Plug-in Vehicles and the Electric Grid Mark Kapner, PE Senior Strategy Engineer.

Plug-in Vehicles and the Electric Grid

Mark Kapner, PESenior Strategy Engineer

1. How Many PHEVs Can the Power System

Accommodate without Additional Generating

Capacity ?

2. How does the Replacement of Conventional IC

Engine Vehicles by PHEVs Affect Greenhouse

Gas Emissions ?

3. How will Large-scale Deployment of PHEVs

Effect the Grid ?

Questions

Methodology to Answer

Question 1Estimate existing idle generation capacity in a NERC region using a “valley filling” methodology

System load profile data from NERC and EIA

Simplified hourly load profiles to two 24 hour dispatches,a typical summer and typical winter day

Simulate the economic dispatch of generators

Generation available to charge PHEVs = available capacity minus generation dispatched to meet load.

Assumed that peaking plants are not used to charge PHEVs

Austin Energy Generation

400

600

300

700

380

1

Natural Gas CombustionTurbine

Natural Gas Steam

Combined cycle

Coal

Nuclear

Summer Day Typical Load Profile

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

hour ending

MW

Nuclear

Coal

Comb Cycle

Other Gas-fired

Peakers

Typical Winter Day

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Hour Ending

MW

Nuclear

Coal

Comb Cycle

NERC Map

Specific Energy and Energy Storage Requirements by Vehicle Class

Vehicle Class Specific Energy in kWh per mile

Battery Capacity

Compact 0.26 8.6

Mid-Size Sedan 0.30 9.9

Mid-size SUV 0.38 12.5

Full-size SUV 0.46 15.2

Conclusion

(assuming max 2 kW charging rate)

NERC Region Technical Potential in Million PHEVs

ECAR 28.6

ERCOT 15.5

MACC 10.4

MAIN 13.1

MAPP 6.1

NPCC 15.6

FRCC 6.5

SERC 32.5

SPP 15.1

NWP 2.8

AZ & RMP 5.8

CNV 6.0

Total USA 158 million PHEVs

GreenHouse Gas Emissions

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Conventional Hybrid PHEV - coal PHEV - gas combcycle

Gra

ms

of

CO

2 p

er k

m

Nitrogen Oxides EmissionsGrams per km

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

Gra

ms

of

No

x p

er k

m

EV - coalEV- nat gas

Gasoline - avg Gasoline – 2007 model

ERCOT load Duration curve 2007

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000

hours

MW

nuclear

Coal

Wind

4860

24703

31000

Findings Valley Filling can charge approximately 75% of all

light duty vehicles in the US, if they were PHEVs

Potential Gasoline Displacement by PHEVs = 6.5

Million Bbls per Day (71% of total gasoline

consumption)

Assuming utilities have some control over when

charging occurs, PHEVs could increase minimum

system load, thus increase the utilization of baseload

units, and thereby increase utility profits (and/or reduce

electric rates).

Findings PHEVs charging on today’s coal-fired generation have about

33% lower GreenHouse Gas emissions per mile than conventional

vehicles, charging on gas-fired combined cycle, have about 78%

lower GHG emissions.

Deployment of PHEVs facilitates the introduction of more wind

energy in regions where wind generation is strong at night.

Distribution engineers have expressed concern that distribution

transformers may not be designed to sustain a constant high

loading without a daily “cool down” period.

Studies

Pacific NW National Laboratory: Impacts Assessment of Plug-

In Vehicles on Electric Utilities and Regional US Power Grids

EPRI and NRDC: Environmental Assessment of Plug-In Hybrid

Vehicles

NREL: An Evaluation of Utility System Impacts and Benefits of

Optimally Dispatched Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Plug-in Partners Campaign

Mark KapnerSenior Strategy Engineer

Austin Energy

GlobalCon 2008

The Perfect Storm

Economics Cheap oil is running out

Environmental Pressure to curb pollutants from transportation

National Security Pressure to curb dependence on oil

Alternatives to Petroleum

1. Energy Efficiency

2. Alternative Fuels

3. Hydrogen

4. Electricity

Electricity Advantages Cost Infrastructure Multiple Fuels

Renewable Energy Emissions

Plug-In Hybrid Power Train

Modest Electric Range – Large Impact

Nitrogen Oxides - grams per km

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

EV - coalEV -nat gasgasoline avggasoline - new

Carbon Dioxide - grams per km

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

EV - WindEV- Combined CycleEV- CoalGasoline - 30 mpg

The Dodge Plug-In Hybrid Sprinter

University of California at Davis

GM’s Chevy Volt

• Unveiled as a concept car at the January Detroit Auto Show, the Chevy Volt would range 40 all electric miles, then a three cylinder gasoline engine recharges the electric battery.

GM’s Saturn VUE

• GM announced at the November 2006 L.A. Auto Show that it will produce a plug-in version of its Saturn VUE.

Ford Airstream

• Unveiled as a concept vehicle at the Detroit Auto Show in January, the Ford Airstream uses a small hydrogen fuel cell to recharge the battery.

Volvo C30

• The Volvo C30 will be similar to GM’s E-flex platform for the Volt and will have a small diesel engine to recharge the battery.

Prius+

Plug-In AustinPurpose: Demonstrate a market

for flexible-fuel plug-in hybrid electric vehicles

Austin Energy rebatesCity of Austin and other local government and business fleet

ordersPetitions and endorsements from businesses, environmentalists, and

others

Plug-In Partners Campaign

Purpose: Demonstrate a national market for flexible-fuel plug-in

hybrid electric vehicles

Coalition: Local and state governments, utilities, businesses

and non-profit organizations

Actions: “Soft” fleet orders, endorsements, rebates and

incentives, petitions and letters

Kickoff: January 24, 2006National Press Club

Washington, DC

Ways to Help as a Partner

1. Obtain “soft” fleet orders from local government and businesses.

2. Create incentives and rebates

3. Support a Petition Drive

4. Consider recruiting other entities in your region

A Unique Coalition

“I call this a coalition between the tree-huggers, the do-gooders, the sod-busters, the cheap hawks, and the evangelicals.”

James Woolsey, former CIA Director at January 24, 2006 Plug-In Partners Kickoff

Plug-in Partners

Campaign

www.PlugInPartners.org

[email protected]

Cities

Arlington, TX Austin, TX

Baltimore, MD Boston, MA Boulder, CO

Corpus Christi, TX Dallas, TX Denton, TXDenver, CO Edmond, OK

Fort Worth, TX Irvine, CA

Los Angeles, CA Madison, WI

MemphisPhiladelphia, PA

Salt Lake City, UT Seattle, WA

Wenatchee, WA

Counties and Local GovernmentsAustin Community College, TX

California State ControllerPort of Chelan County, WA

Sarasota County, FL Travis County, TX

Wenatchee Valley Trans. Council

Biofuel OrganizationsAmerican Corn Growers Association, DC

Soybean Producers of America, DC

Non-ProfitsAmerican Lung Association, TX

Americans for Energy Independence, CA Apollo Alliance, WA

Association of Energy Engineers, TX Association of Energy Engineers (Local Chapter, TX), TX

Austin/San Antonio Chapter of the Association of Energy Engineers, TX Citizens for Rideable Communities, WA

Colorado Energy Group, CO Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), CA

Electric Auto Association, CA Electric Vehicle Association - San Jose, CA

Institute of Electrical and Energy Engineers, TX Institute of Electrical and Energy Engineers (IEEE), TX

Northeast Sustainable Energy Association (NESEA), MA NY State Energy & Research Development Agency (NYSERDA), NY

Public Technology Institute, DC Seattle Electric Vehicle Association, WA

Sun Day Campaign, MD Travis County Green Party, TX

Veridian Corporation

National/Local Environmental GroupsAlliance to Save Energy, DC

American Council on Renewable Energy Blue Water Network (a division of Friends

of the Earth), CA California Cars Initiative, CA

Clean Air Coalition, TX Clean Air Council, PA

Clean Air Force of Central Texas, TX Colorado Energy Group, CO

Community Clean Water Institute, CA Earth Policy Institute, DC

Electric Vehicle Association of Greater DC, DC

Energy Future Coalition, DC Environmental and Energy Study Institute

(EESI), DC Green Strategies, Inc., DC

Institute for Environmental Research and Education (IERE), WA

Plug-in America Stella Group, Ltd., DC Sustainable Dallas, TX

National Security OrganizationsSet America Free Coalition

Center for American ProgressInstitute for the Analysis of Global Security

National Utility AssociationsAmerican Public Power Association

Edison Electric Institute

Public Power UtilitiesAustin Energy

Memphis Light and GasAkron Municipal Utility, OH

Alameda Power & Telecom, CAAmerican Municipal Power-Ohio

American Samoa Power Authority (Pago Pago, AS)Anaheim Public Utilities, CAArcadia Electric Utility, WI

Arizona Municipal Power User’s AssociationAustin Utilities, MN

Public Power Utilities (cont’d)

Barnesville Municipal Power, MNBeach City Board of Public Affairs, OH

Benton PUD (Kennewick, WA)Bowling Green Municipal Utilities, KY

Braintree Electric Light Department, MA.Brigham City Corp., UTBristol Virginia Utilities

Buffalo Municipal Service, MNBurbank Water & Power, CA

Cavalier Light & Power Plant, NDCedarburg Light & Water Commission, WI

Chelan County PUD, WACity of Batavia, IL

City of Bentonville, ARCity of Camilla, GA

City of Chanute Utility, KSCity of Columbiana Public Utility, OH

City of Edmond Utility, OK

Public Power Utilities (cont’d)

City of Gunnison Public Utility, COCity of Holdrege, NE

City of Lake City Electric Utility, MNCity of Lamar Utility, MO

City of Mansfield, GACity of Mesa Electric Utility, AZ

City of Naperville Dept. of Public Utilities, IL

City of Redding Electric Utility, CACity of Safford, AZ

City of St. Charles Utility, ILCity Utilities of Springfield, MO

Clark Public Utility (Vancouver, WA)Clarksville Dept. of Electricity, TN

Clintonville Water & Electric Plant, WIColumbia Power & Water Systems, TN

Concord Municipal Light Plant, MACowlitz County PUD (Longview, WA)

CPS Energy (San Antonio, TX)Cumberland Municipal Utility, WI

Public Power Utilities (cont’d)

Cuyahoga Falls Electric Dept., OHDanvers Electric Division, MA

Danville Dept. Utilities, VADouglas County PUD (East Wenatchee,

WA)Emerald People’s Utility District

(Eugene, OR)Energy Northwest (Richland, WA)

Erwin Utilities, TNFarmington Electric Utility System, NMFrankfort Electric & Water Plant Board,

KYFreeport Electric, NY

Gainesville Regional Utility, FLGarland Power & Light, TX

Hagerstown Municipal Light Dept., INHeber Light & Power Co., UT

Imperial Irrigation DistrictIndependence Light & Power, IAIndianola Municipal Utilities, IA

Jackson Utilities & Public Works, MO

Public Power UtilitiesKansas City Board of Public Utilities, KS

Kaukauna Utilities, WIKirkwood Electric Department, MO

Klickitat County PUD, Goldendale, WALakeland Electric, FLLebanon Utilities, IN

Lewes Board of Public Works, DELewis County PUD (Chehalis, WA)

Lodi Electric, CALong Island Power Authority

Loup River Public Power District (Columbus, NE)Lower Colorado River Authority

MA. Municipal Wholesale Electric CompanyMaquoketa Municipal Electric Utility, IA

McMinnville Electric System, TNMcMinnville Water & Light, OR

Meade Municipal Plant, KSMonmouth Power & Light, OR

Murray City Power (Murray, UT)

Public Power Utilities (cont’d)

Nebraska Public Power District (Columbus, NE)New York Power Authority

Omaha Public PowerPacific County PUD No. 2 (Raymond, WA)

Paducah Power System, KYParis Board of Public Utilities, TN

Pasadena Water & Power, CAPend Oreille County PUD (Newport, WA)

Piedmont Municipal Power Agency (Greer, SC)Princeton Municipal Utility, NJ

Red Cloud Municipal Electric Dept., NERochester Public Utility, MNRock Falls Electric Dept., IL

Rock Hill Utilities, SCRoseville Electric, CA

Sacramento Municipal Utility DistrictSalt River Project (Phoenix, AZ)

Scottsboro Electric Power Board, AL

Public Power Utilities (cont’d)Seattle City Light, WA

Shelby Division of Electricity & Telecommunications, OHSnohomish County PUD (Everett, WA)

Solvay Electric Dept., NYSouthern California Public Power Authority (Pasadena)

Spencerport Electric Dept., NYStephen Municipal Utilities, MN

Stoughton Utilities, WITell City Electric Dept., IN

Town of Haxtun, COTruckee-Donner PUD (Truckee, CA)

Utilities Plus/CMMPA (Blue Earth, MN)Vermont Public Power Supply Authority

Village of Paw Paw (Paw Paw, MI)Village of Rouses Point, NY

Wadsworth Electric and Communications, OHWashington Public Utility District Association (Olympia)

Watertown Municipal Utilities, SDWaverly Light & Power, IA

Willmar Municipal Utilities Comm., MNWisconsin Public Power Inc. (Sun Prairie, WI)