1 Classification BIO 2215 Oklahoma City Community College Dennis Anderson
Dec 18, 2015
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Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778
• Classification system• Taxonomic groups of
related organisms• Binomial nomenclature
(two names)• Homo sapiens• Dermacentor andersoni
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Classification of Man
• Kingdom Animalia
• Phylum Chordata
• Class Mammalia
• Order Primates
• Family Hominidae
• Genus Homo
• Species Homo sapiens
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Species
• “Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups.”
• Reproductively isolated group
Ernst Mayr
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Kingdom Monera or Eubacteria
• Single celled• Prokaryotic• Make or absorb food• Cell wall
– peptidoglycan
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Kingdom Archaea
• Single celled• Prokaryotic• Make or absorb food• DNA
– Similar to Eukaryotic
• Cell wall– Pseudopeptidoglycan
or protein only
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Kingdom Plantae
• Multicellular• Eukaryotic• Cell wall
– Cellulose
• Produce food– photosynthesis
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Terminology
• Classification– Assigning organisms to
different catagories based on their relationship
• Taxonomy– The science of naming
organisms
• Systematics– Determining evolutionary
relationships of organisms
• Phylogeny– Evolutionary history
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Cladogram
• Evolutionary relationship of a group of organisms
• Each clad (group) share something in common
• Ancestral traits are the oldest
• Derived traits evolved later
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Characteristics for Constructing Cladogram
• Tail is the most ancestral
• Four limbs is the oldest derived trait
• Fur is a later derived trait
• Loss of tail is the most derived trait
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Synapomorphy
• A derived character shared by two or more groups.– Fur is a synapomorphy for the various groups
of mammals.– Synapomorphies are used to determine
evolutionary relationships
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MyxozoaMyxozoaMyxozoaMyxozoa
ArthropodaArthropodaArthropodaArthropoda AnnelidaAnnelidaAnnelidaAnnelida
MolluscaMolluscaMolluscaMollusca
LophophoratesLophophoratesLophophoratesLophophorates
HemichordataHemichordataHemichordataHemichordata
ChordataChordataChordataChordata
Other Other pseudocoelomatespseudocoelomates
Other Other pseudocoelomatespseudocoelomates
NematodaNematodaNematodaNematoda
PoriferaPoriferaPoriferaPorifera
CtenophoraCtenophoraCtenophoraCtenophoraCnidariaCnidariaCnidariaCnidaria
PlacozoaPlacozoaPlacozoaPlacozoa
PlatyhelminthesPlatyhelminthesPlatyhelminthesPlatyhelminthesNemerteaNemerteaNemerteaNemertea
CiliophoraCiliophoraCiliophoraCiliophoraSarcomastigophoraSarcomastigophoraSarcomastigophoraSarcomastigophora
MicrosporaMicrosporaMicrosporaMicrosporaApicomplexaApicomplexaApicomplexaApicomplexa
MesozoaMesozoaMesozoaMesozoa
EchinodermataEchinodermataEchinodermataEchinodermata
CrustaceaCrustaceaCrustaceaCrustaceaChelicerataChelicerataChelicerataChelicerata
UniramiaUniramiaUniramiaUniramia
ProtochordatesProtochordatesProtochordatesProtochordates
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Birds MammalsReptile
Amphibian
Fish
Four Limbs
Amniotic Egg
Endothermic
Fur
Feathers
Vertebrae
• Synapomorphies– Four limbs for amphibians,
reptiles, birds & mammals– Amniotic egg for reptiles, birds
& mammals
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Symplesiomorphy
• Character shared by a number of groups
• Inherited from ancestors older than the last common ancestor.– Symplesiomorphies are not helpful in
determining evolutionary relationships
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Birds MammalsReptile
Amphibian
Fish
Four Limbs
Amniotic Egg
Endothermic
Fur
Feathers
Vertebrae
• Symplesiomorphies– Vertebrae for amphibians,
reptiles, birds & mammals– Four limbs for reptiles, birds &
mammals
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Monophyletic
• A group of all the descendants of a common ancestor
• The common ancestor is in the group
• Example: Mammalia– Ancestor was a
mammal like reptile
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Paraphyletic
• A group of descendants of a common ancestor
• Common ancestor is in the group
• Not all descendants are included
• Example: Reptiles– Does not include birds
and mammals
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Polyphyletic
• A group that has some similarities
• Common ancestor is in not in the group
• Not all descendants are included
• Example: Flying vertebrates
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Bilateral Symmetry
7-9
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 7.9
Sagittal plane
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Anatomical Terms
• Anterior– Head end (front side in upright man)
• Posterior– Tail end (back side in upright man)
• Dorsal– Back side
• Ventral– Belly side
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Anatomical Terms (cont)
• Medial– Close to the middle
• Lateral– Close to the side
• Distal– Away from the main part
• Proximal– Close to the main part
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Anatomical Terms (cont)
• Oral– End with the mouth
• Aboral– Opposite end of the mouth
• Cephalic– Toward head
• Caudal– Toward tail