Immigrants and Urbanization Chapter 7. Section 1: The New Immigrants.

Immigrants and Immigrants and UrbanizationUrbanization

Chapter 7Chapter 7

Section 1: The New Section 1: The New ImmigrantsImmigrants

Why Did The Immigrants Why Did The Immigrants Come Here?Come Here?

Between 1870 & 1920, Between 1870 & 1920, about 20 million about 20 million Europeans immigrated Europeans immigrated to the U.S.to the U.S.

1. Escape religious 1. Escape religious persecutionpersecution

2. Improve their 2. Improve their economic situation economic situation (jobs) (Birds of (jobs) (Birds of passage)passage)

3. Experience greater 3. Experience greater freedom in the U.S.freedom in the U.S.

4. Escape difficult 4. Escape difficult conditions (famine, conditions (famine, land shortages – from land shortages – from rising population) rising population)

Ellis Island:Ellis Island: Most European Most European

immigrants to the immigrants to the U.S. arrived in New U.S. arrived in New York and had to York and had to pass through pass through immigration station immigration station located on located on Ellis Ellis IslandIsland in New York in New York HarborHarbor

Immigrants were Immigrants were carefully health carefully health screened and could screened and could only bring 100lbs only bring 100lbs of belongingsof belongings

Ellis Island - NY

Passing Inspection:Passing Inspection: Officials at Ellis Officials at Ellis

Island decided Island decided whether the whether the immigrants could immigrants could enter the country.enter the country.

1. Check for 1. Check for serious health serious health problemsproblems

2. Document 2. Document checkschecks

Freedom Tower – La Freedom Tower – La Torre de la LibertadTorre de la Libertad

What Were the Requirements for What Were the Requirements for

AdmissionAdmission??

1. Proving they had 1. Proving they had never been never been convicted of a convicted of a felony.felony.

2. Demonstrating 2. Demonstrating that they were able that they were able to work.to work.

3. Showing that 3. Showing that they had some they had some money: at least money: at least $25 (1909 $25 (1909 standard)standard)

Let’s look at an Let’s look at an example:example:

Here Are The Exact Here Are The Exact Questions Used:Questions Used:

1.What is your name?1.What is your name? 2. Have you ever been to the America 2. Have you ever been to the America

before?before? 3. Do you have any relatives here? If the 3. Do you have any relatives here? If the

answer was yes, then asked where they answer was yes, then asked where they lived.lived.

4. Is there anyone who came to meet you 4. Is there anyone who came to meet you at Ellis Island?at Ellis Island?

5. Who paid for your passage?5. Who paid for your passage? 6. Do you have any money? ( If the answer 6. Do you have any money? ( If the answer

was yes then immigrant was told: Let me was yes then immigrant was told: Let me see it.)see it.)

7. Do you have a job waiting for you in 7. Do you have a job waiting for you in America?America?

8. Do you have a criminal record?8. Do you have a criminal record?

Edward Ferro: An Italian Edward Ferro: An Italian Immigrant:Immigrant:

““The language was a problem of The language was a problem of course, but it was overcome by the course, but it was overcome by the use of interpreters…It would happen use of interpreters…It would happen sometimes that these interpreters – sometimes that these interpreters – some of them – were really some of them – were really softhearted people and hated to see softhearted people and hated to see people being deported, and they people being deported, and they would, at times, help the aliens by would, at times, help the aliens by interpreting in such a manner as to interpreting in such a manner as to benefit the alien and not the benefit the alien and not the government.” (government.” (I Was Dreaming to Come to I Was Dreaming to Come to

AmericaAmerica))

Angel Island:Angel Island: Not all immigrants Not all immigrants

came through came through Ellis Ellis IslandIsland

Angel IslandAngel Island - - Immigration station Immigration station for the Asian for the Asian immigrants arriving immigrants arriving on the West Coast- on the West Coast- San Francisco.San Francisco.

Inspection process Inspection process more difficult than more difficult than on Ellis Island. on Ellis Island. (filthy conditions, (filthy conditions, harsh questioning)harsh questioning)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CExKjlPUyjA

““La Torre de la Libertad” La Torre de la Libertad” aka “Freedom Tower” aka “Freedom Tower”

Immigration Restrictions:Immigration Restrictions:

America started America started to be called a to be called a MELTING POTMELTING POT - - Many cultures & Many cultures & races had races had blended blended

But, many But, many immigrants immigrants refused to give refused to give up their culture.up their culture.

The Rise of Nativism:The Rise of Nativism: Some Americans Some Americans

didn’t like so many didn’t like so many immigrants living immigrants living in the U.S.in the U.S.

NATIVISMNATIVISM- - preference for preference for native-born native-born Americans.Americans.

NativismNativism 1. Gave rise to 1. Gave rise to

anti-immigrant anti-immigrant groups groups

2. Led to a demand 2. Led to a demand for immigration for immigration restrictions.restrictions.

Anti-Asian Sentiment:Anti-Asian Sentiment: Chinese immigrants Chinese immigrants

worked for low wages – worked for low wages – this took jobs from this took jobs from native born Americansnative born Americans

Labor groups Labor groups pressured politicians to pressured politicians to restrict Asian restrict Asian immigration.immigration.

CHINESE EXCLUSION CHINESE EXCLUSION ACTACT18821882 - Banned all but - Banned all but a few Chinese a few Chinese immigrantsimmigrants

Not lifted until 1943.Not lifted until 1943.

SECTION 2: THE SECTION 2: THE CHALLENGES OF CHALLENGES OF URBANIZATION:URBANIZATION:

Urban Opportunities:Urban Opportunities: Many immigrants Many immigrants

settled in cities in settled in cities in the early 1900’s – the early 1900’s – workwork

Cities began to Cities began to become become overcrowdedovercrowded

UrbanizationUrbanization - the - the rapid growth of rapid growth of cities.cities.

Farmers also Farmers also moved into the city moved into the city – new technology – new technology = less farming jobs= less farming jobs

Americanization Movement:Americanization Movement:

Our government Our government wanted to help wanted to help immigrants learn immigrants learn more about the more about the USAUSA

Americanization Americanization MovementMovement – Was – Was designed to designed to assimilate people assimilate people of wide-ranging of wide-ranging cultures into the cultures into the dominant culture.dominant culture.

Schools taught Schools taught them English, them English, American history, American history, and government.and government.

Urban Problems:Urban Problems: There became There became

serious shortages serious shortages in housing.in housing.

New types of New types of housing were housing were createdcreated

1)1)Row houseRow house – – apartment type apartment type homeshomes

2)2)TenementTenement – – Multifamily urban Multifamily urban houses often houses often overcrowded & overcrowded & unsanitaryunsanitary

Sanitation was a Sanitation was a problemproblem

Mass Transit:Mass Transit:

Transportation also Transportation also became a huge became a huge issue.issue.

Cities developed Cities developed Mass TransitMass Transit – – transportation transportation systems designed systems designed to move large to move large numbers of people numbers of people along fixed routes.along fixed routes.

More were needed More were needed to keep up with to keep up with demanddemand

Urban Problems: SanitationUrban Problems: Sanitation

Cities had hard Cities had hard time supplying safe time supplying safe drinking water.drinking water.

People threw People threw garbage out their garbage out their windows.windows.

Horse manure piled Horse manure piled up on the streetsup on the streets

Sewage flowed in Sewage flowed in streets.streets.

By 1900, many By 1900, many cities built sewers cities built sewers & created & created sanitation sanitation departments.departments.

Crime Problems:Crime Problems:

Pickpockets and Pickpockets and thieves thieves flourished flourished (stealing to (stealing to survive)survive)

NYC police was NYC police was relatively small relatively small and didn’t make and didn’t make much impact on much impact on crime.crime.

Fire Problems:Fire Problems: The city had limited The city had limited

supply of water.supply of water. Most city apartments Most city apartments

were made of woodwere made of wood People also used People also used

candles and kerosene candles and kerosene lamps for lighting.lamps for lighting.

Paid fire departments Paid fire departments were first created in were first created in 1853 (Cincinnati)1853 (Cincinnati)

The automatic fire The automatic fire sprinkler was also sprinkler was also created in 1874.created in 1874.

The Great Chicago Fire: The Great Chicago Fire: 18711871

Fire burned for 24hrs.Fire burned for 24hrs. An estimated 300 people diedAn estimated 300 people died 100,000 were left homeless100,000 were left homeless More than 3 square miles of the More than 3 square miles of the

city center was destroyed.city center was destroyed. Property loss was estimated at Property loss was estimated at

$200 million.$200 million. 17,500 buildings were 17,500 buildings were

destroyed.destroyed. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cQ9u-qJzmbk

Reformers Help the Poor:Reformers Help the Poor:

Social Gospel Social Gospel movementmovement - - Early Early reform programreform program

Leaders preached Leaders preached that people that people reached salvation reached salvation by helping the poorby helping the poor

They established They established Settlement Settlement Houses -Houses -

Community centers Community centers located in slums thatlocated in slums that helped &helped & friendship friendship for poor & for poor & immigrants.immigrants.

SECTION 3: POLITICS IN SECTION 3: POLITICS IN THE GILDED AGETHE GILDED AGE

Political Machines:Political Machines: Since cities were so Since cities were so

crowded, the local crowded, the local government couldn’t government couldn’t control everythingcontrol everything

During late 1800’s, During late 1800’s, many cities were run many cities were run by a by a Political Political MachineMachine - - an an organized group, organized group, headed by a city boss, headed by a city boss, that controlled that controlled activities in a city.activities in a city.

Offered services to Offered services to voters & businesses in voters & businesses in exchange for political exchange for political or financial support.or financial support.

The Role of the Political Boss:The Role of the Political Boss:

What else did What else did the bosses do:the bosses do:

1. Controlled 1. Controlled access to jobsaccess to jobs

2. Built parks, 2. Built parks, sewer systems, sewer systems, and waterworks.and waterworks.

3. Gave money to 3. Gave money to hospitals, schools, hospitals, schools, and orphanages.and orphanages.

So that…..people So that…..people would vote for would vote for them!!them!!

Immigrants and Bosses:Immigrants and Bosses: The immigrants liked The immigrants liked

the idea of political the idea of political machines and bosses. machines and bosses. Why?Why?

1. Many of the bosses 1. Many of the bosses were immigrants were immigrants themselves– they themselves– they spoke their language spoke their language and battled the same and battled the same hardships.hardships.

2. They helped the 2. They helped the immigrants with immigrants with NaturalizationNaturalization – full – full American citizenship.American citizenship.

3. Helped them get 3. Helped them get jobs and housesjobs and houses

And in return – And in return – VOTES!!!VOTES!!!

Election Fraud and Graft:Election Fraud and Graft: Many Many BossesBosses got rich got rich

through through GRAFTGRAFT-the -the illegal use of political illegal use of political influence for personal influence for personal gain.gain.

ExampleExample: By helping a : By helping a person find work on a person find work on a construction project for construction project for the city, a political the city, a political machine could ask the machine could ask the worker to bill the city worker to bill the city for more than the for more than the actual cost of materials actual cost of materials and labor.and labor.

The worker then The worker then “kicked back” a portion “kicked back” a portion of the earnings to the of the earnings to the machine.machine.

The NY City Courthouse was built using Graft money

The Tweed Ring:The Tweed Ring: Boss TweedBoss Tweed

(William M. Tweed) (William M. Tweed) became the head became the head of Tammany Hall- of Tammany Hall- NYC’s powerful NYC’s powerful Democratic Democratic political machine.political machine.

Between 1869-Between 1869-1871 1871 Boss Tweed led a group of led a group of people (people (Tweed Tweed RingRing) in defrauding ) in defrauding the city for millions the city for millions of dollars.of dollars.

What Did Tweed Do? – Story What Did Tweed Do? – Story Time!Time!

The NYC The NYC Courthouse was Courthouse was being built. The being built. The project cost tax project cost tax payers $13 million, payers $13 million, while the actual while the actual cost was only $3 cost was only $3 million! The million! The difference went to difference went to the the Tweed RingTweed Ring. It . It is estimated that is estimated that the Tweed Ring the Tweed Ring stole between $30-stole between $30-$200 million dollars $200 million dollars from NYC.from NYC.

Eventually…They Got Busted!Eventually…They Got Busted! In 1871 the ring In 1871 the ring

was broken.was broken. Tweed was Tweed was

indicted on 120 indicted on 120 counts of fraud and counts of fraud and extortion and was extortion and was sentenced to 12 sentenced to 12 years in jail.years in jail.

His sentence got His sentence got reduced to 1 year reduced to 1 year but he got in but he got in trouble again and trouble again and was arrested.was arrested.

http://www.travelchannel.com/video/the-story-of-boss-tweed

1. What is the significance of the word LAW on the torn piece of paper?

2. What affect do you think Nast wanted to have on his audience?

Patronage:Patronage: National politics National politics

were also corrupt – were also corrupt – It’s all about who It’s all about who you know.you know.

PatronagePatronage: giving : giving of government jobs of government jobs to people of the to people of the same party who same party who had helped a had helped a candidate get candidate get elected.elected.

Civil Service:Civil Service:

Civil Service-Civil Service- Government Government jobsjobs

Reformers Reformers proposed that proposed that civil service jobs civil service jobs would go to the would go to the most qualified, most qualified, regardless of regardless of political views.political views.

President Hayes:President Hayes:

President President Rutherford B. Rutherford B. HayesHayes (19 (19thth president) president) attempted to attempted to reform civil servicereform civil service

Some members of Some members of Republican party Republican party objectedobjected

He decides not to He decides not to run for re-election run for re-election (no support)(no support)

Garfield’s Assassination:Garfield’s Assassination: StalwartsStalwarts (a political (a political

faction) opposed faction) opposed change in patronage change in patronage system.system.

ReformersReformers supported supported changing the systemchanging the system

New PresidentNew President James James GarfieldGarfield (20 (20thth president) attempts to president) attempts to reform the patronage reform the patronage system and is system and is assassinatedassassinated

Chester A. ArthurChester A. Arthur Garfield’s VP - Garfield’s VP - Becomes the new Becomes the new President (21President (21stst president)president)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N6USyilfk6w

Chester A. Arthur in Action:Chester A. Arthur in Action: Arthur’s first Arthur’s first

message to the message to the Congress was to Congress was to pass the pass the Pendleton Civil Pendleton Civil Service ActService Act - - Created a civil Created a civil service commission service commission to give government to give government jobs based on jobs based on merit, not politicsmerit, not politics

This caused This caused politicians to turn politicians to turn to big businesses to big businesses for moneyfor money