia is cur-rently developing community basedWSS facility in 61 villages (as initialphase) in collaboration with theregional government. Financial sup-port for physical construction amo-unts to USD192.769 (equivalent toappox. Rp1,9 billion).Budget allocation for 2005 WSS de-velopment amounts to Rp 13,3 billionfrom central and regional budget so-urces.Biggest problem is lack of communi-ty awareness to hygiene behaviour.This is evidenced from many facili-ties built but not being used for a va-riety of different reasons, includingineffective management team. Otherreasons may be traced to unsuitableplanning and lack of community in-volvement in the development.In the meantime, field visit was ma-

de to PDAM Gorontalo city, to Dembe 1village and to one of the village whichinstalls hydraulic ram to irrigate maizecrop, presently the major product of Go-rontalo. Water supply development wasinitiated by the community in 2002.Immediately after it was functioning,still in 2002, the community elected

BPAB (water supply management te-am), installed 75 public faucets to servethe community. The management sub-mitted request for a subsidy from thegovernment and tied cooperation withPDAM. In 2003 the water supply facili-ty and BPAB were officially dedicated bythe mayor of Gorontalo and PDAM pro-vides technical assistance to the com-munity. Up to 2005 BPAB under theleadership of Umar Latief has been ma-naging the 12 l/sec facility with 188 pub-lic faucets installed and a total of 2800subscribers. Water price is set at Rp4800/m3.

The road show was concluded with atalk show in TVRI Gorontalo (local tele-vision channel). The resource personsconsisted of Minami (Chairman of pro-vincial Bappeda), Oswar Mungkasa(WSS Working Group), Sofyan Iskandar(WASPOLA). The event discussed se-veral topics: status of WSS developmentin Gorontalo, background of formula-tion of National Policy for CommunityBased WSS Development.

Banten,28-29 August 2005

The road show took place at theoffice of Banten provincial secretariatand was officially opened by theChairman of Bappeda. It was attendedby 13 participants from Banten WSSWorking Group and 5 representativesfrom central WSS Working Group andWASPOLA.

Several of the issues identified fromthe meeting were:

In line with MDGs Banten sets a co-verage target of 74 percent watersupply and 73 percent environmentalsanitation. The biggest handicap islack of community participation andinefficiency of WSS sector invest-ment.National Policy implementation star-ted with Lebak District and presentlyis expanding to Pandeglang Districtand the city of Tangerang.The problems entail:

It is deemed necessary to createWSS development programme in-tegrated with development of peo-ple's economy.Most of primary schools in Bantenhave no sanitation facility.It is necessary to introduce toschool age children the subject ofwater supply and sanitation.Lack WSS related baseline data inBanten. It is necessary to reorganizethe existing data and encouragementof interagency coordination from thecentral down to the district level.Health protection and diseases pre-vention effort is not given a properattention as compared to treat-ment/healing.

Central Java,21-22 September 2005

The workshop on operationalizationand synergy in community based watersupply and environmental sanitationdevelopment in Central Java was atten-ded by 51 participants representingWSS Working Group of Central Javaand similar groups of Districts Grobo-gan, Kebumen and Pekalongan, centralWSS Working Group and WASPOLA.The workshop was opened by the Sec-tion Chief of Physical and InfrastructureDevelopment, Bappeda Central Java.

The agenda of the workshop consis-ted of presentation by Basah Hernowo,Director of Housing and SettlementSystems, Bappenas. He discussed WSScondition today and the target that mustbe achieved in line with MDGs 2015.According to him, WSS used to beviewed as technical matter, the govern-ment as provider, so when there is aneed it was directly supplied and theneverything was considered well done. Inthe future, he continued, WSS develop-ment must be done in sustainable man-ner, meeting the criteria of efficientservice, continuous reliability, expan-ding coverage, sustainability, acceptablequality and quantity, and at a reason-able price. (MJ/AK)

AROUND WASPOLA


1.

2.

3.

Second Southeast Asia Water Fo-rum (SSAWF) was born from aglobal initiative on the importan-

ce of integral arrangement of water re-sources management. This idea was ini-tiated in Chiang Mai, Thailand, on 17-21November, 2003. The First SoutheastAsia Water Forum (FSAWF) agreed tothe following agenda: (i) promoting theparticipation of all stakeholders relatedto water resources management, (ii)development of policy and regulation,(iii) development of funding mechanismthat takes into consideration economic,social and cultural aspects, (iv) buildingand strengthening IWRM (integratedwater resources management) perfor-mance capacity, (v) initiation in the ap-plication of IWRM process, (vi) buildinga closer cooperation among govern-ment, non government and private ins-titutions in the mitigation of negativeimpact from water effected disaster, andthe like, (vii) continue with regionalcoordination in the management ofriver basin unit, (viii) identification ofways of improving irrigation systemthrough decentralized management,and (ix) conducting a regional meetingonce in two years for educational andtransfer of information purposes amongwater resources practitioners and moreextensive stakeholders.

In the FSAWF water supply andsanitation (WWS) was not highlightedas a specific issue, the opposite is inSSAWF. In a conference held in Bali 29August-3 September the public role andparticipation is strongly highlighted,and the committee put it as the theme ofthe conference "better water manage-ment through public participation".

Department of Public Works, Indo-nesia Water Partnership (IWP) and Glo-bal Water Partnership (GWP) were theleading actors in organizing the SSAWF.Three main issues were summarizedinto the following sub-themes:

Advancing national water agendas;Managing water resources in riverbasins;Managing water resources in growingcities.

SSAWF was opened by the ministerof Public Works, Djoko Kirmanto. Theconference was attended by 11 membersof Asean nations and delegates from se-veral other countries (Japan, Australia,England, Netherlands, China, Srilanka,and others). In his opening speechDjoko highlighted the condition in In-donesia as it relates to achieving MDGstargets, "the MDG objective of serving60 percent population by 2015 appearsto be too ambitious for Indonesia." Ac-cording to him, Indonesia will remaincommitted to achieve it through conti-nuous effort and preparation of policy

framework towards the achievement,such as Law No. 7/2004, GovernmentRegulation No. 16/2005, NationalAction Plan, PDAM improvement andrestructuring, and so on.

National Agendas within MDGsConstellation

Based on ADB data 700 million ofthe Asia-Pacific region population livewithout access to water supply and 2 bil-lion are without acceptable sanitation.These data conform to those publishedby the World Bank. In the presentSSAWF this issue is viewed from (i) theneed for water sector reform, (ii)

AROUND WWES


Second Southeast Asia Water Forum (SSAWF)Regional Commitment, Better Management

Through Public Participation

D.G. Cipta Karya, Agus Widjanarko, deliveringkeynote speech in one of the sessions (above),

Indonesian delegates in the preparation ofMinisterial Declaration (below)

SOURCE:DORMARINGAN H.S

1.2.

3.

improvement of water resilience of thepoor community in relation to achievingMDGs target, and (iii) application of in-tegrated planning and management ofwater resources.

Malfunctioning waterworks, mana-gement failure, lack of community par-ticipation, financial inefficiency, andseveral other similar stories, have urgeda global and regional (SE Asia) initiativeto a development that is oriented to go-vernment policy reform.

Arriens Wouter, from ADB in hispresentation "Why we need nationalwater sector reform" indicates the needto have at least (i) legal clarity in watermanagement, aimed at regulating thevarious interests within the frameworkof regional autonomy, formulation of le-gal framework, policy and strategy, (ii)improvement of stakeholders' participa-tion in water management through pri-vate sector involvement, and mass me-dia, (ii) improvement of economic valueof water, through tariff reform, policyframework, rationalized subsidy, cataly-sing investment, and (iv) developmentof coordination mechanism, throughdevelopment of management institutionat all levels.

In the context of MDGs target achie-vement, the Asia-Pacific region has ma-de a significant progress. MDG Ambas-sador, Erna Witoelar, notes a number ofhopes and challenges: (a) since 1990 thetotal of poor population has gone downfrom 23 to 16 percent, (ii) the target oneducation is believed achieved but moreeffort is needed, (c) Malaysia, Thailand,Indonesia and the Philippines indicate aprogress in poverty alleviation, (d) it isnecessary to exert a stronger effort toimprove human resources capacity inLaos, Myanmar and Cambodia, (e) thereyet indication of malnutrition andhunger, (f) progress in HIV/AIDS pre-vention has been shown in Thailand andCambodia, (g) a significant trade barrieris prevailing in ASEAN countries andtherefore needs an integrated economicdevelopment.

In the context of MDGs targetachievement the national agenda inwater management must be undertakenin synergy and sustainable manner,based on the progress made by the go-vernment. "A major factor to disparitiesin water access between the rich and thepoor is lack of political will," says Ernafurther.

Integrated Water ManagementThe importance of integrated and

sustainable water management has toofrequently been voiced out. In the pre-sent SSAWF, the experience and lessonslearned from integrated water resourcesmanagement (IWRM) from 8 SEAnations were presented. The experienceindicates that through stakeholder in-volvement, willingness to share infor-mation and ideas, bottom-up strategydevelopment, application of IWRMprinciple as far down as the field level,and including water sector in the formu-lation of development strategy, a multi-stakeholder consensus in water ma-nagement plan could be made a reality.

Besides, SSAWF also notes that net-work and partnership establishmentbecomes an important matter to keep inmind. In the context of water resourcesmanagement, NARBO (Network of Asi-an River Basin Organization) has beendeveloped and promoting the applica-tion of sustainable water managementprinciples. In many countries IWRMapplication sill faces a variety of con-straints, such as bureaucratic, lack ofhuman resources capacity, organizatio-nal overlapping with obscure function,lack of reliable baseline data and infor-mation system, lack of cost recovery andfinancial accountability.

The other side of IWRM that callsfor specific attention relates to howIWRM influences and relates to (i) eco-system and livelihood issues, (ii) mini-mizing negative effect of water scouring,flood, inundation and other natural di-sasters, and (iii) upstream-downstreamissue in the availability and feasibility of

water utility. In the context of sustain-able management, this SSAWF recom-mends the development of a mechanismand institutional arrangement that is fo-cused on (i) cross-boundary water ma-nagement for surface and undergroundwater, etc, (ii) water use for differentpurposes such as for city water-work,agriculture, fishery, and environment,and (iii) cross jurisdictional territory,between central government and regio-nal and local government. The cha-llenge is hard indeed but it does not me-an it is unmanageable.

Water management of the urban,whose responsibility is it?

Since 2002 the Southeast Asian co-untries have been focusing water mana-gement that is more oriented to the in-creased use demand. The growth of ur-ban districts has brought with it morecomplicated problems and increasedinvolvement of many parties, includingthe private sector. In the presentSSAWF this is seen from the followingviewpoints: capacity development forurban water supply, (ii) developingmore credible water supply service, (iii)innovation in water supply and sanita-tion management, (iv) communityempowerment in water service reform,and (v) water financing scheme.

An experience from Pnom Penh Wa-ter Supply Authority (PPWSA) is an in-teresting example for urban water sup-ply service management. PPWSA (equi-valent to PDAM in Indonesia) Directorexplained how it has made changes ininstitutional, personnel, and financial.Through its revitalization programmePPWSA has been successful in bringingdown water leakages from 44 to 10 per-cent, increase service access up to 97percent, billing efficiency up to 98 per-cent. The key to the success is, accord-ing to Ek Sonn Chan the Drector, isownership, external support, law enfor-cement.

In terms of water management andurban issues, SSAWF encores commu-

AROUND WWES


nity participation format and fundingissue. Community participation wasspecifically discussed in the fourth day,1 September in session Empowermentof civil society for water service reform,in which (i) how to facilitate an exten-sive public participation, (ii) how to cre-ate an acceptable climate for public par-ticipation, were discussed. In this ses-sion Law No. 7/2004 was used as aninteresting example to be discussed.

Another issue within this themerelates to urban water service financing.Beside presentation on the donor insti-tution concept and perspective thistheme also discussed financing alterna-tive in the context of upstream-down-stream relationship. The financing al-ternatives are base water pricing (BWP)formula and incentive/disincentivemodel (IDM). BWP, which representsratio between conservation costs overquantity of water use is an applicableinstrument and indicator for the evalua-tion of water resources protection effort.Whereas IGM which formulates sourceand use in upstream - downstream are-as, is applicable for tax sharing alloca-tion among provinces and districts with-in a given river basin.

In the closing session, bearing a the-me "Catching up, keeping up with gro-wing cities" a dialogue was arrangedbetween service provider to obtain les-sons learned in WSS management andto find a better solution to the urbanWSS management implementationchallenges, including financing, privatesector participation, service to the poorfamilies, subsidy and efficiency issues.'Balancing people's capacity to pay andensuring efficient service, is this possi-ble?" is an important question that wehave to answer.

SSAWF Follow-up and the Minis-terial Declaration

SSAWF was concluded on 3 Sep-tember 2005, the commitment of So-utheast Asian nations is summarizedinto a common action plan as the fol-

lowing:1. Water for sustainable development

Promote the achievement of agree-ment on water contribution to othersectors, for example water supply pro-vision for domestic and industrialpurposes, irrigation and drainage,energy, flood control, navigation andrecreation, in the regional and nation-al scale social economic development,and the government provides invest-ment (at least within a minimumlevel) for services and infrastructureto support social economic develop-ment;Promote environmental conservationand action framework to the decisionmaking, parliament, politician andtranslate it in the implementation ofwater related projects;Promote and support the regionalgovernment initiatives to efficient andsustainable water resources manage-ment, especially one pertaining to ex-traction of underground water.

2. IWRM ImplementationProgressive IWRM implementation

through the application of learning bydoing and best practices approaches;promoting IWRM target achievementthrough technical cooperation and in-ternational funding arrangement; pro-motion of capacity improvement formonitoring and supervision; urging andpromoting upstream-downstream phe-nomenon in conflict resolution and im-provement of the stakeholders' know-ledge about the importance of river ba-sin organization (RBO).

3. Drinking water and environmentalsanitation

Promote programme implementati-on to improve water quality and ex-pansion of access to drinking waterand sanitation services in towns andvillages, always keeping in mind thepro poor principle;Improvement of funding and govern-ment instrumentation in the WSS

sector MDGs target achievementthrough developing the followingschemes: innovative funding, decen-tralization, community based ap-proach, private sector participation,public-private sector partnership,promoting small scale and communi-ty group provider, regulation, bench-mark development, monitoring andinformation;Promoting and taking the necessaryeffort to guarantee raw water qualityand quality acceptable to standardWSS service;Development of a clear standard for areform in central and regional go-vernment intervention, implementa-tion institution, private sector, andother stakeholders for an efficientWSS management;Development of a clear standard re-garding the impact of WSS serviceprovision to the regional govern-ment, national with poverty allevia-tion strategy and objectives;Promoting the development an ins-trument for "voice of user" approachin an effort to minimize inefficiencyin rural and urban WSS service pro-vision;Preparation of standard for the for-mulation of WSS management stra-tegy and supply-demand manage-ment strategy through tariff setting,cross and direct subsidy and carecampaign and education;Promotion of a variety of initiativesin view of problems faced in WSSprovision in the cities and peri-pheries;Development of implementationstandard for the protection of surfaceand underground water sources aga-inst pollution and excessive exploita-tion;Promote the development of waterefficient and environmentally friend-ly and at the same time also sustain-able and cost effective WSS system.In this case decentralized sanitationapproach may become an effective al-

AROUND WWES


ternative through for-mulation of policy fra-mework, institutionand public acceptance.

4. Water management for food and environmentUrge and promote fun-ding innovation to de-velop an efficient irri-gation scheme inclu-ding community basedsmall farming, partici-patory irrigation O&Mfor farmers and waterusers' association;Development of stan-dard to strengthen sy-nergy and minimizingpolicy and implemen-tation contradictionbetween agriculturalsector and environment and promotewater provision alternatives for foodproduction in arid regions;Stimulate the formulation of an effec-tive policy for groundwater manage-ment for food production.

5. Water resilienceDevelopment and implementation oflocal level strategy to deal with cli-matic changes;Implementation of capacity improve-ment programme and financial sup-port for technology development forthe future in early warning system,risk management, impact mitigation,etc.Promote the development of conflictmanagement strategy and promotelocal water management ethics andsolidarity in order to create good wa-ter governance.During the course of the meeting,

the delegates from each nation dis-cussed a draft of SE Asia MinisterialDeclaration. On 2 September this sub-ject was discussed with the representa-tives of Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore,Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Laos,

Myanmar, Philippines, and Vietnam.

WASPOLA-WSES WORKINGGROUP Exhibition in SSAWF

During the course of the conference,WASPOLA-WSS Working Group to-gether with other organizations held anexhibition. There were 11 stands madeavailable for the exhibition and eachwas assigned to:

Nippon Koei, Jakarta;JICA (Japan InternationalCooperation Agency), Ja-karta and Tokyo;Black and Vieth, ConsultantAgency, Jakarta.WASPOLA-WSES WorkingGroup, Jakarta;Grundfos, Pump Manu-facturer, Jakarta;ADB (Asian DevelopmentBank), Manila;Caprari, Pump Manufactu-rer, Jakarta;Mekong River Commission(MRC), Cambodia;IUCN, world conservationorganization, Thailand;Kemitraan Air Indonesia(KAI, Indonesian WaterPartnership), water organi-zation, Jakarta;

BORDA, non government orga-nization, Bali.The WASPOLA-WSS Working Gro-

up stand was visited by more than 200visitors, from Indonesia and other coun-tries such as Philippines, Vietnam,Cambodia, Malaysia, Laos, China, Ja-pan, Sri Lanka, Germany, Netherlands,England, Australia and internationalorganizations (WHO, Unicef, AusAID,USAID, ICRAF, World Bank, ADB andothers).

Several of the comments and inputsfrom visitors are:

Water supply and sanitation mustbecome an integral part of waterresources management;The steps and efforts made by In-donesia in formulating NationalPolicy for Community Based WSSDevelopment serves as an impor-tant initiative in improving WSSservice;Presentation of issues and messagesin caricature and cartoon is a creativeidea to deliver messages related towater and community empower-ment, without hurting anyone's fee-ling. Dormaringan H. Saragih

AROUND WWES


WASPOLA-Pokja AMPL Booth

0

50

100

150

200

250

Ags29 Ags30 Ags31 1-Sep 2-Sep

Duration

Nu

mb

er o

f vis

ito

r

VisitorCummulative

VISITOR WASPOLA-WSES

WORKING GROUP BOOTH

Visitors from various nations are looking for information about National Policyat the WSS Working Group-WASPOLA stand

In the framework of experiencesharing of participatory approach-es in WSS development among

NGOs, the Directorate General forRegional Development Dept HomeAffairs held a workshop on National Po-licy for Community Based WSS Deve-lopment Operationalization with theinvolved NGOs in Surabaya on 5-7September 2005.

The purposes of the workshop (i)building a common understanding forsynergy of NGOs and governmentefforts for the application of sustainableWSS development principles, (ii) sha-ring of experiences between NGOs inpromoting community based appro-aches for WSS development as an initialeffort towards partnership for policyimplementation in the regions, and (iii)to agree in operational steps for part-nership towards sustainable WSS deve-lopment implementation.

The workshop was attended by 84participants representing 17 interna-tional, national as well as local NGOs.Opening was made by Dr. AhmadCahyana Jayadi, Director of Environ-ment and Spatial Planning, DG Regio-nal Development, Dept. Home Affairs.

This workshop produces a commonunderstanding among the participantsthat it is of the utmost importance to putthe policy principles of the NationalPolicy for Community Based WSS Deve-lopment into application in order toachieve a sustainable development.Additionally, the workshop managed tomap out the specific experiences of the17 NGOs in the field of WSS develop-ment.

The participants came to agree to an

action plan for the establishment of wa-ter related NGO communication forum.Specifically the inputs that led to actionplan were as the following:

Establishing WSS development net-work;

Conducting periodic meeting;Conducting thematic dialogue rela-ted to WSS development issues;Establishing opportunity for dia-logue with private sector.

As an immediate follow-up to theworkshop a meeting is scheduled for thesecond week of October 2005 to discussnext agenda. The host of the meetingwill be IRI and WSS Working Group.

(MJ)

AROUND WWES


Workshop on National Policy for CommunityBased WSS Development Operationalization

with the Involved NGOs

Discussion:Workshop participants discussing

WSS related issues and formulating regional agenda

for the future

SOURCE: WSS WORKING GROUP

The Directorate General for Com-munity and Rural DevelopmentDept. Home Affairs conducted

an orientation workshop on communityempowerment through the applicationof MPA/PHAST methodology for pro-vincial and district level of CWSH pro-ject technical teams, held in Padang on22-27 August 2005. This activity wasattended by representatives from He-alth Agency, Community Development,Public Works from provincial and dis-trict the site of CWSH project of Jambiand Bengkulu provinces.

This activity was intended to providethe technical teams with the necessarybackground on participatory methodolo-gy for application in CWSH project and tomake them better understand the com-munity demand. The activity was openedby K. Paimboan, Secretary of the Direc-torate General for Village and Community

Development, and was followed with apresentation by Basah Hernowo, Directorof Housing and Human Settlement,Bappenas (National Development Plan-ning Agency), on the application ofMPA/PHAST in CWSH project as itrelates to National Policy for CommunityBased WSS Development.

Basah explained that the formulationof the National Policy for CommunityBased WSS Development was based onthe fact that many of the facilities devel-oped in the past are not sustaining. Be-sides, community demand for drinkingwater and environmental sanitation isincreasing in line with population growth,and on the other hand the governmentcapacity -particularly financing - is quitelimited. Therefore, it is deemed necessaryto develop an effort to fulfil the demandand at the same time develop communitybased WSS facility.

In the policy, Basah further said, thecommunity takes the leading position.The community is subject in develop-ment, because they are the one who aremost familiar with the problems, whatthey need and the potential they have toovercome the problem they are facing.One of the tools for the application ofparticipatory approaches in WSS deve-lopment is MPA/PHAST (Methodologyfor Participatory Assessments/Parti-cipatory Hygiene and Sanitation Trans-formation). MPA is applicable for con-ducting assessment in planning, imple-mentation, monitoring and evaluationprocesses. According to Basah, one ofkey to the success of this method is com-munity contribution and active partici-pation in all stages of the developmentprocess that builds the sense of be-longingness and eventually sustainabili-ty of the facility. (MJ)

AROUND WWES


Orientation to Community Empowerment for Provincialand District Level CWSH Project Technical Teams

The Directorate General of CiptaKarya, Department of PublicWorks conducted a workshop on

operationalization of the national policyfor community based WSS developmentat Pucak, Bogor on 2-4 August 2005.The workshop was attended by 45 par-ticipants from NGOs, Universities,provincial level Bappeda (Local De-velopment Planning Agency) (Goron-talo, NTB, West Sumatera, Banten,Central Java, South Sulawesi, BangkaBelitung) and central level WSS Wor-king Group and WASPOLA.

The Workshop which was officiallyopened by Basah Hernowo, Director ofHousing and Human Settlement,

Bappenas (National DevelopmentPlanning Agency) was intended to builda better understanding about the princi-ples and strategy for the policy imple-mentation, lessons learned from policyoperationalization, sharing of informa-tion and experience on the policy imple-

mentation and introduction to NationalPolicy for Institutionally Based WSSDevelopment.

During the workshop process se-veral important issues cropped up,such as the need to develop coopera-tion network among all WSS develop-ment related stakeholders in the ope-rationalization of the national policyfor community based WSS develop-ment. NGO as partner in WSS deve-lopment plays very important role inestablishing dialogues with the com-munity. Besides, implementation ofthe operationalization must be under-taken in synergy with the existing pro-grammes in the regions. (GT/MJ)

Workshop on Operationalization of National Policy forCommunity Based WSS Development in the Regions

FOTO: POKJA AMPL

Within the framework of Ha-bitat Day commemoration,the Directorate General for

Cipta Karya, Dept. of Public Worksorganized a national discussion on sani-tation, held on 6 July 2005 in Jakarta.This discussion put forward several sa-nitation related topics, including thedesign of sanitation development policyin Indonesia, education pattern to acce-lerate sanitation development, technicalinnovation in sanitation developmentand water sources protection, financingscheme and tariff/contribution for sani-tation development and the role of thecommunity and private sector in sanita-tion development in Indonesia.

The discussion agenda was openedby the Director General for Cipta KaryaDept. of Public Works, Ir. Agus Widja-narko. Present as resource persons we-

re Basah Hernowo (Director of Housingand Settlement Systems, Bappenas), Dr.Sulistioweni (University of Indonesia),Dr. Enri Damanhuri (ITB Bandung),Abimanyu (Forkalim/PDAM Solo), andSurur Wahyudi (BORDA).

There were several issues that emer-ged during the course of the discussions.The biggest challenge for sanitation de-velopment in Indonesia is translating

policy into strategy and steps to be ta-ken and how sanitation policy couldaccommodate an active role of all thestakeholders. Community awareness tosanitation is the most influencing factor.Therefore, a campaign to improve com-munity awareness is compulsory. Oneway of doing it is through education,formal and informal.

Another issue that also cropped up isthat the cost recovery principle is diffi-cult to apply in wastewater manage-ment. This is a challenge in its own forus to resolve. Technological innovati-ons in sanitation management are avail-able, but the question is how to choosethe most suitable alternative in accor-dance with the community's capacity toadopt and manage any of these tech-nologies.

(AK/MJ)

The Directorate General for Com-munity and Village Develop-ment of the Dept. of Home Af-

fairs conducted and introductory work-shop on community participation me-thods for the districts that are recupe-rating from disaster in Aceh and NorthSumatra, held in Medan on 27-30 July2005. The workshop was attended by55 participants consisting of the provin-cial technical teams from Aceh andNorth Sumatra and representatives of 7districts that were severely hit by thedisaster. The purpose of the workshopwas to introduce Methodology forParticipatory Assessments (MPA)/Par-ticipatory Hygiene and SanitationTransformation as a means for theimplementation of community basedWSS development, improvement of

community knowledge about nationalpolicy for community based WSS deve-lopment, and helping the participants todevelop action plan for CWSH project,both for the provincial and district levelimplementation.

The activity was opened by theSecretary of Directorate General forCommunity and Rural Development,K. Paimbonan, who stressed the needfor community empowerment fordevelopment implementation withinthe regional autonomy framework.Since, according to him, without it aprogramme will fail, let alone sustain-able. The participants were also givenexplanation about the national policyfor community based water supply andenvironmental sanitation develop-ment, which was presented by Basah

Hernowo, Director of Housing andHuman Settlement, Bappenas.

MPA/PHAST is known as a metho-dology to improve community partici-pation in problem identification andanalysis for solution. Community par-ticipation leads to sense of belonging-ness, building self-reliance and respon-sibility to undertake a sustainable watersupply and environmental sanitationdevelopment in their respective com-munity.

After obtaining a complete picture ofMPA/PHAST methodology and thetools used in it, the participants weredirected to make simulation of severalof MPA/PHAST methods. Then theywould develop an action plan for imple-mentation in their respective provincesand districts. (AK/MJ)

AROUND WWES


National Discussion on Sanitation

Introduction of Community Participation Methods inthe Districts Recuperating from Natural Disaster

SOURCE:WSES

Perpamsi (Association of Indo-nesian Water Supply Providers)in cooperation with USAID,

USAEP and The Asia Foundation con-ducted a Performance Based Informa-tion Workshop for Stakeholder Ori-ented PDAMs held in Jakarta on 21September. The workshop is directedtowards formulation of strategy forinformation dissemination to the publicand the govern-ment in order toimprove company credibility.

Paper presentation was made byAndi Pefta (University of Brawijaya -Public Administration), Abdul Gani(Perpamsi), and Syafril Jamarin (CEOPDAM Pontianak). From the presenta-tion and discussion it was revealed thatPDAM are faced with several con-straints in delivering indicative infor-

mation, they are (i) indicators that areneeded by the stakeholders are omittedfrom report items, (ii) indicators aredeveloped by several different institu-tions, (iii) indicators are hands off (notto be understood).

Besides, issues related to poor com-munity subsidy to PDAM performancealso surfaced. Question arises as towhether the community subsidy isaccounted from below the sales price,BEP price, or HPP price. Other ques-tions relate to indirect cost that is biggerthan the direct production cost. Andmiscellaneous costs that sometimesexceed 10 percent. These facts reveal acommunity saying that reads: "commu-nity is subsidizing PDAM for its ineffi-ciency in spending budget allocation".

PDAM of Pontianak city is one of the

few that is successful in its communica-tion strategy and information deliverysystem to the stakeholders. As a result,all the stakeholders (regional govern-ment, DPRD (Local Legislative Board),users, partners, Perpamsi, etc) are com-mitted to help PDAM that currentlybooks 60.000 home connections.During the last 9 months the said PDAMhas been conducting major internalreform. As a result, the rate of UFW(unaccounted for water) drops signifi-cantly from 51,4 percent to 37,8 percentonly through internal managementimprovement, without additional in-vestment. The reform also increasesprofit from Rp 46 million to approxima-tely Rp 2 billion. And during the pro-cess there hasn't been any meaningfulcommotion. (GUS/MJ)

FORKAMI in cooperation withUSAID/USAEP/Asia Founda-tion, PT. PAM Lyonnaise Jaya

conducted PAM customer education,last September 10th 2005. This activ-ity took place at the office of Sub-District Tanah Abang, involving pro-vincial level Health Agency, KPAM(Drinking Water Subscribers Com-mittee) Central Jakarta Office, andYLKI (Indonesian Consumers Fo-undation). There were 65 PAM sub-scribers from Sub-District TanahAbang attending the meeting.

Job Supangkat, FORKAMI Coordi-nator informed the audience that thereare still many customers who are unfa-miliar with chlorine and what it is for inwater treatment, some even relate chlo-

rine with a chemical for mosquito larvaabatement. Many subscribers are wor-ried that chlorine may be harmful totheir health.

This activity was intended toimprove the PAM subscribers' know-ledge about drinking water quality, im-prove the critical behavioural change indrinking water quality, and to stimulatewater supply provider to improve waterquality.

The agenda consisted of interactivegroup discussion. Following presenta-tion by resource persons, the partici-pants were divided into groups each wasassisted by a facilitator. It was in thisgroup that the discussion took placemore intensively.

Several topics related to water quali-

ty were presented by the resource per-sons such as what is meant by faecal E.coli bacteria and why is it that thisbacteria be made the focus of examina-tion, pH and its significance, whatmakes water murky, what makes tapwater smell, etc. Besides those topics,the participants were also given infor-mation about the rights of customers inrelation to water quality and what insti-tution is responsible to control waterquality.

The customers were also givenopportunity to conduct water qualityanalysis of sample brought by the indi-vidual participants. The parameter ana-lysed consist of the basic water parame-ter used as preliminary indicator ofwater quality in general. (MJ)

AROUND WWES


Performance Based Information Workshop for StakeholderOriented PDAM (Regional Water Enterprise)

PAM Customers Education on Water Qualityat Sub-District Tanah Abang

At least 80 junior high schoolboys and girls from SMP Negeri115 and SMP Perguruan Rakyat

2 of Jakarta Selatan climbed down thebanks of Ciliwung River to performwater quality testing, last August. As itwere real scientist, the youngsters usingwater test kits made available for thisevent were conducting acidity (pH)measurement, dissolved oxygen con-tent, turbidity value, water temperatureand counting the living macro-inverte-brates all of which are main indicatorsto determine water quality.

This was one of a series of activitiesintended to build awareness of and careto water quality and water source pro-tection, under a programme calledIndonesia Programme for WaterQuality Monitoring 2005 conducted byFORKAMI (Indonesian Forum for Wa-ter Quality Management Communi-cation), sponsored by USAEP and AsiaFoundation.

Job Supangkat, FORKAMI Coor-dinator, explained that this activity isintended to sprinkler a bit of commonawareness to work together to improve

the availability and quality of watersource, for the life of today and thefuture generations.

The participants and the surroun-ding community could learn somethingand were given the opportunity to con-

duct water quality analysis using the kitsmade available by the organizer. Theschoolboys and girls were divided intosmall groups each was accompanied bya FORKAMI volunteer facilitator. Basedon the measurement, the pupils of bothjunior high schools came to a conclusionthat the Ciliwung water is polluted. Thedata indicate pH value ranges between7-8, turbidity on average at 80 JTU(Jackson Turbidity Unit), dissolved oxy-gen 2-2,4 mg/l, very few macroinverte-brates living in the water which indicatesthat it is no home for living organism, thusCiliwung water is polluted.

Beside the river activity the partici-pants were also invited to take a look atwater treatment plant at Pejomponganto see for themselves what it looks likewith water treatment process from thebeginning till it is ready for distributionto the consumer's homes. (MJ)

AROUND WWES

Percik October 2005

Ciliwung Water QualityMonitoring

SOURCE:FORKAMI

40

You might have heard about hy-dram pump. This device canpump up water without the help

of an engine. It is propelled by dynamicpower from water flowing down from acertain height. Water pressure is con-verted to motive power to push water upto higher elevation.

These principles apply in the WaterPump Without Motor ( PATM) manu-factured by Ade R. Purnama of Ban-dung, West Java. Ade has made severalmodifications and field tests that makehis products worthy of field applicationat a higher capacity than the ordinaryhydram pumps. In 1996 Ade obtainedpatent rights for his invention.

AdvantagesPATM is unique because it uses na-

tural strength from water pressure orwater power. It is natural if we say thatthis device is efficient because it doesnot need an engine, no fuel and no elec-tricity. And the maintenance cost is qui-te low.

This equipment can operate conti-nuously for 24 hours a day, and is capa-ble of lifting water up to hundreds ofmeters from the water source. No needfor a complicated operating system,because the equipment works automati-cally.

Operating SystemPATM system consists of 3 main

parts:Water source, may be a lake, river,pond or small dam with a dischargerate of at least 20 l/sec per PATMunit;Pump unit, mounted 18 - 24 m from

the source at 2 - 5 m below water sur-face, and connected with 6 in diame-ter (medium type) surge pipe;Outlet and conveyance network, canbe mounted ten kilometres or morefrom the water source as long as thetarget destination is not more than1.000 m (QD) above the water level inthe source.

The operating system begins withwater flow from the source to inlet orconnecting pipe to pump valve. Thepressure from water inflow pushes thepump valve up to close position there-fore stopping the inflow pipe. The sud-den stop causes a high pressure withinthe pump. The high pressure exceedsthe pressure within the air chamberwithin the conveyance valve thus waterflows in again from the connecting pipe.The cycle repeats at a high frequency sothat water flows continuously into theinlet and releases through the outlet.

In principle PATM operates on thebasis of conversion of kinetic energyfrom water movement into dynamicpressure to produce torque or highpower water hammer within the pipe.This pressure makes the inlet and outletvalves open and close alternately.

The dynamic pressure continuouslyproduces power within the inlet pipeenough to push water to flow up in theoutlet pipe and is pushed further intothe conveyance pipe. Thus, in principlePATM is multiplication of water pres-sure.

Water SourceWater pump without engine re-

quires a sufficient big water source, atleast 20 l/sec. To maintain continuity ofwater supply into the surge pipe, it isnecessary that a weir is constructed aro-und the water source to form some sortof a reservoir. (MJ)

INNOVATION


1.

2.

3.

SOURCE:EXCLUSIVE

Water Pump WithoutEngine

Only few who knew thatin Bekasi there is a re-latively presentable

and sophisticated training cen-ter for central as well as regio-nal level participants on thesubjects of water supply andenvironmental sanitation (in-cluding solid waste handling,domestic wastewater and cityscale drainage system) for sett-kement area. There are only ahandful of institutions thatever make use of its services, inspite of the fact that it has beenestablished there since 1990s.

The centre which is knownas TC Bekasi is a grant fromJapanese government to In-donesian government, in thiscase Dept. of Public Works throughgrant aid programme JTA 150. It isstanding on a 11.000 m2 land in theeastern part of Bekasi city, the TC isactually quite helpful in humanresources capacity improvement pro-gramme, particularly in water supplyand sanitation sector in a regionalautonomy like it is today.

This training facility is equippedwith a laboratory for testing waterquality, clean water as well as waste-water, a workshop for wastewatertreatment, mechanical and electricalworkshop for piping, garbage andwastewater treatment. Beside its mainfunction in training activity, the work-shop can provide services to the publicand community and other relatedinstitutions.

Pursuant to Minister of Finance De-cision No 470/KMK.06/2003 the statusof the BPAB-PLP Centre is presentlychanged into a self financing and ma-nagement unit of Non Tax Revenue.This TC is given the responsibility incurriculum development and imple-mentation of field test to housing scaleclean water and environmental sanita-tion facility and similar trainings as wellas dissemination of such training mate-rials.

To support the responsibility andfunction the Centre employs 53 person-nel consisting of one (1) Doctorate De-gree, one (1) masters degree, 10 bache-lor degree, 7 diploma and the rest areskilled technicians and common officeattendance. Some of the university gra-duates are still pursuing higher level of

learning. The institution isalso supported by 5 (one doc-torate, one masters and 3bachelor degree) trainers.

TC Bekasi is currently try-ing to be more professional.One way of doing it is bychanging its name to Centrefor Water Supply and En-vironmental Sanitation Deve-lopment. Along with it theCentre is continuously impro-ving itself.

Role and FunctionImprovement of commu-

nity access, especially thepoor to WSS facility is now aglobal movement. ThroughMDGs which was launched in

2000 it has been globally agreed thatone half the world population currentlywithout access to safe drinking waterservice must have the service by 2015.And in relation to sanitation by thesame year half of the world populationmust have access to the sanitation faci-lity.

The task of the government is hard,indeed. The regional governments musteducate their personnel and the com-munity to keep up with the target. It ishere the role of the Centre to improvethe WSS related human resources allover the country. In terms of experi-ence, this Centre has a sufficient experi-ence in working together with local go-vernment and private sector in pro-ducing qualified human resources re-lated to WSS development. (MJ)

INSTITUTION


Training Centre for Housing Scale Water Supply andEnvironmental Sanitation Facility (BPAB-PLP), Bekasi

Revival from listlessness

BPAB-PLP BekasiBuildingand workshop

SOURCE:EXCLUSIVE

Emergency is perceiveddifferently among indivi-duals as it is among orga-

nizations. Because of the diffe-rences emergency measures takenalso differ extensively. Some see itas a short term exercise, others aslong term planning.

This book treats the perceptionequally by defining emergency ascritical condition when a commu-nity experiences extreme diffi-culties of a disaster. Outside helpis in dire need, sometimes to last forseveral months even years.

The interesting thing is that thisbook is prepared to deal with severaltypes of emergency especially relatedto water, under various forms of di-saster, natural or human inflicted, in

peacetime or war, in reachable orremote places. All this is importantbecause each condition has a differentcharacteristic and call for a differentset of measures.

This book presents charts andchecklist of activities for each stage. In

general, emergency measure can bedivided into three stages, namely (i)information collection and ana-lysing it; (ii) selection of water so-urce and treatment process to gua-rantee continuous supply; and (iii)implementation.

This book also discusses soiland water characteristics in vari-ous levels. Including how to pre-pare a map for water distributionnetwork and water quality exami-nation. The book is also comple-

mented with support informationsuch as living creatures that are toler-ant, moderate and intolerant to pollu-tion and various kinds of devices forwater measurement and treatment.Indeed, this book is a practical guide-line. (MJ)

All this time there is a commonnotion that wastewater and hu-man excreta is simple worthless

matter. This notion leads to the factthat wastewater and excreta are left justlike that, the highest attention paid to itis by disposing it into a safe place.Whereas, if we try to look at them moreclosely, wastewater and excreta arequite useful.

Unconsciously there many in manycountries who take benefit from waste-water and human excreta. For thou-sands of years Asians have been usinghuman waste and animal droppings tofertilize water culture especially pondfor raising gold fish and tilapia. Gier isalso spread to water plants growing indry land, in industrialized and deve-loping nations as well.

What is needed now, is how to make

wastewater and excreta safe for commu-nity health. Environmental, hygiene,socio-cultural factors should be takeninto consideration.

This book was written by two Britishexperts who describe this matter ingreat detail beginning from history andthe benefit from reusing the wasteincluding examples of habit practised inseveral countries, community health

factor including the most recent practi-cal knowledge about epidemiology,environmental protection and improve-ment through reusing of waste as well ascontrol measures for community healthprotection, and institutional, legal andfinancial aspects related to project plan-ning and implementation.

This book is actually written forsenior experts in various sectors re-lated to solid waste reusing to preventspreading of contagious diseases andat the same time also optimizingresources preservation and recyclingof solid waste. The focus is set onmicrobial contamination and not onprevention of health disorder due tochemical pollution. However, it won'tdo any harm, if anyone who caresabout environment also reads it.

(MJ)

BOOK INFO


Benefit from Human Waste

Emergency Measures in Water Treatment

TITLE:BENEFIT FROM WASTEWATER

AND HUMAN EXCRETAGUIDELINE FOR COMMUNITY

HEALTH PROTECTIONAUTHORS:

DUNCAN MARA AND SANDI

CAIRNCROSS

PUBLISHERS:ITB BANDUNG PRESS

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY PRESS

PAGES: XX + 229 PP.

TITLE:EMERGENCY WATER

SOURCES. GUIDELINESFOR SELECTION AND

TREATMENTAUTHORS:

SARAH HOUSE AND BOB REED

PUBLISHER:WATER, ENGINNERING AND

DEVELOPMENT CENTRE

LOUGHBOROUGH UNIVERSITY UKPAGES: XV + 302

The Buyat Bay case emerged tothe surface last year. A numberof polemics were published.

Some defend the local population whileothers defend the mining corporationPT. Newmont Minahasa Raya. AndMinister of Health, Achmad Sujudi,confirmed that mercury pollution hashappened in the water of the bay that islocated in District Minahasa, NorthSulawesi.

This video CD (VCD) does not dis-cuss the controversy, but it records thetestimony of the local population inrelation to what they experienced. Thistestimony covers three aspects, namelythe disappearance of fish fry, disappea-

rance of fish school, and prevalence ofunusual sickness.

According the testimony, the dum-ping of tailings from gold mining

processes has caused their livelihoodfrom marine resources drop drastically.This is because fish fry is hard to find,similarly with fish catch.

Besides, this WALHI produced VCDalso presents the sickness suffered bythe community. Many of them sufferfrom scabs. Carcinomous swelling isfound in some individuals. In thethroat, breast, calf of leg, wrist, buttock,and head. One of the testimonials diedof carcinoma mammae on 7 February2004. Besides human beings, similarswellings are found in fish. When theswelling is opened, it is filled with athick dark liquid and gold colouredslime. (MJ)

Multisectoral projects keepon growing and serve as afinancing mechanism net-

work for the favour of the community.The outcome indicates that significantchanges have been going on in the dis-courses concerning investment forsustainable and effective use of urbanwater and sanitation investment.

There are 4 issues related to pro-ject implementation, namely (i) un-suitable design and operation system,(ii) lack of staff and facility, (iii) lackof administrative capacity among thepoor; and (iv) lack of financial capaci-ty to reach cost recovery and O&Mcosts. It is for these issues this bookwas written.

The handbook that was published byRural Water Supply and Sanitation(RWSS) contains the basic principles ofhandling water supply and environmen-

tal sanitation (WSES) service, generalvaluation, important issues, and RWSSin project, and other related practicaltools.

RWSS is a programme initiated bythe World Bank in cooperation withNetherlands Water Partnership. This

programme includes high quality watersupply provision to urban communitiesprimarily for domestic purposes (drin-king, cooking, bathing, etc.) in sus-tainable manner.

RWSS principles include: promotionof demand responsiveness approaches,promotion of institutional reform asbasic rule for the stakeholders; sup-porting water users' association in plan-ning, implementation, and managementof the facility; integration of water sup-ply and sanitation education; promoteusers investment in sanitation; povertyoriented objective; and supporting com-munity based environmental manage-ment.

This CD provides us with detailedinformation step by step. As such,this CD is commendable for those whoare involved in WSES related projects.

(MJ)

CD INFO


Testimony of Buyat Inhabitants

Handbook of Multisectoral Projects

WEBSITE INFO


Corporate SocialResponsibility (CSR)

http://www.eldis.org/csr/

C orporation, NGO, and mass mediaeach has a different opinion con-

cerning development and regulationrelated to Corporate Social Res-ponsibility (CSR). The differences areboth in its definition and its concept. Ina survey made to 500 corporations,NGO senior executives and journalistsindicates that there is a terminologicaland basic assumption difference thatmakes one group differ from the others.Although each believes in a differentdefinition from the others yet all thestakeholders agree to move ahead withinternational development.

This website describes CSR relative-ly thoroughly. Beside definition, the sitealso publishes 3 scenarios for CSR in thefuture, several CSR related conferencesboth at international and Asian levels,lessons learned from CSR programmein several countries, including businessmodels both to the company and thecommunity.

This site is quite appropriate forthose who are moving their businessgear and also the decision makers toharmonize the community developmentsteps together.

CSR issues have moved into interna-

tional forum and become an importantpart in achieving Millennium Deve-lopment Goals (MDGs). (MJ)

Reduce Garbage Right fromIts Origin

http://www.moea.state.mn.us/campaign/

I f not you, who? Garbage is not onlythe problem for developing nations

but also for industrially developednations like the US. Many have beendone to reduce the amount of garbage.One of them is being practised in thestate of Minnesota. They make a con-tinuous garbage reducing campaignthrough this website.

This site provides the communitywith lessons and examples to reduce theamount of garbage. "There are manyways for you to reduce garbage, protect

yourselves from losing time and money,and make a better earth at the sametime," thus reads the suggestion. Andall this can be done while you are shop-ping, working and playing.

As a guideline, this site discusses inwhat cases the garbage may be reduced.Take for instance paper consumption,office habit and in the garden, while onedoes shopping, at home, at school, whileholidaying, and composting. All is pre-

sented in attractive pictures and illus-tration.

The regional government remindsthat paper using is one of the biggestsources of garbage. Each year an Ame-rican uses 10.000 sheets of paper orequivalent to a 12 inch paper wallstretching from New York to SanFrancisco.

Garbage and EnvironmentalAwareness

http://www.learner.org/exhibits/garbage/intro.html

A n American citizen produces 4 lbs.(2 kgs) of garbage a day. This

becomes a big problem to the environ-ment. This growth in garbage amount isbigger than nature is able decompose.Therefore, whether you want to or notthere must be some way to reduce theacceleration of garbage growth rate.

The success of garbage reducing,according to this website, depends onthe community awareness.

Therefore, each individual must par-ticipate in environmental protection forthe future of the following generation.And all this can be done at home, inschool, at the working place, and any-where through reducing garbage pro-duction. MJ

CLINIC


ENVIRONMENTAL-FRIENDLY HOME

Question:

What tips could you give us to keep an

environmental-friendly home?

Adi, Pasar Minggu

Answer :

An environmentally friendly home

must belong to every member of the

family living in it, who consciously

takes part in the environmentally re-

lated activity in and around the house.

The following are the tips applica-

ble within and the surrounding envi-

ronment:

Leave some portion of the yard free

from concrete pavement to let rain-

water seeps down into the ground.

It is advisable to make an infiltration

well so that water from eavesdrops

and outside the house flows into this

well.

Collect domestic wastewater into a

retainer for watering plants, or other

purposes.

Make available some dirt soil and

sand in a cask, it might be useful for

preparing planting media for potted

plants. The ratio is 2 parts soil, 1

part sand and 1 part compost. Mix

thoroughly.

Prepare a composter made of used

can, or pail or any container; puncture

some holes at the bottom. This is use-

ful for making domestic scale compost

from kitchen waste. Or plastic bag

with some perforations to make com-

post from agricultural waste.

AXTENDEDAERATION

Question:

What are the advantages and disadvan-

tages of extended aeration in wastewater

treatment?

Puput, Bekasi

Answer :

Extended aeration is a modification

of active sludge process with a longer

period of oxidation. The advantages

are:

The residue of the process is very

much less than the ordinary active

sludge process, because most of the

organic matter is broken down into

water and carbon dioxide.

The sludge produced is much less

because the oxidation process is re-

latively complete, at a higher organic

material conversion rate. In this

case the investment and O&M costs

of sludge treatment plant are much

lower.

The disadvantages are:

A longer detention time (12 - 24

hours) needs a bigger aeration

tank.

Oxidation mass consumption

(generally air or oxygen is used)

for each Biochemical Oxygen

Demand is bigger than the ordi-

nary active sludge treatment.

ADDING CHLORINECOMPOUND

Question:

What are the advantages and disadvan-

tages of application of chlorine at the ini-

tial stage of drinking water treatment (pre-

chlorination)?

Ina, Jakarta

Answer :

Pre-chlorination is adding chlorine

compound at the beginning of water

treatment (generally at the same time

with adding coagulant) process.

The advantages of pre-chlorination

are:

For water with dominant suspended

solids pre-chlorination will streng-

then the binding of flocs so that the

flocs produced have a higher density

and settle down more easily.

For water with dominant true colour

pre-chlorination will oxidize the

organic materials suspended in the

murky raw water, thus flocculation

will proceed more thoroughly. This

will make sedimentation process

easier.

The disadvantage is the process

produces Tri Halo Methane (TMC)

compound, suspected to be carcino-

genic. Research is being conducted to

study the impact of prolonged con-

sumption of THM compound con-

tained in drinking water. One of exam-

ples of THM is CHCl3.

Questions can be submitted to Percik Magazine.Contributor: Lina Damayanti ([email protected]),

Dini Trisyanti ([email protected]), Sandhi Eko Bramono.

This Clinic is colaboration Percik magazine and Indonesian Association of Sanitary and Environmental Engineers.

AGENDA


Date Month Activity

4-7 July CLTS Training in Muara Enim and District Muaro Jambi11-14 July CLTS Training in District Bogor27-29 July Roadshow of National Policy for Community Based WSES Development in Bangka Belitung2-4 August Workshop on Operationalization of National Policy for Community Based

WSS Development in the regions3-5 August Regional Ministerial Meeting on MDGs in Asia & Pacific: The Way Toward 20158-13 August Orientation of Community Empowerment with MPA/PHAST for District and

Provincial Technical Team, CWSH Project in Surabaya11-12 August Roadshow of National Policy for Community Based WSES Development in NTB12 August Planning and Evaluation Meeting, ProAir in Bali18 August Roadshow of National Policy for Community Based WSES Development in Gorontalo22 August Orientation of Community Empowerment with MPA/PHAST for District and

Provincial Technical Team, CWSH Project in Padang28-29 August Roadshow of National Policy for Community Based WSES Development in Banten

Coordination Meeting on Implementation of National Policy forCommunity Based WSES Development in Makassar

1-2 September Coordination Meeting on Implementation of National Policy for CommunityBased WSES Development in Bandung

5-7 September Workshop on Operationalization of WSES Development Policy for NGO Partners in Surabaya7 September Roadshow of National Policy for Community Based WSES Development in Central Java 9 September WSES Working Group - WASPOLA Coordination Meeting

Assessment of WSES Program Implementation in Banten13-15 September Workshop on Operationalization of National Policy for Community Based WSS

Development in Bangka Belitung14 September WSS Working Group - WASPOLA Coordination Meeting15 September Workshop on Operationalization of National Policy for Community Based WSES Development in

South SulawesiRoadshow of National Policy for Community Based WSES Development in District PandeglangReview of Draft Document on Communication and Information Strategy Handbook ofPerformance Based Service for PDAM

16 September Discussion on the WSES Data Verification Study Concept19-24 September Worshop on Dissemination of the National Policy for CWSH Technical Team at Puncak, Bogor19 September Presentation of National Policy for Institutionally Based WSES Development in Dept. of Health21-22 September Workshop on Operationalization of National Policy for Community Based WSS Development in

Central Java21 September Roadshow of National Policy for Community Based WSES Development in Tangerang

Workshop on Communication and Information Strategy for Performance Basedand Stakeholder Oriented Service by PDAM

27-29 September Workshop on Operationalization of National Policy for Community BasedWSES Development in Gorontalo

28-30 September Workshop on Operationalization of National Policy for Community Based WSES Developmentin South Sulawesi

29-30 September Workshop on Operationalization of National Policy for Community Based WSES Development in Banten3 October Commemoration of World habitat Day 2005, theme: MDG and the City6 October Information Meeting on Water and Sanitation Program (WASAP) - Dutch Trust Fund7 October Presentation of National Policy for WSES Development in D. G. for Community Development,

Dept. of Home Affairs13-16 October Workshop on Socialization of National Policy for WSES Development in WSLIC-2 project site in Padang20-23 October Workshop on Socialization of National Policy for WSES Development in WSLIC-2 project site in Surabaya

R E P O R T

INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENTIN INDONESIA

Publisher: Economic CoordinatingMinistry, 2005

ANNUAL ECONOMIC REPORTDECEMBER 2004

Publisher: Economic CoordinatingMinistry, 2005

STATUS OF ENVIRONMENTINDONESIA 2003

Publisher: Ministry of Environment,2004

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2003Publisher: UNDP, 2003

WSES BIBLIOGRAPHY


G E N E R A L B O O K

MAKING SERVICES WORK FOR POOR PEOPLEPublisher: World Bank, 2004

WATER AND CULTURAL DIVERSITYPublisher: Centre Franco-Japonais Alliance

Francaise d'Osaka, 2002

NEW DESIGN FOR WATER AND SANITATION TRANSACTIONPublisher: Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility

(PPIAF) and WSP, 2002

SANITATION PROMOTIONPublisher: WHO, 1998

ENVIRONMENT AND ECONOMIC IN PROJECT PREPARATIONPublisher: ADB, 1999

P R O C E E D I N G

Dissemination of National Policy for Community Based WSSDevelopment in Jakarta (in Indonesian language)

Publisher: Dept. of Home Affairs, 2004Dissemination of National Policy for Community Based WSSDevelopment in Makassar (in Indonesian language)

Publisher: Dept. of Home Affairs, 2004

M A G A Z I N E

Culture Journal. November 2004Information Media for Community and Village Empowerment

Publisher: Directorate of Community and Village Empowerment, Deptof Home Affairs (in Indonesian laguage)Buletin Perkotaan dan Perdesaan (Bulletin of Urbanand Rural), January 2005 (in Indonesian language)

Publisher: Directorate of Urban and Rural Planning, Dept. Public WorksLATAR, Vol. II No.04ADB Review, Vol. 37, April 2005

Publisher: ADB

FLOW, tabloid

H A N D B O O K

Handbook and PracticalGuidelines for Urban WastewaterManagement (in Indonesian)

Publisher: Dept. of Settlement Sys-tems and Regional Infrastructure, 2003

Handbook for Integrating PovertyImpact Assesment in the Analysisof Project

Publisher: Asian Development Bank,2001

GLOSSARY

Junction manholeOne of the inspection hole constructed at the branching of drainage system

Kraus process activated sludgeModified aeration treatment process involving active sludge for low nitrogen wastewater treatment.

LagoonShallow (1 m by 1,2 - 1,8 m) and water resistant basin with a sufficient area capable of retaining wastewater or sludge foranaerobic or optional treatment for a duration of 1-6 months, with or without support construction.

Lamp holeOne of the simple inspection hole types of water drainage system consisting of vertical hole 22,5 cm deep, with a cover andis constructed by making T junction at a certain position in a network. In its operation, a lamp is lowered into the hole sothat the condition of the drain, clogged or not, is detected by catching the light reflected in the adjacent upstream of down-stream hole.

Land disposalOne way of final disposal of sludge after completion of treatment process in an open area.

LandfillGarbage disposal by way of dumping it into a pile in an open area.

Land TreatmentOne of natural treatment methods. Wastewater treatment taking the benefit of soil porosity as filter and the existing ve-getation.

Lateral sewerWastewater drainage pipe that accepts only domestic wastewater

LatrineSimple sanitation facility consisting of a plate for crouching and a pit as a septic tank.

Lethal Concentration (LC) 50Air or water borne chemical concentration that is calculated to cause death to 50 percent of living creatures or trial spe-cimens.

Lethal Dose (LD) 50Calculated dose (gram of pollutant per kg bodyweight) that may cause death to 50 percent of population of trial specimens.

Leach fieldPorous land or land with improved porosity by adding sand, gravel or palm fibres (ijuk) or loosened to form crumbs to letleachate or treated wastewater to percolate into the subsoil

LeachateLiquid waste produced from garbage decomposition process in a waste disposal/dumping site.

Quoted from Dictionary of Technical Terms and Foreign Abbreviations in Environmental and Sanitation Engineering,Univ. Trisakti Press, Jakarta