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SISTEM
ENDOKRINdr ARIS PRASETYO, MKes
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Komunikasi antar sel :
Langsung Paracrine
Endokrin
Sinapsara!
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Mechanism Transmission ChemicalMediators
Distribution of Effects
"irectcommunication
T#roug# gap $unctions !rom
c%toplasm toc%toplasm
Ions, smallsolutes, lipid&
solu'lematerials
Limited to ad$acent cells t#at aredirectl% interconnected '%
conne(ons
Paracrinecommunication
T#roug#e(tracellular!luid
Paracrine!actors
Primaril% limited to local area,)#ere concentrations arerelati*el% #ig#+ target cells must#a*e appropriate receptors
Endocrinecommunication
T#roug# t#ecirculator%s%stem
ormones Target cells are primaril% in ot#ertissues and organs and must#a*e appropriate receptors
S%napticcommunication
Across s%napticcle!ts
-eurotransmitters
Limited to *er% speci!ic area+target cells must #a*e appropriatereceptors
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Struktur Hormon
./0 "eri*at asam amino,
.10 Peptida,
.20 "eri*at lipid3
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Derivat Asam Amino
"iantaran%a : epinephrine (E), norepinephrine(NE), dopamine, hormon thyroid, dan hormonmelatonin3
Epinep#rine, norepinep#rine, dan dopaminesecara struktural sama, dise'ut dengancatecholamin %ang diskresi ole# medula adrenal3
4atec#olamin dan #ormon t#%roid disintesa dari
molekul asam amino t%rosine3 Melatonin di'angun dari molekul asam amino
tr%ptop#an3
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Peptida
1. Peptida saa, antidiuretic #ormone .A"0,o(%tocin .5 asam amino0, gro)t# #ormone.6+ /5/ asam amino0 dan prolactin .PRL+ /57
asam amino03!. "lycoprotein, mengandung 188 asam amino
pan$ang dan rantai kar'on34onto#n%a: t#%roid&stimulating #ormone .TS0, luteini9ing#ormone .L0, dan !ollicle&stimulating #ormone.S0
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Setela# transkripsi mR-A di inti sel, kemudian
ditranslasikan dan disintesa di ri'osome3
Rantai peptida %ang ter'entuk dise'ut
pre#ormon
Modi!ikasi di endoplasmic reticulum mengu'a#
pre#ormon men$adi pro#ormone, 'entuk inakti!#ormon3
Peru'a#an men$adi #ormon akti! ter$adi ketika
pro#ormon melalui 6olgi apparatus dan
*esikel,untuk kemudian dilepas ke sirkulasi
dara#3
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Derivat Lipid
Ada 1 kelompok #ormon :
./0 #ormon steroid, deri*at dari kolesterol,
.10 eicosanoids, deri*at dari arac#idonic acid
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Hormon Steroid Secara struktur mirip c#olesterol3
ormon Steroid di keluarkan ole# :
1. or#an reprodu$si androgen ole# testis,
estrogen dan progestin ole# o*arium
!. $elenar adrenal corticosteroid
%. #inal calcitriol
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Eicosanoids
Eicosanoids adala# molekul kecil dengan
lima rantai kar'on di ak#ir3
4onto# : Leukotrien %ang dilepas dengan
mengakti!kan leukoc%tes
Prostaglandin
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Distribusi dan Transpor Hormon
ormon terdistri'usi secara cepat ke seluru# tu'u# melaluisirkulasi3
ormon 'eredar 'e'as atau terikat dengan protein carrierk#usus3
Inakti*asi #ormon ter$adi $ika :./0 'erikatan dg receptor di sel target
.10 dia'sor'si dan dipeca# ole# sel li*er atau gin$al
.20 dipeca# en9%m di plasma atau cairan interstitial3
ormon T#%roid dan steroid 'erta#an di sirkulasi le'i# lama,karena ketika #ormon ini masuk sirkulasi, seringkali mereka#arus 'erikatan dengan protein transport k#usus3
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Fungsi dan Mekanisme kerja Hormon
ormon mengali#kan ker$a sel dengan
mengu'a# t%pe, akti*itas, $umla# en9im
penting dan struktur protein3 ;eker$a $ika ada &eseptor
Receptor #ormon terletak di
./0 mem'ran sel
.10 sitoplasma
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Hormon dan Membran
receptor catec#olamines .E, -E, and dopamine0,peptide #ormones, dan eicosanoid ada dimem'ran sel3
Karena catec#olamin dan #ormon peptida tidaklarut lemak, mereka tidak 'isa masuk danreseptorn%a ada di permukaan luar3
Se'alikn%a, eicosanoid, %ang larut lemak,
'erdi!!usi men%e'rangi mem'ran dan 'erikatandg reseptorn%a %ang ada di 'agian dalammem'ran3
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;e'erapa #ormon %ang 'erikatan denganreceptor di mem'ran sel tidak 'isa 'ere!ek
langsung ke sel target3 ;utu# 'antuansecond messenger3 Second messenger 'isa 'er!ungsi se'agai
en9%me acti*ator, in#i'itor, atau co!actor,
tapi #asil ak#irn%a adala# peru'a#ankecepatan reaksi meta'olisme3
4onto# Second messenger:
./0 c%clic& .cAMP0,
.10 c%clic&6MP .c6MP0,
.20 Ion calcium3
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G-Proteins
u'ungan antara #ormon dengan second
messenger umumn%a mem'utu#kan 6&
protein protein mem'rane integral %ang
'erinteraksi dengan receptor3
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Mekanisme aktivasi G-protein:
1. Men#a$tif$an adenylate cyclase.
Aden%late c%clase, mengu'a# ATP
men$adi c%clic& .cAMP034onto#n%a,#ormon calcitonin,
parat#%roid, A", A4T, epinep#rine,
S, L, TS, dan glucagon3
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!. Memasu$$an atau melepas ioncalcium.
Akti!asi 6&protein dapat memicupem'ukaan calcium ion c#annels dimem'ran atau pelepasan ion calcium
ions dari depo di intracellular3 6&proteinmulan%a mengakti!kan en9%mp#osp#olipase 4 .PL403 En9%m inimem'angkitkan second messengersdiac%lgl%cerol ."A60 dan inositoltrip#osp#ate .IP20
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%.Men#hambat a$tifitas seluler.
6&protein ada %ang mereduksi kadar cAMP
di dalam sel, meng#am'at akti!itas
aden%late c%clase dan merangsang akti!itas
P"E3 Aki'atn%a kadar cAMP turun3
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eceptor di intrace!!u!ar
ormon Steroid 'erdi!!usi reseptorn%a di sitoplasma atau di nukleus Kompleks #ormone&receptor 'erikatan dengan segmen "-A
di 'agian %ang dise'ut #ormone&responsi*e elements.REs03 memicu akti*asi atau inakti*asi gen spesi!ik dan mengu'a#
transkripsi "-A3
4onto# ormon se( testosterone merangsang produksi en9%m dan
struktur protein di otot skelet, men%e'a'kan peningkatanukuran dan kekuatan otot3
ormon T#%roid meningkatkan produksi ATP di mitoc#ondria3
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"ontro! Endocrine
"ipicu ole#
./0 #umoral stimuli .peru'a#an komposisicairan e(tracellular0,
.10 #ormonal stimuli .masuk keluarn%a#ormone0,
.20 neural stimuli .adan%a neurotransmitter03
-egati*e !eed'ack mec#anisme
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Hipothalamus4ARA KER
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1. Mense$resi re#ulatory hormon, ataure#ulatory factors, hormon yan#
men#ontrol sel endocrine di pituitaryanterior ormon %ang dilepas ole# anterior pituitar%,
mengontrol akti!itas t#%roid, adrenal corte(, dan organ
reproduksi3 Mirip dengan re!le( sara!:
#%pot#alamus seperti receptor, endocrine organs se'agai processing centers, dan
sel target se'agai e!ektor3 ;edan%a, re!leks endocrine menggunakan #ormon
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!. 'ypothalamus mempunyai autonomic
centers yan# secara lan#sun#
mempen#aruhi medulla adrenal. Ketika sistem simpatis ini diakti!kan, medulla
adrenal melepas #ormon ke sirkulasi dara#
23 Mense$resi D' dan hormon o$sitosin
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P#T$#TA% GLA&D
KELEN!R HI"O#ISE
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Anatomi Sella turcica,
in!erior to t#e #%pot#alamus ipo!ise:
posterior anterior
5 #ormon peptida : = anterior pituitar% 1 posterior pituitar%
Receptorn%a ada di mem'ran, ;utu# cAMP s'g second messenger3
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Hipo'ise Anterior
Nama lain anterior pituitary denohypophysis
Diba#i % re#io./0 pars distalis
.10 pars tuberalis
.20 pars intermedia
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H(pop)(sea! Porta! S(stem
capillar% net)orks larger *essels t#at spiral around t#e
in!undi'ulum to reac# t#e anterior pituitar%gland3
unusual *ascular arrangement3 e!!icient communication
T#e communication is strictl% one&)a%
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H(pot)a!amic *ontro! o' t)eAnterior Pituitar(
Regulator% #ormones:
./0 releasing #ormones
.10 in#i'iting #ormones3
releasin# hormone .R0 stimulates s%nt#esis and secretiono! one or more #ormones at t#e anterior pituitar%,
inhibitin# hormone .I0 pre*ents t#e s%nt#esis andsecretion o! #ormones !rom t#e anterior pituitar%3
T#e rate o! regulator% #ormone secretion '% t#e
#%pot#alamus is controlled '% ne#ati*e feedbac$3
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Hormon Hipo'ise Anterior
t#%roid&stimulating #ormone adrenocoricotropic #ormone !ollicle&stimulating #ormone luteini9ing #ormone Prolactin gro)t# #ormone melanoc%te&stimulating #ormone3
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Thyroid+timulatin# 'ormone (T')
or t#%rotropin
targets t#e t#%roid gland and triggers t#e
release o! t#%roid #ormones
TS is released in response to t#%rotropin&
releasing #ormone .TR0 !rom t#e
#%pot#alamus
As circulating concentrations o! t#%roid
#ormones rise, t#e rates o! TR and TSproduction decline
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Adrenocorticotropic )ormone+A*TH,
4orticotropin stimulates t#e release o! steroid #ormones '% t#e
adrenal corte(
produce #ormones called glucocorticoids, )#ic#a!!ect glucose meta'olism3
A4T release occurs under t#e stimulation o!corticotropin+releasin# hormone (C&') !rom t#e
#%pot#alamus3 As glucocorticoid le*els increase, t#e rates o! 4R
release and A4T release decline3
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The "onadotropins S > L are called #onadotropins,
'ecause t#e% regulate t#e acti*ities o! t#emale and !emale gonads .testes ando*aries, respecti*el%03
T#e production o! gonadotropins occursunder stimulation '% gonadotropin&releasing#ormone .6nR0 !rom t#e #%pot#alamus3
6nR production is in#i'ited '% estrogens,progestins, and androgens3
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-ollicle+timulatin# 'ormone (-'). or !ollitropin
promotes !ollicle de*elopment in )omen and, incom'ination )it# luteini9ing #ormone, stimulatest#e secretion o! estrogens '% o*arian cells3
Estradiol is t#e most important estrogen3 In men, S stimulates sustentacular cells,
speciali9ed cells in t#e tu'ules )#ere spermdi!!erentiate3
S production is in#i'ited '% in#i'in, a peptide#ormone released '% cells in t#e testes ando*aries3
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uteini/in# 'ormone ('). lutropin, induces o*ulation in )omen and promotes t#e
o*arian secretion o! estrogens and t#e progestins.suc# as progesterone0, )#ic# prepare t#e 'od%!or possi'le pregnanc%3
In men, L is sometimes called interstitial cell&stimulating #ormone .I4S0, 'ecause it stimulatest#e production o! se( #ormones '% t#e interstitialcells o! t#e testes3 T#ese se( #ormones are called
andro#ens .andros, man0, t#e most important o!)#ic# is testosterone3
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Pro!actin
or mammotropin to stimulate mammar% gland de*elopment In pregnanc% and during t#e nursing period t#at !ollo)s
deli*er%, PRL also stimulates milk production '% t#emammar% glands
production is regulated '% prolactin&in#i'iting #ormone .PI0and prolactin&releasing #ormone milk production regulated '% t#e interaction o! se*eral
#ormones3 Prolactin, estrogens, progesterone, glucocorticoids,
pancreatic #ormones, and #ormones produced '% t#eplacenta milk e$ection occurs onl% in response to o(%tocin release at
t#e posterior pituitar%
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"ro0th 'ormone
or somatotropin .soma, 'od%0 stimulates cell gro)t# and replication '%accelerating t#e rate o! protein s%nt#esis3
e*er% tissue responds 'ut skeletal muscle cellsand c#ondroc%tes .cartilage cells0 more sensiti*e
6 is regulated '% gro)t# #ormone&releasing#ormone .6&R, or somatocrinin0 and gro)t##ormone&in#i'iting #ormone .6&I0, orsomatostatin0 !rom t#e #%pot#alamus3
Somatomedins stimulate 6&I and in#i'it 6&R
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"' metabolic effects
n adipose tissue, stimulates t#e 'reakdo)n o!
stored trigl%cerides '% adipoc%tes .!at cells0, )#ic#t#en release !att% acids into t#e 'lood3
n the li*er , stimulates t#e 'reakdo)n o! gl%cogenreser*es '% li*er cells3 T#ese cells t#en releaseglucose into t#e circulation3
T#e ele*ation o! 'lood glucose le*els '% 6 #as'een called a diabeto#enic effect.
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Grot) Hormone Abnorma!ities
6ro)t# #ormone stimulates muscular and skeletal de*elopment3 I! it is administered 'e!ore t#e epip#%seal plates #a*e closed, it )ill
cause an increase in #eig#t, )eig#t, and muscle mass+ in e(tremecases, gigantism can result3
In acromegal% .akron, e(tremit% ? megale, great0, an e(cessi*eamount o! 6 is released a!ter pu'ert%, )#en most o! t#eepip#%seal plates #a*e alread% closed3
4artilages and small 'ones respond to t#e #ormone, #o)e*er,resulting in a'normal gro)t# at t#e #ands, !eet, lo)er $a), skull,and cla*icle3
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Me!anoc(te-Stimu!ating Hormone
T#e pars intermedia or melanotropin3 stimulates t#e melanoc%tes o! t#e skin, increasing
t#eir production o! melanin, a 'ro)n, 'lack, or%ello)&'ro)n pigment !is#es, amp#i'ians, reptiles, and man% mammals
ot#er t#an primates3
MS is secreted '% t#e #uman ./0 during !etalde*elopment, .10 in *er% %oung c#ildren, .20 inpregnant )omen, and .@0 in some disease states3
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T)e Posterior Pituitar(
T#e posterior pituitar% is also called t#eneurohypophysis, or pars ner*osa.ner*ous part0,
contains t#e a(ons o! #%pot#alamic neurons3 -eurons o! t#e supraoptic and
para*entricular nuclei manu!acture
antidiuretic #ormone .A"0 and o(%tocin,respecti*el%3
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Antidiuretic Hormone *asopressin or arginine *asopressin .AP0 Is released in response to a *ariet% o! stimuli:
A rise in t#e electrol%te concentration in t#e 'lood B directl% &;ecauset#e% respond to a c#ange in t#e osmotic concentration o! 'od% !luids,t#ese neurons are called osmoreceptors3
A !all in 'lood *olume or 'lood pressure3 stimulation o! anot#er #ormone, angiotensin II
T#e primar% !unction o! A" is to decrease t#e amount o! )ater lostat t#e kidne%s3
Cit# losses minimi9ed, an% )ater a'sor'ed !rom t#e digesti*e tract)ill 'e retained, reducing t#e concentration o! electrol%tes in t#ee(tracellular !luid3
In #ig# concentrations, A" also causes *asoconstriction, aconstriction o! perip#eral 'lood *essels t#at #elps ele*ate 'loodpressure3
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Disorders o' ADH Production
T#ere are se*eral !orms o! dia'etes, all c#aracteri9ed '% e(cessi*eurine production .pol%uria03
Alt#oug# dia'etes can 'e caused '% p#%sical damage to t#ekidne%s, most !orms are t#e result o! endocrine a'normalities3
T#e t)o most pre*alent !orms are dia'etes insipidus and dia'etesmellitus3
"ia'etes insipidus generall% de*elops 'ecause t#e posteriorpituitar% no longer releases adeDuate amounts o! A"3
Cater conser*ation at t#e kidne%s is impaired, and e(cessi*eamounts o! )ater are lost in t#e urine3
As a result, t#e indi*idual is constantl% t#irst%, 'ut t#e !luidsconsumed are not retained '% t#e 'od%3
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./(tocin
In )omen, o2ytocin .o(%&, Duick ? tokos,c#ild'irt#0
stimulates smoot# muscle tissue in t#e )allo! t#e uterus&promoting labor and deli*ery
stimulates t#e contraction o! m%oepit#elialcells around t#e secretor% al*eoli and t#e
ducts o! t#e mammar% glands&promotingt#e eection of mil$.
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