1 Protista Part II BIO 2215 Oklahoma City Community College Dennis Anderson.

1

ProtistaPart II

BIO 2215

Oklahoma City Community College

Dennis Anderson

2

• Leishmania• Leishmaniasis• 12 million people

Phylum Euglenozoa

3

Sand Fly

• Vector for leishmaniasis

• Genus Phlebotomus

4

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

• Parasites form skin ulcers.

5

As many as 200 lesions may form causing disability and social stigma

6

Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

• Central & South America

• Destroys mucous membranes of nose & mouth

7

Visceral Leishmaniasis Kala Azar

• Primarily occurs in Africa and Asia.

• Characterized by irregular fever, weight loss, swelling of spleen & liver, & anemia.

• Fatality can be 90% if untreated.

8

9

Phylum ApicomplexaClass Coccidea

• Apical complex– Helps in penetrating

host’s cells

• Endoparasites• Movement

– Male gamete• Male gametocyte

10

Plasmodium

• Malaria• Most important parasitic

disease of humans today• WHO estimates that 270

million new cases occur annually with 2 million annual deaths

• Transmitted by bite of infected mosquitoes of genus Anopheles

11

12

13

Mosquito feeds on blood of infected host & ingests

gametocytes

14

Gametes unite in mosquito stomach to form oocysts in wall

of stomach

15

Oocysts

16

17

Sporozoites produced in oocysts by sporogony move to salivary glands of mosquito &

are injected into next host

18

Sporozoites invade liver cells and undergo schizogony to

produce merozoites

19

Merozoites invade circulating RBCs

20

Each merozoite produces as many as 36 new merozoites through schizogony in RBCs

21

Merozoites rupture RBCs to invade other RBCs

Simultaneous lysing of RBCs causes the sudden chills & fever typical of malaria

22

Gametocytes are produced in blood & ingested by mosquito to

complete the cycle

23

Sporozoites from mosquito bite

Schizogony to make merozoites

Ingest gametocytes

Sporozoites to liver

Merozoites enter RBCs

Schizogony to make merozoites

Fertilization in stomach

Oocyst forms

Sporozoites by sporogony

Sporozoites invade salivary gland

Man Mosquito

Merozoites become gametocytesMerozoites become gametocytes Bites man

24

Toxoplasma• Toxoplasmosis• Parasite

– Cats, man, other mammals & birds

25

• Fetus– Birth defects– Mental retardation

• Aids Patients– Fatal infection

26

Toxomplasma

27

Eimeria

• Coccidiosis– Birds and mammals

• Bloody diarrhea

28

Coccidiosis

29

Coccidiosis

30

Phylum Cilophora

• Cilia for movement

31

Trichocysts

• Released as a defense

• Long threadlike• Release triggered by

mechanical or chemical stimulation

32

Phylum Cilophora

• Paramecium• Movie

33

34

Phylum CilophoraVorticella

• Spiral stock attaches to substrate– Contract and extend

• Cilia used to sweep food into mouth (see arrow)

• Movie

35

Phylum CilophoraStentor

• Solitary• Use cilia to sweep

food into mouth• Movie

36

Phylum Cilophora Didinium

• Bands of cilia• Eats Paramecium

37

Phylum Cilophora Spirostoman

• Up to 3 mm long

38

Phylum Dinoflagellata

39

Phylum Dinoflagellata

• Two flagella– Transverse– Longitudinal

• Some photosynthetic• Some heterotrophic• Some have cell wall

made of plates• Red tide

– neurotoxin

40

41

Zooxanthellae

• Photosynthetic dinoflagellates (brown)

• Live in corals• Provide nutrients for

coral by photosynthesis

• Mutualism

42

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Amebas

43

Amoeba proteus

44

Entomoeba histolytica

• Amoebic dysentery• Transmitted by food &

water contaminated with cysts

• Bloody diarrhea

45

46

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Difflugia

47

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Variations in Pseudopodia

48

Radiolarians

• Abundant in the ocean– Ocean floors covered– Forms sedimentary

rock

• Siliceous test (shell)– Skeleton made of

silica– Numerous geometric

designs

49

Radiolarian Tests

50

Foraminifera

• Secrete a test (shell) of calcium carbonate

• Grow new chambers as organism increases in size– Foramen (opening)

between chambers

• Shells constitute vast deposits on ocean floors

51

Foraminifera Tests

52

White Cliffs of Dover, England

• Foramifera deposits uplifted from ocean floor

• Chalk

53

Pyramids of Egypt

• Made of limestone from foraminera

54

Plankton

• Small organisms that drift in the ocean and freshwater

• Pastures of the seas

• Many different protozoans

• Zooplankton

• Phytoplankton

55

Which Animal Has A Higher Surface Area to Volume Ratio?

56

Which Organism Has A Higher Surface Area to Volume Ratio?

57

Smaller Organisms Have A Higher Surface Area To Volume Ratio

• Advantage of more surface area/volume– Easier to get food – Easier to get oxygen

• Disadvantage of more surface area/volume– Loose heat faster– Warm blooded animals

have to consume more calories

– Hummingbird eats 2/3 body weight each day

• Need transport systems for food and oxygen

58

Symbosis

• Living together• Parasitism• Commensalism• Mutualism

59

Parasitism

• Parasite benefits• Host harmed

60

Mutualism

• Both organisms benefit from living together

61

Commensalism

• Bird nest and tree• Bird benefits • Tree not affected

62

The End