IKTERUS OBSTRUKTIF Anamnesis : Hall of Mark Obstructive Jaundice : Jaundice; Dark Urine; Pale Stool; Generalized Prutitus Cholangitis / Choledocolithiasis : Fever; Colic Bilier; Intermitten Jaundice Pancreatic Ca: ↓ BB; Abdominal mass: Pain radiating to back; Progressive Jaundice Periampullary Ca: Deep Jaundice (Greenish); Fluctuate in Intensity Extrahepatic Ca: Palpably enlarged gall bladder (Couvosier’s sign (+)) (sumber:ptolemy.library.utoronto.co m) Pemeriksaan Fisik 1. Nyeri tekan murphy`s sign 2. Ikterik : a. 2.5 mg/dl ---- sklera b. 5 mg/dl ---- kulit 2. Demam, takikardia, muscular guarding, perut kembung 3. Ssesak nafas, gg hemodinamik, hematemesis&melena 4. Cullen sign, Grey turner sign,nodul kulit eritematosa. 5. Purtscher retinopathy 6. Demam Pemeriksaan penunjang : 1. Lab : a. darah lengkap (leukositosis) b. SGOT/SGPT c. Bilirubin direct/indirect d. Alkaline Fosfatase e. Aminotransferase 2. Radiologi a. Foto polos abdomen b. USG Abdomen c. Oral colecistografy d. CT Scan e. Colangiography f. Laparoskopy g. FDG PET Scan
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IKTERUS OBSTRUKTIF
Anamnesis : Hall of Mark Obstructive Jaundice :Jaundice; Dark Urine; Pale Stool; Generalized PrutitusCholangitis / Choledocolithiasis :Fever; Colic Bilier; Intermitten JaundicePancreatic Ca:↓ BB; Abdominal mass: Pain radiating to back; Progressive JaundicePeriampullary Ca:Deep Jaundice (Greenish); Fluctuate in IntensityExtrahepatic Ca:Palpably enlarged gall bladder (Couvosier’s sign (+))(sumber:ptolemy.library.utoronto.com)Pemeriksaan Fisik
4. Cullen sign, Grey turner sign,nodul kulit eritematosa.
5. Purtscher retinopathy6. Demam
Pemeriksaan penunjang :1. Lab :
a. darah lengkap (leukositosis)b. SGOT/SGPTc. Bilirubin direct/indirectd. Alkaline Fosfatasee. Aminotransferase
2. Radiologia. Foto polos abdomenb. USG Abdomenc. Oral colecistografyd. CT Scane. Colangiographyf. Laparoskopyg. FDG PET Scan
ATALANTA Classification 1992
Patogenesis pembentukan Batu
Triangular-phase diagram with axes plotted in percent cholesterol, lecithin (phospholipid), and the bile salt sodium taurocholate. Below the solid line, cholesterol is maintained in solution in micelles. Above the solid line, bile is supersaturated with cholesterol and precipitation of cholesterol crystals can occur. Ch, cholesterol. (From Donovan JM, Carey MC: Separation and quantitation of cholesterol “carriers” in bile. Hepatology 12:94S, 1990.)
(Sabiston)
The pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstones is clearly multifactorial but essentially involves three stages: (1) cholesterol supersaturation in bile, (2) crystal nucleation, and (3) stone growth.
For gallstones to cause clinical symptoms, they must obtain a size sufficient to produce mechanical injury to the gallbladder or obstruction of the biliary tree. Growth of stones may occur in two ways: (1) progressive enlargement of individual crystals or stones by deposition of additional insoluble precipitate at the bile-stone interface or (2) fusion of individual crystals or stones to form a larger conglomerate.
Child – Pugh ClassificationVariable 1 2 3Ensefalopati Nil Slight to moderate (1, 2) Moderate to severeAsites Nil Slight Moderate to severeBilirubin (mg/dl) <2 2 – 3 >3Albumin(g/dl) >3,5 2,8 – 3,5 <2,8Prototrombin index >70% 40% - 70% <40%
Ranson criteria for prognostic implication of acute pancreatitisAdmission After 48 H onset interpretation
TOKYO GUIDELINE(1) Diagnostic criteria for acute cholangitisA. Clinical manifestation- Riwayat penyakit bilier- Demam dan atau
menggigil- Jaundice- Nyeri perut (RUQ atau
upper abdominal)
B. Lab finding- Bukti inflamasi- LFT abnormal
C. Imaging finding- Dilatasi bilier, atau bukti
obstruksi (batu, striktur atau stent)
Interpretasi :Suspected : 2 atau > criteria (+)Definite : triad charcots 2 atau > dari A + salah satu dari B atau C
a Abnormal WBC count, increased serum CRP level, and other changes indicating inflammation b Increased serum ALP, γ-GTP (GGT), AST, and ALT levels
Severity assessment criteria for acute cholangitis GRADE I (MILD)Mild (grade I)” acute cholangitis is defined as acute cholangitis that responds to the initial medical treatmenta
GRADE II (MODERATE)“Moderate (grade II)” acute cholangitis is defined as acute cholangitis that does not respond to the initial medical treatmenta and is not associated with organ dysfunction
GRADE III (SEVERE)“Severe (grade III)” acute cholangitis is defined as acute cholangitis that is associated with the onset of dysfunction at least in any one of the following organs/systems:1. Hipotensi (dengan dopamine ≥
5µ/KgBB/’, dan atau dobutamiin)
2. Penurunan kesadaran3. Gangguan respirasi
(PaO2 / F1O2 ratio < 300)4. BUN > 2 mg/dl5. PT-INR > 1,56. Trombositopenia
(<100.000/mm3)Note: compromised patients, e.g., elderly (>75 years old) and patients with medical comorbidities, should be closely monitoreda General supportive care and antibiotics
(2) Diagnostic criteria for acute cholecystitis LOCAL FINDING(1) Murphy’s sign, (2) RUQ mass/pain/tenderness
• Non-visualized gallbladder with normal uptake and excretion of radioactivity
• Rim sign (augmentation of radioactivity around the gallbladder fossa)
Severity assessment criteria for acute cholecystitis GRADE I (MILD)defined as acute cholecystitis in a healthy patient with no organ dysfunction and mild inflammatory changes in the gallbladder, making cholecystectomy a safe and low-risk operative procedure.
GRADE II (MODERATE)1. WBC > 180002. Palpable mass RUQ3. Complaints > 72 ha
4. Marked local inflammationa Laparoscopic surgery should be performed within 96 h of the onset of acute cholecystitis
GRADE III (SEVERE)“Severe (grade III)” acute cholangitis is defined as acute cholangitis that is associated with the onset of dysfunction at least in any one of the following organs/systems:1. Hipotensi (dengan dopamine