Chapter One Egypt
Jan 24, 2016
Chapter One
Egypt
•Geography
http://www.carnegiemuseums.org/cmnh/exhibits/egypt/images/nilemap.gif
Lower Egypt:
--near delta and Mediterranean Sea
Upper Egypt: --south, just above Nubia
•The Nile: a river society
the annual summer inundation
(--stopped because of Aswan Dam)
the east: the land of the living
the west: the land of the dead
http://www.deltatoursegypt.com/hotels/egypt_map.jpg
•Religion
Re: the sun god → resurrection
http://www.crystalinks.com/ra.html
• Re was the old solar-god from Heliopolis and a mayor deity all over Egypt. He was travelling over the sky in his boat every day with his life-giving sundisc. He stood for life, rebirth, children, health, virility etc.
• http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/0egyptintro/1egypt/index.htm
Patrolling the sky
Osiris: king of the dead
http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/0egyptintro/1egypt/index.htm
• Osiris ruled the world of men in the beginning, after Ra had abandoned the world to rule the skies, but he was murdered by his brother Seth. Through the magic of Isis, he was made to live again. Being the first person to die, he subsequently became lord of the dead. His death was avenged by his son Horus, who defeated Seth and cast him out into the desert to the West of Egypt.
http://www.crystalinks.com/osiris.html
Isis: mother goddess
http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/0egyptintro/1egypt/index.htm
• Isis is the feminine archetype for creation - the goddess of fertility and motherhood.
• http://www.crystalinks.com/isis.html
http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/EGYPT/EGYPT.HTM
http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/jo/egypt/isis.htm
Horus: the falcon god
http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/0egyptintro/1egypt/index.htm
• When Horus reached manhood, a fratricidal war began between Horus and his uncle Seth. The violent fight, where Horus lost one eye, last until the assembly of the gods decided to intervene to declare that the throne was the rightful inheritance of Horus. Moreover, Seth was forced to restore Horus‘ eye. But to honor the memory of Osiris, Horus offered the recovered eye to his father, and covered his wound with the divine serpent, Uraeus. That is why this sacred serpent was considered the emblem of the Egyptian pharaohs.
http://www.cyberspaceorbit.com/phikent/horus/horus.html
Horus→ sky god; god of Egypt
http://www.crystalinks.com/horus.html
The Eye of Horus
http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/jo/egypt/horus.htm
http://www.crystalinks.com/ra.html
http://www.internal.schools.net.au/edu/lesson_ideas/egypt/src/mockup/images/ra_small.jpg
Court in the Underworld
http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/0egyptintro/1egypt/index.htm
•Politics
Timeline• Early Dynastic: c. 3100-2700 BCE
• Old Kingdom: c. 2700-2150 BCE
• Middle Kingdom: c. 2050-1785 BCE
• New Kingdom: c.1575-1085 BCE
(Fiero 24)
Theocracy
• Monarch = god or god’s representative
• Pharaoh = god-king
Hatshepsut (ca. 1500-1447 B.C.E.)
http://www.msjc.edu/art/djohnson/images/art%20101%20images/chapter%202/hatshepsut.jpg
http://sangha.net/messengers/hatshepsut/images.htm
http://sangha.net/messengers/hatshepsut/images.htm
Hatshepsut• A woman pharaoh
• Matriarch
• Co-ruler with Thumosis III for 22 years.
Hatshepsut
http://faculty.evansville.edu/rl29/art105/img/hatshepsut_temple.jpg
http://www.mykreeve.net/egypt/luxor/hatshepsut_temple/
http://www.crystalinks.com/hatshepsuttemple.gif
Akhenaten (ca. 1353-1336 B.C.E.)
http://www.let.leidenuniv.nl/saqqara/images/Saqqara/Profiles/Akhenaten.jpg http://www.egyptarchive.co.uk/html/cairo_
museum_33.html
Akhenaten
• The revolutionary / heretic
→ monotheism
→Worshiped the sun-god Aten.
• He moved the capital from Memphis to Achenaton (now el-Amarna).
Queen Nefertiti
http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/EGYPT/EGYPT.HTM
http://www.horus.ics.org.eg/en/History/Nefertiti.aspx
Queen Nefertiti
• Famous bust discovered in 1912
• Body identified in 2003?
http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/nefertiti/history/history.html
Tutankhamon
http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Egypt_GIFS/King_11537.gif
http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/EGYPT/EGYPT.HTM
http://www.tourism.egnet.net/culture/images/25u179.jpg
http://www.artlex.com/ArtLex/e/images/egypt_tut.wife.thron.lg.jpg
Tutankhamon• (ca. 1336-1326 B.C.E.)
• Restored the god Amon and its priesthood.
• Died at 18.
• Tomb discovered in 1922.
Cleopatra (69-30 B.C.E.)
http://www.tigerx.com/history/people/cleopatra.jpg
http://www.ccds.charlotte.nc.us/History/Egypt/05/monzolevskaya/LondonCleopatra-of-Egypt-----Coin.jpg
http://www.fieldmuseum.org/cleopatra/photos/ptolemaic_th.gif
•Culture
Pyramids• For what purposes were
they built?
• How were they constructed?
• How long did it take to build one?
The Step Pyramid
http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/arth/zoser/16.gif
mastabas
top: exterior view bottom: cross section revealing
(A) the shaft and (B) the burial chamber
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/_/viewer.aspx?path=hm&name=A4mastab
http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/EGYPT/EGYPT.HTM
Pyramids at Giza
http://www.msjc.edu/art/djohnson/art101/101lecture4.html
http://library.thinkquest.org/J001533/media/Pyramid.gif
http://www.mediaworkshop.org/humanities/burke/giza-pyramid.jpg
• The most impressive pyramid, that of Cheops (or Khufu), took 100,000 people working over a twenty year period.
• http://www.communityhigh.org/old/pyramids/index.htmltheories.html
• When Napoleon invaded Egypt in 1798, his pride was expressed through his famous quote: “Soldiers! From the top of these Pyramids, 40 centuries are looking at us.”
• http://ce.eng.usf.edu/pharos/wonders/pyramid.html
The Sphinx
http://ce.eng.usf.edu/pharos/Cairo/Gallery/sphinx.jpg
http://eawc.evansville.edu/www/egpage.htm
Valley of the Kings, Thebes
http://www.egyptology-bg.com/images/exp0045.jpg
•Modern Day Pyramids
http://www.neumanngroup.com/pics/louvre_pyramid.jpg
Louvre Museum, Paris
http://nichirenscoffeehouse.net/Vegas/Luxor_03.jpg
Las Vegas
•Art
Canon of Proportion
• "Egyptians artists used this method to keep figures in proportion. They divided a sheet of papyrus into nineteen rows of squares. Then they drew the figure using the first three rows of squares for the area between the forehead and the neck, the next for the shoulder to the knee, and the last six for the lower limbs and feet."
• http://www.historylink101.com/lessons/art_history_lessons/egypt_art2.htm
http://www.netserves.com/moca/lectures/skuzegyp.htm
http://www.historylink101.com/lessons/art_history_lessons/egypt_main2.htm
http://www.mystudios.com/art/ancient/egyptian/egypt-nefertari-offering.html
Nefertari Making Offering to Isis1279-1212 BC
Characteristics
• Naturalistic or idealized?
• How are the figures posed?
• What about the figures’ age?
http://www.angelo.edu/faculty/rprestia/1301/images/IN038Amra.jpg
http://www.netserves.com/moca/lectures/skuzegyp.htm
Papyrus → “paper”
http://www.utexas.edu/courses/medweb/images/9907200018.jpg
http://antique.mrugala.net/Egypte/Images/Papyrus%20-%20recolte.jpg
Some Links:
• http://www.faculty.sbc.edu/lrainville/SBC/curr_303_art.html
• http://www.netserves.com/moca/lectures/skuzegyp.htm
• http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/0egyptintro/
•The End