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DESIGN OF THERMOELECTRIC ENERGY HARVESTER USING LTC 3108
BOOST CONVERTER
MUHAMMAD ZULHAIZER BIN AB RASHID
This Report Is Submitted In Partial Fulfillment Of Requirements
For The Bachelor
Degree of Electronic Engineering (Industrial Electronic)
Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektronik dan Kejuruteraan Komputer
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
June 2013
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UNIVERSTI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN
ELEKTRONIK DAN KEJURUTERAAN KOMPUTER
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN
PROJEK SARJANA MUDA II
Tajuk Projek :
Design Of Thermoelectric Energy Harvester Using LTC3108
Boost Converter
Sesi
Pengajian : 0 8 / 0 9
Saya MUHAMMAD ZULHAIZER BIN AB RASHID mengaku membenarkan
Laporan Projek
Sarjana Muda ini disimpan di Perpustakaan dengan syarat-syarat
kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Laporan adalah hakmilik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia
Melaka.
2. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan
pengajian sahaja.
3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan ini sebagai
bahan pertukaran antara institusi
pengajian tinggi.
4. Sila tandakan ( ) :
SULIT*
*(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau
kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA
RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
TERHAD**
**(Mengandungi maklumat terhad yang telah ditentukan oleh
organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh:
__________________________
___________________________________ (TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (COP
DAN TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)
Tarikh: .. Tarikh: ..
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I declare that this thesis entitled Design of Thermoelectric
Energy Harvester Using
LTC3108 Boost Converter is the result of my own research except
as cited in the
references. The thesis has not been accept for any degree and is
not concurrently
submitted in candidature for any other degree.
Signature :
Author : MUHAMMAD ZULHAIZER BIN AB RASHID
Date : 10th
JUNE, 2013
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I hereby declare that I have read this thesis and in my opinion
this thesis is sufficient in
term of scope and quality for the award of the Bachelor of
Electronic Engineering
(Electronic Industries) With Honours
Signature :
Supervisor name : ENGR HAZLI RAFIS BIN ABDUL RAHIM
Date : 10th
JUNE, 2013
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Specially dedicated to my beloved parents, family members and
fellows friend
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APPRECIATION
First of all, praise to Allah S.W.T., because of His grace, I
was able to implement
my final year project till the end without any problems. I want
to take this opportunity to
express my appreciation to those who have helped me a lot
throughout completing my
PSM whether directly or indirectly. Special thanks to my family
especially both of my
parent who non-stop gave me morale supports and financial
resources. Thanks also to
my supervisor, Eng. Hazli Rafis Bin Abdul Rahim, for guiding me
throughout getting an
analysis and also gave some advice for my project. Lastly for my
love, housemate and
fellow friends, thank you so much for helped me out when I need
an idea or something
that related with my project. I express my gratitude for
everyone that I not mention
above and hope God will repay you well one day.
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ABSTRACT
Renewable energy technique is the process of converting
available ambient
energy into usable electrical energy through the use of a
particular material or
transduction mechanism. Nowadays, the evolution of new
technology which involving
renewable energy technique and smart grid system has a huge
potential in the energy
market. In line with the current technology interest in the
smart grid technology, power
transformer health condition becomes one of the main issue need
to be considered. The
way to monitor health condition of the power transformer has
started to evolve from
typical monitoring technique to a new development of using
energy harvesting
technology to activate sensors network for the monitoring
purpose. For this project,
Thermoelectric Power Generator (TEG) is used to convert the heat
energy get from the
power transformer into small electrical energy in order to power
up electronic devices
that will triggering up the monitoring system. TEG only produces
small electrical
energy, so the boost converter is needed in order to increase
the electrical energy from
the TEG and get its maximum power point tracking (MPTT). The
boost converter is a
type of DC-to-DC converter which has a greater output than the
input voltage. So, the
result of this project will show us the small electrical energy,
converted from the heat
energy , range between 20 mV to 1.5V that is get from the TEG
will be raised up until at
least 5V using a boost converter. 5V is the minimum volts to
trigger up the PIC circuit
or any others small electronic appliance that has low power
consumption.
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ABSTRAK
Teknik tenaga boleh diperbaharui adalah proses menukarkan tenaga
ambien yang
sedia ada kepada tenaga elektrik yang boleh digunakan melalui
penggunaan bahan
tertentu atau mekanisme transduksi. Kini, perkembangan teknologi
baru yang
melibatkan teknik tenaga boleh diperbaharui dan sistem grid
pintar mempunyai potensi
yang besar dalam pasaran tenaga. Selaras dengan kepentingan
teknologi semasa dalam
teknologi grid pintar, keadaan transformer kuasa menjadi salah
satu isu utama yang
perlu dipertimbangkan. Cara untuk memantau keadaan transformer
kuasa telah berubah
mengikut peredaran masa sehinggalah penghasilan teknologi baru
melalui penuaian
tenaga untuk menghidupkan rangkaian sensor sebagai tujuan
pemantauan.Untuk projek
ini, penjana thermoelectric (TEG) digunakan untuk menukarkan
tenaga haba yang
diperolehi daripada transformer kuasa kepada tenaga elektrik
kecil yang mampu
menghidupkan alat-alat elektronik yang akan mencetuskan satu
sistem pemantauan.
TEG akan menghasilkan tenaga elektrik kecil, jadi penukar
tingkat diperlukan dalam
usaha untuk meningkatkan tenaga elektrik daripada TEG dan
mendapatkan pengesanan
titik kuasa maksimum (MPTT). Penukar tingkat adalah sejenis
penukar DC ke DC yang
mempunyai keluaran yang lebih besar daripada voltan masukan.
Jadi, hasil daripada
projek ini akan menunjukkan kepada kita tenaga elektrik kecil,
ditukar daripada tenaga
haba, julat antara 20 mV sehingga 1.5V yang didapati daripada
TEG akan ditingkatkan
sehingga sekurang-kurangnya 5V menggunakan penukar tingkat. 5V
adalah volt
minimum untuk menghidupkan litar PIC atau mana-mana perkakas
elektronik lain yang
mempunyai penggunaan kuasa yang rendah.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER CONTENT PAGES
PROJECT TITLE i
DECLARATION iii
DEDICATION v
APPRECIATION vi
ABSTRACT vii
ABSTRAK viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ix
LIST OF TABLES xiii
LIST OF FIGURES xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xvi
LIST OF APPENDICES xvii
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I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Introduction 1
1.2 Project Objective 5
1.3 Problem Statement 5
1.4 Scope of Work 6
1.5 Brief Description of Methodology 6
1.6 Report Overview 6
II BACKGROUND STUDY / LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Basic Understanding of Boost Converter (Ideal Circuit) 8
2.1.1 Mathematical Model of Boost Converter 11
2.2 Literature Review From Related Journal 12
2.3 Basic Introduction Based On Literature Review 17
2.3.1 List of Hardware Involved 17
2.3.1.1 TEG 17
2.3.1.2 LTC3108 IC 21
2.3.1.2.1 Pin Configuration of LTC3108 22
2.3.1.2.2 Operation of LTC3108 26
2.3.1.3 SMT Component 33
2.3.1.3.1 History of SMT 35
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2.3.1.3.2 Advantage and Disadvantage of SMT 36
2.3.1.3.3 Type and Size of SMT Component 38
2.3.1.4 Custom Made Double Layer PCB 39
2.3.2 List of Software Involved 40
III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Project Background 41
3.2 Project Methodology 43
3.2.1 Phase of Method and Approach
3.2.1.1 First Phase (Literature Review) 45
3.2.1.2 Second Phase (Design, Simulation and Analysis) 45
3.2.1.3 Third Phase (Implementation) 49
3.2.1.4 Fourth Phase (Thesis Writing) 49
IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction 50
4.2 Structure of the System 51
4.3 Final Design 52
4.3.1 Circuit Diagram (Schematic) 52
4.3.2 Circuit Diagram (PCB Layout) 53
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4.3.2.1 Pin Name and Function 54
4.4 Final Product 55
4.5 Analysis of TEG and LTC3108 Boost Converter 58
4.5.1 Voltage Output Versus Current (TEG) 58
4.5.2 Temperature Versus V out (TEG) 59
4.5.3 Vin Versus Vout (LTC3108 Boost Converter) 60
4.6 Final Output of LTC3108 Boost Converter 62
4.7 Final Discussion 62
V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion 63
5.2 Potential of Commercialization 64
5.3 Recommendation 64
REFERENCES 65
APPENDICES 67
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LIST OF TABLES
NO. DESCRIPTION PAGES
2.1 Pin Function of LTC3108 23
2.2 Regulated Voltage Using Pins VS1 and VS2 25
2.3 Operation of LTC3108 27
4.1 Pins Name and Its Function 54
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LIST OF FIGURES
NO. DESCRIPTION PAGES
1.1 Power Transformer in Distribution System 2
1.2 Hot Spot Measurement of High Voltage Transformer 3
2.1 Basic Circuit of Boost Converter 10
2.2 ON and OFF State of Basic Boost Converter 11
2.3 Example of TEG Device 18
2.4 The Seebeck Effect Due To Temperature Gradient 19
2.5 Basic Structure of Thermoelectric Couple 20
2.6 Equivalent Thermoelectric Model 21
2.7 Pin Configuration of LTC3108 23
2.8 Block Diagram of LTC3108 27
2.9 Output Voltage Sequencing with Vout Programmed
for 3.3V (Time Not to Scale) 33
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2.10 Comparison between SMT Component (left) with
Through-hole Component (right) 34
2.11 Surface-mount Capacitor 34
2.12 Size of SMT Component 38
3.1 Flow of Project 43
3.2 Methodology Flowchart 44
4.1 Structure of the System 52
4.2 Schematic Diagram of the Project 53
4.3 PCB Layout Diagram of the Project 54
4.4 Final Product Using LTC3108 IC And Surface
Mount Component 56
4.5 Real Size of the Product Which Is Compact 57
4.6 Final Product Inside the Packaging 57
4.7 Vout, V VS Current,I 59
4.8 Temperature, C VS Vout, V 60
4.9 Vin, V VS Vout, V 61
4.10 Final Output 62
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
TNB Tenaga Nasional Berhad
TEG Thermoelectric Generator
V - Voltage
PIC Programmable Integrated Circuit
IC Integrated Circuit
DC Direct Current
PWM Pulse Width Modulator
SMD Surface Mount Device
SMT Surface Mount Technology
PMC Power Management Circuit
PCB Printed Circuit Board
I Current
C - Celcius
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LIST OF APPENDICES
(noted that the appendix section is start at page 67)
NO. DESCRIPTION PAGES
A ELECTRICAL AND TYPICAL PERFORMANCE
CHARACTERISTIC OF LTC3108 APPENDIX A-1
B TYPE OF SMT PACKAGE APPENDIX B-1
C GAANT CHART APPENDIX C-1
D COMPONENT SELECTION APPENDIX D-1
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Introduction
Renewable energy technique is the process of converting
available ambient
energy into usable electrical energy through the use of a
particular material or
transduction mechanism. Nowadays, the evolution of new
technology which involving
renewable energy technique and smart grid system has a huge
potential in the energy
market. Although the application of new technology in the smart
grid system has
evolved rapidly, devices such as power transformer is still be a
major component in the
power distribution system. Thus, in line with the current
technology interest in the smart
grid technology, power transformer health condition becomes one
of the main issues
considered.
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Figure 1.1: Power Transformer In Distribution System
In this situation, the health condition of power transformer is
about how much
the heat generate during the transformer operated. Heat is
generated due to the high
voltages that need to be step-up or step-down by the
transformer. Overheat may cause
minor or major damage to the transformer and this will affect
the performance of the
transformer and this also will lead to failure of the
transformer. So to reduce and
overcome this problem, we must have a device that could monitor
the heat generate by
the power transformer. This monitoring system will be used to
inform the relevant
authority, for example Tenaga Nasional Bhd. (TNB) or other
electric supply company,
whether the temperature of the transformer is in control or not.
This will allowed them to
make any maintenance before the transformer malfunction or get
any another major
damage.
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Figure 1.2: Hot Spot Measurement of High Voltage Transformer
The way to monitor power transformer has started to evolve from
typical
monitoring technique to a new development of using energy
harvesting technology to
activate sensors network for the monitoring purpose. The ambient
heat energy obtained
from the power transformer will be harvested to turn on power
electronic compensator
and driven the sensors.
In producing an auto monitoring system for the power
transformer, the
Thermoelectric Power Generator (TEG) can be used as a device
which will generate a
small electrical energy. Normally TEG will generate an
electrical voltage between 20
mV to 1.5 V, depend from the heat generated. When the
temperature increases, the
voltage generated also increases. The output of TEG is normally
very small and varies.
This is because the output is depend on the temperature
different between 2 different
plate inside the TEG, so this small electrical energy need to be
boost up to a higher level
which can be used to triggering up the PIC circuit. Normally PIC
usually need around
5V to 5.5V to be operated. Therefore, the input get from the TEG
must be boost up at
least 5V to let the PIC switch ON. There are two function of
this PIC circuit in this
situation. First, PIC circuit is used to triggering up the
communication device such as
Zigbee or Xbee to the user. Secondly, this PIC circuit reads the
surrounding heat
temperature using a heat sensor so that this temperature reading
can be sent through the
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communication device and be used by the user whether the
temperature of power
transformer is still in control or not.
This project only covered up until the operation of TEG and the
design a boost
converter which used LTC3108 IC and also Surface Mount Device
(SMD). This design
of boost converter must be compact and able to step-up the
voltage produce by the TEG
which in range between 0.7V to 1.5V into a minimum output level
which is at least 5V.
The LTC3108 is a highly integrated DC-DC converter ideal for
harvesting and
managing surplus energy from extremely low input voltage sources
such as TEGs
thermopiles and small solar cells. The step-up topology operates
from input voltages as
low as 20mV.
Using a small step-up transformer, the LTC3108 provides a
complete power
management solution for wireless sensing and data acquisition.
The 2.2V LDO powers
an external microprocessor, while the main output is programmed
to one of four fixed
voltages to power a wireless transmitter or sensors. The power
good indicator signals
that the main output voltage is within regulation. A second
output can be enabled by the
host. A storage capacitor provides power when the input voltage
source is unavailable.
Extremely low quiescent current and high efficiency design
ensure the fastest possible
charge times of the output reservoir capacitor.
The LTC3108 is available in a small, thermally enhanced 12-lead
(3mm 4mm)
DFN package and a 16-lead SSOP package.
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1.2 Project Objective
i. To design a compact DC-DC boost converter using LTC3108 IC
and SMD in
order to increase and stabilize the output voltage generated
from the TEG.
ii. To demonstrate experimentally DC/DC boost converter using
LTC3108.
iii. To analyze and evaluate the characteristic of TEG and
output range produced
from the boost converter whether it capable to supply a
sufficient voltage and
activated at least small electronic devices.
1.3 Problem Statement
i. TEG generated power which is varies, intermittent and
limited, so the power
management circuit (PMC) using DC-DC boost converter which use
an
LTC3108 and SMD component can be used to stabilize the power to
the load and
also extract maximum power.
ii. The needs of alternative power supply to power the sensor
system to grant the
effectiveness of the sensor system.
iii. The maintenance cost to change the battery is a big issue
as batteries is known to
have short lifetime
iv. A renewable energy is an energy that have a large potential
in the market
nowadays, so we need to design a new source of energy using a
renewable
energy to power up small or low voltage device by manipulating
an energy
harvesting technique
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1.4 Scope of Work
i. Determine the output voltage that can be harvested from the
TEG circuit based
on temperature different from surrounding. This output voltage
will be used as an
input to the boost converter circuit.
ii. Developed circuit which is used to power up the PIC circuit
that involving the
TEG and boost converter using LTC3108 IC, SMD component and
fabricated
circuit . Where SMD component consists of resistor, capacitor
and small
transformer.
1.5 Report Overview
Design of Thermoelectric Energy Harvester using LTC3108 boost
converter is
the title of this report where it contains a combination of five
chapters from the
introduction of this project to the outcome, expected result and
conclusion of this
project. The report is written in detail on each of every step
to take under consideration
on the progression of the project.
Chapter 1 elaborate briefly what the project is all matter. Here
clearly stated the
background of the project, the objective, the scope of work of
this project, brief
description of methodology and the overview of each of the
chapter contains.
Chapter 2 is some of the literature review from an article,
paper work, book,
website and all the written text that are related to the project
topic. Where in this thesis,
it is included a literature review on TEG, Boost converter, SMD
component and
LTC3108 as all of the materials is used in this project.
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Chapter 3 is on the methodology of overall project. It will
discuss about the
project background and also project methodology. At project
methodology we will
discuss further the way how this project will going on. It is
not limited to the hardware
choose, it also discuss on the software implementation
choose.
Chapter 4 will discuss about the result that had been obtain
from the project such
as the structure of the system, finished product and analysis
taken. This chapter also we
will discuss about the overall data that have been
collected.
Chapter 5 will concludes the overall view of the project. This
chapter will
summarize the findings of the project, analysis achievement,
potential of
commercialization and suggest further research for the
future.
1- FRONT PAGE2-Borang Pengesahan Status Laporan3-DECLARE UNTIL
ABSTRACTdocx4 - TABLE OF CONTENTS5 - LIST OF TABLES6 - LIST OF
FIGURES7 - LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS8 - LIST OF APPENDICES9 - FULL
COMPLETE CHAPTER I UNTIL V10 - APPENDIX A - ELECTRICAL
CHARACTERISTIC11 - APPENDIX B - TYPE OF SMT12 - APPENDIX C- GAANT
CHART13 - APPENDIX D - COMPONENT SELECTION