Geographies of diversity in Manchester
OCTOBER 2013
Summary• The ethnic minority population, as measured
by non-white residents, increased between 1991 and 2011 by 104,300 in Manchester.
•Despitethisgrowth,theWhiteBritishethnicgroup,onlymeasuredsince2001,remainsthelargestethnicgroupinthecity,accountingfor59%ofthepopulation.
•PakistaniisthelargestethnicminoritygroupinManchesteraccountingfor9%ofthepopulation.ThegroupisclusteredinLongsightandCheetham.
•ThesecondlargestethnicminoritygroupinManchesterisAfrican,whichhasgrownfour-foldandfasterthananyothergroupsince1991.ThegroupisfairlyevenlydistributedacrossthecitywiththelargestclusterinMossSideward.
• There is evidence of dispersal of ethnic minority groups from areas in which they have previously clustered.
•ThelargestethnicminoritygroupsinManchester(Pakistani,AfricanandOtherWhite)aregrowingmorerapidlyinwardswheretheyareleastclusteredandslowerinwardswheretheyaremostclustered.
• New measures in the 2011 Census show that Manchester is not becoming less British, despite its increased ethnic diversity. More people report a British or English national identity in Manchester than report White British ethnic identity.
•PoorEnglishlanguageproficiencyishigherinManchesterthanthenationalaveragereflectingalocalneedforsupportservices.However,onlyaminorityofresidentscannotspeakEnglishwelleveninthoseareaswheretheneedisgreatest.
2%
5%
4%
2%
85% (includes White Other and
White Irish
74%
59%
15%
19%
33%
1991
2001
2011
White Other White Irish White British Non-White
Total population – 503,127
Total population – 422,922
Total population – 432,685
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
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180,000
1991 2001 2011
Pakistani 42,904 (73%)
African 25,718 (254%)
Chinese 13,539 (142%)
Indian 11,417 (80%)
Caribbean 9,642 (0%)
Bangladeshi 6,437 (65%)
White-Caribbean 8,887 (57%)
Mixed Other 5,096 (91%)
White-Asian (82%)
White-African 4,397 (72%)
Other Asian 11,689 (225%)
Arab (see note)
Other Black 8,124 (274%)
Other 5,884 (59%)
2011 Census estimates (% change from 2001 shown in brackets):
Figure 1.EthnicdiversityinManchester,1991-2011
Notes:Figuresmaynotaddduetorounding.
Notes:TherearenoMixedcategoriesin1991;andnoArabcategoryin1991&2001.ExcludesWhiteIrishandWhiteOthercategoriesshowninFigure1a.
a)Increasedethnicminorityshareofthepopulation,1991-2011
b)Growthofethnicminoritygroups,1991-2011
LOCAL DYNAMICS OF DIVERSITY: EVIDENCE FROM THE 2011 CENSUSPrepared by ESRC Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE)
1 www.ethnicity.ac.uk
The growth of ethnic diversity 1991-2011
Theethnicminoritypopulation(ornon-whitepopulation)increasedby104,300or164%inManchesterbetween1991and2011(seeFigure1a).Despitethisgrowth,theWhiteBritishethnicgroup,onlymeasuredsince2001(seebox),remainsthelargestgroupinManchester(59%)andGreaterManchester(80%).InManchester,thePakistani(9%),African(5%),OtherWhite(5%)andChinese(3%)arethelargestethnicminoritygroups(seeFigure1b).Theremainderofthepopulationcomprisesadiversemixofethnicgroups,includingWhiteIrish(2%),OtherAsian(2%),andIndian(2%).Since1991,theAfricanethnicgrouphasgrownfasterthananyotherethnicgroup(by430%).
Census ethnic group questionTherehasbeenaquestiononethnicityintheUKCensussince1991.Thequestionhaschangedovertimeintermsofhowitisframedandthepre-definedresponsecategoriesofferedforpeopletochoosefrom.In1991,thecensusasked‘whichethnicgroupdoyoudescendfrom:White;Black-Caribbean;Black-African;Black-Other;Indian;Pakistani;BangladeshiandChinese.’Butin2001,itaskedabout‘yourethnicgroupintermsofculturalbackground.’Therewereadditionalpre-definedcategoriesofMixedandWhiteIrishin2001aswellasan‘Other’categoryforeachbroadgroupofWhite,Mixed,AsianandBlack.The2011questionchangedagain,simplyaskingabout‘yourethnicgrouporbackground’andtherewerecategoriesaddedforWhiteGypsyorIrishTravellerandArab.Thechangesinthephrasingofthequestionandthetickboxresponsecategoriesrestrictcomparisonacrosscensuses.
Geographies of diversity in Manchester
Figure 2.GeographicaldistributionoftheManchester’slargestethnicminoritygroupsacrossGreaterManchesterbyward,2011
0% - 5%
5% - 10%
10% - 20%
20% - 60%Manchester average: 9%Greater Manchester average: 5%England & Wales average: 2%
Percentage of popula�on
Salford
Stockport
BuryBolton
Tameside
Trafford
Wigan
Rochdale
Oldham
Manchester
Salford
Stockport
BuryBolton
Tameside
Trafford
Wigan
Rochdale
Oldham
Manchester
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5% - 10%
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20% - 60%Manchester average: 5%Greater Manchester average: 2%England & Wales average: 2%
Percentage of popula�on
Salford
Stockport
BuryBolton
Tameside
Trafford
Wigan
Rochdale
Oldham
Manchester
0% - 5%
5% - 10%
10% - 20%
20% - 60%Manchester average: 5%Greater Manchester average: 3%England & Wales average: 4%
Percentage of popula�on
Salford
Stockport
BuryBolton
Tameside
Trafford
Wigan
Rochdale
Oldham
Manchester
0% - 5%
5% - 10%
10% - 20%
20% - 60%Manchester average: 3%Greater Manchester average: 1%England & Wales average: 1%
Percentage of popula�on
a)Pakistanigroup b)Africangroup
c)WhiteOthergroup d)Chinesegroup
Thesemapsarepopulationcartogramswhereeachwardisshownapproximatelyproportionalinsizetoitsresidentpopulation.
2 www.ethnicity.ac.uk
Geographical spread of diversityFigures2a-2dshowtheclusteringofthelargestethnicminoritygroupsinManchesteracrosswardsinGreaterManchesterin2011.ThePakistaniethnicgroupisclusteredinwardsinpartsofRochdale,Oldham,ManchesterandBolton(seeFigure2a).InManchester,morethanathirdofthepopulationinLongsightward(36%),morethanaquarterofthepopulationinCheethamward(28%),andmorethanafifthofthepopulationinthewardsofWhalleyRange,CrumpsallandLevenshulmehaveaPakistaniethnicidentity.
TheAfricanethnicgroupisclusteredinManchesteraccountingformorethanatenthofthepopulationinthewardsofMossSide(17%),Bradford(11%),Harpurhey(11%),Ardwick,(11%)andGortonNorth(10%)(seeFigure2b).TheChineseethnicgroupaccountsforfewerthan1in10peopleinallwardsinGreaterManchesterexceptCityCentre(13%)(seeFigure2d).
TheOtherWhitegroupislessclusteredinManchesterandonlyaccountsformorethan10%ofthepopulationinCityCentreward(12%)(seeFigure2c).Thegroupaccountsformorethan10%ofthepopulationintheSalfordwardsofKersal(12%),Broughton(10%)andOrdsall(10%).The2011Censusformaskedpeopleidentifyingwithan‘Other’group
towriteintheirethnicgroup.InManchester,Polish(5,900)wasthefavouredwrittenincategoryfollowedbyOtherWesternEuropean(3,400),EuropeanMixed(3,000)andOtherEasternEuropean(2,500).
Dispersal of ethnic diversityMostethnicminoritygroupsareevenlyspreadresidentiallyacrossManchesterandtherestofGreaterManchester.Thiseven-nessisincreasing:thereisevidenceofdispersalawayfromthoseareaswhereethnicminoritygroupsaremostclustered.ThisisshowninFigure3,whichhighlightsthepercentagechange(2001-2011)inthepopulationofthePakistani,African,OtherWhiteandChineseethnicminoritygroupsinGreaterManchesterandManchesterwardswheretheyaremostclustered(thosethatcontainedafifthofthepopulationofeachgroupin2001),andthepercentagechangeineachgroupinallotherlessclusteredwards.
Thereisaclearpatternofgreaterpopulationgrowthforeachethnicminoritygroupinthosewardswheretheyarelessclusteredcomparedwithsmallergrowthinthemostclusteredwardsinthecityandthewiderregion.TheonlyexceptionistheChinesegroup.Theconcentrationofthisgroupmayreflecttherecentriseinimmigrationtotheurbancentresforstudyattheregion’sHigherEducationinstitutions.
Geographies of diversity in Manchester
Figure 3.GeographicalspreadingofthelargestethnicminoritygroupsacrosswardsinGreaterManchesterandManchester,2001-2011
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400%
Pakistani African Other White
Chinese Pakistani African Other White
Chinese
Greater Manchester Manchester
Popu
lati
on g
row
th (%
), 2
001-
2011
Most clustered wards Less clustered wards
Notes:The‘mostclusteredwards’foreachethnicgroupcontainafifthofanethnicgroup’spopulationin2001inthewardswiththehighestpercentageofthegroup,andthe‘lessclusteredwards’containtheremainingfour-fifths.Themostclusteredwardsareasfollowsforeachgroup:Greater Manchester - Pakistani:Milkstone&Deeplish,Werneth,StMary’s,CentralRochdale;African:MossSide,Ardwick;Other White:CityCentre,Kersal,Rusholme,Hulme,Ardwick,DidsburyWest,WhalleyRange,MossSide,Clifford,IrwellRiverside,Cheetham,Chorlton;Chinese:CityCentre,Ardwick,Hulme,IrwellRiverside,Rusholme,Bradford.Manchester - Pakistani:Longsight,Cheetham;African:MossSide,Ardwick;Other White:CityCentreRusholme,Hulme,Ardwick;Chinese:CityCentre,Ardwick
3 www.ethnicity.ac.uk
Thisbriefingisoneinaseries,Local dynamics of diversity: evidence from the 2011 Census.
Author:StephenJivraj
Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE) TheUniversityofManchesterOxfordRoad,ManchesterM139PL,UK
email:[email protected]
www.ethnicity.ac.uk
Indicators of barriers to community participationEthnicidentitydoesnotprovideaclearindicationoftheassistancesomepeoplewillrequirefromlocalauthorityservicestoparticipateinthecommunitiesinwhichtheysettlebecausemanyethnicminorityresidentswillhavebeenbornintheUKorhavelivedhereformanyyears.Indeed,Britishnessismultiethnic,asinformationfirstavailableinthe2011Censustellsus:inManchester,morepeoplereportaBritishorEnglishnationalidentitythanreportaWhiteBritishethnicidentity.
Figure4showstheproportionofpeopleineachwardinManchesterwhohaveaforeignnationalidentity,arrivedintheUKrecently(2007-11),speakanon-EnglishmainlanguageandcannotspeakEnglishwell.Theaverageproportionofpeoplewithaforeignidentityis17%inManchester,doublethenationalaverageof8%.CityCentreward(33%)hasthehighestproportionandMostonward(6%)hasthelowest.
Theproportionofpeoplewithaforeignidentityisstronglycorrelated(R=0.96)withtheproportionofpeoplewhoarrivedintheUKduring2007-11acrosswardsinManchester.Thisshowsthatareaswithhigherproportionsofpeoplewithaforeignidentityhavehigherproportionsofpeoplewhohaverecentlyarrived.CityCentrewardhasbyfarthegreatestproportionofresidentswhoarrivedinthe4yearspriortothe2011Census(26%).Mostonward(2%)hasthelowestproportionofitspopulationwhorecentlyarrived.
TheproportionofthepopulationwhocannotspeakEnglishwellisnotasstronglycorrelatedwithforeignnationalidentity(R=0.7).Thus,Englishtuitionneedsarenotnecessarilygreatestinareasofrecentimmigration.ThewardswiththegreatestproportionofthepopulationwhocannotspeakEnglishwellareLongsight(10%)andCheetham(8%).TheaverageforManchesteris9%,whichishigherthanthenationalaverageof2%,suggestinganeedforEnglishlanguagetuitioninthecity.Nonetheless,the2011CensusshowsthatthevastmajorityofthepopulationinManchester,evenintheareaswhereethnicminoritiesareclustered,canspeakEnglishwell.
Incompleteness of ethnic group data 1991-2001Non-response(undercount)isthoughttohavebeenwell-estimatedwithinthe2011Census,butincompletelyestimatedin1991and2001.Non-responseisconcentratedinsomeethnicgroups.Ifthisbiasisnottakenintoaccount,comparisonsofpopulationcanbemisleading.Inthisbriefingwehaveusedthecompleteestimatesfor1991and2001availablefromtheUKDataArchive.
Geographies of diversity in Manchester
Figure 4.AlternativemeasuresofimmigranthistoryinManchesterwards,2011
Moston
City Centre
City Centre
Moston
Moston
Longsight
Didsbury West
Longsight
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Foreign identity Arrived 2007-11
Non-English main language
Poor English proficiency
Manchester averageEngland & Wales average
Percentage of resident population
Notes:Basepopulationfor‘CannotspeakEnglishwell’includesonlypeopleaged3andover.
4 www.ethnicity.ac.uk
