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A Child’s World: InfancyThrough Adolescence , Ninth Edition
By
Diane E. Papalia,
Sally Wendkos Olds,
Ruth Duskin Feldman
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PowerPoint Presentation for Papalia et al A Child’s World
Prepared By
Diane Feibel, Ed. D.
University of Cincinnati
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Entering a Child’s World
PART 1
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Studying a Child’s World
Chapter 1
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Guideposts for Study
1 What is child development, and how
has its study evolved?
2 What are six fundamental points on
which consensus has emerged?
3 What do developmental scientists study?
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Guideposts for Study
4 What are the three major aspects
and five periods of child development?
5 What kinds of influences make
one child different from another?
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The Study of Child Development Early Approaches
Baby biographies: journals of individual children
Darwin (1877) and Hall(1904/16) made child and adolescent study scientific
Studying the Life Span:Conception to Death Integrates all aspects of human development
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The Study of Child Development Then and Now New Frontiers Technology, i.e. cameras, videos, tape
recorders improved objectivity in studies. Basic Research (to answer questions) vs. Applied Research (to solve a practical
problem) Newest technology enables researchers to
study the processing of the brain as the infant or child is looking or listening to something (PET scan)
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Do you see any ethical problems in the studies of Genie and Victor? Is the knowledge gained from such studies worth any possible damage to the individuals involved?
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An Emerging Consensus Developmental
Domains are Interrelated
Normal Development is very Diverse
Bi-directional influence on children’s Development
History and Culture strongly influence Development
Resilience to Trauma or Deprivation
Continuity between Early and Late Development
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An Emerging Consensus Developmental Domains are Interrelated:
Different domains or aspects of development affect each other as they develop, i.e. eye-hand coordination
A problem in one can affect the development of the other, i.e. poor visual skills impacts the development of eye-hand coordination
Development in one can enhance the development of the other
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An Emerging Consensus Normal Development is very diverse:
Differences in personality and temperament Differences in talents and abilities Differences due to heredity or environment Differences in speed of maturation Differences due to gender, social interactions,
or disabilities
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An Emerging Consensus Bi-Directional Influence on development:
Children affect the reactions of adults Adults respond to and react to children
Culture and History Influences: Children develop within an ever-enlarging
circle of influences, moving from family outward to neighborhood and culture
History is different at each point in time
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Looking back, what were some of the most important influences on your development as a child?
How might you be different if you had grown up in a culture other than your own?
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An Emerging Consensus Continuity between Early and Late
Development: Traumatic events early in life can have a
residual effect upon later development Children are remarkably resilient to early
trauma Development continues throughout the life-
span with one stage moving on to another
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The Study of Child Development: Basic Concepts
Developmental Processes: Change Quantitative Change: Change in Amount, i.e.
height, weight, vocabulary.
Qualitative Change: Change in Kind, Structure, or Organization, i.e. understanding the world in a more mature way.
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The Study of Child Development: Basic Concepts Developmental Processes: Stability
Constancy in certain Characteristics, i.e.Personality and Behavior.
Ability to Modify some Characteristics is very limited, i.e. shyness.
Ability to Modify other Characteristics is much larger,i.e. openness to new experiences.
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Can you …
Summarize six fundamental points of
agreement that have emerged from the study
of child development?
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Domains of Development Physical Development
Growth: Body and Brain Sensory Abilities and Motor Skills
Cognitive Development Learning and Memory Language and Thinking
Psychosocial Development Personality Stability and Change Social and Emotional Development
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Can you distinguish between quantitative and qualitative development and give an example of each?
Can you identify three domains of development and give examples of how they are interrelated?
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Periods of Development: A Social Construction
Prenatal: Conception to Birth
Infancy and Toddler: Birth to age Three
Early Childhood: Three to Six Years
Middle Childhood: Six to Eleven Years
Adolescent: Eleven to approx. Twenty Years
Young Adulthood: Twenty to Forty Years
Middle Adulthood: Forty to Sixty-Five Years
Late Adulthood: Sixty-Five Years and Older
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Influences on Development Heredity, Environment, and Maturation
Nature vs. Nurture Maturation is the natural sequence of
development Major Contextual Influences
Family: Nuclear or Extended Socioeconomic Status: income, education,
and occupation Culture: Society or Group
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Major Contextual Influences Normative Influences
Normative age-graded influences, i..e. biological or social
Normative history-graded, i.e. cohort Non-normative Influences
Individual events that impact the person Events can be traumatic or happy
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Major Contextual Influences Timing of Influences
Critical Periods: Time when the presence or absence of an event can cause the greatest impact upon development.
Sensitive Periods: Time when the presence or absence of an event can cause some impact upon development.
Plasticity: the ability of the body and brain to modify or ameliorate negative impacts.