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Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements O. Radakovitch 1 , S. Gairoard 1 , E. Resongles 1 , A. Veron 1 , J.P. Ambrosi 1 M. Coquery 2 , A. Dabrin 2 , C. Le Bescond 2 , J. Panay 2 , G. Poulier 2 , M.Masson 2 , J. Le Coz 2 , 1- CEREGE, UM 34, 13545 Aix-en-Provence 2 IRSTEA, UR hydrologie-hydraulique, UR Milieux aquatiques, écologie et pollutions. AROHM 22 Novembre 2016 Atelier OHM « contaminants métalliques »
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Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements€¦ · Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements O. Radakovitch 1, S. Gairoard , E. Resongles1, ... AROHM

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Page 1: Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements€¦ · Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements O. Radakovitch 1, S. Gairoard , E. Resongles1, ... AROHM

Contamination of the Rhone River

By Trace Metal Elements

O. Radakovitch1, S. Gairoard1, E. Resongles1,

A. Veron1, J.P. Ambrosi1

M. Coquery2, A. Dabrin2, C. Le Bescond2, J. Panay2, G.

Poulier2, M.Masson2, J. Le Coz2,

1- CEREGE, UM 34, 13545 Aix-en-Provence

2 – IRSTEA, UR hydrologie-hydraulique, UR

Milieux aquatiques, écologie et pollutions.

AROHM – 22 Novembre 2016 – Atelier OHM « contaminants métalliques »

Page 2: Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements€¦ · Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements O. Radakovitch 1, S. Gairoard , E. Resongles1, ... AROHM

Rhone Sediment Observatory

(OSR)

Objective : increase the scientific knowledge on the sediment dynamics in

the Rhone river and answer to operational questions.

Area : the fluvial channel from Switzerland to the Mediterranean Sea

including the confluences with major tributaries

Scientific and stakeholder partners: Management:

L’OSR est un observatoire de la

ZABR

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OSR 1 Starting year

OSR 2 3 axes & 12 actions to propose the state-of-the -art

OSR 3 Transition year: few actions

OSR 4

OSR Time-line

2009

2010-2013

2014

2015-2017 5 axes & 22 actions

Directors :

Hervé Piégay (EVS LYON) et Olivier Radakovitch (CEREGE)

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OSR 4 Actions (2015-2017)

Page 5: Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements€¦ · Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements O. Radakovitch 1, S. Gairoard , E. Resongles1, ... AROHM

Stakes related to Trace Metal Elements

• To determine their concentrations in the SPM (Suspended Particulate

Matter), their temporal variations and their fluxes (Water Agency: Barcelona

Convention for the Mediterranea Sea)

• To characterize their links with the bearing phases (Grain-size, mineral

phases, organic matter)

• To evaluate the real contamination DREAL, WA

• To locate their sources: tributaries, sediments stored on the banks or in

the reservoirs, point sources as industries or cities.

• To use them as tracers of the origin of the SPM in the watershed

In the long term: to modelize their transfer and fluxes

Page 6: Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements€¦ · Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements O. Radakovitch 1, S. Gairoard , E. Resongles1, ... AROHM

Observation strategy for quantifying

the SPM and contaminant fluxes

A network of sampling

stations all along the channel

JONS

ARLES

Page 7: Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements€¦ · Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements O. Radakovitch 1, S. Gairoard , E. Resongles1, ... AROHM

→ Turbidity probes for SPM

→ Sediment traps (integrated sampling)

→ Sampling by centrifugation (15 j on the two main stations

→ Specific sampling during floods or sluicing operations

→ Network of permanent stations

→ Temporary stations for tributaries

→ Team collaborations for sampling

(sharing of samples based on same and validated sampling protocols

→ Samples : defined nomenclature and conservation.

Sampling and measuring technics adapted to :

A survey of the entire watershed:

A permanent sampling including floods

Turbidité [NTU/1000]

Observation strategy for quantifying the SPM and contaminant fluxes

Page 8: Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements€¦ · Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements O. Radakovitch 1, S. Gairoard , E. Resongles1, ... AROHM

• Reported by the WFD 2008 : Ni, Pb, Cd et Hg

• Issued from global anthropogenic inputs : Cu, Zn

• Issued from specific contaminations : As, Sb, Cr, Co

• Poor knowledge: Ag, Sn, Terres rares (Nd, Dy, Gd, …)

• Natural and artificial radioisotopes : 137Cs, 239,240Pu, 238U, 235U, 232Th…

Which TME ?

Numerous sources : industrial realeses, mine deposits, cities, wastewater,

agricultural inputs, atmosphere, soils...

SPM samples analyzed for 2011-2015 :145 Arles – 98 Jons – 91 tributaries

Page 9: Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements€¦ · Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements O. Radakovitch 1, S. Gairoard , E. Resongles1, ... AROHM

Which samples ? • SPM from surface water

• Sediment traps

• Flood deposits

• Sediment

Actual transfer

Past accumulation Potential sources

Comparing these samples

may require normalisation.

Zn contents on SPM transfered

bythe sluicy operations in the

North Rhone (2012)

Page 10: Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements€¦ · Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements O. Radakovitch 1, S. Gairoard , E. Resongles1, ... AROHM

Natural vs anthropic originsThe distinction between natural or contaminated concentrations at the global

scale can be based on the general relations between TME.

The evaluation of the natural geochemical backgrounds of the tributaries will

offer more precise informations.

Natural: Co, Ni, V, U, Th, Cr Anthropic: Pb, Ag, Sn, Sb, Zn, Cu, Cd, Hg

Page 11: Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements€¦ · Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements O. Radakovitch 1, S. Gairoard , E. Resongles1, ... AROHM

Sr Sb Cd As

Pb Ba Cr

Ni V C

o

Cu Zn Cs U Rb Th Ag

Sn

-0,314261

-0,114261

0,085739

0,285739

0,485739

0,685739

0,885739

Sim

ilari

téDendrogramme Arles

Sr Co Cr

Ni

Sn Cd

Ag

Sb Cu Zn As

Pb Th Rb Cs

Ba U

0,2346832

0,3346832

0,4346832

0,5346832

0,6346832

0,7346832

0,8346832

0,9346832

Sim

ilari

Dendrogramme Jons

Page 12: Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements€¦ · Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements O. Radakovitch 1, S. Gairoard , E. Resongles1, ... AROHM

• TME Contents are globally lower during floods, but this trend is not general

(influence of the watershed origins, anthropic contamination, resuspension of stored

sediments).

• High contents can be found during low discharges

Métaux « naturels » Métaux « anthropisés »

Page 13: Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements€¦ · Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements O. Radakovitch 1, S. Gairoard , E. Resongles1, ... AROHM

Downstream spatial trends

A small spatial variability,

highlighting the existence of

some « point » sources.

Downstream Increase in contents

Page 14: Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements€¦ · Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements O. Radakovitch 1, S. Gairoard , E. Resongles1, ... AROHM

Comparison with PEC and TEC

TEC consensus: contents below which effects would be rarely observed

5

PEC consensus: contents abovewhich effects would be frequently observed

11460

1,8

Macdonald et al. 2000

Page 15: Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements€¦ · Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements O. Radakovitch 1, S. Gairoard , E. Resongles1, ... AROHM

Comparison with other rivers

European rivers reported : Danube, Daugava, Dordogne, Elbe, Garonne, Kalix, Loire,

Po, Rautas, Rhine, Rhone, Scheldt, Seine, Vene, Vosges

Low or no contamination

when compared to other

european rivers

Page 16: Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements€¦ · Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements O. Radakovitch 1, S. Gairoard , E. Resongles1, ... AROHM

TME fluxes and temporal variabilityBecause of the low variability in contents (factor 2-3),

the TME fluxes are mainly driven by those of SPM (factor 10-1000)(Rhone river contributes to 90-95% of French SPM fluxes to Med Sea)

Years reported : 1999-2009 (AE)

2001 et 2002 (Ollivier et al, 2011)

2011-2014 (OSR)

Distribution of TME and PCB fluxes in 2014 -

Arles

Distribution

of

SPM

fluxes

2014

Arles

Page 17: Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements€¦ · Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements O. Radakovitch 1, S. Gairoard , E. Resongles1, ... AROHM

Sediment archives

Mas du Pilet (Nord Arles, Ferrand et al. 2012)

Contamination was higher in the past for Pb, Cd, Hg, Cu et Zn.

naturals

anthropics

There is still a lack of data and great difficulties to evaluate the TME stored (but potentially available) in the sediment along the channel

(J.P. Bedell presentation + Archéorhône project )

EF : enrichment factor : (Métal/Al)sample/ (Métal/Al)pre-anthropic reference

If EF>1,5 contamination

EF present SPM: Cr: 1±0,2 Cu: 2,1± 0,9

Co: 1,2± 0,4 Zn: 1,7±1,6 Hg: 1,6

Ni: 1±0,2 Cd: 4,9±5,5 Pb: 2,2±1,3

Page 18: Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements€¦ · Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements O. Radakovitch 1, S. Gairoard , E. Resongles1, ... AROHM

Not far from pre-anthropic contents !

KS57 core80m depthRhône delta

Cossa et al, submitted

Equivalent EF: 2 1,6 4 2,5

Page 19: Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements€¦ · Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements O. Radakovitch 1, S. Gairoard , E. Resongles1, ... AROHM

Which tracers for the origin of SPM?

Various TME are interesting for determining the origin of SPM issued

from watersheds with different lithologies.

tousaffluent

Barium Stron um

Rubidium

Affluentscévenolset

SaôneAffluentsalpins

(Aigues,Drôme,Ouvèze,Durance)

Isère

The mean TME contents in Arles

correspond to a mix of SPM

including :

10% from Cévennes tribut.

(Gard, Ardèche et Cèze)

20% from Saône

10% from Northern Rhône

30% from Isère

30% from Durance.

Page 20: Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements€¦ · Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements O. Radakovitch 1, S. Gairoard , E. Resongles1, ... AROHM

Tracers for the origin of anthropic TME

The better precision

now obtained for

Pb isotopic ratios

allow to use them

as tracers of Pb

origin

Page 21: Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements€¦ · Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements O. Radakovitch 1, S. Gairoard , E. Resongles1, ... AROHM

0,00

0,05

0,10

0,15

0,20

0,25

0,30

0,35

0,000 0,005 0,010 0,015 0,020

δ6

6Zn

(‰

)

1/Zn

Rhône à Jons

Rhône à Arles

Saône

Gardon

Ardèche

Cèze

Durance

• Variations trend δ66Zn :

→ Tributaries: 0.11 - 0.32‰

→ Rhône in Arles : 0.16 - 0.27‰

Poor potential as tracer for Zn origin

Tracers for the origin of anthropic TME

Page 22: Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements€¦ · Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements O. Radakovitch 1, S. Gairoard , E. Resongles1, ... AROHM

Les outils numériques de gestion de données de l’OSR

Les différentes plateformes de l’OSR

Collecte

&

Description

Bancarisation

&

Sauvegarde

Valorisation

&

Mise à

disposition

Site web

de l’OSR

GeoOSR, plateforme

de webmapping

BDOH, plateforme

de gestion des

chroniques

BD-OSR, base de

données

géographiques

MetaOSR, catalogue

de métadonnées

Page 23: Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements€¦ · Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements O. Radakovitch 1, S. Gairoard , E. Resongles1, ... AROHM

• TME in natural or low contaminated levels over the entire channel

• Some tributaries require further studies to characterize their higherlevels (cévenols, Ain)

• Higher contamination in the period 1960-1970, and presently a decrease to (or near) pre-anthropogenic values (Pb, Zn, Hg, Cd et Ag).

• TME fluxes mainly linked to SPM fluxes, with a high internannualvariability, and major transfer during floods (about 70-90% of TME fluxes)

• High levels during low discharges (to survey)

• A story of contamination that still needs to be described at the scaleof the watershed, at least to locate the potential sources (stock on banks, « casiers », moutain reservoirs, mine sites).

Conclusions

Page 24: Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements€¦ · Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements O. Radakovitch 1, S. Gairoard , E. Resongles1, ... AROHM
Page 25: Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements€¦ · Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements O. Radakovitch 1, S. Gairoard , E. Resongles1, ... AROHM

Tendance

similaire pour

Cd, As, Cu, Ni

Gardon

Ardèche

Durance

Granulométrie des MES

Crue Novembre 2011

Les crues du Gard et Ardèche apportent des minéraux à fortes teneurs en métaux.

Les crues de la Durance ont de plus faibles teneurs.

Origine à spécifier : - lessivage des sols naturellement enrichis

- terrils miniers ou autres sources dans le fleuve.

Page 26: Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements€¦ · Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements O. Radakovitch 1, S. Gairoard , E. Resongles1, ... AROHM

Tracer l’origine des particules et des métaux

Certains traceurs

géochimiques

apparaissent

maintenant pertinents

pour travailler à

l’échelle du bassin

TRACER LES POLES

Ba et Sr ne sont pas ou

très peu affectés par

des apports

anthropiques

(µg/g

)

Page 27: Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements€¦ · Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements O. Radakovitch 1, S. Gairoard , E. Resongles1, ... AROHM

A Jons, certaines teneurs (Ag, Sn, Sb, Cu, Zn) ne s’expliquent pas par le seul

mélange des apports d’affluents.

Il existe une contamination « temporaire » qui reste à caractériser (STEP?).

(µg/g) (µg/g)

Nord

Ain

Mélange entre

deux pôles

BariumArgent

Page 28: Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements€¦ · Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements O. Radakovitch 1, S. Gairoard , E. Resongles1, ... AROHM

Mélange à

3 pôles

Mai-juin 2012: Chasse + Isère

Page 29: Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements€¦ · Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements O. Radakovitch 1, S. Gairoard , E. Resongles1, ... AROHM

Quelques éléments métalliques non affectés par l’homme sont de bons traceurs

de sources à l’échelle du bassin grâce à la grande variation de lithologie

Césium Barium

StrontiumTerres rares

Traçage de l’origine des MES à partir de

signatures géochimiques

Page 30: Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements€¦ · Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements O. Radakovitch 1, S. Gairoard , E. Resongles1, ... AROHM

Variations et origines du Pb et Zn durant la crue de novembre 2011 à Arles alimentée par les affluents des Cévennes puis la Durance

Arles

Durance

Cévennes

Rhône

Traçage de l’origine des MES à partir de

signatures géochimiques

Page 31: Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements€¦ · Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements O. Radakovitch 1, S. Gairoard , E. Resongles1, ... AROHM

→ la variabilité inter-annuelle dépend fortement des crues (2003, 2008, 2011...)

→ mais aussi des impacts anthropiques : travaux dans le lit, chasses et manœuvres

d'aménagements hydro-électriques (Haut-Rhône, Isère, Durance)

→ se pose aussi la question de tendances de long-terme, ou non-stationnarités

La variabilité inter-annuelle est souvent la première source d'incertitude

moyenne = 0,78 Mt/an,

entre 0,22 et 1,41 Mt/an.

tendance à la diminution

1974-1984 :

0,96±0,35 Mt/an

2002-2012 :

0,50±0,20 Mt/an

Arve à Genève (1974 – 2013, années hydrologiques)

Flux reconstitués à partir du suivi OFEV (Launay, 2014)

Ré-estimation des flux particulaires

moyens inter-annuels

Page 32: Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements€¦ · Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements O. Radakovitch 1, S. Gairoard , E. Resongles1, ... AROHM

Moyenne = 6,7 Mt/an,

entre 1,0 et 19,7 Mt/an.

Pas de tendance

temporelle évidente

Rhône à Arles (1967-2005, années civiles)

Flux reconstitués selon Pont et al. (2002) et mesurés à la station

SORA à partir de 2005 (Antonelli, 2013)

→ la variabilité inter-annuelle dépend fortement des crues (2003, 2008, 2011...)

→ mais aussi des impacts anthropiques : travaux dans le lit, chasses et manœuvres

d'aménagements hydro-électriques (Haut-Rhône, Isère, Durance)

→ se pose aussi la question de tendances de long-terme, ou non-stationnarités

La variabilité inter-annuelle est souvent la première source d'incertitude

Ré-estimation des flux particulaires

moyens inter-annuels

Page 33: Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements€¦ · Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements O. Radakovitch 1, S. Gairoard , E. Resongles1, ... AROHM

→ les flux de MES de référence estimés dans l'Etude Globale Rhône (2000)

apparaissent fortement surestimés

Des valeurs revues à la baisse pour le Rhône et ses affluents majeurs

Isère(Grenoble)

DuranceSaône

Flux de MES

[Mt/an]

Répartition des apports moyens inter-annuels

au Rhône (2002-2012)

Flux d'eau

[km3/an]

Haut-

Rhône(Jons)

Saône

Isère(Grenoble)

Chasse

2012

0,25 Mt

?

Haut-

Rhône(Jons)

Ré-estimation des flux particulaires

moyens inter-annuels

Page 34: Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements€¦ · Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements O. Radakovitch 1, S. Gairoard , E. Resongles1, ... AROHM

Modèle hydro-sédimentaire 1-D

Codes de simulation

MAGE (hydraulique) et

Adis-TS (solutés, MES,

polluants), développés

par Irstea

Modèle 1-D du Léman à

la mer : 545 km, 21

aménagements,

diffluences/confluences,

Dx~500m

Règles automatiques des

barrages

Simulations rapides (30

jours en 5 min, environ

une décennie en un jour)

Perspective : charriage et

évolution des fonds

Page 35: Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements€¦ · Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements O. Radakovitch 1, S. Gairoard , E. Resongles1, ... AROHM

BDOH_OSR : chroniques de concentrations et de flux de MES et

substances associéeshttps://bdoh.irstea.fr

L’application BDOH est développée

par Irstea.

Elle héberge les chroniques de 11

observatoires, dont 5 de RBV :

OHMCV, Draix-Bléone, Oracle,

Yzeron, Réal-Collobrier.

Contact: Flora Branger

[email protected]

Mise à disposition de séries

temporelles continues et

discontinues de mesures

validées

Export des données par compte

nominatif après autorisation du

gestionnaire

DOI pour citation du jeu de

données

Spatialisation prévue à partir de

2017 (WebSIG)

Page 36: Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements€¦ · Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements O. Radakovitch 1, S. Gairoard , E. Resongles1, ... AROHM

BDOH_OSR : chroniques de concentrations et de flux de MES et

substances associées

Page 37: Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements€¦ · Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements O. Radakovitch 1, S. Gairoard , E. Resongles1, ... AROHM

BDOH_OSR : chroniques de concentrations et de flux de MES et

substances associées

Page 38: Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements€¦ · Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements O. Radakovitch 1, S. Gairoard , E. Resongles1, ... AROHM

BDOH_OSR : chroniques de concentrations et de flux de MES et

substances associées

Chroniques discontinues de mercure particulaire (en µg/g)

dans le Rhône à Jons entre 2011 et 2014

Centrifugeuse

en continu fixe

ou mobile

piège à

particules

Page 39: Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements€¦ · Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements O. Radakovitch 1, S. Gairoard , E. Resongles1, ... AROHM

→ Importants écarts de l'indicateur Ms2 % (Variflux) de la Saône à la Durance

Des dynamiques et des intensités de flux de MES très contrastées

Flux cumulé de MES maximal transitant en fonction du temps cumulé (2011-2012)

Suivi des affluents principaux du Rhône

Page 40: Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements€¦ · Contamination of the Rhone River By Trace Metal Elements O. Radakovitch 1, S. Gairoard , E. Resongles1, ... AROHM