Immigrants and Urbanization Chapter 7 –US History Mr. Snyder.

Immigrants and Immigrants and UrbanizationUrbanization

Chapter 7 –US HistoryChapter 7 –US History

Mr. SnyderMr. Snyder

Section 1: ObjectivesSection 1: Objectives

By the end of this lesson, I will By the end of this lesson, I will be able to:be able to:

1. Identify immigrant’s countries of 1. Identify immigrant’s countries of origin.origin.

2. Describe the journey immigrants 2. Describe the journey immigrants endured and their experiences at endured and their experiences at United States immigration stations.United States immigration stations.

3. Examine the causes and effects of 3. Examine the causes and effects of the nativists’ anti-immigrant the nativists’ anti-immigrant sentiments.sentiments.

Section 1: The New Section 1: The New Immigrants:Immigrants:

Main Idea:Main Idea: Immigration from Immigration from Europe, Asia, the Europe, Asia, the Caribbean, and Mexico Caribbean, and Mexico reached a new high in reached a new high in the late 19the late 19thth and early and early 2020thth centuries. centuries.

Why it Matters:Why it Matters: Now: This wave of Now: This wave of immigration helped immigration helped make the United make the United States the diverse States the diverse society it is today.society it is today.

Key Terms:Key Terms: Ellis IslandEllis Island Angel IslandAngel Island Melting PotMelting Pot

Key Terms (2):Key Terms (2): NativismNativism Chinese Exclusion Chinese Exclusion

ActAct

Story Time!Story Time!

The year is 1880. New York City’s The year is 1880. New York City’s swelling population has created a swelling population has created a housing crises. Immigrant families housing crises. Immigrant families crowd into apartments that lack crowd into apartments that lack light, ventilation, and sanitary light, ventilation, and sanitary facilities. Children have no where to facilities. Children have no where to play except the streets and are often play except the streets and are often kept out of school to work and help kept out of school to work and help support their families. You are a support their families. You are a reformer who wishes to help reformer who wishes to help immigrants improve their lives….immigrants improve their lives….

Discussion: Turn and TalkDiscussion: Turn and Talk

1. What would you 1. What would you do to improve do to improve conditions?conditions?

2. What skills do 2. What skills do newcomers need to newcomers need to make it?make it?

3. How might 3. How might immigrants immigrants respond to help respond to help from an outsider?from an outsider?

4. How do you 4. How do you think you’d react?think you’d react?

Why Did The Immigrants Why Did The Immigrants Come Here?Come Here?

Between 1870 & 1920, Between 1870 & 1920, about 20 million about 20 million Europeans immigrated Europeans immigrated to the U.S.to the U.S.

1. Escape religious 1. Escape religious persecutionpersecution

2. Improve their 2. Improve their economic situation economic situation (jobs) (Birds of (jobs) (Birds of passage)passage)

3. Experience greater 3. Experience greater freedom in the U.S.freedom in the U.S.

4. Escape difficult 4. Escape difficult conditions (famine, conditions (famine, land shortages – from land shortages – from rising population) rising population)

Which of the following is a reason why the Which of the following is a reason why the immigrants did NOT come to America?immigrants did NOT come to America?

To e

scap

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To im

prove

the.

..

To e

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1.1. To escape To escape persecutionpersecution

2.2. To improve their To improve their economic economic situationsituation

3.3. To educate their To educate their children in better children in better American schoolsAmerican schools

4.4. To escape difficult To escape difficult conditionsconditions

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A Difficult Journey: Turn and Talk:A Difficult Journey: Turn and Talk:

What main issues do you think the What main issues do you think the immigrants faced when coming into immigrants faced when coming into the USA?the USA?

Which of these do you think would be Which of these do you think would be most difficult for you if you were an most difficult for you if you were an immigrant?immigrant?

How do you think they were treated?How do you think they were treated? What do you think was the overall What do you think was the overall

American view on immigration at this American view on immigration at this time? (similar or different from time? (similar or different from today?)today?)

Ellis Island:Ellis Island: Most European Most European

immigrants to the immigrants to the U.S. arrived in New U.S. arrived in New York and had to York and had to pass through pass through immigration station immigration station located on located on Ellis Ellis IslandIsland in New York in New York HarborHarbor

Immigrants were Immigrants were carefully health carefully health screened and could screened and could only bring 100lbs only bring 100lbs of belongingsof belongings

Ellis Island - NY

Do you think that Americans were excited or Do you think that Americans were excited or upset over immigration?upset over immigration?

Exc

ited

Upse

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Not s

ure

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1.1. ExcitedExcited

2.2. UpsetUpset

3.3. Not sureNot sure25

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Passing Inspection:Passing Inspection: Officials at Ellis Officials at Ellis

Island decided Island decided whether the whether the immigrants could immigrants could enter the country.enter the country.

1. Check for 1. Check for serious health serious health problemsproblems

2. Document 2. Document checkschecks

What do you think What do you think the requirements the requirements for entering the for entering the country should country should have been?have been?

What Were the Requirements for What Were the Requirements for

AdmissionAdmission??

1. Proving they had 1. Proving they had never been never been convicted of a convicted of a felony?felony?

2. Demonstrating 2. Demonstrating that they were able that they were able to work.to work.

3. Showing that 3. Showing that they had some they had some money: at least money: at least $25 (1909 $25 (1909 standard)standard)

Let’s look at an Let’s look at an example:example:

Here Are The Exact Here Are The Exact Questions Used:Questions Used:

1.What is your name?1.What is your name? 2. Have you ever been to the America 2. Have you ever been to the America

before?before? 3. Do you have any relatives here? If the 3. Do you have any relatives here? If the

answer was yes, then asked where they answer was yes, then asked where they lived.lived.

4. Is there anyone who came to meet you 4. Is there anyone who came to meet you at Ellis Island?at Ellis Island?

5. Who paid for your passage?5. Who paid for your passage? 6. Do you have any money? ( If the answer 6. Do you have any money? ( If the answer

was yes then immigrant was told: Let me was yes then immigrant was told: Let me see it.)see it.)

7. Do you have a job waiting for you in 7. Do you have a job waiting for you in America?America?

8. Do you have a criminal record?8. Do you have a criminal record?

Edward Ferro: An Italian Edward Ferro: An Italian Immigrant:Immigrant:

““The language was a problem of The language was a problem of course, but it was overcome by the course, but it was overcome by the use of interpreters…It would happen use of interpreters…It would happen sometimes that these interpreters – sometimes that these interpreters – some of them – were really some of them – were really softhearted people and hated to see softhearted people and hated to see people being deported, and they people being deported, and they would, at times, help the aliens by would, at times, help the aliens by interpreting in such a manner as to interpreting in such a manner as to benefit the alien and not the benefit the alien and not the government.” (government.” (I Was Dreaming to Come to I Was Dreaming to Come to

AmericaAmerica))

Angel Island:Angel Island: Not all immigrants Not all immigrants

came through came through Ellis Ellis IslandIsland

Angel IslandAngel Island - - Immigration station Immigration station for the Asian for the Asian immigrants arriving immigrants arriving on the West Coast- on the West Coast- San Francisco.San Francisco.

Inspection process Inspection process more difficult than more difficult than on Ellis Island. on Ellis Island. (filthy conditions, (filthy conditions, harsh questioning)harsh questioning)

Cooperation For Survival:Cooperation For Survival:

Think about:Think about: Finding a place to Finding a place to live, a job, live, a job, understanding the understanding the language and language and culture in a new culture in a new countrycountry

Many immigrants Many immigrants settled in settled in communities with communities with other immigrants other immigrants from same country.from same country.

Immigration Restrictions:Immigration Restrictions:

America started America started to be called a to be called a MELTING POTMELTING POT - - Many cultures & Many cultures & races had races had blended blended

But, many But, many immigrants immigrants refused to give refused to give up their culture.up their culture.

The Rise of Nativism:The Rise of Nativism: Some Americans Some Americans

didn’t like so many didn’t like so many immigrants living immigrants living in the U.S.in the U.S.

NATIVISMNATIVISM- - preference for preference for native-born native-born Americans.Americans.

NativismNativism 1. Gave rise to 1. Gave rise to

anti-immigrant anti-immigrant groups groups

2. Led to a demand 2. Led to a demand for immigration for immigration restrictions.restrictions.

Anti-Asian Sentiment:Anti-Asian Sentiment: Chinese immigrants Chinese immigrants

worked for low wages – worked for low wages – this took jobs from this took jobs from native born Americansnative born Americans

Labor groups Labor groups pressured politicians to pressured politicians to restrict Asian restrict Asian immigration.immigration.

CHINESE EXCLUSION CHINESE EXCLUSION ACTACT18821882 - Banned all but - Banned all but a few Chinese a few Chinese immigrantsimmigrants

Not lifted until 1943.Not lifted until 1943.

Section 2 Objectives:Section 2 Objectives:

By the end of this lesson, I will By the end of this lesson, I will be able to:be able to:

1. Describe the movement of 1. Describe the movement of immigrants to cities and the immigrants to cities and the opportunities they found there.opportunities they found there.

2. Explain how cities dealt with 2. Explain how cities dealt with housing, transportation, sanitation, housing, transportation, sanitation, and safety issues.and safety issues.

3. Describe some of the 3. Describe some of the organizations and people who organizations and people who offered help to urban immigrants.offered help to urban immigrants.

Section 2: The Challenges Section 2: The Challenges of Urbanization:of Urbanization:

Main IdeaMain Idea: The rapid : The rapid growth of cities forced growth of cities forced people to contend people to contend with problems of with problems of housing, housing, transportation, water, transportation, water, and sanitation.and sanitation.

Why it Matters Now:Why it Matters Now: Consequently, Consequently, residents of the US residents of the US cities today enjoy cities today enjoy vastly improved vastly improved living conditions.living conditions.

Key Terms:Key Terms: UrbanizationUrbanization Americanization Americanization

movementmovement Mass TransitMass Transit

Key Key Terms/Names:Terms/Names:

Social Gospel Social Gospel MovementMovement

Settlement HouseSettlement House

Urban Opportunities:Urban Opportunities: Many immigrants Many immigrants

settled in cities in settled in cities in the early 1900’s – the early 1900’s – workwork

Cities began to Cities began to become become overcrowdedovercrowded

UrbanizationUrbanization - the - the rapid growth of rapid growth of cities.cities.

Farmers also Farmers also moved into the city moved into the city – new technology – new technology = less farming jobs= less farming jobs

Americanization Movement:Americanization Movement:

Our government Our government wanted to help wanted to help immigrants learn immigrants learn more about the more about the USAUSA

Americanization Americanization MovementMovement – Was – Was designed to designed to assimilate people assimilate people of wide-ranging of wide-ranging cultures into the cultures into the dominant culture.dominant culture.

Schools taught Schools taught them English, them English, American history, American history, and government.and government.

Urban Problems:Urban Problems: There became There became

serious shortages serious shortages in housing.in housing.

New types of New types of housing were housing were createdcreated

1)1)Row houseRow house – – apartment type apartment type homeshomes

2)2)TenementTenement – – Multifamily urban Multifamily urban houses often houses often overcrowded & overcrowded & unsanitaryunsanitary

Sanitation was a Sanitation was a problemproblem

Mass Transit:Mass Transit:

Transportation also Transportation also became a huge became a huge issue.issue.

Cities developed Cities developed Mass TransitMass Transit – – transportation transportation systems designed systems designed to move large to move large numbers of people numbers of people along fixed routes.along fixed routes.

More were needed More were needed to keep up with to keep up with demanddemand

Urban Problems: SanitationUrban Problems: Sanitation

Cities had hard Cities had hard time supplying safe time supplying safe drinking water.drinking water.

People threw People threw garbage out their garbage out their windows.windows.

Horse manure piled Horse manure piled up on the streetsup on the streets

Sewage flowed in Sewage flowed in streets.streets.

By 1900, many By 1900, many cities built sewers cities built sewers & created & created sanitation sanitation departments.departments.

Crime Problems:Crime Problems:

Pickpockets and Pickpockets and thieves thieves flourished flourished (stealing to (stealing to survive)survive)

NYC police was NYC police was relatively small relatively small and didn’t make and didn’t make much impact on much impact on crime.crime.

Fire Problems:Fire Problems: The city had limited The city had limited

supply of water.supply of water. Most city apartments Most city apartments

were made of woodwere made of wood People also used People also used

candles and kerosene candles and kerosene lamps for lighting.lamps for lighting.

Paid fire departments Paid fire departments were first created in were first created in 1853 (Cincinnati)1853 (Cincinnati)

The automatic fire The automatic fire sprinkler was also sprinkler was also created in 1874.created in 1874.

The Great Chicago Fire: The Great Chicago Fire: 18711871

Fire burned for 24hrs.Fire burned for 24hrs. An estimated 300 people diedAn estimated 300 people died 100,000 were left homeless100,000 were left homeless More than 3 square miles of the More than 3 square miles of the

city center was destroyed.city center was destroyed. Property loss was estimated at Property loss was estimated at

$200 million.$200 million. 17,500 buildings were 17,500 buildings were

destroyed.destroyed.

Reformers Help the Poor:Reformers Help the Poor:

Social Gospel Social Gospel movementmovement - - Early Early reform programreform program

Leaders preached Leaders preached that people that people reached salvation reached salvation by helping the poorby helping the poor

They established They established Settlement Settlement Houses -Houses -

Community centers Community centers located in slums thatlocated in slums that helped &helped & friendship friendship for poor & for poor & immigrants.immigrants.

Section 3: ObjectivesSection 3: Objectives By the end of this lesson, I will By the end of this lesson, I will

be able to:be able to: 1. Explain the role of political 1. Explain the role of political

machines and political bosses.machines and political bosses. 2. Describe how some politicians’ 2. Describe how some politicians’

greed and fraud cost taxpayers greed and fraud cost taxpayers millions of dollars.millions of dollars.

3. Describe the measures taken by 3. Describe the measures taken by presidents Hayes, Garfield, and presidents Hayes, Garfield, and Arthur to reform the spoils system.Arthur to reform the spoils system.

4. Explain the positions taken by 4. Explain the positions taken by presidents Cleveland, Harrison, and presidents Cleveland, Harrison, and McKinley on the tariff issue.McKinley on the tariff issue.

Section 3: Politics in the Section 3: Politics in the Gilded Age:Gilded Age:

Main IdeaMain Idea: Local : Local and national and national political corruption political corruption in the 19in the 19thth Century Century led to calls for led to calls for reform.reform.

Why it Matters Why it Matters NowNow: Political reforms : Political reforms paved the way for a paved the way for a more honest and more honest and efficient government efficient government in the 20in the 20thth Century Century and beyond.and beyond.

Key Terms:Key Terms: Political MachinePolitical Machine GraftGraft PatronagePatronage Civil ServiceCivil Service Pendleton Civil Service Pendleton Civil Service

ActAct

Key Names:Key Names: Boss TweedBoss Tweed Rutherford B. HayesRutherford B. Hayes James A. GarfieldJames A. Garfield Chester A. ArthurChester A. Arthur Grover ClevelandGrover Cleveland Benjamin HarrisonBenjamin Harrison

My favorite day of the week My favorite day of the week is:is:

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1.1. MondayMonday

2.2. TuesdayTuesday

3.3. WednesdayWednesday

4.4. ThursdayThursday

5.5. FridayFriday

6.6. SaturdaySaturday

7.7. SundaySunday

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Political Machines:Political Machines: Since cities were so Since cities were so

crowded, the local crowded, the local government couldn’t government couldn’t control everythingcontrol everything

During late 1800’s, During late 1800’s, many cities were run many cities were run by a by a Political Political MachineMachine - - an an organized group, organized group, headed by a city boss, headed by a city boss, that controlled that controlled activities in a city.activities in a city.

Offered services to Offered services to voters & businesses in voters & businesses in exchange for political exchange for political or financial support.or financial support.

The Role of the Political Boss:The Role of the Political Boss:

What else did What else did the bosses do:the bosses do:

1. Controlled 1. Controlled access to jobsaccess to jobs

2. Built parks, 2. Built parks, sewer systems, sewer systems, and waterworks.and waterworks.

3. Gave money to 3. Gave money to hospitals, schools, hospitals, schools, and orphanages.and orphanages.

So that…..people So that…..people would vote for would vote for them!!them!!

Why do you think that people supported Why do you think that people supported the political machines?the political machines?

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1.1. SupportSupport

2.2. ProtectionProtection

3.3. ServicesServices

4.4. All of the aboveAll of the above

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Immigrants and Bosses:Immigrants and Bosses: The immigrants liked The immigrants liked

the idea of political the idea of political machines and bosses. machines and bosses. Why?Why?

1. Many of the bosses 1. Many of the bosses were immigrants were immigrants themselves– they themselves– they spoke their language spoke their language and battled the same and battled the same hardships.hardships.

2. They helped the 2. They helped the immigrants with immigrants with NaturalizationNaturalization – full – full American citizenship.American citizenship.

3. Helped them get 3. Helped them get jobs and housesjobs and houses

And in return – And in return – VOTES!!!VOTES!!!

Why did the bosses often relate Why did the bosses often relate well to the people?well to the people?

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1.1. They liked to be They liked to be in controlin control

2.2. They were once They were once immigrants immigrants themselvesthemselves

3.3. They didn’tThey didn’t

4.4. None of the None of the aboveabove

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Election Fraud and Graft:Election Fraud and Graft: Many Many BossesBosses got rich got rich

through through GRAFTGRAFT-the -the illegal use of political illegal use of political influence for personal influence for personal gain.gain.

ExampleExample: By helping a : By helping a person find work on a person find work on a construction project for construction project for the city, a political the city, a political machine could ask the machine could ask the worker to bill the city worker to bill the city for more than the for more than the actual cost of materials actual cost of materials and labor.and labor.

The worker then The worker then “kicked back” a portion “kicked back” a portion of the earnings to the of the earnings to the machine.machine.

The NY City Courthouse was built using Graft money

Why do you think that people allowed the Why do you think that people allowed the bosses to do illegal activities?bosses to do illegal activities?

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1.1. Because they Because they were getting were getting things in returnthings in return

2.2. They personally They personally liked the bossesliked the bosses

3.3. They didn’t like They didn’t like the governmentthe government

4.4. All of the aboveAll of the above

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The Tweed Ring:The Tweed Ring: Boss TweedBoss Tweed

(William M. Tweed) (William M. Tweed) became the head became the head of Tammany Hall- of Tammany Hall- NYC’s powerful NYC’s powerful Democratic Democratic political machine.political machine.

Between 1869-Between 1869-1871 1871 Boss Tweed led a group of led a group of people (people (Tweed Tweed RingRing) in defrauding ) in defrauding the city for millions the city for millions of dollars.of dollars.

What Did Tweed Do? – Story What Did Tweed Do? – Story Time!Time!

The NYC The NYC Courthouse was Courthouse was being built. The being built. The project cost tax project cost tax payers $13 million, payers $13 million, while the actual while the actual cost was only $3 cost was only $3 million! The million! The difference went to difference went to the the Tweed RingTweed Ring. It . It is estimated that is estimated that the Tweed Ring the Tweed Ring stole between $30-stole between $30-$200 million dollars $200 million dollars from NYC.from NYC.

Ultimately, who did the Tweed Ultimately, who did the Tweed Ring’s actions hurt worse?Ring’s actions hurt worse?

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1.1. Boss TweedBoss Tweed

2.2. The cityThe city

3.3. The The governmentgovernment

4.4. The taxpayersThe taxpayers

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Eventually…They Got Busted!Eventually…They Got Busted! In 1871 the ring In 1871 the ring

was broken.was broken. Tweed was Tweed was

indicted on 120 indicted on 120 counts of fraud and counts of fraud and extortion and was extortion and was sentenced to 12 sentenced to 12 years in jail.years in jail.

His sentence got His sentence got reduced to 1 year reduced to 1 year but he got in but he got in trouble again and trouble again and was arrested.was arrested.

While serving this While serving this sentence, he sentence, he escaped to went to escaped to went to Spain.Spain.

1. What is the significance of the word LAW on the torn piece of paper?

2. What affect do you think Nast wanted to have on his audience?

Patronage:Patronage: National politics National politics

were also corrupt – were also corrupt – It’s all about who It’s all about who you know.you know.

PatronagePatronage: giving : giving of government jobs of government jobs to people of the to people of the same party who same party who had helped a had helped a candidate get candidate get elected.elected.

Shouldn’t the job Shouldn’t the job go to the most go to the most qualified?qualified?

Civil Service:Civil Service:

Civil Service-Civil Service- Government Government jobsjobs

Reformers Reformers proposed that proposed that civil service jobs civil service jobs would go to the would go to the most qualified, most qualified, regardless of regardless of political views.political views.

Why was the “civil service” system a Why was the “civil service” system a better system than the spoils system?better system than the spoils system?

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1.1. It wasn’tIt wasn’t

2.2. It allowed political It allowed political bosses to control bosses to control the job marketthe job market

3.3. It allowed the It allowed the most qualified to most qualified to get hiredget hired

4.4. It benefited only It benefited only the wealthythe wealthy

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President Hayes:President Hayes:

President President Rutherford B. Rutherford B. HayesHayes attempted attempted to reform civil to reform civil serviceservice

Some members of Some members of Republican party Republican party objectedobjected

He decides not to He decides not to run for re-election run for re-election (no support)(no support)

Garfield’s Assassination:Garfield’s Assassination: StalwartsStalwarts opposed opposed

change in patronage change in patronage system.system.

ReformersReformers supported supported changing the systemchanging the system

New PresidentNew President James James GarfieldGarfield attempts to attempts to reform the patronage reform the patronage system and is system and is assassinatedassassinated

Chester A. ArthurChester A. Arthur Garfield’s VP - Garfield’s VP - Becomes the new Becomes the new PresidentPresident

Why was Garfield assassinated?Why was Garfield assassinated?

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1.1. He wasn’t liked by He wasn’t liked by the political the political machinesmachines

2.2. He had ties to the He had ties to the reform movementreform movement

3.3. He didn’t deserve He didn’t deserve to be the to be the PresidentPresident

4.4. None of the aboveNone of the above

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Chester A. Arthur in Action:Chester A. Arthur in Action: Arthur’s first Arthur’s first

message to the message to the Congress was to Congress was to pass the pass the Pendleton Civil Pendleton Civil Service ActService Act - - Created a civil Created a civil service commission service commission to give government to give government jobs based on jobs based on merit, not politicsmerit, not politics

This caused This caused politicians to turn politicians to turn to big businesses to big businesses for moneyfor money