Chapter One-chapter Thirteen

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In trying to understand what is written in an article, it is very

important to know where a sentence starts and where it ends.

A CLAUSE is a group of words containing a subject and a

verb. Some examples are:

a. Photosynthetic pigments were extracted according to Arnon

method.

Source:(Magnetic Fields Induce Changes in Photosynthetic

Pigments Content in Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.)

Seedlings)).

http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/18053h80u55612xg/fulltext.

pdf,2009

b. The pastures were used to evaluate resource selection by

deer.

Source: (Yields, Quality and Suitability of Four AnnualForages for Deer Pasture in North Central

Alberta)http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/18053h80u55612x

g/fulltext.pdf,2009

The analysis of which would be:

a. Photosynthetic pigments were extracted according to

Subject verbal

Arnon method.

b. The pastures were used to evaluate resource selection by

Subject verbal

deer.

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A Sentence may consist of one more clauses. Some examples

are:

a. Paper mulberry is commonly found growing on moist

alluvial soils, such as valley floors and stream banks, but it

is also a common species in slash and burn fields during the

fallow period. Source: (Broussonetia papyrifera (paper

mulberry): its growth, yield and potential as a fallow crop in

slash-and-burn upland rice system of northern Laos.

http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fulltext.p

df.2009

b. Chloroplast have magnetic moments and could be affected

by the absorbed energy at a high dose of MF which can

distrub the pigments synthesis. Source: (Magnetic Fields

Induce Changes in Photosynthetic Pigments Content in DatePalm

(PhoenixdactyliferaL.)Seedlings.))http://springerlink.metapress.c

om/content/f4857j8545426807/fulltext.pdf.2009

the analysis of which would be:

a. Paper mulberry is commonly found growing on moist

Subject verbal

alluvial soils, such as valley floors and stream banks, but

it is also a common species in slash and burn fields during

Subject Verbal

the fallow period.

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b. Chloroplast have magnetic moments and could be affected

Subject verbal

by the absorbed energy at a high dose of MF which cansubject

distrub the pigments synthesis.

Verbal

A PHRASE is a group of words lacking either a subject or a

verb.

o Nominal phrase

The highest level of photosynthetic pigments noticed at 1

min of AMF treatment.

Photosynthetic pigments contents have shown a

significant increase in response to magnetic fields at low

dose.

Source: (Magnetic Fields Induce Changes in Photosynthetic

Pigments Content in Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.)

Seedlings)).

http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fulltext.p

df.2009o Verbal phrase

The pole pieces cross section is made with 10 cm internal

diameter toenable placing the 9 cm petri dish

horizontally.

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A field study was conducted in 24 established paper

mulberry stands during March and April of 2003 and

2004.Source :(Broussonetia papyrifera (paper mulberry): its

growth, yield and potential as a fallow crop in slash-and-burn

upland rice system of northe Laos).

http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fulltext.pdf.2

009

o Adjectival phrase

Annual forages are commonly used in livestock

production systems throughout the world and

complement or provide valuable alternatives to perennial

forages.

This paper evaluates the potential for using the

indigenous fast-growing tree, Broussonetia papyrifera L.

Vent. Source : (Yields, Quality and Suitability of Four

Annual Forages for Deer Pasture in North Central

Alberta)http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807

/fulltext.pdf.2009

o Adverbial phrase

Often this is caused by too low discharge flow rates

resulting in accumulation of inhibiting compounds(ammonium and/or nitrite) Source : (Air Treatment

Techniques for Abatement of Emissions from Intensive Livestock

Production).http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426

807/fulltext.pdf.2009

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ALWAYS REMEMBER THAT:

A CLAUSE CONTAINS ONE SUBJECT + ONE

VERBAL

A PHRASE DOES NOT CONTAIN A SUBJECT-

VERBAL

A SENTENCE CONTAINS AT LEAST ONE

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In English, both general and academic, words like WHO,

WHOM, WHICH, THAT, WHOSE, ABOUT, WHOM, TO

WHICH, WHERE, WHEN, OF WHOM, OF WHICH and many

more are used to refer to something that have been said before, or

to what is going to be said.

If the two clauses are joined together, we can have

the following:

a) The emission of greenhouse gases contributes to

increasing global atmospheric concentrations of

theses gases, which global average net effect leads

to global warming.

b) The emission of greenhouse gases contributes to

increasing global atmospheric concentrations of

theses gases, that global average net effect leads to

global warming.

c) The emission of greenhouse gases contributes

to increasing global atmospheric concentrations of

theses gases, where global average net effect leads

to global warming.Source : (Air Treatment Techniques for Abatement of

Emissions from Intensive Livestock Production)

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http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fulltext.pdf.2

009

When paper mulberry lateral branches were pruned back, rice yields could

be maintained if the paper mulberry stem density was\0.22 stems m-2,

suggesting that if paper mulberry is managed properly, rice yields can be

maintained at current levels.

Source : (Broussonetia papyrifera (paper mulberry): its

growth, yield and potential as a fallow crop in slash-and-burn

upland rice system of northe Laos).

http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fulltext.pdf.2

009

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DEFINITION ANDDESCRIPTION

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Defining a part of a plant involves three things, namely:

naming it

stating the class it belongs to; and

describing its function.

Now assume that A = name, B = class, C = function. Notice how

definitions using scientific English can be formulated A B C or

as BCA.

A is / aremay be defined as which CB

Ais / are called

is / are known asB which C

DEFINITION

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Name :Nitrogen excreted in faeces

Class :mainly present as proteinFunction :less susceptible to decomposition into

ammonia.

Definition :

The Nitrogen excreted in faeces is the mainly presents

as protein, which less susceptible to decomposition into

ammonia.The Nitrogen excreted in faeces may be defined as the

mainly presents as protein, which less susceptible to

decomposition into ammonia.

The Mainly present as protein which less susceptible to

decomposition into ammonia is called the Nitrogen

excreted in faeces.The Mainly present as protein which less susceptible to

decomposition into ammonia is known as the Nitrogen

excreted in faeces.

Source :(Air Treatment Techniques for Abatement of

Emissions from Intensive Livestock

Production).http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j854

5426807/fulltext.pdf.2009

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Some examples are

Nitrogen excreted in urineispredominant in the form of

urea, whichcan easily be converted into ammonia andcarbon dioxide by the enzyme urease, which is present

in faeces, thus resulting in emission of ammonia.

Nitrogen excreted in faeces is mainly present as protein, which

is less susceptible to decomposition into ammonia.

Source :(Air Treatment Techniques for Abatement of Emissions

from Intensive Livestock

Production).http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fullte

xt.pdf.2009

Name : Nitrogen excreted in urine

Class : predominant in the form of urea

Function : can easily be converted into ammonia and carbon

dioxide by the enzyme urease, which is present in

faeces, thus resulting in emission of ammonia.

Definition : Nitrogen excreted in urine is predominants in the

form of urea, which can easily be converted into

ammonia and carbon dioxide by the enzyme

urease, which is present in faeces, thus resulting

in emission of ammonia.

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Paper mulberry is easily established in upland fields using root

suckers or root cuttings. (Forsen et al. 2001; Linquist et al. 2005,

2006; LSFP 2001).

Source : (Broussonetia papyrifera (paper mulberry): its growth,

yield and potential as a fallow crop in slash-and-burn upland rice

system of northe Laos).

http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fulltext.pdf.2009

Name :Paper mulberry

Class : easily established

Function : Upland fields using root suckers or root cuttings

Definition : Paper mulberry is easily established in upland fields

using root suckers or root cuttings.

Annual forages are commonly used in livestock production

systems throughout the world and complement or provide

valuable alternatives to perennial forages.

Source : (Yields, Quality and Suitability of Four Annual Forages for

Deer Pasture in North Central

Alberta)http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fulltext.pd

f.2009

Name : Annual forages

Class : commonly use

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Function : livestock production systems through out the world

and complement or provide valuable alternatives to perennial

forages.Definition : Annual forages are commonly used in livestock

production systems through out the world and complement or

provide valuable alternatives to perennial forages.

Process can be explained by defining what happens during

their course of action, or by using a general statement. Pay close

attention to the following example.

Some examples are:

1.

Source :(Air Treatment Techniques for Abatement of Emissions

from Intensive Livestock

Production).http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/f

ulltext.pdf.2009

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NAME OF

PROCESS

DESCRIPTION OF COURSE OF ACTION

Definition a :

the process

Definition b :

the process

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General statement :

,

2. All living processes are highly dependent on energy exchange

between cell and environment. Magnetic field (MF) became a

part of the environment and source of energy, thereby effects

normal metabolisms [1] and has impact on meristem cell

division [2]. In addition MF affects water absorption,

preservation and ionization [3]. Forces generated by MF may

cause magnetophoresis in macromolecules [4].

Source:(Magnetic Fields Induce Changes in Photosynthetic

Pigments Content in Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.)

Seedlings)).http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/18053h80u55612x

g/fulltext.pdf,2009

NAME OF

PROCESS

DESCRIPTION OF COURSE OF

ACTION

All living processes highly dependent on energy exchange

between cell and environment.

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Definition a :

All living processes the process highly dependent

on energy exchange between cell and environment.Definition b :

All living processes the process highly dependent

on energy exchange between cell and environment.

General statement :

the All living processes highly dependent on

energy exchange between cell and environment.

IIInnn ssshhhooorrrttt :::

TTThhheee pppaaarrraaagggrrraaappphhhsss uuusssuuuaaalll lllyyy ssstttaaarrrwwwiii ttthhh aaa dddeeefffiiinnniii ttt iiiooonnn...

TTThhheee dddeeefffiiinnniii ttt iiiooonnn iiisss ttthhheeennn eeexxxppplllaaaiiinnneeeddd iiinnn ttthhheee fffooolll lllooowwwiiinnnggg ssseeennnttteeennnccceeesss ooofffttthhheee pppaaarrraaagggrrraaappphhh...

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CHAPTER

FOUR

IMPERSONALPASSIVES

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When the writer to bring into prominence

the thing to which the thing is put at the

beginning of the sentence.

Examine the following active and passive

sentences, and note that the passive sentence

contain some form of the verb and a past

participle.

ACTIVE PASSIVE

1. We the odour

removal efficiency of airscrubber systems might

The odour removal

efficiency of air scrubbersystems might

2. on top of the packed bedwhich is sonsequently weet

a water

Water on topof the packed bed which isconsequently wetted.

3. in order to reduce theemission of gaseous

compounds from animalhouses to the atmosphere can

generallyspeaking, three differentapproaches

Generally speaking, threedifferent approaches can

in order toreduce the emission of

gaseous compounds fromanimal houses to theatmosphere

4. A number of environmental

effects Intensivelivestock production

Intensive livestock

production with a number ofenvironmental effects

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Note also that verbal of the passive sentences comprise to be

+past participle:

Sentence 1

Sentence 2

Sentence 3

Sentence 4

be

is

be

is

Improved

distributed

distinguished

connectedSource :(Air Treatment Techniques for Abatement of Emissions

from Intensive Livestock

Production).http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/f

ulltext.pdf.2009

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CHAPTER FIVE

PARALLELSTRUCTURE AND

PAIRED

CONJUNCTIONS

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On use of a conjunction is to connect words or phrases that

have the same grammatical function in a sentence. This use of

conjunctions is called in . The

single conjunctions used in this pattern are, among others,

. They are also referred to coordinating

conjunctions.

Study the following four examples on the usage of single conjunctions.

1. -Odour emissions from animal housing is being increasingly-Land application of manure is being increasinglyThe actor are different. The activities in the two clauses are thesame.

2. Air treatment offers the possibility to achieve removal of notjust one compoundAir treatment of a combined removal of a variety of pollutants

(ammonia, odour and particulate matter) at the same timeThe activities are different. The actors in the two clauses arethe same.

PARALEL STRUCTURE

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Source :(Air Treatment Techniques for Abatement of Emissions

from Intensive Livestock

Production).http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/f

ulltext.pdf.2009

In section above you are shown how hingle conjunctions can be

used to join two or more clauses into one new sentence. In

English you can find paired conjunctions carrying the same

function as single ones.Some examples of paired conjunctions are:

Study the following examples to see how paired conjunctions are

used.

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Source :(Air Treatment Techniques for Abatement of Emissionsfrom Intensive LivestockProduction).http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fulltext.pdf.2009

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Source : (Yields, Quality and Suitability of Four Annual Forages

for Deer Pasture in North Central

Alberta)http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fulltex

t.pdf.2009

Source:(Magnetic Fields Induce Changes in Photosynthetic

Pigments Content in Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.)

Seedlings)).http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/18053h80u55612x

g/fulltext.pdf,2009

Source : (Broussonetia papyrifera (paper mulberry): its growth,

yield and potential as a fallow crop in slash-and-burn upland rice

system of northe Laos).

http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fulltext.pdf.2009

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Source : (Yields, Quality and Suitability of Four Annual Forages

for Deer Pasture in North Central

Alberta)http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fulltex

t.pdf.2009

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CHAPTER

SIX

RELATIONSHIPSHOWING TIME

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In a procedure text, the description of processes

makes use of words or words or phrases such as first (ly),

then, the next step, the next stage, subsequently, finally to

introduce each stage.

Some examples are :

The first prototypes of multi-pollutant scrubbers for pig

and poultry farms, combining the concepts of acid scrubbing,

bioscrubbing, water-curtains, and biofiltration, are in operation

now on a limited number of farms; research and development in

this field has started recently [63-66].

However, after ammonia has been removed from the air,

biofiltration can be effectively used as a polishing step for

effective odour removal.

After discharge the water might be treated in adenitrification reactor and partly reused in the scrubber; this

might drastically reduce the net discharge water flow rate from

the combined bioscrubber-denitrification system.

Source :(Air Treatment Techniques for Abatement of Emissions

from Intensive Livestock

Production).http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fulltext.pdf.2009

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Photosynthetic pigments were extracted according to Arnon

method [14]. Date palm leaf samples (0.5 g) were ground using mortar

and pestle in 5 ml of 80% acetone, then filtered through No. 2Whatman filter paper.

Date palm seeds (cv. Khalas) were sterilized with 1% sodium

hypochlorite for 5 min. Soaked in water for 24 h, then germinated on

moist filter paper at 37C. Seedlings placed in 9 cm petri dishes at age

of 15 days, 7 seedlings per dish, were subjected to either static

magnetic field (SMF) or alternating magnetic field (AMF). After

treatment, each seedling was planted in 20-cm plastic pots containing

potting mix (1 soil: 1 peat moss: 1 vermiculate) and maintained in

greenhouse under natural light at temperature of 30 41C and

relative humidity of 50%.

Source:(Magnetic Fields Induce Changes in Photosynthetic

Pigments Content in Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.)

Seedlings)).http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/18053h80u55612xg/f

ulltext.pdf,2009

Eight to ten soil samples (015 cm) were taken and pooled from

each field. Soil samples were airdried and sieved before analysis. Soil

pH was determined in a 1:1 ratio of soil:water; extractable P using the

Bray 2 method (Nanjo 1997); total carbon and N using a trace mass

spectrometer (Tracer MAT, Thermo Quest Co. Ltd., Tokyo); available

NH4N by the indophenol method (Hidaka 1997); and available

NO3N by the GriessIlosvay method after reduction to NO2 (Hidaka

1997).Source : (Broussonetia papyrifera (paper mulberry): its

growth, yield and potential as a fallow crop in slash-and-burn

upland rice system of northe Laos).

http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fulltext.pdf.2009

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Annual forages are commonly used in livestock production

systems throughout the world and complement or provide valuable

alternatives to perennial forages. Incorporating annuals in a grazing

system rapidly increases short-term pasture forage options during

times when perennial forages are not available. Annual forages are

used on the prairies of Western Canada for silage and pasture

production [1, 2]. Studies in British Columbia [3], Montana [4] and

Atlantic Canada [5] have demonstrated the potential of Persian

clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.) and berseem clover (T.

alexandrinumL.) for high-quality forage. In Michigan, annual medics(Medicago spp.) and berseem clover provided an extra source of

emergency forage when alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was winter

killed [6]. Berseem clover, arrowhead clover (T. vesiculosumL.) and

winter vetch (Vicia villosa subsp. varia L) have shown promise for

high N accumulation and forage production in Alaska [7]. While

research on annual forage production and quality has been

conducted for the cattle industry in western Canada [2, 8, 9], little

research has assessed the suitability of annual forages for deer

pasture. Annual forages can be utilized to provide alternative forage

during perennial pastured rejuvenation on deer pastures, a frequent

requirement due to the highly selective foraging behavior of deer and

removal of preferred forages from pasture swards.

Source : (Yields, Quality and Suitability of Four Annual Forages for

Deer Pasture in North Central

Alberta)http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fulltext.pd

f.2009

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There is something very special in the usage of the word UNTIL.

In a parallel structure, UNTIL is always used in a paired

conjuction.

- Paper mulberry can be harvested for its bark 12 years after

initial establishment and annually thereafter the next rice

crop.

- However, the effect of this management may be that the paper

mulberry bark yields are reduced in the first harvest after rice

or there may be a longer period required the first harvest

(i.e., oneyear instead of 6 months).

Source : (Broussonetia papyrifera (paper mulberry): its growth,

yield and potential as a fallow crop in slash-and-burn upland

rice system of northe Laos).

http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fulltext.pdf.20

09

- Field pea preference was equal to berseem clover the last

period of the trial, at which time preference for this forage type

sharply declined coincident with reduced biomass as a result of

high utilization.

Source : (Yields, Quality and Suitability of Four Annual

Forages for Deer Pasture in North Central

Alberta)http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fullt

ext.pdf.2009

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DURING, THROUGHOUT, PRIOR TO,IF

-However, feed management for ammonia abatement may

negatively affect the emission of methane and nitrous oxide

storage and after land application of the manure.

- For ammonia, the concentration in the liquid phase, NH3 (aq),

is mainly determined by the ammonia concentration in the gas

phase and the pH driven dissociation into ammonium (NH4+)

and hydroxide (OH-) ions and, applicable, by the

transformation of ammonium into other compounds.

Source :(Air Treatment Techniques for Abatement of Emissions

from Intensive Livestock

Production).http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/f

ulltext.pdf.2009

-Paper mulberry is commonly found growing on moist alluvial

soils, such as valley floors and stream banks, but it is also a

common species in slash-andburn fields the fallow

period

the experiments, paper mulberry had been growing for

the previous 3 years in Somsanuck and 4 years in Pathung

- On the other hand, bark, stems and leaves are all removed

without any other nutrient inputs to the system, this system

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would not be considered sustainable from a nutrient

management standpoint.

Source : (Broussonetia papyrifera (paper mulberry): its growth,

yield and potential as a fallow crop in slash-and-burn upland

rice system of northe Laos).

http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fulltext.pdf.20

09

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CHAPTER

SEVEN

RELATIONSHIP

SHOWINGCONSEQUENCE

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The relationship showing cause and effect between

two English clauses is generally shown by conjunctions

like consequently, therefore, this, since, and so, as aresults, and hence. The conjunctions showing a

relationship depending on the type of clause it

precedes.

Study the following table:

BEGINNING A CAUSE CLAUSE BEGINNING A RESULT CLAUSE

As

Since

Because

If

Doe to the fact that

Considering that

Etc.

Consequently

Therefore

This

This

And so

Hence

As a result

As a consequence

Etc.

The relationship of consequence can be shown in many ways, among others are:

1 these parameters empha size grazing impacts

the perspective of the grazing animal and plant

community, respectively.

Analysis:Cause clause : these parameters emphasize

grazing impacts

Result clause : the perspective of the grazing

animal and plant community, respectively.

Way one these parameters empha size grazing impacts ,

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the perspective of the grazing animal and

plant community, respectively.

Way two these parameters empha size grazing impactsthe perspective of the grazing animal and plantcommunity,respectively.

Way three these parameters empha size grazing impacts,

the perspective of the grazing animal

and plant community, respectively

Way four these parameters empha size grazing impacts.the perspective of the grazing animal

and plant community, respectively.

Way five these parameters empha size grazing impact

the perspective of the grazing animal and plant

community, respectively.

Way six these parameters empha size grazing

the perspective of the grazing animal

and plant community, respectively.

Way

seven

the perspective of the grazing animal and plant

community, respectively these

parameters empha size grazing impactsSource : (Yields, Quality and Suitability of Four Annual Forages for

Deer Pasture in North Central

Alberta)http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fulltext.pd

f.2009

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CHAPTER

EIGHT

RELATIONSHIP

SHOWINGOPPOSITION

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Usually multipollutant scrubbers are multi-stage systems

where each stage aims for the removal of one type of compounds. The

first prototypes of multi-pollutant scrubbers for pig and poultryfarms, combining the concepts of acid scrubbing, bioscrubbing,

water-curtains, and biofiltration, are in operation now on a limited

number of farms; research and development in this field has started

recently [63-66]. Multipollutant scrubbers may become of major

importance for compliance with current and future emission

standards. However, further research and development will be

necessary to keep investment and operational costs at an acceptable

level.

Source :(Air Treatment Techniques for Abatement of Emissions

from Intensive Livestock

Production).http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fullte

xt.pdf.2009

1. Multipollutant scrubbers may become of major importance for

compliance with current and future emission standards,

further research and development will be necessary to keep

investment and operational costs at an acceptable level.

2. multipollutant scrubbers may

become of major importance for compliance with current and

future emission standards, further research and development will

be necessary to keep investment and operational costs at an

acceptable level.

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3. Multipollutant scrubbers may become of major importance for

compliance with current and future emission standards,

further research and development will necessary to

keep investment and operational costs at an acceptable level.

4. Multipollutant scrubbers may become of major importance for

compliance with current and future emission standards,

further research and development will be necessary to keepinvestment and operational costs at an acceptable level.

5. Multipollutant scrubbers may become of major importance for

compliance with current and future emission standards,

, further research and development

will be necessary to keep investment and operational costs at an

acceptable level.

6. Multipollutant scrubbers may become of major importance for

compliance with current and future emission standards,

, further research and development will

be necessary to keep investment and operational costs at an

acceptable level.

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CHAPTER

NINE

RELATIONSHIP

SHOWINGEXEMPLIFICATIONTotal aboveground forage CP concentrations of the

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Seeded forages 17 DAP ranged from 176 to 305 g kg-1 DM (Fig.

), and were highest in turnips and lowest in berseem clover. By 4

August (73 DAP) the total aboveground forage CP concentrationsof the seeded forages had declined to a range of 150 to 200 g kg-1

DM, and were highest in field pea and lowest in berseem clover. In

contrast, total aboveground forage CP concentrations were similar

(p > 0.05) among forage types at 84 DAP, ranging from 140 to

147 g kg-1 DM. Thus, between 17 and 84 DAP CP concentrations

significantly decreased (P

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The relationship between these two sentences is one of

exemplification.

1. The CP concentrations obtained in the current study arecomparable to other studies. , Ross et al. [9] found

that between 35 and 88 DAP, CP concentration of berseem

clover declined from 310 to 180 g kg-1 DM.

2. The CP concentrations obtained in the current study are

comparable to other studies. Ross et al. [9] found that between

35 and 88 DAP, CP concentration of berseem

clover declined from 310 to 180 g kg-1 DM.

3. The CP concentrations obtained in the current study are

comparable to other studies. , Ross et al. [9] foundthat between 35 and 88 DAP, CP concentration of berseem

clover declined from 310 to 180 g kg-1 DM.

4. The CP concentrations obtained in the current study are

comparable to other studies. Ross et al. [9] found that between

35 and 88 DAP, CP concentration of berseem

clover declined from 310 to 180 g kg-1 DM

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Look at the following statements, and see how the

paired conjunctions, such as that is to say, in other

words, this indicates that, and this means that are

used o express a relationship of explanation.

Nitrogen excreted in urine is predominant in the form

of urea, which can easily be converted into ammonia and

carbon dioxide by the enzyme urease, which is present in

faeces, thus resulting in emission of ammonia. Nitrogen

excreted in faeces is mainly present as protein, which is less

susceptible to decomposition into ammonia.

odour emission reduction of 80% after a drastic reduction of

dietary crude protein feed levels.

A packed tower air scrubber, or trickling filter, is a

reactor that has been filled with an inert or inorganic

packing material (Fig. 1). The packing material usually has

a large porosity, or void volume, and a large specific area.

The acid scrubbers and biotrickling filters that have

been developed and are in operation for treatment of exhaust

air from animal houses are successful in their attempt to

achieve emission reductions for ammonia. A review on the

performance of scrubbers shows that acid scrubbers have an

average ammonia removal efficiency > 90% an biotrickling

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filter have an ammonia removal efficiency between 50 and

90%[52].Source : (Air Treatment Techniques for Abatement of

Emissions from Intensive LivestockProduction).http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fullte

xt.pdf.2009

-Nitrogen excreted in urine is predominant in the form of

urea, which can easily be converted into ammonia and

carbon dioxide by the enzyme urease, which is present in

faeces, thus resulting in emission of ammonia

-Nitrogen excreted in faeces is mainly present as protein,

which is less susceptible to decomposition into ammonia.

ANSWER:

Nitrogen excreted in urine is predominant in the form of

urea, which can easily be converted into ammonia and

carbon dioxide by the enzyme urease, which is present in

faeces, thus resulting in emission of ammonia. That is to say,

in other words, /this indicates that/ this means that nitrogen

excreted in faeces is mainly present as protein, which is

less susceptible to decomposition into ammonia.

-A packed tower air scrubber, or trickling filter, is a

reactor that has been filled with an inert or inorganic

packing material (Fig. 1).

-The packing material usually has a large porosity, or void

volume, and a large specific area.

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ANSWER:

A packed tower air scrubber, or trickling filter, is a

reactor that has been filled with an inert or inorganic

packing material (Fig. 1).That is to say, .In other words, / This

indicates that/ This means that the packing material usually

has a large porosity, or void volume, and a large specific

area

- The acid scrubbers and biotrickling filters that have

been developed and are in operation for treatment of

exhaust air from animal houses are successful in their

attempt to achieve emission reductions for ammonia.

- A review on the performance of scrubbers shows that

acid scrubbers have an average ammonia removal

efficiency > 90% an biotrickling filter have an ammonia

removal efficiency between 50 and 90%[52].

ANSWER:

The acid scrubbers and biotrickling filters that have been

developed and are in operation for treatment of exhaust

air from animal houses are successful in their attempt to

achieve emission reductions for ammonia.That is to say, .In

other words, / This indicates that/ This means that a review on

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the performance of scrubbers shows that acid scrubbers

have an average ammonia removal efficiency > 90% an

biotrickling filter have an ammonia removal efficiency

between 50 and 90%[52].

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The writer, in this case, tries to inform his readers that there is

more to say about the subject.

There are more characteristics he can provide of the subject. And to

stress this, he reinforces the point he has made earlier about the

subject by adding more attributes/ characteristics about the

subject.

In addition ..

Moreover

Furthermore

Futher and also

There are instances in which the writer of an article wants to tell his

readers that some information needs to be added to the

information he has stated earlier. In addinng the information, the

writer may use:

, or

.

You will have a clearer understanding about the differece between

the two if you follow clesely the explanations below.

Previous studies showed that photosynthetic pigments

may increase or decrease under MF conditions. Chloroplasts

have paramagnetic properties which means that magnetic

field of magnetic moments of atoms in them are affected by

MF and oriented downwards the field direction [12].

Moreover, MF has an effect over photochemical activity, for

example, the rate of CO2 uptake in radish (Raphanus

sativus L.) was reduced ollowing exposure to MF [13].

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The MF could increase an inner energy which is

distributed among the atoms causing accelerated metabolism

[12]. The humidity which allows ions to mobilize is one of thefactors that make the absorbed MF energy to be effective

[16]. Increasing ions mobility and ions uptake improved

under MF which leads to a better photo stimulation and

growth [16]. Moreover, MF has the ability to change water

properties, thus magnetized water increased rice chlorophyll

content [17]. The condition of humidity was available in

seedlings in the present study.

Source:(Magnetic Fields Induce Changes in Photosynthetic

Pigments Content in Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.)

Seedlings)).http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/18053h80u55612xg/f

ulltext.pdf,2009

1. -Chloroplasts have paramagnetic properties which meansthat magnetic field of magnetic moments of atoms in them

are affected by MF and oriented downwards the field

direction [12].

-MF has an effect over photochemical activity, for

example, the rate of CO2 uptake in radish (Raphanus

sativus L.) was reduced ollowing exposure to MF [13].

In this chapter you will learn how you can show this

reinforcemebt relathionship by means of

F ,

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Answer

Chloroplasts have paramagnetic properties which means that

magnetic field of magnetic moments of atoms in them are

affected by MF and oriented downwards the field direction [12].

In addition, MF has an effect over photochemical activity, for

example, the rate of CO2 uptake in radish (Raphanus sativus L.)

was reduced ollowing exposure to MF [13].

Chloroplasts have paramagnetic properties which means that

magnetic field of magnetic moments of atoms in them are

affected by MF and oriented downwards the field direction [12]

in addition, MF has an effect over photochemical activity, for

example, the rate of CO2 uptake in radish (Raphanus sativus L.)

was reduced ollowing exposure to MF [13].

Chloroplasts have paramagnetic properties which means that

magnetic field of magnetic moments of atoms in them are

affected by MF and oriented downwards the field direction [12].

Moreover, MF has an effect over photochemical activity, for

example, the rate of CO2 uptake in radish (Raphanus sativus L.)

was reduced ollowing exposure to MF [13].

Chloroplasts have paramagnetic properties which means that

magnetic field of magnetic moments of atoms in them are

affected by MF and oriented downwards the field direction [12]

moreover, MF has an effect over photochemical activity, for

example, the rate of CO2 uptake in radish (Raphanus sativus L.)

was reduced ollowing exposure to MF [13].

Chloroplasts have paramagnetic properties which means that

magnetic field of magnetic moments of atoms in them are

affected by MF and oriented downwards the field direction [12].

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Furthermore, MF has an effect over photochemical activity,

for example, the rate of CO2 uptake in radish (Raphanus sativus

L.) was reduced ollowing exposure to MF [13].Chloroplasts have paramagnetic properties which means that

magnetic field of magnetic moments of atoms in them are

affected by MF and oriented downwards the field direction [12]

furthermore, MF has an effect over photochemical activity,

for example, the rate of CO2 uptake in radish (Raphanus sativus

L.) was reduced ollowing exposure to MF [13].

Chloroplasts have paramagnetic properties which means that

magnetic field of magnetic moments of atoms in them are

affected by MF and oriented downwards the field direction [12].

Further, MF has an effect over photochemical activity, for

example, the rate of CO2 uptake in radish (Raphanus sativus L.)

was reduced ollowing exposure to MF [13].

Chloroplasts have paramagnetic properties which means that

magnetic field of magnetic moments of atoms in them are

affected by MF and oriented downwards the field direction [12]

further, MF has an effect over photochemical activity, for

example, the rate of CO2 uptake in radish (Raphanus sativus L.)

was reduced ollowing exposure to MF [13].

Chloroplasts have paramagnetic properties which means that

magnetic field of magnetic moments of atoms in them are

affected by MF and oriented downwards the field direction [12].

MF also has an effect over photochemical activity, for example,

the rate of CO2 uptake in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) was

reduced ollowing exposure to MF [13].

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2.-Increasing ions mobility and ions uptake improved under

MF which leads to a better photo stimulation and growth

[16].-MF has the ability to change water properties, thus

magnetized water increased rice chlorophyll content [17].

In this chapter you will learn how you can show this

reinforcemebt relathionship by means of

F ,

Answer

Increasing ions mobility and ions uptake improved under MF

which leads to a better photo stimulation and growth [16]. In

addition, MF has the ability to change water properties, thus

magnetized water increased rice chlorophyll content [17]

Increasing ions mobility and ions uptake improved under MF

which leads to a better photo stimulation and growth [16] inaddition, MF has the ability to change water properties, thus

magnetized water increased rice chlorophyll content [17]

Increasing ions mobility and ions uptake improved under MF

which leads to a better photo stimulation and growth [16].

Moreover, MF has the ability to change water properties, thus

magnetized water increased rice chlorophyll content [17].

Increasing ions mobility and ions uptake improved under MF

which leads to a better photo stimulation and growth [16]

moreover, MF has the ability to change water properties, thus

magnetized water increased rice chlorophyll content [17]

Increasing ions mobility and ions uptake improved under MF

which leads to a better photo stimulation and growth [16].

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55

Furthermore, MF has the ability to change water properties,

thus magnetized water increased rice chlorophyll content [17]

Increasing ions mobility and ions uptake improved under MFwhich leads to a better photo stimulation and growth [16]

furthermore, MF has the ability to change water properties,

thus magnetized water increased rice chlorophyll content [17]

Increasing ions mobility and ions uptake improved under MF

which leads to a better photo stimulation and growth [16].

Further, MF has the ability to change water properties, thus

magnetized water increased rice chlorophyll content [17]

Increasing ions mobility and ions uptake improved under MF

which leads to a better photo stimulation and growth [16]

further, MF has the ability to change water properties, thus

magnetized water increased rice chlorophyll content [17]

Increasing ions mobility and ions uptake improved under MF

which leads to a better photo stimulation and growth [16]. MF

also has the ability to change water properties, thus magnetized

water increased rice chlorophyll content [17]

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56

1. Aboveground forage quality was evaluated on 20 June 2004, 17

days after planting (DAP), 4 August 2004 (73 DAP) and on 15

August 2004 (84 DAP) to determine seasonal changes in annual

forage crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF)

concentrations

2. Plant parts (leaf and stem) quality was evaluated on 4 August 2004

to emulate deer forage selectivity during late summer.

Source : (Yields, Quality and Suitability of Four Annual Forages for

Deer Pasture in North Central

Alberta)http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fulltext.pd

f.2009

In this chapter you will learn how you can show thisby means of

Aboveground forage quality was evaluated on 20 June 2004, 17

days after planting (DAP), 4 August 2004 (73 DAP) and on 15

August 2004 (84 DAP) to determine seasonal changes in annual

forage crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF)

concentrations. plant parts (leaf and stem) quality

was evaluated on 4 August 2004 to emulate deer forage selectivity

during late summer.

Aboveground forage quality was evaluated on 20 June 2004, 17

days after planting (DAP), 4 August 2004 (73 DAP) and on 15

August 2004 (84 DAP) to determine seasonal changes in annual

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forage crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF)

concentrations. plant parts (leaf and stem) quality was

evaluated on 4 August 2004 to emulate deer forage selectivity

during late summer.

Aboveground forage quality was evaluated on 20 June 2004, 17

days after planting (DAP), 4 August 2004 (73 DAP) and on 15

August 2004 (84 DAP) to determine seasonal changes in annual

forage crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF)

concentrations. plant parts (leaf and stem)

quality was evaluated on 4 August 2004 to emulate deer forage

selectivity during late summer.

Aboveground forage quality was evaluated on 20 June 2004, 17

days after planting (DAP), 4 August 2004 (73 DAP) and on 15

August 2004 (84 DAP) to determine seasonal changes in annual

forage crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF)

concentrations. Plant parts (leaf and stem) quality was

evaluated on 4 August 2004 to emulate deer forage selectivity

during late summer.

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In daily life, one may observe symptoms in the

Environment, based on which he makes a diagnosis These

are all made in his head. When he wants to communicatethe symtoms he observed with other people he needs to

formate the symptoms into a well- worded observations.

Simmilary counts for the diagnosis made.

EXAMPLE:

The whole process of transpiration stop.

Anyone of these factors (air, water )

In the surronding nature, one may observe the following

SYMPTOMS

process of transpiration stop.

air, water

The whole process of transpiration stop.

anyone of these factors (air, water )anyone of these factors (air, water)

anyone of these factors (air, water)

anyone of these factors (air, water )

anyone of these factors(air, water(

anyone of these factors (air, water(

anyone of these factors (air, water)

anyone of these factors (air, water)

the whole process of transpiration stop, anyone of these

factors (air, water ).

the whole process of transpiration stop, then anyone of

these factors (air, water ).

the whole process of transpiration stop, anyone of

these factors (air, water ).

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The whole process of transpiration stop

anyone of these factors (air, water ).

anyone of these factors (carbon dioxide, water or light) is

limiting, the whole process of photosynthesis slows

down or stop.

, the plant at

outdoor side.

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Comparative sentences used to compare the

charahteristics of two or more subjects. The attribute of the

subjects are compared in several ways, some of which are shown

in the examples below.

Table 2. Comparison of Mean (SE in Parentheses) Forage Availability,

Absolute White-Tailed Deer Offered 4 Seeded Annual Forages.

Pisum sativum 3001 (220) bz 1873 (440)aBrassica napus 11196 (663) a 2435 (580) aBrassica rapa 9208 (663) a 2270 (540) aTrifolium alexandrinum 4368 (322) b 2935 (586) a

Source : (Yields, Quality and Suitability of Four Annual Forages for

Deer Pasture in North Central

Alberta)http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/f4857j8545426807/fulltext.pd

f.2009

1. Brassica napus

a. The heavy of in a absolute DM is lower than

that in a forage DM.

b. The heavy of in a forageDM is higher than

that in a absolute DM

c. The content ofa absolute DM is lower than

that in a forage DM.

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d. The content of a forage DM is higher than

that in a absolute DM.

e. A absolute DM has a lower content than a

forage DM.

f. A forage DM has a higher content than a

absolute DM .

g. The content of a absolute DM is 2435 (580) a

whereas that of a forage DM is 11196 (663) a

h. The content ofa forage DM is 11196 (663) a

whereas that of a absolute DM is 2435 (580) a

2. Pisum sativum

a. The heavy of in a forageDM is lower than that

in a absolute DM

b. The heavy of in a absolute DM is higher than

that in a forageDM

c. The content ofa forage DM is lower than that

in a absolute DM.

d. The content of a absolute DM is higher than

that in a forage DM.

e. A forage DM has a lower content than a

absolute DM.

f. A absolute DM has a higher content than a

forage DM .

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g. The content of a forage DM is 3001 (220) bz

whereas that of a absolute DM is 1873 (440)a

h. The content of a absolute DM is 1873 (440)a

whereas that of a forage DM is 3001 (220) bz