Life Cycle Nutrition Infancy, Childhood, And Adolescence Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Dec 29, 2015
Life Cycle Nutrition
Infancy, Childhood,And Adolescence
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson LearningCopyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Infancy• Energy intake and activity
– Weight triples first year– High metabolic rate– 45 kcal/lb
• Energy nutrients– Protein especially important– Breast milk is high fat– Carbohydrate for brain
• Vitamins and minerals– Vit A, C, D, Iodine needs are high
• WaterCopyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Infancy• Weight gain during first 5 years
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Infancy
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Recommended Intakes Of An Infant And An AdultCompared On The Basis Of Body Weight
Breast Milk• Frequency and duration of
breastfeeding– 8-12 feedings /d– 10-15 min per breast
• Energy nutrients– Alpha-lactalbumin– Essential fatty acids– Lactose
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Breast MilkCopyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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• Energy nutrient content
Breast Milk• Vitamins
– Vitamin D is low
• Minerals– Calcium well absorbed– Iron is low but bioavailable– Zinc is low but bioavailable– Low sodium and fluoride
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Breast Milk
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Breast Milk• Immunological protection
– Colostrum– Bifidus factors– Lactoferrin– Lactadherin
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Breast Milk• Allergy and disease protection
– Fewer allergies– Lower BP and Cholesterol as adults
• Other potential benefits– Less obesity as adults– Positive effect on intelligence
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Infant Formula• Wean
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Infant Formula
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Infant Formula• Risks of formula feeding
– Sanitary water– Food handling techniques– No antibodies
• Infant formula standards
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Infant Formula• Special formulas
– Hypoallergenic formulas– Soy formula for vegans and lactose
intolerant infants
• Inappropriate formulas– Soy or rice milk; Goat’s milk
• Nursing bottle tooth decay
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Special Needs Of Preterm Infants
• Long-chain fatty acids– Arachidonic acid– DHA
• Preterm breast milk,– More concentrated– Can be fortified
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Introducing Cow’s Milk
• Cow’s milk vs. breast milk– No casein before age 1– Whole milk to age 2
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Introducing Solid Foods
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Introducing Solid Foods• Food allergies
• Choice of infant foods-variety• -balance• -moderation
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Introducing Solid Foods
• Foods to provide iron
• Foods to provide vitamin C
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Introducing Solid Foods
• Foods to omit– Botulism – Choking hazards
• Foods at one year– Milk anemia
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Mealtimes With Toddlers
• Behavior
• Exploration
• Don’t force foods
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Mealtimes With Toddlers
• Provide nutritious foods
• Limit sweets
• Make mealtimes enjoyable
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Childhood• Energy intake and activity• Carbohydrate and fiber• Fat and fatty acids
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Childhood• Protein
• Vitamins and minerals– Iron fortified foods
• Supplements– Not needed with balanced diet – Problem nutrients in US are calcium, iron
and zinc
• Planning children’s meals
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Hunger And Malnutrition In Children
• Hunger and behavior– Missing breakfast
• Iron deficiency and behavior– Attention span and learning
• Other nutrient deficiencies and behavior– Marginal malnutrition
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Malnutrition-Lead Connection
• Lead poisoning as subtle, permanent effects with even 10 mcg/100 ml in blood.
• Lead absorption on an empty stomach• Vitamins and minerals and lead
absorption– Iron (and pica)– Calcium, zinc, vitamin C, vitamin D
• Protect against lead poisoning– Leaded gasoline, lead-based paint and solder
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Hyperactivity And “Hyper” Behavior
• Hyperactivity– Not sugar
• Misbehaving– Regular sleep– Regular mealtimes– Regular outdoor activity
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Food Allergy And Intolerance
• Detecting food allergy– Asymptomatic allergy– Symptomatic allergy
•3-5% of children•1-2% of adults
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Food Allergy And Intolerance
• Anaphylactic shock– Eggs, milk, soy, peanuts– Tree nuts, shrimp, wheat– Epinephrine
• Food intolerances
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Childhood Obesity• Genetic and environmental factors
• Growth
• Physical health
• Psychological development
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Childhood Obesity• Prevention and treatment of obesity
• Diet
• Physical activity
• Adult role models
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Childhood Obesity• Psychological support
• Behavioral changes
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Mealtimes At Home• Honoring children’s preferences
• Learning through participation
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Mealtimes At Home
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Mealtimes At Home
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Mealtimes At Home• Avoiding power struggles
• Choking prevention
• Playing first, eating after
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Mealtimes At Home• Snacking
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Mealtimes At Home• Preventing dental carries
• Serving as role models
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Nutrition At School• Meals at school
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Nutrition At School
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Nutrition At School• Competing influences at school
• Nutrition education at school
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NutritionDuring
Adolescence
• Growth and development– Puberty
•10-11 F•12-13 M
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Nutrition During Adolescence
• Energy and nutrient needs– Energy intake and activity– Vitamins– Iron– Calcium
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Nutrition During Adolescence
• Food choices and health habits– Snacks– Beverages– Eating away from home– Peer influence
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Problems Adolescents Face
• Drug use, in general– Marijuana, Cocaine, Ecstasy
• Alcohol abuse
• Smoking and smokeless tobacco
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Childhood Obesity And Chronic Diseases
• Early development of type 2 diabetes
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Childhood Obesity And Chronic Diseases
• Early development of heart disease– Atherosclerosis
•Plaque•Fatty streaks
– High BP– Dyslipidemia
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Childhood Obesity And Chronic Diseases
• Physical activity
• Dietary recommendations for children– Moderation, not deprivation– Diet first, drugs later
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