PJM©2009
Electric Vehicles and the Power Grid
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
October 29, 2010Biloxi, MS
Sean McNamaraManager, Member RelationsPJM Interconnection
www.pjm.com
PJM©20092
PJM’s Responsibilities
• Ensures the reliability of the high-voltage electric power system
• Coordinates and directs the operation of the region’s transmission grid
• Administers a competitive wholesale electricity market
• Plans regional transmission expansion improvements to maintain grid reliability and relieve congestion.
www.pjm.com
PJM©20093
Air Traffic Controllers for the Transmission Grid….Operators of for Energy
Markets…
Match Generation to Load
PJM©20094
PJM as Part of the Eastern InterconnectionKEY STATISTICSPJM member companies 650+millions of people served 51peak load in megawatts 144,644MWs of generating capacity 164,905 miles of transmission lines 56,250GWh of annual energy 729,000generation sources 1,310square miles of territory 164,260area served 13 states + DCInternal/external tie lines 250
26% of generation inEastern Interconnection
23% of load inEastern Interconnection
19% of transmission assetsin Eastern Interconnection
19% of U.S. GDP produced in PJM
6,038 substations
www.pjm.com
PJM©20095
PJM’s Role in the Smarter (Robust) Grid
Generation
Transmission & Sub-transmissionDistribution
Customer
Smart Metering, Demand Response, PHEV, Energy Conservation and Distributed Resources
Substation AutomationSCADA and PhasorMeasurements
The Smart Grid is realized by merging data from these areas of automation to achieve a total end-to-end systems view by integrating information technology and operational technology.
Energy Storage
ISO/RTO
Two-Way Communication and Control
PJM©20096
Smarter Grid Network – Smart Home
GridSignal
• Smart ApplianceEnergy Management
• Smart Charger (PHEV)Storage
• Ancillary Services Signals• Price Signals• Generation Mix• Reliability Control• Load Curtailment
Aggregator
PJM©20097
• Enable greater penetration of PHEVs through coordination with state SMART Grid and retail tariff innovation initiatives
• Develop infrastructure to support non-traditional demand based regulation resources
• Develop operational tools and forecasting techniques to enable PHEV deployment
• Develop Vehicle to grid / Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) protocol
• Participate in Mid-Atlantic Grid Interactive Cars Consortium (MAGICC) – electric companies, research institutes, and vehicle manufacturers
• Test storage batteries in regulation markets
Integrate SMART Grid with PHEVs
PJM©20098
Vehicle Economic ChargingAssumptions• 1,000,000 PEV Vehicles by 2015•~18% of U. S. Population is within the PJM territory• ~ 180,000 PEV Vehicles in the PJM Territory• ~ 33** Miles traveled per vehicle per day• ~ Average vehicle fuel usage: 22** mpg• ~ No tax compensation
Daily cost per PEV VehicleGasoline: 33 miles/day * $3.00 /gal // 22 miles/gal = $4.50Electric: 33 miles/day * $.07 / kWh // 4 miles/kWh = $0.60
Annual cost/savingsCost: Gasoline: 365 days * $4.50 /day = $1650Electric: 365 days * $0.60 /day = $220Savings:~ $1400 annually per vehicle180,000 vehicles (within PJM) = ~ $250,000,000 annual** U.S. Bureau of
Transportation Statistics
PJM©20099
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PJM Load and Wind Resources – August 26, 2009
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PJM Load and Wind ContributionAugust 26, 2009
PJM Load, MWPJM Total Wind, MW
PJM Load and Wind Resources – August 26, 2009
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PJM Load and Wind ContributionAugust 26, 2009
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PJM Load and Wind Resources – August 26, 2009
PJM©200912
40,888 MW
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Cumulative* In planning 1/15/2010
Wind Generation in PJM - Operational and Proposed
www.pjm.com
PJM©200913
Load (MW x 1000)
Hour of Day7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
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Vehicle Charging Impact on PJM
1 3 5
8060
2040
Capacity for 25+ million PEVs
Charging Energy180,000 PEV Vehicles * 33 miles // 4 miles/ kWh = ~ 1500 MWh
~ 500 additional MW over 3 valley hours
PJM©200914
Load in GW
Hour of Day1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
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Regulation
Grid Benefits – Frequency Regulation
PJM©200915
Fast Regulation: Speed Matters…
A fossil power plant following a regulation command signal
Energy Storage (batteries / flywheels) accurately following a regulation command signal
Energy Storage OutputRegulation Signal
PJM©200916
Vehicles with Vehicle-2-Grid Participating in the Regulation Market
Vehicles• ~18% of U. S. Population is within the PJM territory• 180,000 PEV Vehicles in the PJM Territory
V2G Equipped PEVs within PJM• Assume 10% of Vehicles have V2G capability• Bi-Directional Power (with inverter) – 15 kW• 18,000 vehicles * 15 kW = 270 Mw
Availability for Participating in Regulation• Plugged In 12 hours each day (6 pm–6 am)
365 days * 12 hours = 4380 hours/year
Payment for participation in the PJM Regulation Market• PJM average historic price paid for regulation = $35/MWh• PJM Regulation price during valley load periods = $28/MWh• Per Vehicle: 4380 hrs * $28 * .015 MW = $1800 annually• PJM Overall: 4380 hrs * 270 MW * $28 = ~$33,000,000 annually
PJM©200917
• Smart Meter allows car to roam
• Mid-Atlantic Grid Interactive Car Consortium (MAGICC)
• Over one year experience
MAGICC – PJM’s PHEV Demonstration Project
www.pjm.com
PJM©200918
AES Grid-Scale Energy Storage System
www.pjm.com
Operational Details• Altairnano, Inc – Lithium Ion nano titanate battery
• Energy: 300 kWh• Efficiency: 90% round trip
• Power: 1 MW for 15 minutes • Usable Charge Range: 5% - 99%
PJM©200919
GridSignal • Frequency Regulation Signal
Aggregator
~ $850/day
~ $10/day (20 Hrs.)
“Cash Back” for Storage1 MW
0.018 MW1.018 MW
PJM©200920
The Ohio State UniversitySmart@CAR Current Research Activities
www.pjm.com
• Modeling of PHEVs and interactions with the grid• PHEV Energy Management• PHEV-Grid Connectivity Issues• PHEV Fleet Studies
PJM©200921
PHEV- Win, Win, Win, Win
4. Recharge Off Peak/ Higher Use of Power Industry Assets
www.pjm.com
1. Reduce Oil Imports/Energy Independence
2. Reduced Cost of Fuel and Cash Back
3. Reinvent Auto Industry
PJM©200922