Geographies of diversity in Manchester OCTOBER 2013 Summary • The ethnic minority population, as measured by non-white residents, increased between 1991 and 2011 by 104,300 in Manchester. • Despite this growth, the White British ethnic group, only measured since 2001, remains the largest ethnic group in the city, accounting for 59% of the population. • Pakistani is the largest ethnic minority group in Manchester accounting for 9% of the population. The group is clustered in Longsight and Cheetham. • The second largest ethnic minority group in Manchester is African, which has grown four- fold and faster than any other group since 1991. The group is fairly evenly distributed across the city with the largest cluster in Moss Side ward. • There is evidence of dispersal of ethnic minority groups from areas in which they have previously clustered. • The largest ethnic minority groups in Manchester (Pakistani, African and Other White) are growing more rapidly in wards where they are least clustered and slower in wards where they are most clustered. • New measures in the 2011 Census show that Manchester is not becoming less British, despite its increased ethnic diversity. More people report a British or English national identity in Manchester than report White British ethnic identity. • Poor English language proficiency is higher in Manchester than the national average reflecting a local need for support services. However, only a minority of residents cannot speak English well even in those areas where the need is greatest. 2% 5% 4% 2% 85% (includes White Other and White Irish 74% 59% 15% 19% 33% 1991 2001 2011 White Other White Irish White Brish Non-White Total populaon – 503,127 Total populaon – 422,922 Total populaon – 432,685 0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 180,000 1991 2001 2011 Pakistani 42,904 (73%) African 25,718 (254%) Chinese 13,539 (142%) Indian 11,417 (80%) Caribbean 9,642 (0%) Bangladeshi 6,437 (65%) White-Caribbean 8,887 (57%) Mixed Other 5,096 (91%) White-Asian (82%) White-African 4,397 (72%) Other Asian 11,689 (225%) Arab (see note) Other Black 8,124 (274%) Other 5,884 (59%) 2011 Census esmates (% change from 2001 shown in brackets): Figure 1. Ethnic diversity in Manchester, 1991-2011 Notes: Figures may not add due to rounding. Notes: There are no Mixed categories in 1991; and no Arab category in 1991 & 2001. Excludes White Irish and White Other categories shown in Figure 1a. a) Increased ethnic minority share of the population, 1991-2011 b) Growth of ethnic minority groups, 1991-2011 LOCAL DYNAMICS OF DIVERSITY: EVIDENCE FROM THE 2011 CENSUS Prepared by ESRC Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE) 1 www.ethnicity.ac.uk
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Geographies of diversity in Manchester
OCTOBER 2013
Summary• The ethnic minority population, as measured
by non-white residents, increased between 1991 and 2011 by 104,300 in Manchester.
•Despitethisgrowth,theWhiteBritishethnicgroup,onlymeasuredsince2001,remainsthelargestethnicgroupinthecity,accountingfor59%ofthepopulation.
•PakistaniisthelargestethnicminoritygroupinManchesteraccountingfor9%ofthepopulation.ThegroupisclusteredinLongsightandCheetham.
•ThesecondlargestethnicminoritygroupinManchesterisAfrican,whichhasgrownfour-foldandfasterthananyothergroupsince1991.ThegroupisfairlyevenlydistributedacrossthecitywiththelargestclusterinMossSideward.
• There is evidence of dispersal of ethnic minority groups from areas in which they have previously clustered.
•ThelargestethnicminoritygroupsinManchester(Pakistani,AfricanandOtherWhite)aregrowingmorerapidlyinwardswheretheyareleastclusteredandslowerinwardswheretheyaremostclustered.
• New measures in the 2011 Census show that Manchester is not becoming less British, despite its increased ethnic diversity. More people report a British or English national identity in Manchester than report White British ethnic identity.
•PoorEnglishlanguageproficiencyishigherinManchesterthanthenationalaveragereflectingalocalneedforsupportservices.However,onlyaminorityofresidentscannotspeakEnglishwelleveninthoseareaswheretheneedisgreatest.
2%
5%
4%
2%
85% (includes White Other and
White Irish
74%
59%
15%
19%
33%
1991
2001
2011
White Other White Irish White British Non-White
Total population – 503,127
Total population – 422,922
Total population – 432,685
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
180,000
1991 2001 2011
Pakistani 42,904 (73%)
African 25,718 (254%)
Chinese 13,539 (142%)
Indian 11,417 (80%)
Caribbean 9,642 (0%)
Bangladeshi 6,437 (65%)
White-Caribbean 8,887 (57%)
Mixed Other 5,096 (91%)
White-Asian (82%)
White-African 4,397 (72%)
Other Asian 11,689 (225%)
Arab (see note)
Other Black 8,124 (274%)
Other 5,884 (59%)
2011 Census estimates (% change from 2001 shown in brackets):
Figure 1.EthnicdiversityinManchester,1991-2011
Notes:Figuresmaynotaddduetorounding.
Notes:TherearenoMixedcategoriesin1991;andnoArabcategoryin1991&2001.ExcludesWhiteIrishandWhiteOthercategoriesshowninFigure1a.
a)Increasedethnicminorityshareofthepopulation,1991-2011
b)Growthofethnicminoritygroups,1991-2011
LOCAL DYNAMICS OF DIVERSITY: EVIDENCE FROM THE 2011 CENSUSPrepared by ESRC Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE)
1 www.ethnicity.ac.uk
The growth of ethnic diversity 1991-2011
Theethnicminoritypopulation(ornon-whitepopulation)increasedby104,300or164%inManchesterbetween1991and2011(seeFigure1a).Despitethisgrowth,theWhiteBritishethnicgroup,onlymeasuredsince2001(seebox),remainsthelargestgroupinManchester(59%)andGreaterManchester(80%).InManchester,thePakistani(9%),African(5%),OtherWhite(5%)andChinese(3%)arethelargestethnicminoritygroups(seeFigure1b).Theremainderofthepopulationcomprisesadiversemixofethnicgroups,includingWhiteIrish(2%),OtherAsian(2%),andIndian(2%).Since1991,theAfricanethnicgrouphasgrownfasterthananyotherethnicgroup(by430%).
Census ethnic group questionTherehasbeenaquestiononethnicityintheUKCensussince1991.Thequestionhaschangedovertimeintermsofhowitisframedandthepre-definedresponsecategoriesofferedforpeopletochoosefrom.In1991,thecensusasked‘whichethnicgroupdoyoudescendfrom:White;Black-Caribbean;Black-African;Black-Other;Indian;Pakistani;BangladeshiandChinese.’Butin2001,itaskedabout‘yourethnicgroupintermsofculturalbackground.’Therewereadditionalpre-definedcategoriesofMixedandWhiteIrishin2001aswellasan‘Other’categoryforeachbroadgroupofWhite,Mixed,AsianandBlack.The2011questionchangedagain,simplyaskingabout‘yourethnicgrouporbackground’andtherewerecategoriesaddedforWhiteGypsyorIrishTravellerandArab.Thechangesinthephrasingofthequestionandthetickboxresponsecategoriesrestrictcomparisonacrosscensuses.
Geographies of diversity in Manchester
Figure 2.GeographicaldistributionoftheManchester’slargestethnicminoritygroupsacrossGreaterManchesterbyward,2011
0% - 5%
5% - 10%
10% - 20%
20% - 60%Manchester average: 9%Greater Manchester average: 5%England & Wales average: 2%
Percentage of popula�on
Salford
Stockport
BuryBolton
Tameside
Trafford
Wigan
Rochdale
Oldham
Manchester
Salford
Stockport
BuryBolton
Tameside
Trafford
Wigan
Rochdale
Oldham
Manchester
0% - 5%
5% - 10%
10% - 20%
20% - 60%Manchester average: 5%Greater Manchester average: 2%England & Wales average: 2%
Percentage of popula�on
Salford
Stockport
BuryBolton
Tameside
Trafford
Wigan
Rochdale
Oldham
Manchester
0% - 5%
5% - 10%
10% - 20%
20% - 60%Manchester average: 5%Greater Manchester average: 3%England & Wales average: 4%
Percentage of popula�on
Salford
Stockport
BuryBolton
Tameside
Trafford
Wigan
Rochdale
Oldham
Manchester
0% - 5%
5% - 10%
10% - 20%
20% - 60%Manchester average: 3%Greater Manchester average: 1%England & Wales average: 1%
Percentage of popula�on
a)Pakistanigroup b)Africangroup
c)WhiteOthergroup d)Chinesegroup
Thesemapsarepopulationcartogramswhereeachwardisshownapproximatelyproportionalinsizetoitsresidentpopulation.
2 www.ethnicity.ac.uk
Geographical spread of diversityFigures2a-2dshowtheclusteringofthelargestethnicminoritygroupsinManchesteracrosswardsinGreaterManchesterin2011.ThePakistaniethnicgroupisclusteredinwardsinpartsofRochdale,Oldham,ManchesterandBolton(seeFigure2a).InManchester,morethanathirdofthepopulationinLongsightward(36%),morethanaquarterofthepopulationinCheethamward(28%),andmorethanafifthofthepopulationinthewardsofWhalleyRange,CrumpsallandLevenshulmehaveaPakistaniethnicidentity.
TheAfricanethnicgroupisclusteredinManchesteraccountingformorethanatenthofthepopulationinthewardsofMossSide(17%),Bradford(11%),Harpurhey(11%),Ardwick,(11%)andGortonNorth(10%)(seeFigure2b).TheChineseethnicgroupaccountsforfewerthan1in10peopleinallwardsinGreaterManchesterexceptCityCentre(13%)(seeFigure2d).
TheOtherWhitegroupislessclusteredinManchesterandonlyaccountsformorethan10%ofthepopulationinCityCentreward(12%)(seeFigure2c).Thegroupaccountsformorethan10%ofthepopulationintheSalfordwardsofKersal(12%),Broughton(10%)andOrdsall(10%).The2011Censusformaskedpeopleidentifyingwithan‘Other’group
towriteintheirethnicgroup.InManchester,Polish(5,900)wasthefavouredwrittenincategoryfollowedbyOtherWesternEuropean(3,400),EuropeanMixed(3,000)andOtherEasternEuropean(2,500).
Dispersal of ethnic diversityMostethnicminoritygroupsareevenlyspreadresidentiallyacrossManchesterandtherestofGreaterManchester.Thiseven-nessisincreasing:thereisevidenceofdispersalawayfromthoseareaswhereethnicminoritygroupsaremostclustered.ThisisshowninFigure3,whichhighlightsthepercentagechange(2001-2011)inthepopulationofthePakistani,African,OtherWhiteandChineseethnicminoritygroupsinGreaterManchesterandManchesterwardswheretheyaremostclustered(thosethatcontainedafifthofthepopulationofeachgroupin2001),andthepercentagechangeineachgroupinallotherlessclusteredwards.
Thereisaclearpatternofgreaterpopulationgrowthforeachethnicminoritygroupinthosewardswheretheyarelessclusteredcomparedwithsmallergrowthinthemostclusteredwardsinthecityandthewiderregion.TheonlyexceptionistheChinesegroup.Theconcentrationofthisgroupmayreflecttherecentriseinimmigrationtotheurbancentresforstudyattheregion’sHigherEducationinstitutions.
Geographies of diversity in Manchester
Figure 3.GeographicalspreadingofthelargestethnicminoritygroupsacrosswardsinGreaterManchesterandManchester,2001-2011
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
250%
300%
350%
400%
Pakistani African Other White
Chinese Pakistani African Other White
Chinese
Greater Manchester Manchester
Popu
lati
on g
row
th (%
), 2
001-
2011
Most clustered wards Less clustered wards
Notes:The‘mostclusteredwards’foreachethnicgroupcontainafifthofanethnicgroup’spopulationin2001inthewardswiththehighestpercentageofthegroup,andthe‘lessclusteredwards’containtheremainingfour-fifths.Themostclusteredwardsareasfollowsforeachgroup:Greater Manchester - Pakistani:Milkstone&Deeplish,Werneth,StMary’s,CentralRochdale;African:MossSide,Ardwick;Other White:CityCentre,Kersal,Rusholme,Hulme,Ardwick,DidsburyWest,WhalleyRange,MossSide,Clifford,IrwellRiverside,Cheetham,Chorlton;Chinese:CityCentre,Ardwick,Hulme,IrwellRiverside,Rusholme,Bradford.Manchester - Pakistani:Longsight,Cheetham;African:MossSide,Ardwick;Other White:CityCentreRusholme,Hulme,Ardwick;Chinese:CityCentre,Ardwick
3 www.ethnicity.ac.uk
Thisbriefingisoneinaseries,Local dynamics of diversity: evidence from the 2011 Census.
Author:StephenJivraj
Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE) TheUniversityofManchesterOxfordRoad,ManchesterM139PL,UK
email:[email protected]
www.ethnicity.ac.uk
Indicators of barriers to community participationEthnicidentitydoesnotprovideaclearindicationoftheassistancesomepeoplewillrequirefromlocalauthorityservicestoparticipateinthecommunitiesinwhichtheysettlebecausemanyethnicminorityresidentswillhavebeenbornintheUKorhavelivedhereformanyyears.Indeed,Britishnessismultiethnic,asinformationfirstavailableinthe2011Censustellsus:inManchester,morepeoplereportaBritishorEnglishnationalidentitythanreportaWhiteBritishethnicidentity.
Figure4showstheproportionofpeopleineachwardinManchesterwhohaveaforeignnationalidentity,arrivedintheUKrecently(2007-11),speakanon-EnglishmainlanguageandcannotspeakEnglishwell.Theaverageproportionofpeoplewithaforeignidentityis17%inManchester,doublethenationalaverageof8%.CityCentreward(33%)hasthehighestproportionandMostonward(6%)hasthelowest.
Theproportionofpeoplewithaforeignidentityisstronglycorrelated(R=0.96)withtheproportionofpeoplewhoarrivedintheUKduring2007-11acrosswardsinManchester.Thisshowsthatareaswithhigherproportionsofpeoplewithaforeignidentityhavehigherproportionsofpeoplewhohaverecentlyarrived.CityCentrewardhasbyfarthegreatestproportionofresidentswhoarrivedinthe4yearspriortothe2011Census(26%).Mostonward(2%)hasthelowestproportionofitspopulationwhorecentlyarrived.
TheproportionofthepopulationwhocannotspeakEnglishwellisnotasstronglycorrelatedwithforeignnationalidentity(R=0.7).Thus,Englishtuitionneedsarenotnecessarilygreatestinareasofrecentimmigration.ThewardswiththegreatestproportionofthepopulationwhocannotspeakEnglishwellareLongsight(10%)andCheetham(8%).TheaverageforManchesteris9%,whichishigherthanthenationalaverageof2%,suggestinganeedforEnglishlanguagetuitioninthecity.Nonetheless,the2011CensusshowsthatthevastmajorityofthepopulationinManchester,evenintheareaswhereethnicminoritiesareclustered,canspeakEnglishwell.
Incompleteness of ethnic group data 1991-2001Non-response(undercount)isthoughttohavebeenwell-estimatedwithinthe2011Census,butincompletelyestimatedin1991and2001.Non-responseisconcentratedinsomeethnicgroups.Ifthisbiasisnottakenintoaccount,comparisonsofpopulationcanbemisleading.Inthisbriefingwehaveusedthecompleteestimatesfor1991and2001availablefromtheUKDataArchive.
Geographies of diversity in Manchester
Figure 4.AlternativemeasuresofimmigranthistoryinManchesterwards,2011
Moston
City Centre
City Centre
Moston
Moston
Longsight
Didsbury West
Longsight
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Foreign identity Arrived 2007-11
Non-English main language
Poor English proficiency
Manchester averageEngland & Wales average
Percentage of resident population
Notes:Basepopulationfor‘CannotspeakEnglishwell’includesonlypeopleaged3andover.
4 www.ethnicity.ac.uk
Related Documents
