Modern World History
From the Age of Discovery
to the Present
Sources:
The Wealth and Poverty of Nations Landes, 1999
The End of Poverty Sachs, 2005
Wikipedia
Agricultural Revolution
• Haves– Plants easy to domesticate– Animals easy to
domesticate– East-west continent
orientation• Similar climate
– Crops move easily
– Culture follows– Successful Agriculture
• Population explosion– Metallurgy– Ships– Writing– Fierce warfare
• Have-nots– No
– No
– No
– No• Or later
Industrial Revolution• Haves
– Many competing countries
– Expanded trade• Without regulation
– Raw materials• Colonies• Iron, coal
– Individual freedoms• Ideas, science• Literacy, books• Economic, social
– Technologies• Power: coal, water• Optics• Machinery• Big guns
• Have-nots– No
– No• Government control
– No• Or undeveloped
– No• Conservative religion• Social, economic hierarchies
– No
http://www.askasia.org/images/teachers/display/41.jpg
Doctrine of Discovery
• Originated as a Papal Bull in 1455– To allow Portugal to conquer
West Africa
– And other non-Christian lands
• Extended later– To include Spain’s conquests
• Basis of later European claim to colonies – and American expansion
Columbus
http://amylivelydotcom.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/landing_columbus_70226_1.jpg
Early World Powers: Portugal and Spain
• Portugal – Discovers Brazil
• By sailing south around tip of Africa to find India
– Dominant force in Indian Ocean
– Early Monopoly on Spice Trade
• Spain– New World Colonies extracted
for wealth: gold
– Plantation system
– Slavery
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Bartolomeu_dia_cape_of_good_hope.jpg
Slave Trade Triangle
• Slaves captured or bought in Africa
• Shipped to Caribbean to work on Sugar plantations
• Slaves traded for sugar• Sugar traded in Europe
for manufactured goods• European manufactured
goods traded in Africa for slaves
Slave Trade Triangle
http://www.geocities.com/ks3history/c_map.jpg
African slaves in the New World
http://i97.photobucket.com/albums/l213/blackcuz727/African_Slave_Trade.gif
Government
IdeologyEconomy
Agricultural Slavery Economy
Religion Justified Slavery
Legalized Slavery
Agriculture depends on Slavery
Religious Justification for Slavery
• Noah cursed Ham’s son: "Cursed be Canaan! The lowest of slaves will he be to his brothers. He also said, 'Blessed be the Lord, the God of Shem! May Canaan be the slave of Shem. May God extend the territory of Japheth; may Japheth live in the tents of Shem and may Canaan be his slave'. " Genesis 9:25-27
• Descendents of Ham were thought to inhabit Africa
• This was used to justify African slavery
Curse of Ham
http://bp0.blogger.com/_mo-4yOXmj64/SB3TSHotapI/AAAAAAAAABo/TyhSyVUY5Q0/s1600-h/HamLeavesNoah.jpg
Slavery in Islamic Countries• Slavery permitted in Koran
– Muhammad owned slaves• Non-Muslims enslaved in Jihad• Freeing of slaves encouraged
• More women enslaved– For domestic help, harems
• Sex outside of marriage permitted with female slaves
• Not primarily for agriculture– Men often castrated
• Some used as warriors
• Breeding of slaves not common– Needed to be constantly imported
• Millions from Africa over 14 centuries
– Death tolls high
• Abolished in 20th century– Persists in Sudan, Mauritania
Zanzibar Slave Market, 1860s
http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=78400&rendTypeId=4
Protestant Reformation: 16th century
• Germany, Netherlands, England– Freedom from
authority of Church
– Reading Bible in common language
– Triggers new thought and science
– Where the industrial revolution began
Martin Luther
http://truereligiondebate.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/martin-luther.jpg
Protestant Reformation
http://www.lincolncs.org/5-6/Studies/images/armada/Map%20of%20Reformation.gif
Counter Reformation
• Spain, Portugal, Italy– Repression of new ideas– Ban on foreign books
• education suffered
– Heresies punished • to preserve Church
– Inquisition: • Protestants, Jews, Moslems
– Fell behind in technology
http://www.geocities.com/capitolhill/3231/Jewish-Community-Of-Malta/torture.png
Long term effect on literacy
• Literacy in 1900– Britain : 97%
– Italy: 52%
– Spain: 44%
– Portugal: 22%
http://z.about.com/d/denver/1/0/p/3/-/-/InspiringImpressionism_Fragonard.jpg
Galileo
• Italian experimental scientist:– Showed that earth must revolve
around sun
– Published in Italian, not Latin
• Condemned by the Church for heresy: 1633– Forced to confess error
– Huge blow for Italian science
– Church finally forgave Galileo 1981
http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0110/galileo_sustermans.jpg
Isaac Newton
• English scientist – born the year Galileo died, 1642
• Invented calculus
• Discoveries in:– Optics, Gravitation, Motion,
Mechanics
• Built on discoveries of :– Kepler, Copernicus, Galileo
• Founder of modern physical science
http://astronomy.meta.org/monatlich/0601_monatsthema.html
Why Early Leaders Declined
• Spain and Portugal – very wealthy in 16th century
• from New World gold
– Spent money on wars and luxuries
– Did not have to make things• could buy them
– Did not have to improve agriculture
• could buy food
– Eventually money ran out
http://www.dover-kent.co.uk/people/images/pic_elizabeth_i_armada.jpg
Why Early Leaders Declined
• Italy was a renaissance center of trade and manufacture– But no colonies in
New World
– Old power structures prevented change
Venice, Italy
http://www.univie.ac.at/Anglistik/aaas/route66/class/travel/613venice.jpg
Dutch East Indies Company1602-1798
• Netherlands– Half the population lived in
cities: industrial– Prosperous shipping, trading:
Middlemen– Money lending allowed– Protestant
• Spain wages war on Protestantism in Netherlands
• Dutch send own ships to Indian Ocean: – Dutch East Indies Company
http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1275/737549497_ba36f06860.jpg?v=0
Dutch East Indies Company1602-1798
• Soon dominant in Spice Trade
• Virtual Monopoly on spice Islands of Indonesia
Dutch East Indieshttp://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/c/c2/DutchEmpire.png
British Rise
• British pirates– better ships, guns
• American Colonies– settled by dissidents to start a new
life
• Britain ahead of Europe in– Textiles– Iron– Coal– Agriculture– Roads– Freedoms
http://keidahl.terranhost.com/Spring/EUH3501England/ImagesElizabethI.htm
Queen Elizabeth, 1600
Industrial Revolution• Started in England late 1700s
– cotton spinning
• Produced goods for the masses• Fortunes made
– age of unrestrained capitalism
• Raw materials came from colonies. – Manufactured in Europe – Colonies were guaranteed markets
for manufactured goods
Industrial Revolution
• Spawned abuses of labor: – women, children
– sometimes chained to machines
• Rich became richer: dominated world
• Inequity of wealth – led to Socialism,
Communism in Europe
http://www.teacherlink.org/content/social/instructional/industrialrevolution/childmillworker.jpg
Why England?
• Open society– Individual initiative
– social mobility
• Political liberty– Open debate
– Property rights
• Center of scientific revolution– Isaac Newton
• Principia Mathematica, 1687
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/newton/lega-02.html
Isaac Newton
Why England?
• Geographical advantages– Island nation
• Extensive sea trade• Less risk of invasion
– Navigable rivers• Internal trade
– Good agricultural climate– Proximity to N. America
• Raw materials
– Coal abundant• Fueled Industrial Revolution
http://www.culturalresources.com/images/maps/EngIndRevBig.jpg
Fossil FuelsMade Industrial Revolution possible
• Coal powered steam engines– Transportation – Industrial production on huge scale
• Textiles, clothes• Steel• Fertilizer • Chemicals• Pharmaceuticals
• By 20th Century– Service industries– Communications– Electrification
British in India
• Set up trade in India
• Corrupt Mogul Empire in India – ignores British gains
• British soon control India
• Export cotton from India to Britain
• Machine cotton spinning in Britain – starts industrial revolution
• British empire expands– Africa, Asia, Australia
http://www.india-history.com/images/maps/india-in-1857.gif
British EmpireAt its peak controlled one sixth of humanity
http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/images/brit_emp.gif
Government
IdeologyEconomy
Religious and cultural justification
Domination of Resources and Markets
Military domination
Imperialist Expansion
European Imperialism1700s-1800s
• Other European countries scramble to set up colonies all over world– France
– Belgium
– Germany
– Denmark
http://001yourtranslationservice.com/translations/jobs/pics/Africa-European-Colonies.png
African Colonialism
• “When the missionaries came to Africa they had the Bible and we had the land. They said, 'Let us pray.' We closed our eyes. When we opened them we had the Bible and they had the land.”
• – Bishop Desmond Tutu
Bishop Desmond Tutu, Nobel Prize winner 1984 http://www.canal-st.co.uk/resources/168/4219/61/Tutu.jpg
Ethnic Groups in Africa
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/01/09/weekinreview/09sudan-map.html?ref=sudan
Spanish Colonies: South and Central America
• “Spain transmitted to us everything it had: – its language, – its architecture,– its religion, – its dress and its food, – its military tradition and– its judicial and civil
institutions; – wheat, – livestock, – sugar cane, – even our dogs and chickens….
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Catedral_de_M%C3%A9xico.jpg
Spanish Colonies
• “But we couldn’t receive from Spain Western methods of – production and
– distribution,
– technique,
– capital, and the
– ideas of European society,
• because Spain didn’t have them.”
--Juan Bosch, first democratically elected president of the Dominican Republic
Westward Expansion of the U.S.A.
http://www.jackvallerga.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/08/terrexpan500.jpg
U.S. Policies toward Native Americans
• “The immediate objectives are the total destruction and devastation of their settlements. It will be essential to ruin their crops in the ground and prevent their planting more”– President George Washington
http://www.visitingdc.com/images/george-washington-picture.jpg
U.S. Policies toward Native Americans
• “If it be the Design of Providence to Extirpate these Savages in order to make room for Cultivators of the Earth, it seems not improbable that Rum may be the appointed means”– Benjamin Franklin
http://www.elcivics.com/images/benjamin-franklin.jpg
U.S. Policies toward Native Americans
• “This unfortunate race, whom we had been taking so much pains to save and to civilize, have by their unexpected desertion and ferocious barbarities justified extermination and now await our decision on their fate”– President Thomas Jefferson
http://sttheresaschool.org/history/images/thomas-jefferson-picture.jpg
U.S. Policies toward Native Americans
• “What is the right of the huntsman to the forest of a thousand miles over which he has accidentally ranged in quest of prey?– President John Quincy
Adams
http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=62214&rendTypeId=4
U.S. Policies toward Native Americans
• “The hunter or savage state requires a greater extent of territory to sustain it, than is compatible with the progress and just claims of civilized life … and must yield to it.”– President James Monroe
http://davidostewart.com/blog/home/ftp-stewart/www/davidostewart.com/blog/james-monroe-picture.jpg
U.S. Policies toward Native Americans
• “They have neither the intelligence, the industry, the moral habits, nor the desire of improvement which are essential to any favorable change in their condition. Established in the midst of another and a superior race, and without appreciating the causes of their inferiority or seeking to control them, they must necessarily yield to the force of circumstances and ere long disappear”– President Andrew Jacksonhttp://www.franklin.ma.us/auto/upload/schools/fhs/639-andrew-jackson-picture.jpg
U.S. Policies toward Native Americans
• “The tribes of Indians inhabiting this country were savages, whose occupation was war, and whose subsistence was drawn from the forest…That law which regulates, and ought to regulate in general, the relations between the conquerer and conquered was incapable of application to a people under such circumstances. Discovery [of America by Europeans] gave an exclusive right to extinguish the Indian title of occupancy, either by purchase or by conquest.”
– Chief Justice John Marshall (served 1801-1835)
http://www.columbia.edu/cu/alumni/Magazine/images/Fall2002/Marshall.jpg
U.S. Policies toward Native Americans
• “Is one of the fairest portions of the globe to remain in a state of nature, the haunt of a few wretched savages, when it seems destined by the Creator to give support to a large population and to be the seat of civilization?”– President William Henry Harrison
http://www.visitingdc.com/images/william-henry-harrison-picture.jpg
U.S. Policies toward Native Americans
• "The buffalo are disappearing rapidly, but not faster than I desire. I regard the destruction of such game as Indians subsist upon as facilitating the policy of the Government, of destroying their hunting habits, coercing them on reservations, and compelling them to begin to adopt the habits of civilization." – Secretary of the Interior Delano, 1874
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:CDelano.jpg
U.S. Policies toward Native Americans
• “If I would hear that every Buffalo in the northern herd were killed, I would be glad.”
• “The only good Indians I ever saw were dead.”
– General Philip Sheridan
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Philip_Sheridan.jpg
U.S. Policies toward Native Americans
• “The settler and pioneer have at bottom had justice on their side; this great continent could not have been kept as nothing but a game preserve for squalid savages.”– President Theodore Roosevelt
http://www.roac.nl/roac/_pictures/general/Theodore%20Roosevelt.JPG
Government
IdeologyEconomy
Religious and cultural justification
Western land and resources
Policies toward Native Americans
U.S. Westward Expansion
Mark Twain
• “All the territorial possessions of all the political establishments in the earth--including America, of course-- consist of pilferings from other people's wash. No tribe, howsoever insignificant, and no nation, howsoever mighty occupies a foot of land that was not stolen.”
-- Mark Twain
http://thezaz.nationallampoon.com/files/2009/08/42-mark-twain-mustache.jpg
Age of Imperialism
• Diffusion of wealth occurred– From Britain to its colonies
• USA, Australia, New Zealand
– From N. Europe to S. Europe• Railroads built• Serfdom ended• Industry financed by capital
– From Europe to the world• Latin America• Asia• Africa
http://www.jimwegryn.com/Photos/Photos.htm
Age of Imperialism
• European wealth = power• Exploitation of Africa, Asia
– Forced Africans to grow cash crops– Head taxes forced Africans to work
in mines and plantations• Sometimes hundreds of miles away
from family
– Natural resources taken– Private armies ensured compliance
• With military force from home country as backup
British cannon used to execute rebels in India, 1857
http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war/1862/february/british-atrocities-india.htm
WWI: clash of imperialist powers
• Germany
• Russia
• France
• England
• U.S.
• Ottoman Empire
http://mysite.verizon.net/alankh/akhblog/WWI-trench.jpg
WWII: Reaction to WWI
• Germany
• Japan
• Britain
• France
• U.S.
• Russia
• ChinaAxis Powers
http://bss.sfsu.edu/tygiel/Hist427/427maps/Axispowers1942isu.jpg
Cold War: Reaction to WWII
• First world: Western Europe and allies
• Second world: Russia, China and allies
• Third world: former colonies in Africa, Asia, Americas
Iron Curtainhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/images/hi07003.gif
U.S. Dual Course after WWIICompeting with USSR for Influence in Third World
Promoted Ag in Third World -- Green Revolution
Military Intervention --Korea, Vietnam, etc.
http://screamingeagles__10.tripod.com/ChopperExtraction.jpg
http://cropandsoil.oregonstate.edu/sites/default/files/news/the_golden_wheat_1.jpg
Terrorism: Reaction to Inequity• Powerlessness
– Economic– Military
• Desperation– Nothing to lose– Religious motivation
• State sponsored– Cuba– Iran– North Korea– Syria– Sudan
911
http://blogmeisterusa.mu.nu/archives/2006_02.php