Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 1 Thermoelectric applications Thermoelectric generators Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour France Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Ingénieur Appliquées à la Mécanique et au Génie Electrique (SIAME EA4581), Fédération IPRA FR2952 CHAMPIER Daniel
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 1
Thermoelectric applications
Thermoelectric generators
Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour France
Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Ingénieur Appliquées à la Mécanique
et au Génie Electrique (SIAME EA4581),
Fédération IPRA FR2952
CHAMPIER Daniel
Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 2
Thermoelectric (TE) Generators TEG
Heat
Generator Heat
sink
TE modules
Electrical power
(<5%)
exchanger exchanger
Electronic
converter
Storage Battery
convert directly a very small part of the heat moving through them into electricity
Module efficiency
.TEWe T 1 zT 1
TcQh Th 1 zTTh
Th Tc Tsh Tsc
.TE
H C TE
RT Ts
R R R
efficiency, generator maximum power
.
. . .Max 2 2elec
NSW T
8L
Dependence upon the temperature
difference across the thermoelements
Construction :
number of thermoelements
cross-sectional area
length of each element.
‘‘power factor’’ :
type of TE material
Maximum Power
DC DC
Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 3
3 International Energy Agency publication :2013 Keyworld energy statistic
World total final consumption from 1971 to 2011
by fuel (Mtoe)
***Other includes geothermal, solar, wind, etc
1Toe=tonne of oil equivalent =41.8 GJ =11.6 MWh = 1 Tep (français)
Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 4
Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 57
Space applications
Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator
• compact
• Continuous power sources
• Used in deep space for several decades
• reliable
• Use nuclear fuel relatively easy to manipulate Curium-244
and Plutonium-238
• Materials used: PbSnTe, PbTe, TAGS, SiGe
Conclusion
Current research:
Improved performance of materials: reduced thermal conductivity of the
network
Zintl, skutterudites, couples segmented.
Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 58
Remote Power Solutions
REJECTED
HEAT
500 Watts 24 Volts
Natural Gas 48m3/day
Propane 76L/day or 38kg/day
COOLING
FINS
EXHAUST
OUT
LOAD
FUEL IN
T
E
G
F
L
A
M
E
Oil or gas pipelines
Well sites
Offshore platforms
Telecommunications sites
Communications systems
….
Critical application requiring highly reliable power
Low maintenance required
Long life
Extreme climatic conditions (hot, cold, wet, dry)
Remote locations
Propane 38kg/day
Heating Value 50MJ/kg Energy per day= 1900MJ=527kW.h
500 W electric Energy per day= 12 kW.h Efficiency : 2.2 %
April 1, 2014
Engine generator: efficiency 16 % and price …!
Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 59
Remote Power Solutions
500 Watts 24 Volts
Natural Gas 48m3/day
Propane 76L/day or 38kg/day
Pipeline: 550 watts
communications system
Andes Mountains, Chile
Off shore: 200 watts
communications and safety
equipement, multiple systems
- Thailand
Critical application requiring highly reliable power
Low maintenance required
Long life
Extreme climatic conditions (hot, cold, wet, dry)
Remote location Telecommunications:50 watts
helicopter access only,
emergency communications system
- Rocky Mountains, Canada
Pipeline:
5000 watts for SCADA
communications and cathodic
protection of gas pipeline - India
Niche market for TEG
Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 60
Remote Power Solutions
electrical output of a Model 5060 TEG
Maximum Power for an
electrical load between
0.4 and 0.9 ohm
Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 61
Biomass stoves
Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
Decentralized electricity generation
Developing countries
Biomass primary energy source
(cooking, heating, domestic hot water)
Developed countries
Connection to the network is not always
economically attractive
Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 62
• Biomass energy is used for basic needs : cooking and heating
• They needs electricity for light, cellular phone and radio
• Biomass is burnt through open fire stoves – low efficiency forest destruction and global warming contribution
– high emissions of air pollutants health damaging
• “Planète Bois” is developing an improved multifunction biomass fired stove. combustion chamber is designed to achieve almost complete combustion of wood
A fan is necessary to increase the air/fuel ratio
Smoke can be extracted with a horizontal pipe avoiding the building of a vertical chimney
• Connecting these households to the power grid cost of building new landlines from US$300 to more than US$4000
cost of distribution of electricity from US$0.07 to US$5.1 per kWh
• thermoelectric generators are cost-effective options for these specific off-grid households.
1.2 billion people
without electricity
in developing countries
Thermoelectric power generator for Biomass
Stoves
Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 63
Review of thermoelectric generators
for cooking stoves
Author Heat sink (cold side) Type of module * Power per
module
Nuwayhid 2003 Natural air cooling Peltier 1W
Nuwayhid 2005 Natural air cooling Seebeck 4.2W
Nuwayhid 2005 Heat pipes cooling Seebeck 3.4W
Lertsatitthanakorn 2007 Natural air cooling Seebeck 2.4 W
Mastbergen 2007 Forced air cooling (1W) Seebeck + 4W regulated
“BioLite” 2009 Forced air cooling (1W) Seebeck + 2 W
Champier “TEGBioS “ 2009 Water cooling Seebeck 5W
Champier “TEGBioS II“ 2010
Water cooling
Seebeck
9.5W
7.5 W regulated
Rinalde 2010 Forced water cooling (?W) Seebeck 10 W
O'Shaughnessy 2014 Forced air cooling (?W) Seebeck 5.9W regulated
Bismuth Tellurid (Bi2Te3)
* Peltier :
The temperature difference is limited due to the maximum temperature supported by the solder
The geometry is optimized for cooling and not for power generation.
* Seebeck
The hot side work at a temperature as high as 300°C continuously.
The geometry is optimized for power generation
Heat source : hot gas
Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 64
Open fire vs cooking stove
Open fire
very low efficiency (5-10%)
emission of harmful black fumes
increase pressure on natural forests
85 % global efficiency
maxi CO level of 200 g/GJ
reduce the fuelwood consumption by two
uses cut branches (length 40 cm, diameter between 4 and 8 cm)
Simultaneous cooking of 2 dishes
Important production of domestic hot water:
showering, cleaning, laundry, dishes.
Cumulus effect: available hot water between 2 sessions
available hot water for morning ablutions.
low temperature radiant heating
mechanical extraction (electric fan) no chimney
less expensive and easier installation
Planète bois
cooking stove
clean household
woodstove
Rocket stove
T-LUD (Top Lid UpDraft)
efficiency (40%) efficiency (35%)
Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 65
“Planète Bois” Cooking stove and TEG
Biomass stove
A) pyrolyzing chamber
B) hot incoming combustion gas
D) cooking plate
E) water tank 18 liters
F) fan
Electric fan
Pyrolysis
chamber
Mixing zone
(shaker)
Flaming
chamber
Water
tank
TEG
Smoke
box
Forced draft
Primary air
entrance
Secondary air
entrance
Power 6 kW
Domestic hot water production
30L each 30 min
Wood consumption 1,5kg per hour
Outside Dimensions (L,w,h) 110x60x85 cm
Life expectancy 15 years
Average efficiency More than 80% 10 kW wood consumption
2.4 kW are used in heating the water 4.5 kW are used in heating the room and inertia
0.9 kW is used for cooking
The idea is to put the TEG in a cogeneration system which
simultaneously provides electric power and heat for the hot water
Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 66
“Planète Bois” Cook stoves
Primary air
entrance Secondary air
entrance
Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 67
TEG for stoves
T2
T1
T3
T8
T4 T5
T9 T7 T6
Heat flow
TE
module
Aluminium heat exchanger
Water tank
Thgi1
Thgo
Tw2
Thgi2
TE modules
Heat exchanger
TE modules
Tank Wall
Thermocouple Aluminum
Water
Water tank
67
Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 68
Maximum Power Point Tracking Boost converter.
Converter
+ -
Battery
DC
DC TE modules
Heat exchanger
Tank
Hot gas
Water
Vin
Iin
MPPT
Microcontroller
MC9SO8
Vout
Iout
Eoc
Ri
TE
Generator DC/DC convertor Battery + Load
Virtual load
Pulse Width Modulation
Ri
Eoc
T Cold
THot
R v
TE module
Virtual Load
V in
I in
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Po
wer
(
W)
Voltage Vin (V)
Thot=250 ° C Thot=200 ° C Thot=150 ° C Thot=100 ° C
Tcold =50 °C
E oc /2 E oc
Maximum power point Vin est contrôlé par le rapport cyclique dc
Fraction de période pendant laquelle l’interrupteur est ouvert
Vin=Vout (1-dc)=Vbatterie (1-dc)
Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 69
Maximum Power Point Tracking Boost converter.
Converter
+ -
Battery
DC
DC TE modules
Heat exchanger
Tank
Hot gas
Water
Choix correct de l’incrément de Dc
0,988
0,990
0,992
0,994
0,996
0,998
1,000
0 5 10 15 20
effic
ienc
y
Input Power Pe
Measured efficiency of the MPPT algorithm
Efficiency : Pin/Pmax
Measure Iin
Measure Vin
Calculate Pin
Change duty cycle
Compare with
previous Pin
Vin and Iin change
Measure Iin
Measure Vin
Calculate Pin
Change duty cycle
Compare with
previous Pin
Vin and Iin change
Algorithm Perturb and Observe
On est sur d’être au moins à 99% de la
puissance max
Avec les pertes du convertisseur :90%
Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 70
“Planète Bois” Cooking stove and TEG
Temperatures fluctuate a lot
A) pyrolyzing chamber
B) hot incoming combustion gas
D) cooking plate
E) water tank 18 liters
F) fan
Power 6 kW
Domestic hot water production
30L each 30 min
Wood consumption 1,5kg per hour
Outside Dimensions (L,w,h) 110x60x85 cm
Life expectancy 15 years
Average efficiency More than 80%
Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 71
“Planète Bois” Cooking stove and TEG
Output Electrical Power : 23.7 W.h
Fan consumption : 15.3 W.h
A) pyrolyzing chamber
B) hot incoming combustion gas
D) cooking plate
E) water tank 18 liters
F) fan
Power 6 kW
Domestic hot water production
30L each 30 min
Wood consumption 1,5kg per hour
Outside Dimensions (L,w,h) 110x60x85 cm
Life expectancy 15 years
Average efficiency More than 80%
Heat flow
B
Aluminium heat exchanger
Water tank
Thgi1
Tgo
Thgi2
B
A
A
D
C
C
Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 72
TEG results. Cycle one cooking
1h30min
Day 1
2 cookings
Electrical energy
produced
23.7Wh 47,4Wh
Average electric Power 15.8 W
Fan consumption 15.3Wh 30,6Wh
Extra Use
Use’s exemple*
one phone charge
1 hours of light
1 phone charge almost
4 hours of light
Major Advantage - Wood consumption divided by two
- Healthy (less black fumes)
- More comfort for women
- low CO
* Phone battery of 3.7V, 1050mAh and light consummation of 4W
TE generators are cost-effective solutions for off-grid households with low income.
Cost one sample Big quantity
Aluminium 60€ 30€
electronic part 31€ 15€
TE modules 75€ x6 27€ x 6
TE generator 541€ 207€
Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 73
Advantages of TEG’s
The advantages of thermoelectric generator are :
It does not need extra energy from the stove.
• It will use the heat flux between the gas and the water tank
• It will only convert a small part into electrical energy.
It is incorporated into the cook stove:
• it requires no electrical link with the outside world, unlike solar panels, or
manipulation of battery.
The maintenance is very light:
• nothing is moving,
• everything is inside the house,
• only the battery needs to be changed at the end of its life.
The generator produces when the stove is on, day and night in good or in rainy
weather (monsoon period) unlike solar panel.
The battery does need to be oversized as each use of the stove recharges the battery
unlike solar system where you need to store energy for the cloudy days.
Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 74
Today Tomorrow
with TEG
Somewhere in a village
Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 75
thermoelectric generators for cooking stoves
Biolite
USB
2W 5V
Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 76
Biolite
HomeStove and CampStove
Ghana
Lake Brassua (Maine)
129$
Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 77
Combined Heat and Power (CHP) with TEG
Automatic Pellet Furnaces, especially Small Scale Combustion Units
Market
East of Europe and North-America
because of unreliable Electric Power Grids
Stove with TEG 400
Max: 8 kWth, 100 Wel
Air cooling
Boiler with TEG 400
Max: 12 kWth, 300 Wel
Water cooling
Outlook BIOENERGY 2020+
Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 78
Combined Heat and Power (CHP) with TEG
Module 8cmx8cm
TEG
Biomass CHP
(pellets)
BIOENERGY 2020+
Location Wieselburg 100km from Vienna !
Decentralized production for decentralized utilization
Production of electricity during periods of high heat demand
and low offer of other renewable energies:
• During winter
• Whilst twilight or night
• During times without sun and wind
Fuel heat output: 10 kW
Nominal electric power: 200 - 400 W
• 8 plates, each with 2 modules
• Positioned around flame
• Heated from inside, cooled from outside
Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 79
Autonomous Gas Heaters
2011 M. Codecasa Design and development of a teg cogenerator device integrated in self standing gas heaters
Heater 8kW
Thot 305°C
Tcold 125°C
Power 7.8W
Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 80
Energy Harvesting for Low Power Electronics
http://www.micropelt.com
Modern wireless sensor modules require only ~100 W -10mW
Micropelt thermogenerator offers a high density of up to 100
thermoelectric leg pairs per mm2
200 C max.
Electrical:
•Thermo-Voltage: uTEG = 0.14 V/K
•Electrical Resistance: RTEG ~ 350
•Thermal Resistance: Rth = 12,5 K/W
Take a small portion of a lost flow of ‘primary’ energy, and convert it into a small flow of USEFUL
electrical energy.
Every technical process produces waste heat
4.2mmx3.3mmx1mm
5mW is enough for most microsensor
Micropelt MPG-D751
Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 81
Energy Harvesting for Low Power Electronics
http://www.micropelt.com
Emerson WiHART
Differential Pressure Transmitter
ABB Technology Demonstrator
•Self-powered WirelessHART temperature
transmitter
•Fully integrated thermogenerators
•Powered by Micropelt TEG & boost technology
Applications :
Wireless sensors
Data loggers
Direct valve control
Wireless pneumatic control
Use heat from 15 mm pipe
Output power 3.5mw
at 60°C and ambiant 25°C
Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 82
Energy Harvesting for Low Power Electronics
www.nextreme.com
thermobility™ wpg-1
wireless power generator
D. Samson, “Aircraft-specific thermoelectric
generator module, 2010
Phase changing material
H2O
40 minutes of electrical
power after take-off !!
Temperature outside -20°
Laird technology
Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 83
Solar Thermal to Thermoelectricity
Solar Thermoelectricity STEG
5 21001 10 W/m
0.001
q Tk
A L
-1 -11 W.m Kk
100T K
0.001L m
Heat flux through a thermoelectric leg
Solar insulation: ~ 1 000 W/m2
Need to concentrate heat by ~100 times
Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 84
Solar Thermoelectrics
1000°C
SiGe
Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 85
Solar Thermoelectrics STEG
Kraemer High-performance flat-panel solar thermoelectric generators with high thermal concentration Nat mat 2011
The developed solar thermoelectric generators (STEGs) achieved a peak
efficiency of 4.6% under AM1.5G (1 kW m−2) conditions.
Photovoltaic: efficiency 20 %
Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 86
Design of thermoelectric generator
Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 87
An example of TEG
Hot exchanger
Cold exchanger
87
Thermoelectric modules
Bi2Te3 Thermonamic
Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 88
Thermoelectric Generator
TEG
Hot fin exchanger Cold exchanger
88
Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 89
Numerical model
Diagram of a half exchanger
• Standard equations of thermoelectricity, heat
transfers
Steady state
89
Convective exchange correlations
Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 90
Numerical model
-Electrical equivalent model calculated for each k secondary cutting.
-All parameters are temperature
dependent.
- Newton-Raphson method for convergence.
90
Daniel CHAMPIER applications de la thermoélectricité GDR Thermoélectricité 2014 91