1
Classification
BIO 2215
Oklahoma City Community College
Dennis Anderson
2
Aristotle 384 BC
• Classified organisms as either plants or animals
3
Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778
• Classification system• Taxonomic groups of
related organisms• Binomial nomenclature
(two names)• Homo sapiens• Dermacentor andersoni
4
Taxonomic Groups
5
6
Classification of Man
• Kingdom Animalia
• Phylum Chordata
• Class Mammalia
• Order Primates
• Family Hominidae
• Genus Homo
• Species Homo sapiens
7
Species
• “Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups.”
• Reproductively isolated group
Ernst Mayr
8
Different Species
9
10
*
* Archaea
11
Kingdom Monera or Eubacteria
• Single celled• Prokaryotic• Make or absorb food• Cell wall
– peptidoglycan
12
Kingdom Archaea
• Single celled• Prokaryotic• Make or absorb food• DNA
– Similar to Eukaryotic
• Cell wall– Pseudopeptidoglycan
or protein only
13
Kingdom Protista
• Single celled• Eukaryotic• Ingest or produce
food
14
Kingdom Fungi
• Multicellular• Eukaryotic• Cell wall
– Chitin
• Absorb food
15
Kingdom Plantae
• Multicellular• Eukaryotic• Cell wall
– Cellulose
• Produce food– photosynthesis
16
Kingdom Animalia
• Multicellular• Eukaryotic• No cell wall• Ingest food• Motile
17
Terminology
• Classification– Assigning organisms to
different catagories based on their relationship
• Taxonomy– The science of naming
organisms
• Systematics– Determining evolutionary
relationships of organisms
• Phylogeny– Evolutionary history
18
Cladogram
• Evolutionary relationship of a group of organisms
• Each clad (group) share something in common
• Ancestral traits are the oldest
• Derived traits evolved later
19
Cladogram for Transportation
• Wheels are the most ancestral
• Wings are the most derived
20
Construct a Cladogram
21
Gorilla
• Four limbs• Fur• Lost tail
22
Tiger
• Four limbs• Fur• Tail
23
Lizard
• Four limbs• Tail
24
Fish
• Tail
25
Chimpanzee
• Four limbs• Fur• Lost tail
26
Clad With 4 Limbs
27
Clad With Fur
28
Clad With No Tail
29
Characteristics for Constructing Cladogram
• Tail is the most ancestral
• Four limbs is the oldest derived trait
• Fur is a later derived trait
• Loss of tail is the most derived trait
30
Gorilla Chimpanzee
Tiger
Lizard
Fish
Four Limbs
Fur
Tail Lost
31
Gorilla Tail?
• How do we know the gorilla lost its tail?
32
Gorilla’s Vestigial Tail
Gorilla Human
33
Synapomorphy
• A derived character shared by two or more groups.– Fur is a synapomorphy for the various groups
of mammals.– Synapomorphies are used to determine
evolutionary relationships
34
Phylogenetic Tree
• Shows evolutionary relationships
• More historical than cladogram
35
MyxozoaMyxozoaMyxozoaMyxozoa
ArthropodaArthropodaArthropodaArthropoda AnnelidaAnnelidaAnnelidaAnnelida
MolluscaMolluscaMolluscaMollusca
LophophoratesLophophoratesLophophoratesLophophorates
HemichordataHemichordataHemichordataHemichordata
ChordataChordataChordataChordata
Other Other pseudocoelomatespseudocoelomates
Other Other pseudocoelomatespseudocoelomates
NematodaNematodaNematodaNematoda
PoriferaPoriferaPoriferaPorifera
CtenophoraCtenophoraCtenophoraCtenophoraCnidariaCnidariaCnidariaCnidaria
PlacozoaPlacozoaPlacozoaPlacozoa
PlatyhelminthesPlatyhelminthesPlatyhelminthesPlatyhelminthesNemerteaNemerteaNemerteaNemertea
CiliophoraCiliophoraCiliophoraCiliophoraSarcomastigophoraSarcomastigophoraSarcomastigophoraSarcomastigophora
MicrosporaMicrosporaMicrosporaMicrosporaApicomplexaApicomplexaApicomplexaApicomplexa
MesozoaMesozoaMesozoaMesozoa
EchinodermataEchinodermataEchinodermataEchinodermata
CrustaceaCrustaceaCrustaceaCrustaceaChelicerataChelicerataChelicerataChelicerata
UniramiaUniramiaUniramiaUniramia
ProtochordatesProtochordatesProtochordatesProtochordates
36
Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds Mammals
37
Fish
• Fins• Vertebrae• Simple egg• Homodont teeth
38
Amphibian
• 4 limbs• Vertebrae• Simple egg• Homodont teeth
39
Reptile
• 4 limbs• Vertebrae• Amniotic egg• Homodont teeth
40
Bird
• 4 limbs• Vertebrae• Amniotic egg• No teeth• Feathers• Endothermic
41
Mammal
• 4 limbs• Vertebrae• Amniotic egg• Heterodont teeth• Fur or hair• Endothermic
42
Birds MammalsReptile
Amphibian
Fish
Four Limbs
Amniotic Egg
Endothermic
Fur
Feathers
Vertebrae
43
Birds MammalsReptile
Amphibian
Fish
Four Limbs
Amniotic Egg
Endothermic
Fur
Feathers
Vertebrae
• Synapomorphies– Four limbs for amphibians,
reptiles, birds & mammals– Amniotic egg for reptiles, birds
& mammals
44
Symplesiomorphy
• Character shared by a number of groups
• Inherited from ancestors older than the last common ancestor.– Symplesiomorphies are not helpful in
determining evolutionary relationships
45
Birds MammalsReptile
Amphibian
Fish
Four Limbs
Amniotic Egg
Endothermic
Fur
Feathers
Vertebrae
• Symplesiomorphies– Vertebrae for amphibians,
reptiles, birds & mammals– Four limbs for reptiles, birds &
mammals
46
Monophyletic
• A group of all the descendants of a common ancestor
• The common ancestor is in the group
• Example: Mammalia– Ancestor was a
mammal like reptile
47
Paraphyletic
• A group of descendants of a common ancestor
• Common ancestor is in the group
• Not all descendants are included
• Example: Reptiles– Does not include birds
and mammals
48
Polyphyletic
• A group that has some similarities
• Common ancestor is in not in the group
• Not all descendants are included
• Example: Flying vertebrates
50
Bilateral Symmetry
7-9
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 7.9
Sagittal plane
51
Anatomical Terms
• Anterior– Head end (front side in upright man)
• Posterior– Tail end (back side in upright man)
• Dorsal– Back side
• Ventral– Belly side
52
Anatomical Terms (cont)
• Medial– Close to the middle
• Lateral– Close to the side
• Distal– Away from the main part
• Proximal– Close to the main part
53
Anatomical Terms (cont)
• Oral– End with the mouth
• Aboral– Opposite end of the mouth
• Cephalic– Toward head
• Caudal– Toward tail
54
Bilateral Symmetry
55
Radial Symmetry
56
Asymmetry
57
The End
