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axali aRTqmis Sesavali

1. axali aRTqmis wignebis warmoSoba saxelwodeba axali aRTqma (berZn. he kaine diaTeke) pirvelad

TiTqos Zveli aRTqmis (uflis mier abraamTan da mere egvipteSi dadebuli aRTqmis) sapirispirod gaCnda Tavad `Zveli aRTqmis~ teqstSi. ieremias wignSi vkiTxulobT:

àha, dadgeba Jami, ambobs ufali, da axal aRTqmas davudeb israelis saxls da iudas saxls. ara iseT aRTqmas, romelic davudevi maT mama-papas, roca xelCakidebuli gamomyavda isini egviptis qveynidan. daarRvies is Cemi aRTqma, Tumca me maTi patroni viyavi, ambobs ufali. radgan es aris is aRTqma, romelic unda davudo israelis saxls im drois Semdgom, ambobs ufali. wiaRSi Cavudeb maT Cems rjuls da gulze davawer. maTi RmerTi viqnebi da isini Cemi eri iqnebian~ (31:30-32).

aqedan Cans, rom sityvebi axali aRTqma ar aRniSnavs wigns,

daweril teqsts, aramed religiur gardaqmnas, religiuri Segnebis ganaxlebis, axali religiuri epoqis niSans, Semobrunebas, rwmenis gaRvivebas adamianTa gulebSi, formaluri anderZis nacvlad, romelic iuridiul sferoSi rCeba.

axali aRTqmis wignebi ver Seiqmneboda, rom jer eklesia, rogorc religiuri Temi, ar daarsebuliyo. qristianTa wmida werili qristes eklesiis wiaRidan amoizarda.

versad pavle mociqulis epistoleebSi, romlebic 48-63 wlebSi saxarebebze adre iwereboda, ver aRmovaCenT miTiTebas qristes mociqulTa Tu mowafeTa wreSi Seqmnil raime werilobiTi dokumentis Sesaxeb. erTaderTi, rasac imowmebs pavle, es aris isev da isev Zveli aRTqmis wignebi, romlebic Semdgom saxarebebSic iqna damowmebuli, da cocxali cnobebi qristes Sesaxeb, romlebic mis mowafeTa da TviTmxilvelTa wreSi zepirad inaxeboda da vrceldeboda.

Tavdapirvelad, qristianul eklesiaSi karga xnis manZilze ar arsebobda erTi avtoritetuli wigni (msgavsi Zveli aRTqmisa), romelsac axaldaarsebuli eklesia daeyrdnoboda. qriste Tavad iyo moZRvreba, romelic yvela wignze srulyofilad moicavda WeSmaritebas. `me var WeSmariteba~, ambobda igi. arc erT saxarebaSi imis miniSnebac ki ar aris, rom mociqulebs ecadaT qristes qadagebebis, igavebis, logiebis (berZn. logia kviriaka ùflis naTqvamebi~) da saubris Cawera. sakmarisi iyo, rom maT esmodaT misi sityvebi. ai, ra ambobda evsebios kesarielis (260-340) mowmobiT (èklesiis istoria~, w. III, 39) papiasi, hieropolisis episkoposi: `me mivxvdi, rom wignebs ufro meti ar mouciaT CemTvis, vidre cocxal da gamudmebul xmas~. papiasi usmenda im adamianebs, romelTac uSualod mociqulTagan hqondaT mosmenili

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qristes Sesaxeb. mis dros jer kidev ar arsebobda axali aRTqma, rogorc aseTi, werilobiTi dokumenti, romelic dRes qristianobis fuZemdebluri wignia. evsebios kesarieli imasac wers, rom mociqulTagan mxolod maTem da ioanem aRweres qristes amqveyniuri cxovreba, oRond mogvianebiT. maTe ebraelebs uqadagebda maTsave enaze da misca kidec wigni. rac Seexeba ioanes, igi didxans zepirad gadascemda saxarebas da mxolod mas Semdeg gadawyvita Caewera, rac sami saxareba ukve dawerili iyo. raki isini mxolod im ambebs aRwerdnen, romlebic ioane naTlismcemlis datusaRebis Semdeg moxda, ioanem isurva, Tavis mxriv qristes Tavdapirveli saqmeni moeTxro (evseb. III, 24).

movusminoT romano gvardinis _ ras ambobs igi am sakiTxze: ìesom icis wminda werilTa wigni da aRiarebs maT saRvTo avtoritets; bunebrivi iqneboda, mas Tavisi avtoritetic amgvari wignisTvis miendo, eTqva Tavisi mowafeebisTvis: CaiwereT! Cven isic SegviZlia warmovidginoT, rom mas TviTon daewera; ra brwyinvale da Zvirfasi iqneboda CvenTvis es teqsti! eWvi ar unda Segveparos, rom RvTis Zes amgvari ramis gakeTeba SeeZlo; miT umetes, rom gamosvlaTa wignSi Cven vkiTxulobT, rogor ubrZana RmerTma moses, amoekveTa qvis ori dafa da uTxra: da me davwer am dafebze sityvebs [aT mcnebas] (gam. 34:1). rogorc ar unda gavigoT es `davwer”, nebismier SemTxvevaSi is niSnavs, rom RmerTi mkafiod akavSirebs Tavis qadagebas (Verkündung, kerigma) garkveul nawerTan. aseve SeeZlo iesos umTavresi Tavad daewera, an, ise moqceuliyo, rogorc RmerTi Zvel aRTqmaSi, romelic eubneba winaswarmetyvels: aiRe didi gragnili da dawere masze garkveviT (esaia 8:1). winaswarmetyveli wers da Semdeg es naweri saukuneebSi mogzaurobs. iesosac advilad SeeZlo eTqva Tavisi mowafeebisTvis: daixsomeT kargad, rasac geubnebiT. CaiwereT, rom Semdgom waikiTxoT, rom Tqveni xelidan Tqvenma Svilebma miiRon, da maTgan maTma Svilebma da ase yvela Semdgomma Taobam... magram man es ar gaakeTa. arc erTi sityva, iesos mier warmoTqmuli sakuTari saqmeebis an sakuTari moZRvrebis Sesaxeb, ar aris damowmebuli werilobiT wyaroTi. amgvari mowmobebi mogvianebiT daiwera. iesos wasvlidan mcire dro iyo gasuli, rodesac Seiqmna uflis gamonaTqvamebis krebuli, rac mogvianebiT ufro did nawarmoebad ganivrco. ase Seiqmna oTxi saxareba _ maTes, markozis, lukas da ioanes saxarebebi; es fasdaudebeli teqstebia; iseTive avtoritetulni, rogorc mociqulTa zepiri qadageba, romelTac es teqstebi Seqmnes an Tavisi avtoritetiT ganamtkices. aseve daiwera samoZRvrebo epistoleebi, romelTac iesos azrebi gadmosces da ganaviTares: pavles, iakobis, iudas, petres da ioanes epistoleebi. Semdeg Cven gvaqvs moTxroba lukasagan mowafeTa Temis Tavdapirveli xanis Sesaxeb. es aris `saqme mociqulTa”. bolos modis ioane mociqulis

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`gamocxadeba~, romelic gviCvenebs iesos mis maradiul didebaSi. es yvelaferi pirveli saukunis bolos gaerTianda da rogorc axali aRTqma, gverdiT amoudga Zvel aRTqmas, da mas Semdeg isini erTad Seadgenen wmida werils. es yvelaferi moxda, magram ara iesos uSualo davalebiT. mas ar dauwesebia teqsti da wigni, rogorc gadacemis forma, aramed [...] daadgina wargzavnilebi (mociqulebi), romlebsac unda eqadagaT da eswavlebinaT. dawerili sityva mxolod damateba iyo zepiri sityvisa da mas saWiroebisamebr iyenebdnen. swored ase, gansakuTrebuli situaciebidan warmoiSva axali aRTqmis nawerebi; SeiZleba iTqvas, `SemTxveviT~, Tu am sityvaSi vigulisxmebT imas, rom es `programis gareSe~ moxda, rogorc didi da mniSvnelovani mTelis erTi nawili. axali aRTqmis wignebi RvTis sityvaa, cxonebis qadagebaa. isini saSualebas gvaZleven met-naklebad uSualod visminoT TviT iesos da misi maciqulebis sityvebi da davukavSirdeT pirveli qristianuli Temis cxovrebas. amas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs rogorc rwmenis dasawyisSi, iseve mis zrdasa da gaRrmavebaSi, rwmenaze fiqrisas da morwmune azrovnebis TviTkritikisTvis. magram wmida werilis avtorebs romc araferi daeweraT, iesos qadageba mainc gaikvlevda gzas istoriaSi. es imisTvis ar iTqmis, rom axali aRTqmis wignebis mniSvneloba davakninoT, aramed imisTvis, rom maTi adgili da funqcia ganvsazRvroT. ramdenime am wignTagani dakargulia, kerZod, pavle mociqulis epistole laodikielebisadmi, da ori korinTelebisadmi. magram aman qadagebis sisrules veraferi daaklo. sxva sityvebiT: axali aRTqmis wignis sazrisi ar Zevs TviT masSi; ar SeiZleba es sazrisi mxolod misgan iqnas gagebuli. is Zevs im mizezSi, romelic ganapirobebs da moicavs am wigns da mxolod misi meSveobiT SeiZleba wigni gagebul iqnas, _ da es mizezi eklesiaa (romano gvardini, uflis eklesia: fiqrebi eklesiis arsze da daniSnulebaze).

2. axali aRTqmis ena ra enaze daiwera axali aRTqmis wignebi? axali aRTqmis ena

gamonaklisis gareSe berZnulia, e. w. koine (berZn. `saerTo~), romelic gavrcelebuli iyo elinisturi samyaros axlo aRmosavleTSi, kerZod, palestinaSi. es aris salaparako ena, romelic sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba klasikuri berZnulisgan, Tundac septuagintas enisgan. erTia koine, magram axali aRTqmis wignebs Soris mainc ganirCeva sxvadasxva lingvisturi done: markozi iyenebs martiv berZnuls, maTesa da lukas ena ufro daxvewilia. zogadad rom vilaparakoT, ufro martivia saxarebebis ena, ufro rTuli _ pavle mociqulis epistoleebi,

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romelTa ena mwignobrulia, uaxlovdeba klasikurs, Tumca igi xSirad salaparako berZnulisken ixreba. ioanes `gamocxadebis~ vulgaruli da, SigadaSig, daudevari metyveleba amaRlebuli da maRalfardovani stiliT ifareba. sazogadod, axali aRTqmis ena, gansakuTebiT, `gamocxadebisa~ da, Tundac, saxarebisa maTesagan semiturad Seferili berZnulia. arsebobs azri, rom Tavdapirvelad zogierTi teqsti arameulad, palestinis ebraelTa mSobliur enaze daiwera da mxolod Semdeg iTargmna berZnulad. es azri jer kidev evsebios kesarielTan aris dadasturebuli. igi imowmebs papius hieropolels, romelsac uTqvams: maTem qristes saubrebi èbraulad dawera da mere Targmnes igi, visac rogor SeeZloo~ (ekl. ist., w. III, 39, 16). semitizmebi, kerZod, arameizmebi, Tanamedrove mkvlevars aZlevs imis Tqmis uflebas, rom axali aRTqmis ena `berZnulad Targmnilad~ miiCnios, romlis dedani arameulia. Tumca semitizmebi SeiZleba ar miuTiTebdes, rom teqsti maincdamainc ebraulad an arameulad daiwera. isini advilad SeiZleba aixsnas enobrivi azrovnebis semituri stiliT _ qriste da mociqulebi erTmaneTs da sxvebs xom arameulad elaparakebodnen! bolos da bolos, qriste Tavis qadagebebs, igavebs da logiebs (gamonaTqvamebs) xom Tavis mSobliur enaze warmoTqvamda, im enaze, romelzec mas, jvarze gakruls, ukanaskneli sityvebi aRmoxda. fsalmunis (21:2) sityvebi ara dednis enaze, arc berZnulad, aramed arameuli versiiT warmoiTqva mecxre saaaTze (arameuli eli, eli lama sabaxTani nacvlad ebraulisa: elohi, elohi, lama yazabTani, mT. 27:46).

axali aRTqmis teqstSi aris kidev ramdenime adgili, sadac calkeuli arameuli gamoTqma da sityvebia gamoyenebuli: liturgiuli SeZaxili: maranaTa<maran aTa (1kor. 16:22), rac niSnavs `Cveno ufalo, modi!~ an `Cveni ufali mova~; taliTa kumi (mr. 5:41) `gogona, adeqi!~; korban (mr. 7:11), `Sesawiravi~; kefa (i. 1:42, 1kor 1:12; 3:22; 9:5; 15:5; gal 1:18; 2:9,11,14) `klde~ (petres saxelis arameuli varianti); raka (m. 2:22) salanZRavi sityva: `qarafSuta, suleli~; rabi (m. 23:7,8 da bevrgan) mimarTva `moZRvaro~; abba (mr 14:36) `mama~; boanerges (mr 3:17) `Zeni quxilisa~.

ra Tqma unda, es arameuli sityvebi ar mowmobs imas, rom teqsti mainc da mainc arameulad iyo dawerili. Tumca darwmunebiT imis Tqma SeiZleba, rom raki axali aRTqmis avtorebis mSobliuri ena arameuli iyo, amdenad berZnulad werisas arameulad azrovnebdnen. arameuli da ebrauli konceptualur donezea SeWrili berZnulSi. am SeWris magaliTad berZnuli sityva-cneba aletheia (`WeSmariteba~) kmara, romelsac axal aRTqmaSi berZnulisTvis uCveulo mniSvneloba aqvs miniWebuli. berZnul filosofiaSi aletheia `WeSmariteba~ aris is, rac da-u-faravia (a-leTeia), ebrauli msoflxedvisTvis ki _ rac dafarulia, saidumloa (ix. pavles epistoleebi).

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berZnuli ena, romelic airCies qristianebma, romSic iyo gavrcelebuli, masze laparakobdnen mosaxleobis TiTqmis yvela fenaSi, berZnuli romaelebs bavSvobidanve SeeZloT scodnodaT berZeni ZiZebis meSveobiT. berZnulis, rogorc Zveli da didi kulturis enis, codna ganaTlebuli adamianisTvis aucilebeli iyo. amitomac ara mxolod klimenti romaels SeeZlo romidan korinTos eklesiisTvis miewera berZnulad epistole, aramed ufro adre pavle mociquli romael qristianebs swerda berZnulad epistoleebs.

3. axali aRTqmis Semadgenloba

იუდეველებისგან განსხვავებით, ქრისტიანებს ყოველთვის არ ჰქონიათ წიგნი, როგორც დღეს არის „ახალი აღთქმის“ სახით. იესო ქრისტეს ხანაში ქრისტიანები იმოწმებდნენ ებრაულ ბიბლიას, რომელიც სამ ნაწილად გაერიანებული 39 წიგნისგან შედგება. სახარებებში ხშირია დამოწმებები რჯულისა (ხუთწიგნეული) და წინასწამეტყველთა წიგნებიდან. ეს იყო მათი საღვთო წერილი, რომელიც მათ იუდეველებთან საზიარო ჰქონდათ. ისმის კითხვა: რატომ არ შექმნეს პირველქრისტიანებმა თავიანთი საღვთო წერილი? რატომ არსად სახარებებში ნახსენები არ არის საკუთრივი ქრისტიანული ტექსტები? ერთ-ერთი ძირითადი მიზეზი ის არის, რომ თავად იესოს არასოდეს უცდია თავისი ნაქადაგარი წერილობით დაეფიქსირებინა; არც ის ჩანს არსად, რომ თავისი მოწაფებისთვის დაევალებინოს მის მიერ წარმთქმული სიტყვების ჩაწერა. ქრისტეს სწავლება მის სიცოცხლეში მხოლოდ და მხოლოდ ზეპირად ვრცელდებოდა და არავის მოსვლია აზრად, ჩაეწერა ზოგი რამ მაინც ქრისტეს სწავლებიდან. აქედან ის დასკვნა გამოდის, რომ ღვთის სასუფევლის ხარება, რომელიც ქრისტეს მოძღვრების გულისგულს შეადგენს, არავითარ ნაწერ ტექსტს არ ეფუძნებოდა. თავად ქრისტე იყო „ნაწერი“, წიგნი, რომელიც შეცავდა მის მოძღვრებას. თავად ქრისტეს პიროვნება და მისი ყოველი ნათქვამი იყო მოძღვრება, „ტექსტი“, რომელსაც მოციქულები და მოწაფეები ისმენდნენ. მეორე მიზეზი, თუ რატომ არ იქმნებოდა წერილობითი ტექსტები, ის იყო, რომ პირველი თაობის ქრისტიანები იმდენად იყვნენ შეპყრობილნი ესქატოლოგიური (ქვეყნის დასასრულის, უკანასკნელი დღეების) მოლოდინით, რომ არ ესწრაფოდნენ მომავალი თაობებისთვის წერილობითი ტექსტების დატოვებას, რადგან იმედი არ ჰქონდათ, რომ მათი მომდევნო თაობა საერთოდ იარსებებდა. აი, რას ამბობს პავლე მოციქული თავი ეპისტოლეში (წერილში) კორინთელ ქრისტიანთა მიმართ:

„აჰა, საიდუმლოს გეუბნებით თქვენ: ყველანი არ განვისვენებთ (არ მოვკვდებით), მაგრამ ყველანი შევიცვლებით ერთ წამში, თვალის დახამხამებაზე, უკანასკნელ საყვირზე, რდგან დასძახებს საყვირი დ მკვდრები აღდგებიან უხრწნელად, ხოლო ჩვენ [ცოცხლები] შევიცვლებით. რადგან ეს ხრწნადი უხრწნელებით უნდა შეიმოსოს და ეს მოკვდავი უკვდავებით უნდა შეიმოსოს. ხოლო როცა ეს ხრწნადი უხრწნელებით შეიმოსება და ეს მოკვდავი _ უკვდავებით, მაშინ ახდება დაწერილი სიტყვა: „სიკვდილი შთაინთქა ძლევით“, „სად არის, სიკვდილო, შენი ნესტარი? სად არის, ჯოჯოხეთო, შენი ძლევა?“ (1 კორ. 15:51-55).

ეს მძაფრი მოლოდინია გადმოცემული იოანეს „გამოცხადებაში“ ორად-ორი სიტყვით: „მოდი, უფალო იესო!“ ქრისტეს სიტყვების _ „ჰე, მოვალ მალე!“ _ საპასუხოდ (გამოცხ. 22:21), რითაც

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თავდება ეს წიგნი. არათუ პირველ ხანებში, არამედ მოგვიანოდაც ძლიერი იყო ეს მოლოდინი. აი, რას წერს

ტერტულიანე, II-III სს-ის ქრისტიანი აპოლოგეტი (ქრისტიანობის დამცველი წარმართთა შემოტევებისგან):

„ჩვენი სურვილები მიმართულია ამ დროჟამის დასასრულისკენ, წუთისოფლის გარდაქმნისკენ, უფლის დიდი დღისკენ, რისხვისა და განკითხვის დღისკენ, უკანასკნელი და საიდუმლო დღისკენ, რომელიც არავინ უწყის [როდის დადგება], გარდა მამისა..“

axali aRTqma Tavisi literaturuli formiT elinistur epoqas

(civilizacias) ekuTvnis. TiToeul wigns SeiZleba moeZebnos Sesatyvisi Janri, romelic elinur literaturaSi iyo damkvidrebuli. saxarebebi, rogorc qristes amqveyniuri cxovrebis aRmweri naratiuli teqstebi, Seesabameba biografiuli Janris Txzulebebs, rogoric aris berZnul enaze plutarqes biografiebi da laTinur enaze svetoniusis keisrebis cxovrebani. epistoles Janri elinisturi werilobiTi kulturis monapovaria, man gansakuTrebuli ganviTareba romaul samyaroSi hpova. mociqulTa saqmeebs analogia aqvs berZnul-romaul qronikebsa da analebSi. rac Seexeba ioanes `gamocxadebas~, igi warmoSobiT ar aris berZnul-romauli Janri, magram igi aseve elinistur xanaSi hpovebs gavrcelebas da damkvidrebas.

yoveli nawarmoebi, romelic ki zepirad warmoTqmula Tu dawerila,

romelime Janrs ekuTvnis, rasac misi daniSnuleba gansazRvravs. axali aRTqmis wignebi sxvadasxva Janris wignebisgan Sedgeba. 1) naratiuli teqstebi. esenia: a) saxarebebi, romlebic aRweren qristes amqveyniur cxovrebas

Sobidan amaRlebamde. es aris saxesxvaoba biografiuli Janrisa, romelic Caisaxa saberZneTSi da farTod iyo gavrcelebuli berZnul-romaul samyaroSi. sakmarisia davasaxeloT: plutarqes `paraleluri biografiebi~, svetoniusis `Tormeti keisris cxovreba~.

b) saqme mociqulTa, romelic aRwers mociqulTa moRvaweobas qristes jvarcmisa, aRdgomisa da amaRlebis Semdeg. es aris saxesxvaoba istoriuli Janrisa, romelic aseve farTod iyo gavrcelebuli berZnul-romaul mwerlobaSi.

2) epistoleebi anu werilebi. axali aRTqmis wignTa Soris pirvelad swored epistole (da ara saxareba) daiwera. es iyo pavle mociqulis epistole galatelTadmi (55 w.), romelic ar isaxavda miznad qristes moZRvrebis sagangebod da sistematurad gadmocemas, aramed, rogorc kerZo xasiaTis werili, exeboda konkretuli eklesiis gadaudebel problemebs (ufro vrclad ixile Tavi epistoleebi (gv. ???).

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2) “gamocxadeba”, gansakuTrebuli Janri, romlis msgavsi berZnul-romaul literaturaSi ar ipoveboda. mis nimuSad davasaxelebT Zvel aRTqmaSi Semaval 3ezras, romelic ebraul wreSi warmoiSva, Tumca igi ebraul enaze ar SemorCenila (arsebobs mxolod laTinuri, qarTuli da somxuri Targmanebi).

saxarebebi.

pirvel yovlisa, ras warmoadgens teqsti, romlis saxelwodebad qarTul enaze `saxareba~ damkvidrda?

berZnuli termini evangelion (“keTili Setyobineba, ambavi”), romelsac zedmiwevniTi sizustiT Targmnis qarTuli sityva saxareba, Tavdapirvelad, Tavis genezisSi, ar gulisxmobda werilobiT teqsts, aramed igi niSnavda adamianTa xsnis xarebas (xareba TavisTavad kargi, keTili ambis Setyobineba da, maSasadame, gaxarebaa). es mniSvneloba daculia Tavad axali aRTqmis teqstebSi: `xolo gauwyebT Tqven, Zmebo, rom saxareba, romelsac vaxarebdi (to evangelion to evangelisTen), ar aris adamianuri~ (gal. 1:11). amrigad, aq saxareba aris ara wigni, aramed zepiri Setyobineba yvelaferi imisa, rac adamianis xsnasTan aris dakavSirebuli. es aris axali ambavi, axali saidumlo, romelic Zveli aRTqmis epoqis dasasruls qristes aRdgomam moitana. ras niSnavs markozis saxarebis (wignis) pirveli sityvebi `dasawyisi saxarebisa ieso qristesi, RvTis Zisa~ (mark. 1:1)? cxadi unda iyos, rom aq saxareba ar niSnavs teqsts, moTxrobas, aramed ieso qristes misiis gancxadebas (gamocxadebas), rac aucileblobiT ar moiTxovda mis naraciad, wignad qcevas. cneba saxareba maSin gaxda literaturuli Janri, roca mas masSi nagulisxmevis Sinaarsis _ xsnis gadmocema daweril teqsts daekisra. am teqsts ewoda saxareba. ukve iustine martvili (filosofosi, 100-165) qristes Sesaxeb monaTxrobs saxarebas uwodebs: `radgan mociqulebma mogonebebSi, romelTac saxarebebs (evangeliebs) uwodeben, gadmogvces, rom maT amgvarad eanderZaT: ìesom aiRo puri, warmoTqva madloba da Tqva: ase gaakeTeT Cem mosagoneblad, es aris Cemi sxeuli...~ (apologia, I,66,3). Tumca saxarebis Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba ganagrZobs arsebobas, risi dasturic aris saxarebaTa oficialuri saxelwodeba „saxareba maTesagan~, `saxareba markozisagan~ da a.S., da ara `maTes saxareba~, `markozis saxareba~ da a.S. saxareba qristesia, romelsac naratiul formas aZleven maxareblebi (evangelistebi).

am gagebiT, saxarebas, rogorc literaturul tips, ara aqvs paraleli elinisturi xanis Janrebs Soris, arc plutarqes Tu diogene laertesis gamoCenil adamianTa biografiebSi, romlTa msgavsi uamravi raodenobiT iwereboda. pirvel rigSi, gansxvaveba arsebiTia avtoris poziciaSi: `saxarebaSi markozisagan~ avtori ver gamoicnoba, arsad is komentars ar akeTebs moTxrobili faqtebis mimarT, ar gamoTqvams

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sakuTar azrs, damokidebulebas plutarqesgan da sxvaTagan gansxvavebiT; ar Cans misi pirovneba, arc qveteqstebSi igulisxmeba; is dafarulia. meore ufro arsebiTi aris is, rom mTavari `gmiris~, `personaJis~ _ ieso qristes moqmedebebi da qcevebi ar aris gadmocemuli biografiulad. saxarebis mizani ar aris Tanamimdevruli da uwyveti aRwera nazareTeli iesos cxovrebisa an misi xasiaTis warmodgena. yuradRebis centrSia iesos amocana, rogorc RvTisgan movlinebulisa RvTis Zisa, misi mizani, romelic gamovlinda mis qmedebaSi, qadagebaSi, vnebaSi da aRdgomaSi. ambebi, romlebic saxarebebSia gadmocemuli, swored am upiratesi kuTxiT aris moTxrobili; yoveli faqti, yoveli monaTxrobi emsaxureba im moZRvrebis gaxsnas, romelic qristem Tavisi qadagebebis, gamonaTqvamebis (logiebis, berZn. logia), igavebis da, rac mTavaria, Tavisi pirovnebis saxiT moitana. maxarebeli luka swored am mizniT Seudga weras, rogorc is mimarTavs Teofiles: `raTa Seicno im moZRvrebis simtkice, romelSic ganiswavle~ (luk. 1:4). qriste Tavisi sityviT da saqmiT aaSkaravebs Tavis pirovnebas, romelic Tavis TavSi moZRvrebas inaxavs.

Tu vilaparakebT saxarebaze, rogorc Janrze, unda iTqvas, rom masSi aris biografiuli elementi (am mxriv, igi berZnuli biografiis Janrs enaTesaveba), oRond mxolod im faqtebis gadmocemis TvalsazrisiT, romlebic moZRvrebis naTelyofas emsaxureba. Txroba ganzavebulia brZnuli sityvebiT, SegonebebiT da igavuri TqmebiT, rac Zveli aRmosavleTis literaturuli Janris kuTvnilebaa (is Sumeruli mwerlobidan iRebs dasabams). esenia iesos gamonaTqvamebi (logiebi), _ qadagebebi, igavebi, romlebic iesos saqmeTa _ saswaulqmedebaTa da kurnebaTa gverdiT misi pirovnebis, misi misiisa da moZRvrebis ganmartebas emsaxureba.

Tu plutarqes an sxvaTa biografiebi adamianTa cnobismoyvareobis dasakmayofileblad an pirovnebaTa Rvawlis ardasaviwyeblad aris dawerili, saxarebebaTa avtorebs sruliad gansxvavebuli amocana aqvT dasaxuli, saxeldobr, rogorc ioane maxarebeli wers: ès ki daiwera, raTa irwmunoT, rom ieso aris qriste, Ze RvTisa, da raTa morwmuneebs gqondeT sicocxle misi saxeliT~ (ioan. 21:31). amrigad, saxareba ufro mowodebad unda CavTvaloT, vidre naratiul Janrad.

saxareba rwmenis wignia, magram es ar gamoricxavs imas, rom igi aris amave dros istoriuli mowmoba ieso qristeze, nazarevelze, romelic iSva beTlemSi imperator avgustusis da iudas mefis herodes dros, da jvars acves pontoeli pilates prefeqtobisas. am mizniT moxvda mrwamsis simboloSi pilates saxeli (“da jvars ecva CvenTvis pontoelisa pilates-ze”). amiT naTqvamia, rom ieso qriste, nazareveli, arsebobda ara miTiur, aramed konkretul istoriul droSi.

ramdenadac saxareba (da saxarebebi) qristes moZRvrebas anu mis

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sityvas Seicavs, xolo qriste Tavad aris moZRvreba, Tavad es sityva _ sityva, berZnuli logos qristes saxelad damkvidrda qristianul TeologiaSi. “pirveliTgan iyo sityva (ho logos) da sityva igi iyo RmrTisa Tana” (ioan. 1:1). maxareblebi da saxarebebi

maxarebeli (berZn. euangelistes) zogadad ewodeba im pirs, romelic axarebs adamianebs qristes mcnebas, axal aRTqmas da, sabolood, RvTis sasufevels, romelic movals, Tumca ukve damdgaria. viwro azriT ki, maxareblebi arian isini, is oTxi piri, romelTac miewerebaT wigni, sadac gadmocemulia xareba (euangelion `keTili ambavi~). amrigad, xareba erTia, magram is oTxi piris mier aris gadmocemuli. amitomac, unda iTqvas ara maTes saxareba, markozis saxareba (rogorc Cveulebriv vambobT), aramed: saxareba maTesagan, saxareba markozisagan... rogorc viciT, xareba qristes xanaSi zepirad vrceldeboda da es sityva mxolod II saukunidan xdeba wignis aRmniSvneli. qarTul enaze wignis aRmniSvnelad Tavidanve Semovida sityva sa-xareb-a anu dawerili teqsti, romelic xarebas Seicavs.

maxareblebi sxvebic iyvnen da maTgan gadmocemuli, apokrifulad wodebuli saxarebebi SemorCenilia, magram eklesiam oTxi SearCia, romelTac waruvali kanonikuri Zala aqvT. oTxi maxareblidan mxolod oria qristes mociquli _ maTe da ioane, danarCeni ori _ markozi da luka arc mociqulebi da arc mowafeni yofilan qristesi, arc icnobdnen mas. ratom ar gaxdnen maxareblebi is mociqulebi, romlebic sxvebze metad iyvnen daaxloebulni iesosTan, saxeldobr, petre da iakobi (isini, vinc ioanesTan erTad daaswro man Tavis feriscvalebas Taboris mTaze da ukanasknel locvas geTsimaniaSi) _ samudamo saidumlod rCeba. maxarebeli maTe da saxareba misgan

levi Ze alfesi, warmoSobiT galileveli, iesos Tvistomi, romelmac igi kapernaumel mebaJeTa Soris gamoarCia, riTac farisevelTa guliswyroma daimsaxura. zogierTi mociqulis msgavsad igi, ebrauli wesisamebr or saxels atarebda: levi-maTe. pirveli saxeli SobiTganve ewoda, meore Tavad iesom Searqva: ebr. maTTi-ah(u) `jildo uflisa~. maTe mxolod xuTgzis aris naxsenebi axal aRTqmaSi. pirvelad, roca iesom mouwoda mas (maT. 9:9; paraleluri adgili mark. 2:14), mere mociqulTa siaSi (luk. 6:15; mark. 3:18; maT. 10:3; saqme, 1:13). maTe naklebi aqtiurobiT gamoirCeva mociqulTagan, magram man Tavisi aqtivoba saxarebis weriT gamoxata.

saeklesio mwerlebi papiasi, irinevsi, origeni, evsebiosi, ieronimusi erTxmad aRiareben, rom maTem Tavisi saxareba ebraelTaTvis dawera. da

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marTlac, amas Tavad teqsti mowmobs, sadac ar aris ganmartebuli ebrauli wes-Cveulebani da realiebi, gansxvavebiT sxva maxarebelTagan, romlebic laTinTa da berZenTaTvis werdnen. maTe qristes im saubrebs gadmoscems, romlebic SeiZleba mxolod ebraelTaTvis yofiliyo saintereso, saxeldobr, rom rjuli ki ar uqmdeba, aramed aRsruldeba (5:17). igi ufro Zlierad, vidre sxva maxareblebi, gaxazavs rjulis yalb Targmanebas (ganmartebas) farisevelTa da mwignobarTa mxridan, amxilebs maT pirferobas da mzakvrobas, rac mxolod ebraeli mkiTxvelisa Tu msmenelisTvis iqneboda sagulisxmo da aqtualuri.

maTes saxarebis orientacias qristes genealogiac mowmobs, romelic abraamiT iwyeba, abraami ki, rogorc `rwmenis mama~ ebraelTa udidesi avtoritetia. ieso modis abraamidan daviTis xaziT, xolo daviTi mesianisturi figuraa, rogorc israelis erTiani samefos mefe, romelic kvlav gaaerTianebs gaxleCil israels (ix. ezekielis wigni, T. 34). Tumca yvela maxarebeli axsenebs iesos daviTisgan warmomavlobas, magram maTe gasakuTrebiT gaxazavs am moments (ix. 9:27; 12:23; 15:22; 21:9; 21:15). ieso yvelas azriT daviTis samefo saxlis kanonier memkvidrea.

es da sxva garemoebebi mimzidvels xdida ebraeli mkiTxvelisTvis am saxarebas.

axarebeli markozi და სახარება მარკოზისაგან

is pirovnebaa, romelic mravalgzis aris naxsenebi xan rogorc ioane-markozi (saqme 12:12, 25; 15:37), xan rogorc ioane (saqme 13:5, 13), xan rogorc markozi (saqme 15:39), aseve naxsenebia pavlesa (kol., 4:10; II tim., IV:11; fil., 24) da petres mier (I pet., 5:13). petre mas Svils uwodebs (I pet. 5:13); misi deda mariami mociqulis megobari da Tavdapirveli eklesiis gamoCenili wevri iyo iyo ierusalimSi (saqme, 21:12).; swored mis saxlSi Seafara Tavi sapatimrodan gaTavisuflebulma petrem (saqme, 12:12-13). petresTan siaxlovis miuxedavad, markozi msaxurad pavles hyavda wayvanili antioqiidan Tavis samociqulo gzaze. Znelia imis garkveva, Tu zustad ra igulisxmeba berZnul sityvaSi huperetes (msaxuri), magram aRniSnulia, rom markozi pavles da Tavis biZaSvils barnabas, romlebic suliwmidis mier iyvnen arCeulni saqadageblad, swored qadagebisas emsaxureboda maT (saqme, 13:5); magram maleve daSorda maT da ierusalimSi dabrunda, TiTqos moerida tvirTs, romelic pavles da barnabas hqondaT nakisri (saqme, 13:13). es iyo imis mizezi, rom pavlem aRar gaiyola markozi Tavis meore mgzavrobisas, ris gamoc barnabasTanac mouxda mas ganSoreba, romelmac markozi Tavad waiyola kviprosSi (saqmeA15:37-40). es moxda 49-50 wlebSi. amis

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Semdeg markozis xseneba aRar aris mociqulTa saqmeebSi. Tumca aTi wlis Semdeg mas kvlav pavlesTan vxedavT romSi (kol. 4:10) da pavle kvlav Tavis TanamSromlad Tvlis mas (filim., 24). Tu am dros, roca pavle satusaRoSi eloda sasjels, markozi romSi imyofeboda, igi momswre unda yofiliyo pavles martvilobisa. am droisTvis misi, rogorc mociqulTa Tanamdgomis saxeli, sayovelTaod cnobili unda yofiliyo eklesiebSi, rogorc es petres kaTolike epistoledan Cans, romelsac yvela eklesias miuwers: `mokiTxvas giTvlian babilonSi [anu romSi] TanaarCeuli eklesia da markozi, Cemi Ze~ (1pet., 5:13). gavrcelebuli, magram mogviano cnobiT, markozi aleqsandriis eklesiis damfuZnebeli da misi pirveli episkoposia (evsebiosi. saeklesio istoria, II, XVI, XXI; ieronimusi `gamoCenil adamianTa Sesaxeb~, VIII), Tumca aleqsandrieli moRvaweni (klimenti, origeni) duman amis Taobaze. aseve mogviano (IV s.) gadmocemis Tanaxmad, markozi aleqsandriis quCebSi Trevisas mowameobrivad aResrula.

markozi Tavis saxarebas, maTesa da lukas saxarebaTagan gansxvavebiT, iwyebs ara SobiT qristesi, aramed misi naTlisRebiT, romelic aris dasabami misi amqveyniuri moRvaweobisa.

markoz maxarebeli aSkarad orientirebulia iudeur auditoriaze, SesaZlebelia, mas romi hqondes mxedvelobaSi. saxarebaSi Targmnilia arameuli da ebrauli sityvebi, rogoric aria: `taliTa kumi~ (5:41, àbba~ (14:36), qristes ulanaskneli sityvebi jvarze: èloi, eloi, lama sabaqTani~ (15:34) da sxva.

markozi yuradRebas amaxvilebs ara imdenad imaze, Tu ras laparakobs ieso, aramed mis moqmdebaze...

arc erTi saxareba ar gadmoscems ise mkveTrad iesos adamianur bunebas, rogorc markozi. saxarebaSi igi gamoxatavs adamianur emociebs, mwuxarebas, mrisxanebas da gancvifrebas; mas ereva Zili daRlilobisgan (4:32); igi Tumca RvTis Zea, man ar icis meored mosvlis Jami (13:32). magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom markozs igi Cveulebriv adamianad moaCnia. mTels saxareba leitmotivad gasdevs iesos RvTisSviloba. ara mxolod maxarebeli ixseniebs mas RvTis Zed, aramed isinic, visac Sexeba aqvs iesosTan: eSmakeulebi (3:1; 5:7), aTisTavi (15:39)...

luka maxarebeli da saxareba ლუკასაgan iyo pavles mowafe, eqimi, nawarmarTali qristiani, berZeni...

pirvelad troaSi vxvdebiT mas, saidanac aemgzavra pavles (saqme, 16:8) da sicocxlis bolosac masTan iyo: `marto lukaRa aris CemTan~, wers igi timoTes (2tim 4:11), ukve gamzadebuli samartvilod.

luka, rogorc saxarebisa da “mociqulTa saqmis” avtori, septuagintasa da ebraelTa saqmeebis did codnas avlens, rac mas unda SeeTvisebina gaaqristianebis Semdeg qristes mowafeebTan da

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mociqulebTan urTierTobisas. berZnulis garda, mas arameulic unda scodnoda, raki warmoSobiT antioqiidan iyo, Tumca saeqimo ganaTleba tarsusSi, pavles mSobliur qalaqSi, hqonda miRebuli. pavle mas `sayvarel mkurnalad~ ixseniebs (kol 4:14).

luka axali aRTqmis avtorTa Soris yvelaze nayofieria: misi saxareba pavles ToTxmet epistoleze didia moculobiT, xolo `saqmeni~ Svid kaTolike epistolesa da `gamocxadebas~ aRemateba. misi saxarebis stili (berZnuli) mxolod ebraelTa mimarT epistoles Tu Camouvardeba. luka Tavis saxarebaSi, gansxvavebiT danarCen maxarebelTagan, uyuradRebod ar stovebs ioane naTlismcemlis Sobis ambavs, romelsac igi, SeiZleba iTqvas, kontrastulad, macxovris SobasTan akavSirebs. ioane naTlismcemeli da winamorbedi, rogorc Zveli aRTqmis ukanaskneli winaswarmetyveli, Zveli aRTqmis rCeul adamianTa Sobis wesiT berwi Tu moxucebuli dedisgan (rogorc isaki sarasgan, iosebi raxelisgan) ibadeba. mis sapirispirod, ieso, romelic Zveli rjulis dasasruleblad movida, qalwulisgan iSva, riTac esaias sakvirveli winaswarmetyveleba (7:14) aRsrulda.

lukas saxareba im mizniT aris dawerili, rom qristianobas aziaros ganaTlebuli berZeni mkiTxveli, rogoric unda yofiliyo Teofile, saxarebis adresati (1:1-4). Cans, saxareba araiudeveli auditorisTvis aris gamiznuli, amitomac masSi mcirea damowmebebi Zveli aRTqmidan, romelic maTTvis ucnauri da naklebad cnobili iyo.

luka gaxazavs iesos misiis universalobas. Tu maTes saxarebaSi ieso genelogiis TavSi abraamia, lukas saxareba mis winaprad adams asaxelebs, rac iribad imis mimaniSnebelia, rom qriste ara mxolod ebraelTa, aramed adamis modgmis, mTeli kacobriobis, gamosaxsnelad iSva.

im miznisTvis, risTvisac es saxareba daiwera, savsebiT adeqvaturia misi avtoris daxvewili berZnuli, rac mas danarCeni maxareblebisgan gamoarCevs.

sinoptikuri saxarebebi

pirveli sami saxareba (maTesagan, markozisagan da lukasagan) did msgavseba iCenen erTmaneTTan kompoziciaSi, aRweris TanamimdevrobaSi, pasaJebis sityvier agebulebaSi, saerTo mimarTulebaSi, faqtebis erTnair xedvaSi. amis gamo daerqvaT maT sinoptikuri, rac niSnavs “erTnairad mxedvelT”, “TanamxedvelT” (berZn. sin-opteo `Tanavxedav~). am da kidev sxva niSnebiT isini sagrZnoblad gansxvavdebian meoTxe saxarebisgan, romlis avtors ioanes `logosis mociqulad~ moixsenieben. SedarebiTma analizmma cxadyo, rom es sami saxareba erTmaneTiT arian ganpirobebuli da erTmaneTze damokidebulni. es siaxlove aSkara gaxda mas Semdeg, rac XVIII saukuneSi isini gamosces e. w. sinopsisis saxiT

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anu paralelur svetebad (amgvari sinopsisi dResac ibeWdeba damTxvevaTa TvalsaCinoebis mizniT).

maTgan gansxvavdeba meoTxe saxareba, romlis avtori mociqulTagan umrwemesi ioanea, macxovris sayvareli mowafe.

ioane maxarebeli და სახარება იოანესაგან

ioane, Ze zebedesi, romelic qristes damowafebamde ioane naTlismcemlis mowafe iyo; Tavisi mgznebarebis gamo qristem mas `quxilis Ze~ Searqva. saxarebaSi igi Tavis Tavs saxelis mouxsenieblad `sayvarel mowafed~ an `sxva mowafed~ (ioan. 18:15,16; 20:2,3,4,8) ixseniebs, rac meoTxe saxarebis erT-erT Taviseburebas warmoadgens. igi sxva orTan (petresTan da iakobTan) erTad axlda iesos Taboris mTaze da geTsimaniaSi agoniuri locvisas. igi iyo erTaderTi mowafe da mociquli, romelic iesos sulis amoxdomamde imyofeboda jvarTan; iesom mas daavala dedaze, mariamze, zrunva. am dros ioane oci wlisa Tu iqneboda (ioan. 19:25-27).

pirveli muxlebidanve TvalSi ecema mkiTxvels ioanes saxarebis gansxvaveba danarCeni saxarebebisgan: „pirveliTgan iyo sityva...~ es aris ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli niSani. arc erTi sxva maxarebeli qristes ar ixseniebs rogorc sityvas (berZn. logos), romelic kargad aris cnobilia antikuri filosofiidan (mas gnostikosebic iyenebdnen), rogorc samyaros, mTeli yofierebis Sinagani sazrisis gamomxatveli sityva-cneba. am mizeziT, zogierTni fiqroben, rom meoTxe saxareba berZnis dawerilia. magram logosis, SemoqmedebiTi sityvis, cneba arc iudauri azrovnebisTvis da TeologiisTvis aris ucxo, rogorc RvTis gamocxadebis forma (misi Zirebi ufro Sors, saukuneTa siRrmisken midis: dasabams, SesaZloa, Sumerul saRvTo himnografiaSi iRebdes). ioane zebedes Zes Tavisuflad SeeZlo gamoeyenebina es sityva qristes mimarT. sinoptikosebisgan gansxvavebiT, qristes logosad warmosaxviT erTgvarad gadebulia xidi iudaur RvTisSemecnebasa da berZnul filosofias Soris, ramac mogvianebiT ganviTareba hpova wmida mamaTa moZRvrebaSi. gavrcelebulia azri, rom ioanesTan ufro xazgasmulia misi RvTiuri warmoSoba, yuradReba TiTqos mxolod mis RvTis Zeobazea gamaxvilebuli, magram es mTlad ase ar unda iyos. ioanes saxareba erTaderTia, sadac ieso tiris (11:35). magram amave dros, is erTaderTia, sadac xorcieli Sobis nacvlad, riTac sinoptikosebi iwyeben TavianT teqsts, ioane misi moZRvrebiT iwyebs: `Tavdapirvelad iyo sityva da sityva iyo RmerTTan, da sityva iyo RmerTi. is iyo Tavdapirvelad RmerTTan. yovelive mis mier Seiqmna da mis gareSe araferi Seqmnila, rac ki Seqmnila. masSi iyo sicocxle da sicocxle iyo adamianTa naTeli. naTeli bnelSi anaTebs da bnelma ver moicva igi... iyo sofelSi da sofeli mis mier Seiqmna, da sofelmas ver icno igi. TavisianebTan

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movida da Tavisianebma ar miiRes igi...“ (ioan. 1:1-11). ase Semajameblad arc erTi maxarebeli ar laparakobs.

ioanes moTxrobili aqvs mniSvnelovani ambebi, romlebic ar ipoveba sxva saxarebebSi: pirveli saswauli kanaSi (2:1-11), qristes saubari nikodemosTan (2:13-25), saubari samariel dedakacTan (4:4-42), lazares aRdgineba (11).

ioanes miewereba aseve `gamocxadeba~ da sami kaTolike epistole. nawerebi mowmobs mis ganswavlulobas elinisturi xanis berZnulSi.

logosis saxareba gamoirCeva igavebis simciriT (sul Svidi igavi 41 igavidan).

sainteresoa, rom egvipteSi aRmoCenil romael jariskacs nivTebs Soris aris papirusi ioanes saxarebis teqstiT (daaxl. 120-125 ww.), romelic 30-35 wliT Soravs daweris TariRs (90 w.).

irineos lioneli saxarebebis Sesaxeb

`mas Semdeg, rac ufali Cveni aRdga mkvdreTiT, mociqulebi moicva zegardamo gadmosulma suliwmidis Zalam, aRivsnen misi yoveli niWiT da miiRes srulyofili codna, gavidnen qveynis oTxive kuTxisken, raTa exarebinaT RvTisgan moniWebuli sikeTeebi, emcnoT ciuri mSvidoba adamianebisTvis, romelTac yvelas erTad da cal-calke aqvT RvTis saxareba. ase, maTem misca saxareba ebraelebs maT sakuTar enaze maSin, roca petre da pavle qadagebdnen romSi da iq aarsebdnen eklesias; maTi soflidan gansvlis Semdeg markozma, petres mowafem da Tarjimanma, werilobiT gadmogvca petres naqadagebi. xolo lukam, pavles Tanamgzavrma, gadmosca wignSi misi naqadagebi saxareba. mere ioanemac, uflis mowafem, mis mkerds miyrdnobilma, gamoaqveyna saxareba aziis efesoSi yofnisas” (irineos lioneli, III, I, 1).

epistoleebi

axali aRTqmis wignTa Soris pirveli, rac daiwera, iyo ara saxareba an mociqulTa saqmeni, aramed epistoleebi _ 1 da 2 TesalonikelTa mimarT (daiwera 51-52 ww.). epistoluri Janri sakmaod gavrcelebuli iyo elinistur samyaroSi da dRemde misi mravali nimuSia SemorCenili. Tu SevadarebT erTmaneTs, axali aRTqmis epistoleebi Tavisi struqturiT arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba berZnul-romauli tipis epistoleTagan. berZnul-romauli epistoleebi iwyeba werilis avtoris dasaxelebiT, mas mosdevs adresatis saxeli, mere mokiTxva-misalmeba, dasasrul _ survilebi. axal aRTqmaSi ipoveba berZnuli werilis nimuSi: „klavdios lusia uaRmatebules ganmgebel feliqss: ixarebde (xairein)~, werili mTavrdeba surviliT: ìcocxle~ (saqme, 23:26; 23:30); amgvarive tipis aris romauli werili: `pliniusi arianuss: salams (salutem) [etyvis]“, werili mTavrdeba surviliT: `janmrTelad iyavi~. axla vnaxoT, rogor miuwers pavle mociquli:

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`pavle, ieso qristes mowodebuli mociquli RvTis nebiT, da Zma sosTeni, RvTis eklesias, romelic korinToSia, qriste iesoSi wmidebad gamxdarT, mowodebul wmidebs... madli Tqven da mSvidoba Cveni mama RvTisa da ufal ieso qristesagan~, werili mTavrdeba: `Cveni uflis ieso qristes madli TqvenTan, da Cemi siyvaruli yvela Tqvenganis mimarT qriste iesoSi. amin.~ (1kor. 1:1-3; 16:23-24).

rogorc vxedavT, sqema berZen-romaelTa da pavles werilisa erTi da igivea. magram gansxvaveba mainc mniSvnelovania: romaeli Tavisi saxeliT iwereba werils, pavle _ qristes saxeliT: qriste iesos madliT iwyebs da qriste iesos madliT amTavrebs. ase iqceva mociquli, radgan igi Tavisas ki ar wers, aramed qristes moZRvrebas. `madlTan~ (berZn. xaris), romelic pavle mociqulis da, mis mere qristianuli Teologiis mniSvnelovani cnebaa, dawyvilebulia sityva-cneba `mSvidoba~, romelic aseve Zveli aRTqmidan mkvidrdeba qristianul enaSi, Tumca ebraul Saloms ufro meti datvirTva aqvs, vidre berZnul eirene-s (Tu ra sazrisi aqvs `qristes mSvidobas~ an `mSvidobis RmerTs~, es ufro ebrauli Salomis siRrmiseuli semantikiT unda aixsnas). epistolis dasasrulebisas mokiTxvas xSirad `wmida amboric~ axlavs (mag., 2kor. 13:12), rac sruliad warmoudgenelia berZnul-romauli werilebisTvis.

mociqulTa epistoleebi ori tipisaa: erTnia kaTolike anu sayovelTao epistoleebi, romelTac mociqulebi iakobi, petre, ioane da iuda iwerebian, meoreni is epistoleebi, romlebsac pavle ugzavnis calkeul pirebs an konkretul eklesiebs. es gansxvaveba maT saxelwodebebSic aris asaxuli: kaTolike epistoleebi, romlebic mociqulTa xelidan aris gamosuli, miemarTeba ara romelime konkretul eklesias, aramed yvela eklesias, amitomac wodebulni arian isini rogorc kaTolike anu sayovelTao gavrcelebis epistoleebi.

SeniSvna. axali aRTqmis qarTul versiebSi berZnuli sityva kaTolike (momdinareobs: kaT’olon) uTargmnelad aris datovebuli (rusulad: соборное послание). maT Sinaarsobriv mxareSi CauRrmaveblad (es Cveni `Sesavlis~

amocana ar aris) aRvniSnavT, rom orive saxis epistoleebSi wamoWrili problemebi mainc yvela eklesias exeba da, aqedan gamomdinare, eklesias, rogorc mTlians, universalur eklesias, rogorc sami saukunis Semdeg nikea-konstantinopolis mrwamsSi ase ganisazRvra: „erTi, wmida, kaTolike da samociqulo eklesia“. am mxriv, kaTolike (sayovelTao, universaluri) da samociqulo erTmaneTs ganapirobebs: kaTolike eklesia dafuZnda samociqulo moZRvrebaze, romelic am epistoleebSi iqna pirvelad gadmocemuli. tipuria am mxriv iakob mociqulis kaTolike epistolis mimarTva: `RvTisa da uflis ieso qristes mona iakobi ganTesilobaSi myof Tormet toms, gixarodeT~. tradiciuli Tormeti tomi, romelTagan I saukuneSi mxolod iudasa da beniaminis

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tomebi iyo SemorCenili, Seadgens mTels eklesias, Zveli aRTqmis eklesiis (ebr. kahal, yedah, berZn. sinagoge) figurativul saxes. aseve petre mociqulis epistolis adresatia mTeli eklesia, sadac ki ar unda myofobdes igi sxvadasxva adgilobrivi eklesiebis saxiT: `petre, ieso qristes mociquli., xiznebs, ganTesilT pontoSi, galatiaSi, kabadokiaSi, aziasa da biTviniaSi...~ swored eseni moicavdnen mTels (kaT’olon) eklesias. CamovTvaloT kaTolike epistoleni, romlebic axali aRTqmis gamocemebSi an `gamocxadebas~ mosdevs an pavles epistoleebs an mociqulTa saqmeebs: iakobis epistole, petres 1 d 2 epistoleebi, ioanes 1, 2 da 3 epistoleebi, iudas epistole. iakobi uflis Zmaa, romelic ierusalimis pirveli episkoposi iyo, amitomac misi epistole epistoleTa TavSia moqceuli.

mociqul pavles 14 epistole ekuTvnis, romlebic 11 adresatisadmia mimarTuli; adresatebi an adgilobrivi eklesiebia (romis, korinTos, galatiis, efesos, kolasis, Tesalonikis) an kerZo pirebia, mociqulis megobrebi da Tanamdgomni (timoTe, tite, filimoni). bolo epistole ebraelTadmi Taviseburia (mis Sesaxeb qvemoT).

ra xasiaTis aris pavles epistoleebi? maT xasiaTs maTi adresati gansazRvravs: adresati da msmeneli misi sityvisa aris ara zepirovnuli sazogadoeba, rogoric aris erTi kaTolike eklesia, aramed kerZo eklesiebi da adamianebi TavianTi konkretuli saWirboroto sakiTxebiT. TiToeul maTganTan pavles aqvs piradi (pirovnuli) damokidebuleba da urTerTobani. ai, rogor mimarTavs filimons pavle: `pavle, qriste iesos patimari, da Zma timoTe, filomons – Cvens sayvarels da TanamSromels, da apfias, sayvarel das, da arqiposs, Cvens TanamebrZols, da Sens saSinao eklesias~ (fil. 1:1). aq igrZnoba, rom dasaxelebuli pirebi erTmaneTis axlobelni da pavles megobrebi arian; isini saSinao eklesiis mrevlia. aq yvelaferi konkretul-dokumenturia dawyebuli imis aRniSvniT Tu SexsenebiT, rom onisime, romelsac Svils uwodebs, man borkilebSi Sva anu patimrobisas monaTla (1:10); ai, am onisimes Suamdgomlobs igi filomonis winaSe, rom miiRon rogorc RviZli da Tavisiani, rogorc Tavad pavles miiRebdnen (`miiRe igi, rogorc Cemi guli~, `miiRe is, viTomc me viyo~). amave dros, pavle umxels maT Tavisi momavali stumrobis Taobaze (`gamimzade binac, radgan vimedovneb, rom Tqveni locviT mogecemiT Tqven~, 1:22).

epistoleSi, rogorc, magaliTad, 1kor 7:1-dan Cans, rom maT Soris arsebobs miwer-mowera da es epistole am miwer-moweris nawilia. marTalia, epistolis miweris sababi xSirad konkretuli saWirboroto an saWoWmano sakiTxebia, magram epistole bunebrivad gadaizrdeba fundamenturi Teologiuri problemis ganxilvaSi, riTac is kaTolikeobas iZens anu sayovelTao xdeba, gascdeba ra adgilobrivi eklesiis sazRvrebs. erTi eklesiis gasaWiri an cdomilebani da

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dabrkolebani rwmenaSi sayovelTao eklesiis problema xdeba. maT TandaTan SeiZines universaluri xasiaTi, roca sxvadasxva adgilobrivma eklesiebma dainaxes, rom epistoleebSi pavle bevrs iseT rames wers, rac qristes movlinebis uRrmes saidumloebebTanaa dakavSirebuli. magaliTisTvis, pavle gafantavs TesalonikelTa eWvebs mkvdreTiT aRdgomis gamo: `radgan Tu gvwams, rom ieso mokvda da aRdga, maSin RmerTi iesoSi gansvenebulebsac moiyvans masTan erTad~ (1Tes. 4:14), aseve, ufro mkveTrad da damarwmuneblad, originalurad dasmuli kiTxviT korinTelTadmi epistoleSi: `xolo Tu qristeze iqadageba, rom is aRdga mkvdreTiT, rogorRa ambobs zogierTi Tqvengani, ar aris mkvdreTiT aRdgomao? mkvdreTiT aRdgoma Tu ar aris, qristec ar aRmdgara. xolo Tu qriste ar aRmdgara, Cveni qadagebac fuWia da fuWia Tqveni rwmenac~ (1kor. 15:12-14). qristes religiis am fundamenturi sakiTxis, misi arsisa da gulisadmi, cxadia, sxva eklesiebic ar darCebodnen gulgrilni.

pavles epistoleebi, gansakuTrebiT es iTqmis galatelTa da romaelTa mimarT epistoleebze, TiTqos Teologiuri traqtatebia, Tumca, amave dros, isini inarCuneben namdvili werilebis xasiaTs. pavles epistoleebs kaTolike epistoleTagan gamoarCevs Rrma religiuri problemebisa da adamianuri momentebis Tanaarseboba: isini moicaven RvTaebrivs da adamianurs _ rwmenis ukanaskneli imedebidan dawyebuli megobris Ralatis gamo gulistkiviliT damTavrebuli (`dimasma Seiyvara es sofeli da mimatova...~, 1tim. 4:10, `Sen ici, rom aziaSi mimatova yvelam...~, 2tim. 1:15); epistoles acocxlebs efemeruli yofiTi sazrunavi: `mosasxami, romelic troaSi davtove karpesTan, wamomiRe, roca moxval. agreTve wignebic, metadre pergamentebi~ (2tim. 4:13), rac adamianuri kuTxiT warmogvidgens mociqul pavles. epistoleebSi Cvens Tvalwin aris pavlec da misi adresatic.

aseTi ar aris epistole ebraelTadmi. es ar aris werili, sadac gamoCndeboda konkretuli adresati, xorcSesxmuli adamiani. igi namdvili Teologiuri traqtatia. mas ar aqvs dasawyisi _ misalmebis formula, sadac werilis avtori unda asaxelebdes Tavis saxels, Tumca is tradiciulad mTavrdeba (“moikiTxeT yvela...”, 13:24). masSi ar Cans cocxali, adamianuri pavle. magram misi avtori amxels Tavs, rogorc RvTismetyveli da egzegetikosi. versad sxva epistoleebSi ver vipoviT wmida werilis (Zveli aRTqmis) adgilebis egzegetikur ganmartebebs. amiT epistole ebraelTa mimarT gamorCeulia: aq pirvelad aris gaxsnili melqicedekis, mefisa da mRvdlis, rogorc qristes winamorbedis, tipologia (5:1-10; 7:1-10).

am epistolis avtorobis sakiTxi dRemde problemuria, Tumca is CaTvlilia pavles epistoleTa ricxvSi. adreuli xanaSi epistolis avtorobaze ramdenime gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisi arsebobda. klimenti

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aleqsandrielis (150-215) mowmobiT, pavlem epistole arameul enaze dawera, berZnulad ki lukam Targmna. irinevs lioneli eWvs gamoTqvamda pavles avtorobis gamo. origeni epistolis Sinaarss (Tematikas) pavleseulad miiCnevda, magram ara mis stilsa da gamoTqmis formas. sxvani irwmunebodnen, rom misi avtori gaberZnebuli iudeveli iyo, rogorc apolosi, romelic iudevelTa Soris qadagebda da amxilebda maT (saqme, 18:24-28). IV saukunidan gamyarda pavles avtoroba: evsebios kesarielma Seitana igi pavle mociqulis epistoleTa Soris. bolos, karTagenis krebam (397 w.) daakanona igi, rogorc pavles meToTxmete epistole.

saqme mociqulTa

berZnul mwerlobaSi gavrcelebul istoriul Janrs SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT axali aRTqmis es wigni, sadac mociqulTa, gansakuTrebiT, pavle mociqulis mcire aziisa da eladis eklesiebSi mimosvla da moRvaweobaa aRwerili. berZnulad igi iwodeba rogorc praqseis anu, zusti Tu viqnebiT, `saqmianobani~; Zveli qarTuli TargmaniT: `saqme~ (umjobesi iqneboda `saqmeni~). rogorc lukas saxarebidan Cans, `saqme mociqulTa~ uSualo gagrZelebaa im saxarebisa, romelic lukam gadmosca. saxarebas misi avtori amTavrebs iesos amaRlebiT (luka, 24:50-51), xolo `saqme mociqulTa~, romelic misive xelidan gamovida, iesos ukanaskneli sityvebiT da aseve misi amaRlebis aRniSvniT iwyebs: ès Tqva da, sanam isini uyurebdnen mas, amaRlda igi da Rrubelma moafara maT Tvals~ (saqme, 1:9).

Tavad wignis Sinaarsi iwyeba axali mociqulis (maTias) arCeviT da mTavrdeba pavle mociqulis romSi yofniT. Tumca wigni faqtobrivad ar mTavrdeba: Cven ar viciT, rogor warimarTa sasamarTlo, romelsac pavle sapyrobileSi elodeboda, an rogor daasrula man sicocxle. ratom ar gaagrZela Txroba lukam, ucnobia CvenTvis. magram mTavari aq is aris, rom wigni qristianuli moZRvrebis gavrcelebisa da qmnadobis dasawyis etaps gadmogvcems. is, rac saxarebaSi jer kidev Canasaxis saxiT iyo mocemuli, `saqmeSi~ yvaviliviT ifurCqneba, xdeba misi TandaTanobiTi manifestacia. `saqmeSi~ asaxulia RvTis sityvis gavrcelebis farTo geografiuli areali. yvela punqts da yvela adgils, romelsac avtori axsenebs wignSi, Tavisi zusti misamarTi aqvs rukaze, mcire azia iqneba, Tu elada. Tu pirvel etapze qristes sityva palestiniT _ galileis da iudeis daba-qalaqebiT Semoifargleboda, mociqulTa xanaSi maTi mSobliuri qveynidan Sors gaxmianda sityva. da es daujereblad mokle xanSi moxda, sul raRac sami aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi.

zustad ar aris cnobili, rodis daiwera `saqme~. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom igi ierusalimis taZris dangrevamde (70 w.) daiwera,

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radgan taZari wignis mixedviT jer kidev dgas (saqme, 21:30). isic SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom Tu is 64 wlis Semdeg daiwereboda, avtori 64 wlis romis didi xanZris xsenebas gverds ver auvlida, movlenisa, romelmac SeZra qristianTa cxovreba.

apokalipsi (gamocxadeba)

axal aRTqmas agvirgvinebs wigni, romlis Janri ucnobia berZnuli mwerlobisTvis. is wmidawylis ebraul-iudaisturi warmoSobisaa. misi Zirebi ezekielisa (26-28) da danielis (kerZod, 11-12) winaswarmetyvelur wignebSia saZiebeli, magram am Janris terminad berZnuli sityva apokalipsis damkvidrda, rac gamo-cxad-ebas, dafarulis gamoaSkaravebas, saidumlos gaxsnas niSnavs. magram saidumlo da dafaruli apokalipsuri Janris wignebSi kvlav auxsnel saidumlod rCeba, radgan simboluri, gaugebari da Znelad asaxsneli suraT-xatebiT aris gamocxadebuli. aseTia swored ioanes apokalipsi anu gamocxadeba, axali aRTqmis kanonis damasrulebeli wigni, romlis gamo yoymanobda Tavdapirveli eklesia, Seetana Tu ara igi kanonSi. apokalipsis Janris aRmocenebisTvis noyieri niadagi Seiqmna israelis ukiduresi Znelbedobis xanaSi, roca gaiRviZa mesiis mosvlis molodinma da dakarguli samefos aRdgenis imedebma. qristianuli apokalipsi mesianisturia, igi swored mesiis moxmobiT mTavrdeba; `he, modi, ufalo ieso!~ (gamocx. 22:20).

ioanes `gamocxadeba~ mcire aziis Svid eklesiisadmi mimarTviT iwyeba, magram am SvidSi isev da isev erTi msoflio (universaluri) eklesia igulisxmeba: isini msoflio eklesiis sxvadasxva mdgomareobas gamoxataven. wignSi igrZnoba kvali qristianTa sayovelTao devnisa, romelic gansakuTrebiT gasastikda imperator domicianis mefobis (81-96) bolo xanebSi, roca imperatoris kultma gamokveTili saxe miiRo (qristianebi ar miagebdnen RvTiur pativs imperatoris gamosaxulebas, risTvisac isjebodnen). daweris TariRad asaxeleben 94-95 wlebs. Tavad avtori `gamocxadebisa~ asaxelebs Tavis saxels da adgils, sadac daiwera igi: `me var ioane, Tqveni Zma da moziare gasaWirSi, sufevasa da ieso qristes moTminebaSi. viyavi kunZulze, romelsac ewodeba patmosi~, (1:9); yovel SemTxvevaSi gamocxadebis xilva mas am kunZulze hqonda, sadac gadasaxlebuli iyo da sadac sicocxlis bolo wlebi gaatara. Tumca misi avtorobis sakiTxi eWvs badebs im gansxvavebaTa gamo, rac Cndeba `gamocxadebisa~ da meoTxe saxarebis (an ori epistolis) enasa da Teologias Soris. mTavari gansxvaveba is aris, rom `gamocxadebaSi~ sruliad ugulebelyofilia istoriuli ieso, rogorc kaci, romelic missave saxarebaSi adamianuri mxridan aris warmodgenili. teqstidan ar Cans, rom avtori ganxorcielebuli RvTis TviTmxilveli da misi sayvareli mowafe iyo (rogorc ioane xSirad ixsenieba saxarebaSi), an

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gulisxmobs Tu ara avtori Tavis Tavs „kravis Tormeti mociqulis saxelebs~ (gamocx. 21:14) Soris.

ioanes `gamocxadeba~ ebraul apokalipsur Janrs ekuTvnis, magram Zireulad gansxvavdeba misgan. pirvel rigSi, is ar aris fsevdoepigrafikuli anu ar miewereba Zveli aRTqmis xanis avtoritets (moses, enoxs Tu daniels), ar Seicavs momavali istoriis winaswarmetyvelebas; meore is, rom avtors mxedvelobaSi hyavs realuri sazogadoeba konkretuli qristianuli Temebis anu eklesiebis saxiT. teqstSi mocemulia mcire aziis realuri eklesiebis aqtualuri mdgomareoba da misi Sefaseba. es aris misi amosavali aspeqti. egzegetika masSi xedavs Soreuli momavlis winaswarmetyvelebas; alegoriuli ganmartebiT, `gamocxadeba~ aRwers saukuno dapirispirebas RvTis sasufevelsa da satanas Soris, anu igi aaSkaravebs warsulis, awmyosa da momavlis faqtebs. `gamocxadebis~ istoriuli aqtualoba ar ewinaaRmdegeba mis alegoriul-simbolur interpretacias.

dasavleTis eklesiam `gamocxadeba~ imTaviTve Seitana kanonSi, magram ase ar iyo aRmosavleTSi: mas ar cnobdnen evsebios kesarieli, kirile ierusalimeli, ioane oqropiri da sxvani. laodikiis krebam (Sedga IV s-is 60-ian wlebSi) igi kanonis gareSe datova. ar miiRo igi siriulma (e.w. peSitam) da somxurma bibliam.

4. Zveli aRTqmis damowmebani axal aRTqmaSi

saxarebisa da, savaraudod, mociqulTa moRvaweobis (“saqme mociqulTa”) xanaSi ar arsebobda qristianulwiaRSi Seqmnili wigni, romelsac daimowmebdnen maxarebelni an mociqulni. erTderTi wigni, rogorc iTqva, Zveli aRTqma iyo, romelic saxarebaSi, epistoleebsa da “mociqulTa saqmeSia” damowmebuli. sxva werilobiT avtoritets axali aRTqma ar icnobs. werili, sjuli da winaswarmetyvelni – am saxelwodebebiT aris moxseniebuli damowmebisas Zveli aRTqma, romelic, rogorc viciT, sami nawilisgan _ rjuli, winaswarmetyvelni da werilni _ Sedgeba. 320 SemTxvevidan yvelaze xSirad fsalmunebi da esaias winaswarmetyvelebis wignia damowmebuli, mere me-2 rjuli da gamosvlaTa wigni. zogi adgili zustad aris damowmebuli, zogi perifrazis saxiT, zogic _ mxolod aluziurad (im imediT, rom bibliis mcodnisTvis mixvedra Zneli ar iqneboda). tipiuria amgvari wanamZRvreba damowmebis win: “yovelive es moxda, raTa aRsruldes uflis naTqvami winaswametyvelis mier, romelic ambobs...” (maTe, 1:22); “maSin aRsrulda winaswarmetyvel ieremias naTqvami...” (maTe, 2:17); “radgan es aris, viszec iTqva esaia winaswarmetyvelis mie” (maTe, 3:3). es imas niSnavs, rom saxarebis avtoris

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(Semdgenelis) rwmeniT da xedviT is, rac naTqvamia Zvel aRTqmaSi, axalSi poulobs ganxorcielebas. swored es momenti igulisxmeba avgustines gamonaTqvamSi, rom

“Zvel aRTqmaSi dafarulia axali aRTqma, xolo axalSi gamocxadebulia Zveli”.

Aase yoveli mniSvnelovani xdomileba axali aRTqmisa (Sobidan dawyebuli aRdgoma-amaRlebamde) Tavis winasaxes poulobs Zvel aRTqmaSi da, amrigad, winaswarmetyvelTa naTqvamebi Tavis siRrmiseul sazriss iZenen axali aRTqmis Suqze. Aase da amrigad, maxareblebi Zveli aRTqmis pirveli egzegetikosebi (ganmmartebelni) iyvnen. TvalaCinoebisTvis mogvyavs adgili “mociqulTa saqmidan”:

“uflis angelozma uTxra filipes: adeqi da wadi samxreTisaken im gzaze, romelic ierusalimidan RazaSi Cadis. ukacrielia igi. Adga da wavida. da, aha, kaci eTiopeli saWurisi, eTiopiis dedolis, kandakes didebuli, mTeli misi saganZuri mcveli, romelic Tayvanis sacemad mosuliyi ierusalimSi, ukan brundeboda da, Tavis etlSi mjdari, kiTxulobda esaia winaswarmetyvels. uTxra sulma filipes: midi da axlos daudeqi mag etls. miirbina filipem da, roca gaigo, rom igi esaia winaswarmetyvels kiTxulobda, uTxra: Tu gesmis, rasac kiTxulob? man uTxra: rogor SevZleb, Tu aravin ganmimartavs? da sTxova filipes, asuliyo da mis gverdiT damjdariyo. werilis adgili, romelsac is kiTxulobda, es iyo: kraviviT dasaklavad miiyvanes da, rogorc cxvari dums mparsvelebis winaSe, ise masac ar dauZravs bage. damcirebaSi waerTva samarTali da vin moikiTxavda mis warmoSobas? radgan cocxalTa qveyanas moswyda, Cemi xalxis codvebisTvis Sexvda satanjveli”. miugo saWurisma filipes da uTxra: gevedrebi, visze ambobs amas winaswarmetyveli, Tavis Tavze Tu sxva vinmeze? gaxsna filipem bage da daiwyo am weriliT da axara iesos Sesaxeb” (saqme mociqulTa, 8:26-35).

yuradReba mivaqcioT am sityvebs “daiwyo am weriliT da axara...”. filipem esaias winaswarmetvelebis es adgili (es. T. 53) saxarebad gamoiyena, ris SesaZleblobasac mas aZlevda teqsti. 53-e Tavis gamo netari ieronimusi ambobs, rom esaia aq ufro maxarebelia, vidre winaswarmetyvelio. gadaWarbeba ar qneba, Tu vityviT, rom esaias wignis 53-e Tavi mexuTe saxarebaa, romelic qristes jvarcmamde saukuneebis win daiwera.

5. axali aRTqmis kanoni

kanonamde

II-III ss-Si qristianTa Soris, sxvadasxva eklesiebSi, mogvianebiT

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kanonikurad Seracxil wignebTan erTad vrceldeboda teqstebi, romelTa kanonikuroba-arakanonikurobis sakiTxi Tavdapirvelad ar idga. eklesiis mamebi TavianT nawerebSi ama Tu im problemaze msjelobisas eyrdnobodnen maT da imowmebdnen. esenia: klimenti romaelis I epistole korinTelTadmi.

epistoles avtoria romis mesame episkoposi wm. petre mociqulis Semdeg, misi episkoposobis xana modis 92-101 wlebze. ase rom misi epistole dawerili unda iyos ara ugvianes II s.-is 90-iani wlebisa. gamodis, rom es teqsti ufro adrea Seqmnili, vidre ioanes saxareba da `gamocxadeba~. amrigad, igi mociqulTa xanas ganekuTvneba, ris gamoc misi avtoriteti didi unda yofiliyo, Tumca igi, sabolood, mainc ver moxvda axali aRTqmis kanonSi.

es epistole, garda siZvelisa, ori kuTxiT aris mniSvnelovani: pirveli, eklesiis istoriis TvalsazrisiT, rom masSi dadasturebulia petres myofoba romSi, pavle mociqulis mogzauroba espaneTSi, da am ori mociqulis mowameobrivi sikvdili; eklesiis devna neronis xeliT. meore, dogmatur-kanonikuri TvalsazrisiT: aq laparakia saeklesio xelisuflebis legitimurobaze, romelic mociqulidan episkoposebs gadaecemaT. klimentis epistole didi avtoritetiT sargeblobda Zvel eklesiaSi: mas kiTxulobdnen eklesiebSi mrevlis sakvirao Sekrebebze. ai, ras wers evsebios kesarieli: `cnobilia erTi sakvirveli werili klimentisa, romelic sandod iTvleba; igi romis eklesiis saxeliT aris dawerili korinTos eklesiis mimarT, sadac maSin ganxeTqileba moxda. Cven viciT, rom es epistole imTaviTve ikiTxeboda sajarod bevr eklesiaSi. mas dRemde kiTxuloben...~ (w. III, 16). `didaqe~

anu `Tormeti mociqulis swavlani~, kompilaciuri nawarmoebi, dawerilia II s.-Si egvipteSi an siriaSi, Sedgeba 16 mokle Tavisgan, sadac gadmocemulia qristianuli moralisa da eTikis sakiTxebi, saeklesio praqtika, esqatologiuri molodini (qristes meored mosvla soflis dasasruls). mas imowmebdnen IV-V ss.-Sic ki. hermas `mwyemsi~

es aris apokalipsis tipis nawarmoebi. gamocxadeba eZleva vinme hermas romSi moxucebuli dedakacis piriT da mwyemsis saxiT movlenili angelozis mier. wigni sami nawilisgan Sedgeba: xilvani, mcnebani da igavni. teqstis ebraizmebi mowmobs avtoris iudeur warmoSobas an aRzrda-ganaTlebas. dogmaturi TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa: hermas Tanaxmad, eklesia RvTis upirvelesi qmnilebaa (avtors eklesia evlineba moxucebuli qalis saxiT, romelic yvelaze adre Seiqmna da, rac

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Seiqmna, misTvis Seiqmna). am wignis avtoritets mowmoben eklesiis Zveli mamebi: irinevsi, tertuliani da origeni, romelnic mas RvTivSTagonebul wignad Tvlidnen da axali aRTqmis erT-erT wignad aRiarebdnen. muratoriseul (ix. qvemoT) laTinur axal aRTqmaSi, sadac moTavsebulia igi, daweris TariRad 140-150 wlebia miTiTebuli. barnabas epistole

tradicia mis avtorobas mociqul barnabas miawers. sinamdvileSi igi anonimuria da dawerilia II s.-is 30-ian wlebamde. epistole mniSvnelovania imiT, rom igi aswavlis Zveli aRTqmis kiTxvas axali aRTqmis Suqze. is ambobs, rom Zveli aRTqmis mkiTxvelma masSi qristes prefigurativebi unda dainaxos, maSin gaixsneba misi sazrisi. amitom ebraelebi, romlebic ar aRiareben qristes, verasodes gaigeben am wignebs. epistole damowmebuli aqvs klementi aleqsandriels (gard. 215) da, rac sainteresoa, mas Seicavs IV s.-is axali aRTqmis xelnaweri, cnobili saxelwodebiT Codex sinaicus (sinas mTis kodeqsi).

oTxive es wigni berZnul enazea dawerili. am nawerebis garda, arsebobda bevri sxva apokrifuli naweri, _ saxarebebi,

epistoleebi Tu apokalipsebi, romlebic Tavidanve ukugdebuli iqnen eklesiis mier, rogorc gnostikurni. esenia: filipes, andrias, Tomas saxarebebi, petres apokalipsi da sxva. kanonSi ver hpoves adgili, magram arc uaryofili iqnen nikodemosis saxareba da iakobis protosaxarebad wodebuli teqstebi (arsebobs maTi Zveli qarTuli Targmanebi).

5. kanonis dadgena

II s.-dan daiwyo wignebis SerCeva, romelTac mkacrad gansazRvruli

korpusi unda SeedginaT. II s.-is SuaxanebSi cxovrobda vinme markioni, sinopeli mdidari gemTmepatrone. 140 wels igi Cavida romSi da iq myof eklesias SeuerTda, magram male moeqca qristian gnostikosTa (ix. qvemoT) gavlenis qveS da gaxda Zveli aRTqmis dauZinebeli mteri. uaryofda ra Zveli aRTqmis rjuls da mis wignebs, maTSi gacxadebul RmerTs, rogorc borot demiurgs, gadawyvita maTTvis axali aRTqmis wignebi daepirispirebina. man Seqmna axali aRTqmis Tavisi sakuTari krebuli, romelic ori nawilisgan Sedgeboda:

a) erTaderTi saxareba lukasagan, isic Semoklebuli, iudauri elementebisgan `gawmendili~ varianti. lukas saxareba im motiviT iyo SerCeuli, rom mas pavle mociqulidan momdinared miiCnevda, pavles ki axali aRTqmis sxva avtorTa Soris erTaderT avtoritetad racxda. pavle iyo erTaderTi, romelsac markioni qristes mowafed aRiarebda.

b) meore nawilad markions Tavis axal aRTqmaSi pavles 10 epistole hqonda SerCeuli, oRond Taviseburad redaqtirebuli: uaryo rom. 4,

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sadac abraamzea laparaki, rogorc rwmenis mamaze, rac misTvis, rogorc ebraelTa moZulisTvis, miuRebeli iyo. TviTneburad Sehqonda Sesworebebi teqstSi, zogjer radikalurad cvlida azrs sityvebis gadanacvlebiT an gamotovebiT. magaliTisTvis, gal. 1:1-Si gamotova sityvebi kai theou patros (`da mama RmerTis mier~), raTa eCvenebina, rom RmerTs ar aRudgenia ieso qriste, aramed, rogorc gnostikosebi fiqrobdnen, Tavad aRidgina Tavi. amgvar cvlilebaTa mizani iyo, mkveTrad ganesxvavebina erTmaneTisgan mis mier borotad miCneuli Zveli aRTqmis RmerTi (e. w. boroti demiurgi) romelmac boroti samyaro Seqmna, axali aRTqmis ùcnobi~ mowyale RmerTisgan, romelmac qristeTi gamoavlina Tavi.

sabolood, 144 wels markionis Sexedulebebi dagmobil iqna da igi moikveTa romis eklesiam. markionis mier daarsebulma seqtam misi sikvdilis Semdeg karga xans iarseba da, bolos, maniqevelebs Seerwya. damaxasiTebelia markionis pirovnebisTvis, rom cnobilma polikarpem, Semdgom martvilma (mowamem), roca mas romSi piradad Sexvda, `satanis pirmSo~ uwoda. ai, aseTi reputacia hqonda markions. cxadia, miseuli axali aRTqma eklesiam ar miiRo. mainc markioni pirveli iyo, romelmac axali aRTqmis struqtura nawilobriv moxaza (saxareba da samociquli wignebi).

markionma erTaderTi lukas saxareba Seitana Tavis kanonSi, mis dros jer kidev ar iyo dadgenili oTxi saxarebis kanonikuroba. pirvelad sirielma tatianem (daaxl. 175) moiyvana harmoniaSi oTxi saxareba (diatesaronis saxelwodebiT), rasac farTod gauRo kari eklesiam.

irinevsi (daaxl. 200) ukve imowmebs 4 saxarebas, am dros ukve dadgenilia maTi kanonikuroba, Tumca maTi rigi jer kidev ar aris mkacrad gansazRvruli. irinevss damowmebuli aqvs pavles 11 epistole, kaTolike epistoleTagan: 1petre, 1 da 2 ioane, gamocxadeba, saqme mociqulTa. Tumca es imas ar niSnavs, rom danarCeni epistoleebi jer kidev ar iyo miCneuli kanonikurad. mis mier hermas `mwyemsis~ damowmeba SeiZleba imaze laparakobdes, rom irinevsi am nawarmoebs avtoritetulad miiCnevda da SesaZleblad Tvlida, rom igi axali aRTqmis wignebs Soris Seracxuliyo.

arsebobs laTinuri xelnaweri, romelic misi aRmomCenis _ lodoviko antonio muratoris saxeliT aris cnobili da 170-180 wlebiT aris daTariRebuli, sadac Semdegi wignebia Tavmoyrili: 4 saxareba, mociqulTa saqmeni, pavles 13 epistole, iudas da 2ioanes kaTolike epistoleebi, gamocxadeba.

dReisaTvis cnobili kanoni mxolod IV saukunis bolos dadginda. evsebios kesarieli (260-240) jer kidev yoymanobs zogierTi wignis avTenturobisa da utyuari avtoritetis Taobaze. movusminoT, ras wers

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igi èklesiis istoriaSi~:

àxla CamovTvaloT axali aRTqmis CvenTvis ukve nacnobi wignebi. pirvel adgilze, ra Tqma unda, movaqcevT wmida oTx saxarebas, maT mosdevs `saqme mociqulTa~, Semdeg pavles epistoleebi, uSualod maT Semdeg ki 1ioane da udaod petre, xolo Semdeg, Tu gnebavT, ioanes `gamocxadeba~, ris Sesaxebac Tavis droze vilaparakebT. es wignebi eWvmiutanelia. saeWvoTa, magram umravlesobis mier miRebulTa Soris arian: epistoleebi iakobis, iudas, meore petresi, meore da mesame ioanesi (SesaZloa, isini ekuTvnian maxarebels, SeiZleba vinmes mis mosaxeles). nayalbevebs ekuTvnian: `pavles saqmeni~, wigni `mwyemsis~ saxelwodebiT, `petres gamocxadeba~, barnabaseulad aRiarebuli epistole, `didaqe~ (`Tormeti mociqulis moZRvreba~) da, rogorc vTqvi, Tu gnebavT, ìoanes gamocxadeba~, romelsac erTni uaryofen, meoreni aRiarebul wignTa Soris moixsenieben. zogierTni am wignebs Soris aTavseben `saxarebas ebraelTagan~, romelic qristes morwmune ebraelebs yvelaze metad uyvarT. yvela es wigni uaryofilia, magram Cven saWirod miviCnieT, Segvedgina maTi sia im mizniT, rom vicodeT, romeli wignebia namdvili, ara gamogonili, da miRebulia eklesiis gadmocemiT, da romeli wignebia axali aRTqmidan amoRebuli, Tumca isini cnobili arian saeklesio mweralTa umetesobisTvis. unda vicodeT es wignebic da isinic, romlebic eretikosTa Soris mociqulTa saxarebebis saxeliT arian aRiarebuli (petresi, Tomasi da sxvaTa) da aseve TiTqos andrias, ioanes da sxva mociqulTa `saqmeni~. es wignebi arc erT saeklesio mwerals ar gauxdia xsenebis Rirsad...~ (w. III, 25).

mogvianebiT aTanase aleqsandriels (296-373) Tavis siaSi

saeWvoTa Soris aRar Seutania 2petr. da 2 da 3ioanes kaTolike epistoleebi. oRond mainc saeWvod miiCnevs „didaqesa“ da hermas `mwyemss~. CamoTvlis ra Zveli da axali aRTqmis kanonikur wignebs, mRvdelmTavari wers:

`meti sizustisTvis (amas aucileblobiT vwer) davsZen, rom am wignebs garda aris sxvebic, romlebic kanonSi ar SeutaniaT, magram mamebma dauweses maTi kiTxva axalSemomatebulebs da kaTakmevlebs. esenia: `sibrZne solomonisa~, `sibrZne ziraqisa~, èsTeri~, ìvdiTi~, `tobia~, egreTwodebuli `mociqulTa moZRvreba (didaqe)~ da `mwyemsi~. mokled, sayvarelno, roca wignTagan erTni Setanilia kanonSi, sxvani ki sakiTxavad aris SeTavazebuli, arsad ar ixseneba apokrifuli wignebi; isini mwvalebelTa gamonagonia, romlebic weren, roca surT, da aZveleben, raTa gulubryvilo adamianebi moxiblon~ (XXXIX werilidan).

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am nawyvetidan irkveva, rom aTanases dros ukve mkveTrad iyo gamijnuli erTmaneTisgan arakanonikuri da apokrifuli wignebi, romlebic imxanad mravlad iyo dagrovili da, rogorc Cans, eZaleboda eklesiis mrevls.

teqstebis SerCevis kriteriumebi

sul cota sami moTxovna unda daekmayofilebina teqsts, rom mas adgili epovna axal aRTqmaSi:

1) masSi gacxadebuli unda iyos WeSmariti moZRvreba da saxarebaTa da sxva teqstTa urTierT-Tanxmoba;

2) teqsti samociqulo warmoSobisa unda yofiliyo, anu mas fesvi mociqulTa xanaSi unda hqonoda gadgmuli;

3) farTod unda yofiliyo gavrcelebuli; misi gamoyeneba ar unda Semofargluliyo erTi romelime eklesiis sazRvrebiT. magaliTisTvis, hermas `mwyemsi~, `didaqe~ da klimentis I epistole akmayofileben or pirobas: isini Seicaven WeSmarit moZRvrebas da farTodac iyvnen gavrcelebuli, magram ar iyvnen dakavSirebul mociqulTa xanasTan; amitomac ver vxedavT maT axali aRTqmis wignebs Soris.

am sam kriteriums kidev unda davumatoT erTi niSani, romelsac swored apokrifuli saxarebebia moklebuli. es aris istoriuloba, xdomilebaTa konkretuli konteqsti. ar aris sakmarisi, rom qriste qadagebs saxarebas; qriste aris sityva, magram aucilebelia vxedavdeT da ganvicdideT gankacebul sityvas konkretul sivrcesa da droSi, ai, axla da aq. es aris saxarebaTa erT-erTi mTavari kriteriumi, romelmac ganapiroba swored am oTxi saxarebis kanonikuri adgili axali aRTqmaSi.

origeni (gard. 254) ganarCevda qristianuli Sinaarsis wignTa Tu werilTa

sam jgufs Tu dones: 1. homologumena anu utyuari teqstebi; aseTebi iyo misTvis 4 saxareba,

pavles 13 epistole, 1 pet., 1 ioan., saqmeni, gamocxadeba. 2. amfiblomena anu sadaoni; aseTebia: 2 pet., 2 da 3 ioan., epistole

ebraelTadmi. 3. noTa anu nayalbevni da amitom ukanononi; aseTebia: egviptelTa

saxareba, Tomas saxareba da sxva gnostikuri xasiaTis teqstebi, romlebic mravlad iyo mis xanaSi. origeni werilad (berZn. grafe) moixseniebda `didaqes~, `mwyemss~, barnabas epistoles, magram ar miaCnda isini kanonikurad.

7. ieso qristes istoriuloba aris ieso qriste istoriuli piri? aris da arc aris? ramdenadac

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igi aris RmerTic da kacic? RmerTi zeistoriulia, kaci ki mxolod istoriuli SeiZleba iyos, anu misi istoriuloba niSnavs mis arsebobas istoriaSi, JamTa svlaze daqvemdebarebas. adamiani, rogorc mexsieri arseba, yvela Tavisi ganzomilebiT, istoriuli arsebaa, magram realurad, fizikurad zogadi adamiani ar arsebobs. arsebobs mxolod es adamiani, romelsac Sevxebivar, an Sexebia odesme vinme, yofila es nabuqodonosori Tu vinme misi uCino da uCinari Tanamedrove, an Tundac pilate pontoeli, romlis realurobas ara mxolod saxareba adasturebs. meore azriT, istoriulia is piri, visac raime mniSvnelovani gavlena mouxdenia istoriul procesze.

am or kriteriums savsebiT akmayofilebs ieso qriste, Sobili iudas beTlemSi ama da am wels (TariRi dazusteba SeiZleba ar xerxdebodes) da jvarcmuli ierusalimSi `pontoelisa pilates ze~. magram mainc aTeisturi (da, sazogadod, qristianobis) kritika XVIII saukunidan dawyebuli, SesaZlebelia, dRemdec daeWvebulia misi pirovnebis istoriulobaSi, da mis realur-fizikur arsebobaSic ki. warsuli drois gnostikosebi uaryofdnen ra iesos fizikur arsebobas, zedroul eonad (miwaze garkveuli misiiT movlenil zeciur arsebad) miiCnevdnen mas, anu uaryofdnen masSi miwiers zeciuris sasargeblod, magram ris sasargeblod uaryofen Tanamedrove xanis uarmyofelni miwier, xorciel qristes? arc suli, arc xorci? mas umal miTologiur personaJad, mis mowafeTa da, gansakuTrebiT, pavles `meocnebe~ TavSi warmosaxul fantomad, vidre realur pirad miiCneven. miTologia antireligiuri reaqciis ukanaskneli TavSesafaria maTTvis, vinc orWofobs _ arc sulSi eZebs, arc xorcSi, aramed sadRac irealur sivrceSi. simptomaturia, rom sabWoTa periodSi gamoqveynebul miTologiur enciklopediebSi ieso qristec aris moxseniebuli, rogorc miTologiuri personaJi.

qristes araistoriulobis argumentad xSirad mohyavT is garemoeba, rom misi jvarcmidan sami aTeuli wlis Semdeg daweril saxarebaTa da epistoleTa garda, sxva wyaro arafers gveubneba mis Sesaxeb. es TiTqos imas niSnavs, rom adamians sakuTari Tavi mohyavs mowmed. magram mowmobac aris da mowmobac. saxarebebze rom ar vilaparakoT, pavle mociqulis epistoleebi ganmsWvalulia iesosadmi iseTi gulwrfeli da Tavdadebuli erTgulebiT, rogoric SeuZlebeli iqneboda, rom igi mis realur arsebobaSi ar yofiliyo darwmunebuli, rom misi pirovnebis Sesaxeb da misi ambavi mxolod meore pirisgan hqonoda gagebuli, rom mas masTan piradi Sexvedris gamocdileba ar hqonoda. davukvirdeT ras wers igi pirvel epistoleSi korinTelTa mimarT, romelic qristes jvarcmidan ocdaoTxi wlis Semdeg daiwera:

`gauwyebT Tqven, Zmano, saxarebas, romelic me gaxareT, romelic kidec miiReT da romelzec dgaxarT. romliTac gadarCebiT kidec,

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Tu daicavT sityvas, me rom gaxareT, Tu fuWad ar irwmuneT. radgan Tavdapirvelad gadmogeciT is, rac TviTonve miviRe, rom qriste mokvda Cveni codvebisTvis, rogorc werilebSia. da rom daikrZala igi da aRdga mesame dRes, rogorc werilebSia. da rom gamoecxada kefas da mere Tormets. mere gamoecxada xuTasze met Zmas erTdroulad, romelTagan umravlesni aqamde cocxalni arian, zogma ki ganisvena. mere gamoecxada iakobs da mere yvela mociquls. xolo yvelaze bolos, rogorc udReurad Sobils, mec gamomecxada. radgan umciresi var mociqulTa Soris da mociqulis wodebis Rirsic ara var, radgan vdevnidi RvTis eklesias. magram RvTis madliT var, rac var...“ (1kor. 15:1-10).

`romelTagan umravlesni aqamde cocxalni arian~, _ Znelia amaze

ukeTesi da sarwmuno mowmobis moZebna. pavles dros, ioanes drosac, romelmac II saukuneSic gadaabija, jer kidev cocxalni iyvnen aRmdgari iesos TviTmxilvelni. maTgan xiluli saswaulis ambavi zepirad vrceldeboda or aTeul welze meti xnis manZilze, vidre werilobiT aRibeWdeboda. ratom ufro adre ar aRiwera is, rac maSin, paseqis dasasruls, ierusalimSi moxda? pasuxi aseTi iqneba, Tu jvarze warweris Sesaxeb pilates sityvebs _ “rac davwere, davwere” (ioan. 19:22) _ gavimeorebT: “roca daiwera, daiwera”.

magram mTavari mainc is aris, rom axali sarwmunoebis mowinaaRmdegeni, iudevelni Tu warmarTni, ar uaryofdnen misi damaarseblis realobas. mniSvnelovania mowmobani warmoSobiT iudeveli, magram gaelinebuli iosef flaviosisa, romelsac ver davabralebT mikerZoebas, roca ìudevelTa siZveleebSi~ jer ioane naTlismcemlis Sepyrobasa da sikvdiliT dasjaze, mere iakob mociqulis, `qristed wodebuli iesos Zmis~ (misi sityvebia) qviT Caqolvaze laparakobs da, bolos, mokled gadmogvcems imas, rasac saxarebebSi vrclad vkiTxulobT:

àm dros cxovrobda ieso, kaci brZeni, Tuki saerTod kacad movixseniebT, radgan sakvirvel saqmeebs Cadioda da moZRvravda WeSmaritebaSi yvelas, vinc xalisiT usmenda mas. man bevri miimxro rogorc iudevelTagan, ise elinTagan. es iyo qriste. da roca pilatem Cveni warCinebuli xalxis braldebiT sikvdili miusaja mas, aravin, vinc Tavidanve Seiyvara igi, ar ganmdgara misgan. mesame dRes eCvena maT cocxliv, rogorc RvTiuri winaswarmetyvelni winaswarmetyvelebdnen amis Taobaze da sxva saswaulebze, rac masTan iyo dakavSirebuli. dRemde ar Semwydara qristianTa modgma, romelic misi saxeliT iwodeba~. (damowmeba)

es sityvebi ufro adre daiwera, vidre axali aRTqmis yvela wigni

daiwereboda. yovel SemTxvevaSi, ioseb flaviusma es nawarmoebi I

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saukunis 90-ian wlebSi daasrula, swored im xanebSi, roca ioane mociqulis saxareba da `gamocxadeba~ iwereboda.

magram ra gveTqmis imis Taobaze, rom axali aRTqmis wignebis gareSe ieso qristes xseneba marTlac mwiria? ra aris amis mizezi? mizezi ori saxis unda iyos: pirveli subieqturia: dRes Cven, qristianobis esodeni ganvrcobis mowmeT, ver warmogvidgenia da ver agvixsnia werilobiTi sityvis gulgriloba im faqtisadmi, romelmac Secvala istoriis gezi. Cven retrospeqtulad vWvretT qristianobis zrdas saukuneebis manZilze, I saukuneSi ki amis ganWvreta aravis SeeZlo. Cveni drois retrospeqtiva ar Tanxvdeba I saukunis perspeqtivas. meore mizezi obieqturia: Tu ioane maxarebeli (RvTismetyveli) ambobs, rom qriste `TavisianebTan movida da Tavisianebma ar miiRes~ (ioan. 1:11), Tavisianebma anu iudevelebma, romlebic mesiis molodiniT iyvnen aRsavse, raRa iTqmis berZnul-romaul samyaroze, visTvisac qristes movlineba arc maT warsulTan, arc momavlis molodinTan da imedebTan ar iyo dakavSirebuli. is exeboda mxolod ebraelebs, erT bewo xalxs mTels imperiaSi, da amasTanave Sinagan-providenciuli faqti iyo da ara istoriul-zedapiruli, rom berZnul-romaul saistorio mwerlobas Tavisi interesis sagnad gaexada. es mwerloba xom yvelafers imperiis TvalsazrisiT afasebda. da ra iyo qriste imperiis winaSe? is TiTebze CamosaTvleli xsenebani qristesi, romelic laTinur saistorio mwerlobaSi ipoveba, mxolod provinciuli SemTxvevis aRnusxvaa, romelsac raime mniSvneloba romisTvis ar unda hqonoda. mas ver unda SeemCnia qristianoba mis genezisSi _ es bunebrivia. magram SeamCnia maSin da, metic, SeSfoTda, roca is xalxSi farTod gavrcelda da maTi cnobiereba da yofa-cxovreba daipyro. qristes xsenebani romaul wyaroebSi

qristes yvelaze adreuli xseneba ekuTvnis romael saxelmwifo moRvawes da avtors plinius umcross (61-113). igi biTiniaSi msaxurobda da devnida `xrestianebs~, asamarTlebda da sjida. imperator traianes werda maT Sesaxeb, rom isini, maTive aRiarebiT, dadgenil dRes dilamde erTad atarebdnen, himnebiT ugalobdnen `xrestuss~, rogorc RmerTs (quasi Deo) [werili traianesadmi 96]. es avtori imasac aRniSnavs, rom veraviTari iZuleba namdvil qristianebs ver agmobinebda qristes, rasac misgan moiTxovdnen. niSandoblivia, rom rwmenis simtkicis dadasturebas, rac ucxo iyo romaelTaTvis, maT plinius umcrosi sikerpesa da sijiuteSi uTvlis.

Tu plinius umcrosSi qristianebi antipaTias mainc da mainc ar iwveven, kornelius tacitusi (55-120), misi ufrosi megobari, maT uaryofiTi mxridan warmogvidgens, magram qristes Sesaxeb ufro

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dawvrilebul informacias iZleva:

`raTa gaeqarwylebina xmebi, rom misi brZanebiT moawyves xanZari romSi, neronma gamoZebna damnaSaveni da sastikad dasaja isini, romlebic TavianTi sisaZagleebiT sayovelTao zizRi daitexes Tavs da romelTac xalxi (vulgus) xrestianebs uwodebs. am religiis saxelis avtori xrestusi tiberiusis imperatorobisas dasaja prokuratorma pontoelma pilatem...~ (analebi, wigni XV, 44).

gaius svetoniusi (70-140) `Tormeti keisris cxovrebaSi~ wers, rom

imperatorma klavdiusma (41-54) `xrestusis waqezebiT sulmudam SfoTSi myofi iudevlebi romidan gandevna~ (`RvTiuri klavdiusi~, 25, 4). es faqti axali aRTqmidanac aris cnobili: `klavdiusma brZana yvela iudeveli romidan gaeZevebinaT~ (saqme moc., 18:2). rogorc Cans, svetoniusi fiqrobs, rom klavdiusis dros qriste romSi imyofeboda.

cnobebi qristes (romaelebi gamoTqvamdnen: xrestus, Chrestus) Sesaxeb marTlac mwiria, Tumca maT namdvilobaSic eWvi Seaqvs bibliis kritikas, Tvlis ra maT Semdgomi drois CanarTebad. magram ismis kiTxva: Tu CarTvis survili iyo, ratom ar aris CanarTebi ufro meti da ufro dawvrilebiTi informaciis momcveli?

8. qriste rogorc moZRvreba

aqve unda SevniSnoT, ara aqvs arsebiTi mniSvneloba imas, aris Tu

ara naxsenebi, an ramdenjer da sad, an vis mier ieso qriste, rogorc istoriuli piri. ieso qristes problema ar Zevs mis, mxolod rogorc adamianis, pirovnebaSi. yvela sxva religiis damaarseblis Tu liderisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic gamocxadebiT iRebs religiur WeSmaritebebs da mcnebebs (rogorc, magaliTisTvis, mose an muhamadi), qriste Tavad aris gamocxadeba, romelic Tavis TavSi moicavs WeSmaritebas; Tavad qriste, rogorc RvTis Ze, samebis meore hipostasi, Tavad aris moZRvreba, romelic gagebas, wvdomas da gaTavisebas moiTxovs. ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom ieso mimarTavs Tavis mowafeebs kiTxviT: rogor ggonia, vin var me? arc erTi religiis winamZRols aseTi kiTxva ar dausvams Tavisi adeptebisadmi. yvela isini adamianebi iyvnen TavianTi adamianuri naklovaneba-RirsebebiT, Tumca maT SeeZloT TavianT cnobierebaSi moecvaT WeSmariteba da eqadagaT is, _ eqadagaT, rac maT gamocxadebiT miiRes. qriste aseTi ar iyo. is qadagebda mxolod sakuTar Tavs, sakuTar bunebas, rogorc moZRvrebas. amitomac saxarebaTa mizani ar aris misi empiriuli pirovnebis cxovrebis gzis gadmocema. maxareblebs surT gadmoscen pirovnebis providenciul-mesianisturi aspeqti, misi buneba, romelic Seicavs saidumlos. mTeli saxareba aris misi bunebis etapobrivi ganSla mowafeTa Tvalwin. amas

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asaxavs ioane maxarebeli, roca saxarebis gadmocemas ara iesos SobiT, aramed logosis (sityvis) dausabamoobiT iwyebs.

9. mociqulebi

is Tormeti pirovneba, romelic ieso qristem Semoikriba Tavis

garSemo saxarebebSi ori saxelwodebiT moixsenieba: mowafe (mateTes) da mociquli (apostolos). pirveli saxelwodeba aRniSnavs maT damokidebulebas moZRvarTan, romlisganac isini swavloben axal moZRvrebas, axal aRTqmas, saxarebas; xolo meore aRniSnavs maT, rogorc qristes misiis gamavrcelebelTa, mowodebas. mociquli Zveli qarTuli sityvaa da niSnavs raime ambis Sesatyobineblad gagzavnils, mivlinebuls. qriste jer damoZRvravs, aswavlis maT, xolo Semdeg agzavnis, miavlens maT. “es Tormeti miavlina iesom, daariga da uTxra maT: ...wadiT israelis saxlis dakargul cxvrebTan. roca mixvalT, iqadageT, rom moaxloebulia caTa samefo” (maTe, 10:5-7). A

ai, maTi, saxelebi, romelTac maxarebeli maTe qristesTan damowafebis rigisamebr CamoTvlis maT: simoni, romelsac moZRvarma Semdgom petre (“klde”, berZn, petros arameulad kefa) Searqva; andria, misi Zma; iakob zebedes Ze; misi Zma ioane; filipe; barTlome; Toma; mebaJe maTe-levi; iakob alfes Ze; lebeosi, romelsac Tadeosi ewoda; simon kananeli (“moSurne”, berZ. Zelotes); da iuda iskarioteli.

iesos mowafeTa ricxvi samocdaaTs Seadgens, magram maT Soris man Tormeti gamoarCia, romelTac gansakuTrebuli, arcTu uxifaTo misia daekisraT. rogorc cnobilia, mociqulTa umetesobam Tavisi samociqulo gza mowameobrivi sikvdiliT daasrula. ratom mainc da mainc Tormeti? gasagebia, radgan israeli eri Tormeti tomisgan Sedgeboda da am ricxvs am SemTxvevaSi simboluri mniSvneloba mieniWa: es Tormeti unda yofiliyo is danarComi israelis saxlidan, romelsac axali aRTqmis eklesia unda Seeqmna (Tumca es ricxobrivi simbolizmi saxarebaSi mainc da mainc Tematizebuli ar aris).

Mmxolod ramdenime mociqul;is SemTxvevaSi aris gamaxvilebuli yuradReba maTi mowodebis pirobebis Sesaxeb. ioanes saxarebis Tanaxmad, pirveli, visac iordaneze naTelRebis Semdeg iesom daimowafa, andria iyo1, Zma simonisa. rogorc Cans, igi da kidev erTi pirovneba, romelic saxeliT moxseniebuli ar aris, ioane naTlismcemlis mowafeebi iyvnen. magram moesmaT Tu ara maT ioanesagan momaval iesos mimarT naTqvami “aha, RvTis kravi”, datoves ioane da gayvnen iesos im adgilamde, sadac is cxovrobda. andrias sityvebi _ “Cven vipoveT mesia” _ mowmobs mis molodins mesiis gamoCenaze, riTac aRvsili iyo Zveli aRTqmis xalxis cnobiereba da imis rwmenas, rom swored es adamiani – ieso iyo mesia. andriam miiyvana iesosTan Tavisi Zma petre, romelac gacnobisTanave

1 amis gamo andria amis gamo andria qristianul literaturaSi qristianul literaturaSi “pirvelwodebulis” saxeliT ixsenieba.

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iesom kefa (berZn. petros “klde”) daarqva (ioane, 1:35-42). Mmaxarebeli maTe maT damowafebas iesos mier gansxvavebulad

gadmogvcems. Tu ioanes mixedviT, andria iesos danaxvaze ioane naTlismcemels miatovebs iesos gulisTvis, maTes Tanaxmad ori Zmas Tevzaobisas, roca isini bades isrodnen galileis zRvaSi, mouxmobs sityvebiT “momyeviT me da kacTa mebadurebad gagxdiT” da isinic gayvnen mas (maTe, 4:18-20). maTesve cnobiT, ieso imave dRes kvlav or Zmas _ iakobs da ioanes, romlrbis TavianT mamasTan zebeesTan erTad mebadurobdnen, daimowafebs. Zmebi miatoveben mamasaac, navsac da badeebsac da gayvebian mas (maTe, 4:21-22).

ioane maxareblis Tanaxmad ki, meore wyvili, romelic iesom daimowafa, filipe da naTanaeli iyo, Tumca isini Zmebi ar yofilan. filipeze naTqvamia, rom igi andriasa da petres qalaqidan _ beTsaidadan iyo. filipesTvis naTqvami erTaderTi sityva _ “gamomyevi” _ sakmarisi iyo, rom isic usityvod gahyoloda. rogorc andriam, romelsac petres axara mesiis moZieba, filipemac amcno naTanaels, Tavis moZmes: “Cven vnaxeT is, viszec daweres rjulSi mosem da winaswarmetyvelebma: ieso iosebis Ze, nazareTidan” (ioan. 2:45). iesom naTanaelis danaxvaze Tqva sityvebi, romlebic sxva mowafeebze ar uTqvams: “aha, namdvili israeliani, romelSc ar aris mzakvroba” (ioan. 2:46). xolo naTanaeli (sinoptikosebis Tanaxmad, barTlome), rogorc Cans, pirveli iyo mociqulTagan, romelmac iesoSi ara mxolod qriste (mesia) dainaxa, aramed mis RvTis Zeobac aRiara (“rabi, Sen xar Ze RvTisa...” ioan. 2:49). Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, igi aRar Cans saxarebebSi. erTaderTi ioane maxarebelia, romelic mas am saxeliT moixseniebs.

Uufro xSirad, rogorc wesi, mociqulebi, romlebic umeteswilad mowafeebad moixsenebian, saxarebebaTa an “mociqulTa saqmeTa” siuJetebSi krebiTad monawileoben, Tumca zogierTi maTgani individualuri kuTxiT warmoCindeba. magaliTisTvis, filipe, romelic TiTqos arafriT gamoirCeva Tormetisgan, “saqmeSi” mniSvnelovani misia ekisreba. mas wilad xvda sagonebelSi Cavardnili eTiopelisTvis ganemarta mesianisturi adgili esaias winaswarmetyvelebidan (es. 53). eTiopelis kiTxvaze, “gevedrebi, visze ambobs amas winaswarmetyveli, Tavis Tavze Tu sxva vinmeze? gaxsna filipem bage da daiwyo am weriliT da axara iesos Sesaxeb” (saqme, 8:34-35). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mociquli filipe axali aRTqmis pirveli egzegetikosia, romelis Cawvda mesiis saidumlos, rac miuwvdomeli darCa iudevelTaTvis.

ieso mociqulebTan erTad mimodis dabidan dabamde, qalaqidan qalaqamde, maTi TandaswrebiT qadagebs, stumrobs SeWirvebulebs, kurnavs da aRadgens davrdomilT, magram Tormetidan man gamorCia sami _ petre da zebedes Zeni, iakobi da ioane da daaswro isini jer feriscvalebas (maTe, 17:1-9) da mere, sabolood, Tavis ukanasknel

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locvas geTsimaniis baRSi (maTe, 26:36-46); simon-petre man mociqulTa Tavad gamoarCia, roca klde uwoda da uTxra, rom am kldeze daSenebda Tavis eklesias (maTe, 16:18); ioane zebedes Ze gamorCeuli iyo imiT, rom igi, misive cnobiT, “uyvarda iesos”, rogorc vkiTxulobT: “iesos ubes miyrdnoboda erTi mowafeTagani, romelic uyvarda iesos” (ioan. 13:23; agr. 19:26). ioanes rCeuloba imaSic gamoixata, rom igi erTaderTi iyo mowafeTagan, visac ar miutovebia jvarcmuli da visac iesom deda mariamze zrunva daavala (ioan. 19:26-27). Taviseburia petres damokidebuleba iesos mimarT: Tu, erTi mxriv, rwmenis gamo man saxelad klde (petros, kefa) daimsaxura, meore mxriv, SiSisgan samgzis uaryo moZRvari, romelic adre RvTis Zed aRiara (maTe, 26:69-75). mociqul Tomas wilad xvda yofiliyo im tipis adamianTa gansaxiereba, romelTa rwmenas faqti ganapirobebs. “imitom mirwmune, eubneba mas ieso, rom mixile. netar arian, visac ar vunaxivar da mirwmunes” (ioan. 20:29). magram manve gamoiCina Tavdadeba iesosadmi, roca Tqva: “Cvenc wavyveT, raTa masTan erTad davixocoT” (ioan. 11:16).

vin iyvnen mociqulebi? isini ubralo adamianebi iyvnen, romelTa saSualebiTac RmerTma ineba WeSmaritebis gacxadeba. Zmebi simon-petre da andria, da Zmebi iakobi da ioane mebadurebi iyvnen – es profesia mociqulobis simbolo gaxda: “momyeviT me da kacTa mebadurebad gagxdiT” (maTe, 4:19). ar iyo SemTxveviTi, rom pirvelwodebulni swored meTevzeebi iyvnen (Tevzs, rogorc simbolos, adreul qristianobaSi ormagi datvirTva hqonda: is mociqulTa mier monadirebul sulebze mianiSnebda, magram amave dros Tevzi2 qristesac aRniSnavda, romelic mociqulebma “moinadires”). sxva mociqulTa profesia cnobili ar aris (ar aris dasaxelebuli), garda levi-maTesi, romelic mebaJe iyo, mebaJeoba ki, gasagebi mizezis gamo, gasakicx profesiad miiCneoda _ mebaJe codvilis sinonimi iyo. mociqulTa Soris yofili mebaJis myofoba saukeTeso ilustraciaa iesos sityvebisa, rom igi ar mosula marTalTa mosaxmobad, aramed codvilTa sinanulad (mark. 2:17).3 mebaJeTa da meZavTa moxmoba iesos mier farisevlebis gamowveva iyo, romelTac xsnis erTaderT garantiad rjulis dacva-aRsruleba miaCndaT.

es mcirericxovani jgufi adamianebisa, romlebic Tavad iesom airCia da romlebic simbolurad Zveli aRTqmis sazogadoebas (eklesias) ganasaxierebda, mowodebuli iyo axali erTobis Sesaqmnelad da ukve warmoadgenda m axal erTobas, romelic mesiis garSemo iqna Semokrebili. maT, rogorc erT ojaxs (simboluri iyo, rom maT Soris ori wyvili Zma iyo: petre da andria da zebedes Zeni – iakobi da ioane), Tavisuflad itevda erTi oTaxi, da rogorc erTma ojaxma, wesisamebr, paseqi erTad idResaswaula, riTac axali erToba moaswava. am axalma ojaxma Seadgina “mcire samwyso” (luka 12:32), romelic qriste momavali eklesiis winamorbedi gaxda. amitomac qristianuli eklesia “mrwamsSi”

2 pirveli qristianebi berZnul sityvas ixTus (Tevzi) amgvarad Sifravdnen: iesus xristos hÂos Teu “ieso qriste, Ze RvTisa”) 3 ix. agreTve mezverisa da farisevlis igavi (luka, 18:9-14).

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ganimarta rogorc samociqulo: “erTi, wminda, kaTolike (=sayovelTao) da samociqulo eklesia”.

iudas CamoSorebiT, romelmac mociqul petres sityvebiT (saqme, 2:16-17) wilad irguna “es samsaxuri” (qristes gadacema), SeibRala mociqulTa ricxvi 12, amitomac darCenilma TerTmetma wilisyriT iudas sanacvlod maTia airCies (saqme, 2:26). magram, RvTis gangebiT, moxda ise, rom mociqulTa srul ricxvs mecamete daemata.

es iyo savle tarsuseli, farisevelTa wridan, eklesiis gaafTrebuli mdevneli, romelsac qristem aRdgomis Semdeg mouwoda. ierusalimidan damaskos gzaze, roca is rwmunebiT aRWurvili, qristianTa Sesapyrobad miemarTeboda, “uecrad gabrwyinda mis garSemo naTeli cidan, daeca miwaze da moesma xma, romelic eubneboda: “savle, savle, rad mdevni me?” am gamocxadebam eklesiis mdevneli, pavles saxeliT, qristes daucxromel mqadageblad aqcia (saqme, 9:1-19). saxelis Secvla savledan pavled misi moqcevis formaluri niSani iyo.

10. ioane naTlismcemeli.

ioane, romelic winamorbedis (berZn. prodromos) saxeliTac aris

cnobili, iesos dedis naTesavis elisabedisa da mRvdel zaqarias Svili (luka, 1:36) iyo. berwma elisabedma, rogorc saram da rogorc samson msajulis dedam, sibereSi Sva Ze. erTaderTi luka maxarebelia, vinc gadmoscems ioane naTlismcemlis Sobis ambavs (luka, 1:5780). cnobilia misi aRsasrulic, romlis Sesaxebac maxarebeli markozi gvamcnobs (mark. 6:14-29), magram ar aris cnobili, sad imyofeboda igi da ras akeTebda iordaneze gamoCenamde (maTe, 3:1). varaudoben, rom is am xanebSi eseebis (ix.) sazogadoebaSi imyofeboda. misi samoseli (aqlemis uxeSi bewvi da tyavis sartyeli) da sakvebi (mkali da veluri Tafli) mis asketobas da ara mis ukidures siRatakes mowmobs. Cans, amgvari Sesamoseli winaswarmetyvelis niSani iyo, romliTac is rigiTi adamianisgan gamoirCeoda. amgvarad iyo Semosili elia winaswarmetyveli: “balani mosavs im kacs da welze tyavis sartyeli artyia” (4mef. 1:8). Ioane udabnodan movida, xolo udabno asketebisa da winaswarmetyvelTa bunebrivi samyofelia. malaqias Semdeg samasi wlis manZilze qveyana ar icnobs winaswarmetyvels. ioane ukanasknelia winaswarmetyvelTa grZel rigSi; is gansakuTrebuli misiiT movida, misi mosvla malaqias mier aris nawinaswarmeyvelebi: “aha, movavlen Cems angelozs da gaamzadebs gzas Cems winaSe...” (mal. 3:1). ioanem, “winaswarmetyvelTa gvirgvinma”, rogorc mas uwodeben, ixila is, visi molodinic maT hqondaT, anu tarigi (kravi), romelic itvirTavda adamianTa codvebs. manve Tqva: “is (ieso) unda izrdebodes, me ki vmcirdebode” (ioan. 3:30). ioanes am

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sityvebma ganxorcieleba hpova im faqtSi, rom misi mowafebi stoveben mas da iesos Seudgebian.

ioane mouwodebda sinanulisken. Ras gulisxmobs “sinanuli”, berZnuli metanoia? es niSnavs fiqrebis Secvlas, sulier gardaqmnas moaxloebuli cata asufevlis winaSe, raTa gardaqmnili adamiani sasufevlis Rirsi gaxdes. ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom Zveli aRTqmis ukanaskneli winaswarmetyveli _ mesiis winamorbedi esaias sityvebs imeorebs: ganumzadeT gza ufals, mousworeT tramalze biliki Cvens RmerTs” es. 40:3), es RmerTi iesos saxiT, Ze RmrTisa gamoCnda sworeT xalxis winaSe iordaneze. esaia ki, rogorc zemoT iTqva, ufro maxarebeli iyo, vidre winaswarmetyveli: is, rac esaiam igavurad aRwera, ioanem TvalnaTliv ixila.

11. svimon moxucebuli

mesiis sayovelTao molodini, romliTac savse iyo adamianTa

cnobiereba, yvelaze mkveTrad ierusalimel pirovnebaSi, saxelad svimonSi gamoixata, romelsac hqonda suliwmidiT STagoneba, rom ar ixilavda sikvdils, vidre uflis cxebulis xilvis Rirsi ar gaxdeboda (luka, 2:25-35). Tu ioane winamorbedma zrdadasrulebul iesoSi Seicno pirovneba, romelic iTvirTavda adamianTa codvebs, svimonma iudevelTa wesisamebr taZarSi miyvanil Cvil iesoSi gamoicno israelis nugeSismcemeli, mkerdze miirqva da warmoTqva cnobili sityvebi, riTac Zveli aRTqmis xanis dasasruli da axlis dasawyisi gamoxata:

“axla ki ganuteve mona Seni, meufeo, rogorc naTqvami gaqvs, mSvidobiT, rdgan ixilis Cemma Tvalebma Seni macxovareba, romelic Sen ganamzade yoveli xalxis winaSe, warmarTTaTvis naTlis gamsacxadeblad da Seni xalxis, israelis, didebad” (luka, 2:29-32).

12. iesos megobari qalebi im qalTagan, romlebic axldnen iesos misi amqveyniuri misiis gzaze

da emsaxurebodnen (luka, 8:1-3), sabolood ki, idgnen jvarTan RvTismSobelTan da ioane mociqulTan erTad, iyvnen mariam, kleopas coli da mariam magdaleli (ioane, 19:25), romlisganac Svidi eSmaki iyo gandevnili. es mariami, romelic meTaurobda iesosTan daxloebul galilevel qalTa dass, gamoarCia iesom, raTa yofiliyo pirveli, vinc aRmdgari macxovari ixila “sxva mariamTan” erTad (maTe, 28:1-10; ioane, 20:1-18)). markoz maxarebeli mas menelsacxebel dedaTa Soris moixseniebs (mark. 16:1-2).

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mariam kleopasi iyo im orTagan, romelTac emausis gzaze aemgzavra aRmdgari ieso, da romelmac iesos kiTxvaze, raze msjelobTo, uTxra: “Sena xar erTaderTi xizani, romelmac ar icis ra ambavi moxda am dReebSi ierusalimSi” (luka, 24:13-18). igi unda iyos is “sxva mariami”, romelmac, maTes mixedviT, aRmdgari ieso ixila (maTe, 28:1).

sxva qalebisgan gansxvavebiT, ar Cans, rom mariami da marTa odesme xlebodnen iesos, magram isini misi saukeTeso megobrebi iyvnen; iesos uyvarda maTi ojaxi da stumrobda maT beTaniaSi, sadac isini Tavis ZmasTan lazaresTan erTad cxovrobdnen (luka, 10:38-42; ioane, 11).

lazares debi mariami da marTa adamianTa or gansxvavebul tips warmoadgenen: mariami iesos stumrobisas mis fexTqveS ijda da usmenda mas, xolo marTa stumrebisTvis fusfusebda. marTas sayvedurze, rom mariamma igi Seatova stumrebisTvis samzadiss, iesom uTxra: “marTa, marTa! Sen bevr rameze zrunav da wuxxar, magram saWiro ki erTia. mariamma ukeTesi wili amoirCia, romelic arasodes waerTmeva mas” (luka, 10:38-42). marTa moqmedis tips ganasaxiereba, mariami ki _ mWvretelisas. iesos megobaarTa Soris ver movixseniebT, magram Zalze mniSvnelovania samarieli dedakacis figura, romelsac ieso, mowafeTa gasakvirad, esaubra iakobis WasTan (ioane, 4:7-30). mowafeTa gancvifrebas iwvevs, rom maTi moZRvari esaubreboda qals ucxos, ufro metic, samariels (iudevelTa negatiuri damokidebuleba samarielebTan cnobilia. magram aq sayuradRebo is aris, rom ieso samariel dedakacs gaumxels, rom igi aris mesia, romelsac samarielebic elian, da kidev amcnobs Zalze mniSvnelovan rasme: “qalo, merwmune, dgeba Jami, roca arc am mTaze da arc ierusalimSi Tayvans aRar scemen mamas” (ioane, 4:21-.

13. saxarebis ძირითადი faqtebi yvelaferi, rac saxarebebSia moTxrobili, ZiriTadad, ieso qristes

exeba an mis irgvliv aris dajgufebuli. yvelgan, saxarebaTa yvela monakveTSi, misi myofoba igrZnoba. Sobidan amaRlebamde dro Sevsebulia epizodebiT, romelTac fuZemdebluri mniSvneloba aqvT iesos, rogorc adamianis, cxovrebaSi da aqedan gamomdinare misi, rogorc RvTis Zis, Tavad RmerTis bunebaSi. Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze qriste aCens Tavis or bunebas. Soba, Tundac qalwulisgan, Tu kacebrivi aqtia, aRdgoma-amaRleba mis RvTiur bunebaze miuTiTebs.

I. Soba. ieso qristes Soba mxolod or saxarebaSia aRwerili.

saxareba maTesagan da lukasagan erTmaneTs avseben, sxvadasxva momentebze amaxvileben yuradRebas. maTesTvis iesos beTlemSi Soba

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providenciulia, radgan swored iudas beTlemSi unda Sobiliyo iudevelTa mefe, radgan beTlemi iyo iudas istoriuli mefis daviTis qalaqi, ieso ki daviTis STamomavali iyo (maTeseul moTxrobas ieso qristes genealogia uZRvis win). magram maTes winaswarmetyvelur ganWvretaSi “iudevelTa mefe” ar aris SemozRuduli beTlemiT da iudaTi, mogvebis gamoCena cxadhyofs, rom iesos movlineba universaluri xasiaTisaa da pirvelad es WeSmariteba aRmosavleTidan mosul mogvebs gamoecxadaT. ufro metic: maT mier morTmeuli ZRveni _ oqro, gundruki da muri qristes bunebze mianiSnebs: oqro, rogorc mefes; gundruki, rogorc RmerTs; muri, rogorc adamians. maTe ar axsenebs adgils _ bagas, sadac iSva ieso.

luka, rogorc ufro yofiTi garemoebebis naratori uxsnis mkiTxvels, Tu rogor moxda beTlemSi da mere beTlemis mwyemsTa bagaSi iesos Soba. luka sruliad samarTlianad abams Zafs beTlemSi Sobasa romis imperiis mosaxleobis aRweras Soris, romelic keisar avgustusis brZanebiT Sedga. es detali, Tu zustad ara, daaxloebiT mainc gansazRvravs qristes Sobis TariRs. Lukas mixedviT, im xanad galileaSi, erT uCino sofelSi nazareTSi mcxovrebi ojaxi aRsawerad beTlemSi Cavida, saidanac maTi sagvareulo iyo, Tanaxmad brZanebisa, rom TiToeuli israeliani Tavis mSobliur qalaqSi unda aRweriliyo (luk. 2:3-4). ratom bagaSi? imitom, rom beTlemSi am ojaxs, garda genealogiuri xsovnisa, aRaraferi akavSirebda: ar hqonda saxli da arc sastumroSi aRmoCnda adgili, rom damgariyvnen da orsul mariams moeloginebina. bagaSi Soba iesosi iZulebiT moxda, magram am faqtSi providenciuli sazrisi iqna amokiTxuli: Tu erTi mxriv baga dakninebuli ojaxis mdgomareobis Sesatyvisi iyo, meore mxriv, bagaSi Soba gamoxatavs RvTis ganxorcieleba-gankacebis Sinagan bunebas: RmerTma miiRo dacemuli adamianis xorci, rasac Semdgom RvTismetyvelebaSi kenozisi ewoda (berZn. kenosis “warmocarieleba”). luka ar “icnobs” mogvebis Tayvaniscemas, samagierod misi moTxrobiT, pirvelni, vinc ixiles axladSobili yrma mwyemsebi iyvnen, rasac aranaklebi providencialuri sazrisi aqvs: iudevelTa mefe (istoriuli daviTi) mwyemsi iyo da momavalSi is itvirTavs kacobriobis mwyemsobas. Tu mogvebs varskvlavi miuZRoda win, mwyemsebs angelozebis meSveobiT euwyaT yrmis Soba (luk. 2:9-15).

II . taZrad miyvaneba, rasac ori aRTqmis _ Zvelisa da axlis _

Sexvedris sazrisi aqvs. svimon moxucebulis saxiT, romelmac ixila igi, vis xilvasac natrobdnen patriarqebi da ver ixiles, daixura Zveli aRTqmis wigni, mis mkvlavebSi mwolare yrmis saxiT ki gadaiSala axali aRTqmis wignis pirveli furceli. es aris mirqma, romelsac mxolod lukasagan vecnobiT (2:25-35).

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III . naTlisReba, romelic aseve or aRTqmas Soris aris moqceuli,

Tu ioane naTlismcemels Zveli aRTqmis ukanasknel winaswarmetyvelad CavTvliT, romelmac Jamis gansrulebisas, svimon moxucebulis msgavsad, ixila mesia, oRond ara Cvili, aramed mTeli SegnebiT samsxverplod gamzadebuli mowifuli da sruli kaci. misma sityvebma, romlebic man iordaneze momaval iesoze warmoqva: àha, RvTis kravi, romelic iRebs soflis codvebs~ (ioan. 1:29), mis or mowafes gza gauxsna iesosken. òrma mowafem gaigona misi sityva da gahyva iesos~ (1:37). es imas niSnavda, rom ioanes misia amowuruli iyo da iwyeboda mesiis xana.

ieso iqceoda (mimodioda) adamianTa Soris; garda imisa, rom Wamda da svamda maTTan erTad, mrisxanebda, sinanuliT ivseboda, arRvevda SabaTs, cremlooda, kurnavda kidec eSmakeulebs, SobiTgan brmebs, keTrovanebs, ganrRveulebs da mkvdreTiT aRadgenda, magram misi es qmedebani jer kidev adamianur farglebSi iyo moqceuli. mowafeTa Soris is iyo RvTiuri moZRvari, magram rogorc kaci _ pirveli TanasworTa Soris.

IV. gamocda-gansacdeli udabnoSi . es epizodi erTaderT maTes saxarebaSia aRwerili (T. 4). udabnoSi ormoci dReRamis marxvis Semdeg ieso sami ganscdelis winaSe dadga. rodis moxda es? rogorc saxarebis Txrobidan Cans, ieso sulma aiyvana udabnoSi mas Semdeg, rac iodaneze naTlisRebisas cidan gaisma xma: “es aris Ze Cemi sayvareli, romelic moviwone me” (maTe, 3:17). es sami gansacdeli iyo: pirveli _ moSiebuli ieso uars ambobs qvebis purad qcevaze, radgan “ara mxolod puriT cocxlobs kaci, aramed piridan gamomavali yoveli sityviT” (4:4); meore _ ieso uars ambobs uflis (4:7); mesame _ ieso uars ambobs qveynierebis yvela samefoze satanis Tayvaniscemis sanacvlod (4:9-10).

gasagebia, rom aq ieso qriste gamoiceba ara rogorc RmerTi, Ze

Rვთisa, romelsac isedac ekuTvnis qveyniereba, aramed rogorc kaci.

V. feriscvaleba . xdomileba, romelic feriscvalebis saxeliT aris cnobili da romelsac mxolod sinoptikuri saxarebebi gadmogvcems, qristes RvTaebrivi bunebis warmoCenas emsaxureba. rogorc maTes saxarebaSi vkiTxulobT, `da icvala feri maT winaSe: gabrwyinda misi saxe mzesaviT, xolo misi samoseli naTeliviT gaspetakda~ (17:2). Ze RvTisa eCvena mowafeebs Tavisi maradiuli bunebiT, im WeSmariti saxiT, rogorc arasodes sCvenebia maT.

VI. saidumlo anu ukanaskneli seroba . es iyo ebrauli paseqis aRmniSvneli Sekreba, aseve iyo gadasvla Zveli aRTqmidan axal aRTqmaSi. faqtobrivad aq gardaiqmna Zveli aRTqmis eklesia axali

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aRTqmis eklesiad, ramdenadac aq Catarda pirvelad evqaristiis rituali, roca warmoiTqva sityvebi puris gantexisas: àiReT, WameT, es Cemi sxeulia~ da sasmisis aRebisas ès aris Cemi sisxli axali aRTqmisa, mravalTaTvis daRvrili~. sulTmofenobis dros (saqme, 2) es pirveli eklesia, ubralod, gascda mociqulTa wres da mTeli msoflio moicva ierusalimSi amosulTa warmomadgenlobiT).

VII. geTsimania, locva geTsimaniaSi . Tu Taboris mTaze (feriscvaleba) mowafeebs ieso RvTiuri bunebiT eCvena, geTsimaniis baRSi, sadac macxovarma mowafeebi (iginive, vinc feriscvalebas daeswrnen) daaswro Tavis ukanasknel agoniur locvas, maT winaSe ieso gamoCnda kacobriobis codvebiT damZimebuli imdenad, rom `misi ofli sisxlis wveTebiviT gaxda da epkureboda miwas~ (luk. 22:44). es samni _ petre, iakobi da ioane (mark. 14:33) unda mimxvdariyvnen, rom maT winaSe iyo is adamiani, romelic esaias winaswarmetyvelebiss Tanaxmad, kacTa codvebs itvirTavda (es. 53). maT moismines agreTve misi sityvebi, romlebic maTTvis iyo warmoTqmuli: `sasikvdilod aris damwuxrebuli Cemi suli. darCiT aq da ifxizleT CemTan erTad~ (maT. 26:38). aseve gaigones maT, SesaZloa, buranSi, radgan ver ifxizles: `mamao Cemo, Tu SeuZlebelia amcildes es sasmisi, rom ar Sevsva, iyos neba Seni~ (26:42), romlebic ekuTvnoda kacs da ara RmerTs. VIII. jvarcma, romelic golgoTaze moxda, ieso qristes amsofliuri cxovrebis dasasrulia. aq ukidures satanjvelSia Cavardnili misi adamianuri buneba. Tu geTsimaniis agoniaSi, rodesac man aiRo tvirTi da lamis gaiWylita misi simZimis qveS (rasac mowmobs sisxlis ofli), angelozi amxnevebda mas (luk. 22:43), aq, golgoTaze araTu angelozi, mama-RmerTic ki aRar iyo masTan. amas mowmobs sityvebi, romelic man Tavis mSobliur enaze warmoTqva: eli, eli, lama sabaqTani anu ~RmerTo Cemo, RmerTo Cemo, risTvis mimatove me?~ (maT. 27:46). IX. aRdgoma aris axali aRTqmis centraluri xdomileba (faqti), razec dafuZnebulia qristianoba (amaze laparakobs mociquli pavle daJinebiT da dabejiTebiT, 1kor. 15). magram rogori xdomilebaa igi _ warmoadgens is realur fizikur faqts Tu rwmenis sagans, romelic aravis uxilavs, da netaria is, vinc irwmuna? Tumca qristianoba mowmobs da amowmebs, rom saxarebiseuli arc erTi faqti zemoTCamoTvlilTagan ar aris ise mtkicebadi anu faqtebiT ganmtkicebuli, rogorc aRdgoma.

beTlemis mwyemsTa bagaSi ixiles axladSobili mwyemsebma, magram ra sabuTi eqnebodaT maT imis samtkiceblad, rom yrma qalwulisgan aris Sobili. mogvebma ixiles axladSobili, miarTves ZRveni da dauyonebliv im gziT gabrundnen ukan, romliTac ar mosulan.

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angelozebma ugalobes axladSobils, magram, ar viciT, vis axares es saidumlo da saswauli.

naTlisRebisas mtredis gadmosvla ixila da zecieri mamis xma moismina mxolod ioane naTlismcemelma. misi, rogorc winaswarmetyvelis, avtoritetiT aris sarwmuno es faqti.

feriscvalebas sami mociquli (iakobi, petre da ioane) Seeswro da es maTi saidumlo iyo im Jamamde, vidre saxarebebSi ar moxvdeboda. aseve iTqmis geTsimaniis agoniur locvaze. erTaderTi jvarcmaa gareSe kacisTvisac eWvmiutaneli: igi xom sajarod moxda da yvelam ixila jvarze gakruli, vin _ marTlac mefe iudevelTa, mesia, vin _ avazaki or avazaks Soris, da aq gansakuTrebuli araferi iyo.

aRdgomis faqti, ufro sworad, Sedegi aRdgomisa, SesaZloa, mravals ar uxilavs, magram vinc ixila, ar moeloda cariel saflavs, amis gamo maTi mowmoba obieqturi da eWvmiutanelia.

„bibliis SesavalSi“ ar vmsjelobT aRdgomis Teologiur saidumloze, aq saubari unda iyos sakiTxze, romelic amgvarad SeiZleba daisvas: rogor avxsnaT carieli saflavis arseboba? vin gadaagora lodi iesos samarxidan? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema savsebiT eqvemdebareba adamianur SesaZleblobebs.

X. da, bolos, amaRleba, romliTac mTavrdeba qristes myofoba miwaze mowafeTa Soris (mar. 16:19; luk. 24:50-51). es xdomileba TerTmeti (meTormete, iudas nacvlad, jer kidev ar iyo arCeuli) mowafis Tvalwin moxda. igi kravs wres: Ze, aRasrula ra man Tavisi misia, dabrunda mamasTan ise, rogorc adre eubneboda maT: `mamisagan gamovedi da sofelSi movedi. kvlav vtoveb sofels da mivdivar mamasTan~ (ioan. 16:28).

14. iudaizmis dasebi

ieso qristes xanisTvis iudaizmi ar iyo erTiani religiuri moZRvreba. palestinis iudaizmSi ramdenime dasi gamoiyofa, romelTac literaturaSi partiebs uwodeben. garda dogmaturi gansxvavebebisa, maTi politikuri orientaciac gansxvavebulia. Tumca amis gamo maTi urTierToba imdenad ar daZabula, rom aSkara konfrontaciaSi gadazrdiliyo. yovel SemTxvevaSi, saxarebebSi amis kvali ar Cans. dasebi mSvidobianad Tanaarsebobdnen ierusalimis taZarTan, romelic maTi saerTo siwmide iyo. taZari maTi erTianobia xiluli niSani iyo.

farisevlebi. eseni Seadgenen yvelaze mravalricxovan da dawinaurebul dass, Tumca sakmaod Caketili sazogadoebaa. maTi warmoSoba ezras epoqamde (Zv, w. V s.) adis, roca daiwyo wmida werilis teqstis mowesrigeba da gamowvlilviT Seswavla. saxarebebSi xSirad

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naxsenebi mwignobarni (soferim) imaTi sulieri STamomavalni arian, vinc ezras droidan (ix. ezra 1; neemia 8) am asparezze moRvaweobdnen. Zv. w. II s.-Si isini iwodebodnen rogorc xasidim anu (RvTis) moyvaruli, erTgulni. saxelwodeba `farisevlebi~ gaCnda xaSmoneuri (makabelTa) dinastiis mefe-mRvdlebis xanaSi (Zv. w. 150 w.); am dros gaiyvnen isini or dasad; umravlesobam maTgan xelSi Caigdo kontroli saxelmwifo religiaze da imTaviTve gamoirCnen rogorc rjulis mkacri da ukompromiso damcvelni, ris gamoc TiTqos gaemijnen danarCen mosaxleobas, e.w. yam ha-arecs (`qveynis xalxs~). aqedan modis maTi saxelwodeba: farisevlebi (ferusim) niSnavs `gamocalkevebulT~, `gamoyofilT~ ebrauli Ziridan faras (`gamoyofa~). farisevelTa religiis ZiriTadi koncefcia mdgomareobda imis rwmenaSi, rom babilonis tyveobis mizezi moses rjulis Seusrulebloba iyo, amitomac misi Sesruleba rogorc TiToeuli israelianis individualuri, ise mTeli israelis vali iyo. farisevelTa, rogorc ezras droindel mwignobrebis, memkvidreTa damsaxureba iyo rjulis wignis (moses xuTwigneulis) wmidad dacva da SeubRalavad Senaxva. magram droTa ganmavlobaSi, rogorc xSirad xdeba, maT ampartavneba SeeparaT da zemodan dauwyes yureba ubralo xalxs (gavixsenoT farisevlisa da mezveris locva). saqme iqamde mivida, rom rjulis mcnebaTa dacva da aRsruleba sruliad formaluri gaxda _ rjuli rjulisTvis. aman gamoiwvia qristes mier maTi uaryofiTi Sefaseba, rasac saxarebebSi bevr adgilas vxvdebiT. amitomac `farisevel~ sityvam miiRo is mniSvneloba, rac mas dRes aqvs marTlmadidebeli kulturis enebSi: farisevels im adamians uwodeben, visi RvTismosaoba garegnulia, mxolod ritualebis formalur SesrulebaSi gamoixateba. farisevloba, rogorc dasi, datova macocxlebelma sulma da misgan mxolodRa CenCo darCa. es iyo taZari, romelSic aRar myofobda RmerTi. maTi rwmena da sasoeba israelis xsnisa rjulis dacvaSi mdgomareobda, magram isini icavdnen ukve ara rjuls, aramed cariel sityvas, raSic Zveli aRTqmis winasawarmetyvelebi dReniadag amxilebdnen xalxs. farisevelTa Soris iyvnen WeSmariti RvTismosavni, rogoric iyo nikodemosi, qristes faruli mowafe, romelic Sinaganad gamijnuli iyo dasisgan (i. 3:1-21; 7:50-52). farisevelni frTxilni iyvnen romTan urTierTobaSi, radgan isini israelis samefos aRdgenas RvTis uSualo Carevis da ara politikuri brZolis Sedegad moelodnen.

sadukevlebi Tavs solomonis droindeli mRvdelmTavris – cadokis STamomavlad Tvlidnen; isini samRvdelo aristokratias Seadgendnen da politikuradac gavlenianebi iyvnen. farisevelTagan gansxvavebiT, uaRresad konservatorebi iyvnen: uaryofdnen yovelgvar `modernul~ metafizikur Teoriebs da bibliisSemdgomi xanis tradiciebs. ar aRiarebdnen sulis ukvdavebas, aRdgomas, nacvalgebas

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codvaTa da sikeTeTaTvis, ar swamdaT arc angelozebisa da arc demonebisa. ar swamdaT bedisweris arseboba, samagierod, aRiarebdnen, rom adamianis keTildReoba da ubedureba mis Tavisufal arCevanzea damokidebuli (anu aRiarebdnen nebis Tavisuflebas). politikurad sadukevelebi cdilobdnen romTan gawonasworebuli urTierToba SeenarCunebinaT. taZris dangrevis Semdeg sadukevlobam Sewyvita arseboba.

zelotebi, berZnuli saxelwodeba kananelebisa (aram. kana’ani), rac qarTulad niSnavs `moSurneebs~. isini mkveTrad gamoirCeodnen danarCeni dasebisgan. israelis rCeulobas, rom is RvTis eria da rom universaluri RmerTi mxolod misi RmerTia, isini politikur enaze Targmnidnen, amitomac romauli okupaciisadmi Seurigebelni iyvnen. maT Soris vxvdebiT eqstremistebs, romlebic politikur brZolaSi terors iyenebdnen da sikarebi (berZn. sikarioi `xanjlianebi~) SerqvaT. samosSi damaluli xanjliT Seereodnen xalxs da xocavdnen romisadmi loialurad ganwyobil pirovnebebs. zelotebis liderobiT iqna wamowyebuli 66-70 wlebis ajanyeba romis winaaRmdeg, rasac savalalo Sedegebi moyva. Tumca maTi ukanaskneli TavSesafari masadis cixe-simagre daeca 74 wels (aq bevrma sicocxle TviTmkvlelobiT daasrula), maTi suli karga xans ar Camqrala. TiTqos am dass ekuTvnoda qristes erT-erTi mociquli _ simoni, kananelad wodebuli (m. 10:4; l. 6:15). SesaZloa, simonis es zedwodeba mis DSeurigebel xasiaTs Tu ficx temperaments an religiur moSurneobas gulisxmobdes, Tumca saxarebebSi es ar Cans. zogierTni varaudoben, rom zelotebsa da yumranelebs Soris raRac urTierToba unda arsebuliyo.

yumranelebi. wignis pirvel nawilSi yumrani (kumrani) Zveli aRTqmis xelnawerebTan dakavSirebiT vaxseneT. axla visaubroT yumranis sazogadoebaze, mis wevrebze, romelTac, Cveulebriv, esenebis (eseebis) cnobil seqtasTan aigiveben. yumranelebi samecniero literaturaSi maT adgil-samyofelis mixedviT SeerqvaT. yumranis sazogadoeba, rogorc radikalurad ganwyobili seqta, gamoeyo iudaizms, datova ierusalimi, misi taZari da iudas udabnoSi, mkvdari zRvis maxlobel gamoqvabulebs Seafara Tavi. Zveli da axali welTaRricxvis mijnaze, daaxloebiT ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi arsebobda es sazogadoeba, romlis adgil-samyofelis aRmoCenam 1947 wels bibliologiisa da iudaizmis bevr problemas mohfina Suqi da bevric axali gaaCina. maT datoves uzarmazari memkvidreoba bibliis xelnawerebis, bibliuri apokrifebis da maT mier Seqmnili originaluri teqstebis saxiT. CvenTvis maT originalur literaturas is mniSvneloba aqvs, rom maTSi gamoxatuli suliskveTeba ramdenadme exmaureba im religiur situacias, romelic saxarebebSia gadmocemuli. yumranelTa TviTsaxelwodebebi metyvelebs sazogadoebis xasiaTze. gansakuTrebiT yuradRebas imsaxurebs `glaxakTa

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Temi~, `naTlis Zeni~, àxali kavSiri~ (anu àxali aRTqma~), `WeSmaritebis Temi~ (an `WeSmariti Temi~), `RvTis rCeulTa Temi~ da sxva, romlebic gvaxsenebs pirvel qristianTa TviTsaxelwodebebs. saxelwodeba `glaxakTa Temi~ miuTiTebs yumranelTa negatiur damokidebulebas simdidrisadmi. maTi nawerebis mixedviT mxolod glaxakni da upovarni daixsnian Tavs eSmakis badisgan da gadarCebian. rac Seexeba àxal aRTqmas~, is imaze metyvelebs, rom yumranuli sazogadoebis warmodgeniT abraamTan dadebulma aRTqmam dakarga Zala anu daZvelda, da mis nacvlad ufalma (Áahvem) axali aRTqma daudo yumranelebs, rogorc `RvTis rCeulebs~. aranakleb SesaniSnavia saxelwodeba `naTlis Zeni~, romliTac isini „bnelis ZeT~ upirispirdebian. aseve iwodebian qristes mimdevrebi àxali aRTqmis~ teqstebSi: `sanam naTeli gaqvT, iwameT naTeli, raTa iyoT Zeni naTlisa~ (ioan. 12:36), `radgan Tqven yvelani naTlis Zeni xarT da dRis Zeni. arc Ramisani varT da arc bnelisani~ (1Tes. 5:5). damaxasiaTebelia uaryofiTi damokidebuleba ierusalimis samRvdeloebisadmi, romelTac isini ùkeTurebad~ ixsenieben, ramac ar SeiZleba farisevelTa mimarT qristes damokidebuleba ar gagvaxsenos. yumranelma `RvTis rCeulebma~ uaryves sisxliani msxverpli, roimelsac keTili saqmeTa keTeba Seunacvles. maT ganaviTares da cxovrebaSi gaatares winaswarmetyvelTa mowodeba, rom keTili saqmeebi RvTis TvalSi ufro fasobs, vidre msxverplSewirvebi. oficialuri iudaizms ganSorebuli yumranelTa sazogadoeba Tavs uflis WeSmarit msaxurad da rCeul erad miiCnevs da, amdenad, TavianT TvalSi igi ganasaxierebs israelianTa im natamals, romlis xsnaze esaia winaswarmetyveli qadagebda. arc Zvel aRTqmaSi, arc axalSi yumranis sazogadoeba ar aris naxsenebi; Tavis amqveyniur gzaze ieso ar moxvedrila yumranis midamoebSi da arc am saidumlo sazogadoebis romelime wevrs Sexvedria. oRond varaudoben, rom ioane naTlismcemeli, romelic iordanis napirebze ieso qristes Seegeba, yumranis gamoqvabulebidan unda mosuliyo. maTgan unda moetana mas iudevelTaTvis wyalSi naTlisRebis (ebr. tbl `Caflva-CaRrmavebis~) idea codvaTa misateveblad da moaxloebuli sasufevlis xareba, rac iyo misi mTavari mowodeba. yumranis sazogadoebis ganmsazRvrelia esqatologiuri anu ukanaskneli Jamis molodini, romliTac moculi iyvnen misi wevrebi. centraluri figura maTTvis aris bibliuri melqicedekiviT gamoucnobi `moZRvari simarTlisa~ Tu `marTali moZRvari~ (Áoreh cedek), maTi àxali aRTqmis~ Temis damaarsebeli, romelic idevneboda ùkeTurTa~ (reSayim) mier da usamarTlod gaiwira (an unda gaiwiros momavalSi) maTi xeliT. yvelaze mniSvnelovani xdomileba, romelic unda moxdes ukanasknel Jams, es aris gadamwyveti brZola `naTlis ZeTa~ da `bnelis ZeTa~ Soris, romelic pirvelTa gamarjvebiT dasruldeba. mTeli awmyo am brZolis samzadisia.

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samarielebi. eseni ar CaiTvlebian iudevelTa dasebSi, Tumca maTi rwmena mxolod ramdenime punqtSi gansxvavdeba iudevelTagan: uaryofen mkvdreTiT aRdgomas da wili ara aqvT ierusalimis taZarSi, sanacvlod siwmidiT mosaven gerizimis mTas. isinic, iudevelTa msgavsad, aRiareben erT RmerTs da uaryofen yovelgvar anTropomorfizms da gamosaxulebebs; moses xuTwigneulis garda, sxva wigns ar aRiareben, magram masac mxolod pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT ganmartaven, rogorc mogvianod sadukevlebi. Tumca dawerili rjulis garda, dauwerel rjulsac misdevdnen. maTi rwmeniT, qveynis Seqmnidan 6000 wlis Semdeg unda movides mesia, `winaswarmetyveli, msgavsi mosesi~ (Tanaxmad rjl. 18:15-19), saxelad Ta’ebi (àRmdgeneli~ an `dabrunebuli~), romelic gerizimis mTaze gamoaCens moses mier damarxul Toras, wmida WurWlebs, zeciur mananas, da daubrunebs xalxs WeSmarit rwmenas. 110 wlis Semdeg igi mokvdeba da daimarxeba gerizimis mTaze. xolo Svidi aTaswleulis gansrulebisas dadgeba gankiTxvis dRe, raTa marTalni samoTxeSi damkvidrdnen, codvilni ki jojoxeTis kerZni gaxdnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom samarielebs iudevelebTan hqondaT saerTo rjuli da eyrdnobodnen moses avtoritets, babilonidan dabrunebulma iudevelebma isini ar Seiwynares, ar miaRebines monawileoba ierusalimis taZris aRdgenaSi, samagierod, samarielebma SurisZiebis mizniT cili daswames iudaelebs sparseTis mefis winaSe, rogorc meamboxe da borotmoqmed xalxs (ezra, 4:24). am saqcielma, cxadia, ar Seuwyo xeli maT Soris keTilmezoblur urTierTobas da, sabolood, ara mxolod maTi ebraeloba uaryves, aramed warmarTebsac gauTanabres. aikrZala maTTan saqorwino urTierToba. xolo Seqemis maxlobladDgerizimis mTaze samarielTa mier taZris aSenebam (Zv w. IV s.) sabolood gaaucxova isini erTmaneTisgan. am aqtiT samarielebi sabolood mowydnen ierusalims da mis taZars, da seqtad gadaiqcnen. makabelTa xanaSi (Zv. w. II s.) samarielebma gailaSqres kidec ebraelebis winaaRmdeg, magram sastikad damarcxdnen. mRvdelmTavarma ioane hirkanusma Zv. w. 129 w. aiRo samaria, daangria gerizimis taZari da religiuri centris gareSe datova isini. iesos xanaSi samarielTa da iudevelTa Soris yovelgvari urTierToba aRkveTili iyo. amitom iyo, rom gancvifrda samarieli dedakaci, roca iesom _ iudevelma mas wyali sTxova (ioan. 4:9). iesos mowafeebic gakvirvebuli darCnen, roca TavianTi moZRvari samarielTan (isic, dedakacTan) mosaubre dainaxes (4:27).

sabolood, samarielebma ebraelTa ubedureba gaiziares: 11600 kaci, mojanyeni, rogorc ioseb flaviusi wers, vespasianem gaanadgura (ìudevelTa omebi~, w, III, T. 5, 32).

qristianTa Temi. is sazogadoeba (Temi), romelic Semdgom

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qristes eklesiad Camoyalibda, saxarebis epoqaSi sxvagvarad ar aRiqmeboda, Tu ara iudaizmisgan gamoyofil seqtad. bunebrivia, igi mxolod ebraelebs aerTianebda Tavis wreSi. Tormeti mociqulidan arc erTi _ amas maTi saxelebic mowmobwn _ ar iyo araebraeli, im samocdaaTidan ki (am ricxvs saxareba asaxelebs) Zalze mciredni Tu iqnebodnen sxva xalxis warmomadgenlebi _ warmarTni. axali seqta ar mowyvetila mTlianad iudaizms da taZars – ieso taZarSi d sinagogebSi Sedioda saqadageblad da yovelTvis wmida werils – rjulsa da winaswametyvelebs imowmebda. iesos qadagebaTa paTosi winaswarmetyvelTa, kerZod, esaias paTosi iyo. caTa sasufevlis moaxloebas da mesias esaias sityvebiT axarebda... risi winaaRmdegnic farisevlebi ar unda yofiliyvnen. moses rjulTan dakavSirebiT, romelic iudaizmis Tavi da Tavi iyo, iesos, rogorc esaias, principad es hqonda: rjuli admianisTvis da ara adamiani rjulisTvis. yovel SemTxvevaSi, qristem am principis Tematizeba moaxdina, roca daupirispirda SabaTis rigoristul gagebas. SabaTi aRiara adamianisTvis da ara adamiani SabaTisTvis. SabaTis darRvevas iudaizmis arc erTi ganStoeba ar apatiebda mas, TviT yumranelebic ki, romelTa dokumentSi vkiTxulobT: “aravin daexmaros Zroxas xbos mogebaSi SabaT dRes. Dda Tu ormoSi Cavarda an TxrilSi, aravin amoaTrios igi SabaTs...” (damaskos dokumenti, XI. 13,14). TiTqos es sityvebi hqonda iesos mxedvelobaSi, roca acxadebda: “vin iqneba Tqvens Soris iseTi, rom erTi cxvari hyavdes, SabaTs ormoSi Cauvardes, xeli ar Caavlos da ar amoiyvanos? adamiani ki ramdenad ukeTesia cxvarze! Aamgvarad, SeiZleba SabaTs sikeTis keTeba~ (maT. 12:11- 12).

magram mTavari siaxle ki is iyo, rom axladgamoCenili moZRvari ara mxolod qristed (mesiad), aramed RvTis Zed aRiarebda Tavs, rasac, bunebrivia, iudevelebi ver Seurigdebodnen, Tumca winaswarmetyvelTa qadagebiT, rac unda scodnodaT maT, mesia swored RvTis Ze unda yofiliyo. am ukanaskneli aRiarebiT, iesos “seqta” principulad upirispirdeboda iudaisturi religiis ganStoebebs. yvelaze kategoriulic ki maT Soris, rogoric iyo yumranis Temi, Tavis teqstebSi mxolod usamarTlod devnil “marTal moZRvarze” (more cedek) laparakobs da arsad mesiis RvTisSvilobaze. pirvelad religiis istoriaSi misi damaarseblis pirovneba Seiqna probleba, rac Tavad iesom gaucnobiera mowafeebs, roca dausva maT kiTxva: “Tqven ras ityviT, vina var me?” (maT. 16:15).

15. RvTismsaxureba da kulti sinagoga. sataZro RvTismsaxurebidan sinagogur RvTismsaxurebaze

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gadasvla xangrZlivi procesi iyo. igi unda dawyebuliyo solomonis taZris dangrevis Semdeg babilonis gadasaxlebaSi, roca israelianebs saSualeba aRar hqondaT moses rjulis mixedviT waremarTaT RvTismsaxureba, rac ZiriTadad sisxliani msxverplis yoveldRiur SewirvaSi mdgomareobda. amgvari msxverplis Sewirva ki taZars moiTxovda. sinagoga sazogado samlocvelo saxlia, Tumca misi funqciebi farTo iyo, rac mis ebraul saxelwodebebSi aisaxa: beT ha-Tefilla `samlocvelo saxli~, beT ha-qneseT `sakrebuli saxli~ da beT ha-midraS `saswavlebeli saxli~. termini sinagoge ki berZnulia (sinagein `Sekreba~).

uZvelesi sinagoga Zv. w.-is III s.-Sia dadasturebuli, magram sinagogebi ufro adreul xanaSic unda arsebuliyo. fiqroben, solomonis taZris dangrevam 586 wels Zv. w.-iT gamoiwvia sinagogebis warmoSoba. pirveli sinagogebi kerZo saxlebi iyo, sadac imarTeboda sajaro locvebi da xalxis religiuri ganswavla. xolo titusis mier meore taZris dangrevis (Cv. w. 70 w.) Semdeg sinagogebs udidesi roli mieniWa, rogorc ebraelTa religiuri cxovrebis keras. axali aRTqmis xanis literaturaSi uamravi sinagoga ixsenieba rogorc palestinaSi, ise mis farglebs gareT mcire aziaSi, egvipteSi, babilonSi, saberZneTSi, siriaSi, romSi. pavle da sxva mociqulebi sadac ki midiodnen saqadageblad, sinagogebs mimarTavdnen.

axali aRTqmis wignebSi ramdenime sinagogaa dadasturebuli, romelTagan yvelaze mniSvnelovani kapernaumis sinagogaa, sadac iesos xSirad uxdeboda yofna da, rogorc Temis sruluflebian wevrs, moZRvrebis komentireba (ioan. 6:59; mark. 1:21; 6:2). aseve nazareTis sinagoga, sadac ieso kiTxulobda wmida werils da aswavlida (luk. 4:16,31). sinagogebi iyo ierusalimSic (saqme, 6:9), taZarTan erTad. sinagogis institutma TandaTan SezRuda sataZro msxverplSewirva, aamaRla ra locvis roli RvTismsaxurebaSi, ramac sabolood moamzada iudaizmi utaZro xanisTvis. taZris dangrevas (70 w.) ebraeloba momzadebuli Sexvda: sisxliani msxverpli, romelic msxverplis umaRles kategoriad iTvleboda mTeli Zveli aRTqmis istoriis ganmavlobaSi, umtkivneulod Secvala locvam. (niSandoblivia, rom qarTveli ebraelebis metyvelebaSi “locvam” sinagogis mniSnveloba SeiZina (“locvaSi mivdivar” da sxva).

sinedrioni (ebr. sanhedrin) berZnuli terminia, aRniSnavs sabWos, krebas. esaa iudevelTa umaRlesi samsjavro da administraciuli sabWo, romlis daarseba moses miewereba (ricxv. 11:16,17), ganaxlda babilonis tyveobidan dabrunebis Semdeg, rogorc TviTmarTvelobis organo. igi Sedgeboda samocdaTerTmeti kacisgan, romelTac mRvdelmTavari Tavmjdomareobda. sinedrionSi sami rangis wevrebi Sediodnen: 1. moqmedi da gadamdgari mRvdelmTavrebi, da samRvdelo ojaxebis mamebi; 2.

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uxucesebi anu mRvdlebi da eriskacebi, romlebic SeZlebul da gavlenian ojaxebs warmoadgendnen; 3. mwignobarni, romelTa gangebulebaSi iyo rjulis saqme. sinedrioni uflebamosili iyo gamoetana ganaCeni mniSvnelovan politikur da religiur saqmeebze, Tumca qristes xanaSi romis administraciam SeuzRuda uflebebi: mas aRar SeeZlo damoukideblad sasikvdilo ganaCenis gamotana, Tu amaze prokuratoris Tanxmoba ar iqneboda. misi ganaCeni romis samarTlisTvisac sarwmuno unda yofiliyo. qriste sinedrionis samsjavroze miiyvanes da mas aq wauyenes sasikvdilo braldeba _ RvTis gmoba, radgan RvTis Zed aRiara Tavi maT winaSe (maT. 26:57-66). ramdenadac sinedrions sasikvdilo ganaCenis gamotanis ufleba ar hqonda, misma wevrebma saxeSi furTxebiT da cemiT gamoxates `braleulisadmi~ damokidebuleba.

16. dResaswauli

paseqi _ centraluri dResaswauli saxarebaSi. sam paseqs

moiTvlis iesos amqveyniuri moRvaweobis xangrZlivoba da misi aRsasrulic paseqTan aris dakavSirebuli. mociqulebi da maTi moZRvari, rogorc erTi ojaxi, zeimobs paseqs.

17. istoriuli pirebi axal aRTqmaSi

avgustusi _ romis imperatori, Zv. w. 27_Cv. w. 14 w. naxsenebia

lukas saxarebaSi (2:1) palestinis mosaxleobis aRwerasTan dakavSirebiT. aRwera swored misi brZanebiT Catarda. misi imperatorobis meoTxe wels iudas beTlemSi iSva ieso qriste.

tiberiusi _ Cv. w. 14_37 ww. naxsenebia lukas saxarebaSi (3:1). qristes amqveyniuri moRvaweoba mis dros mimdinareobda, jvarcmac misi imperatorobis dros moxda.

herode didi moxseniebulia qristes SobasTan dakavSirebiT. igi mefobda palestinaSi Zv. w. 37_Cv. w. 4 ww. igi ar iyo ebraeli, idumeuri (ix. idumea igive edomi) warmoSobisa iyo. amitomac ebraelebi maincdamainc ar aRiarebdnen mas kanonier mefed. samefo taxtze igi romma aiyvana da misi erTguli iyo sicocxlis bolomde. herode ar scemda did pativs ebraelTa religias, Tumca man ganaaxla taZari, miuSena mas axali nagebobebi; aaSena samefo sasaxle, masadis ganTqmuli cixe-simagre, romelic Cv. w. I pirveli saukunis bolos sabolood romaelebma aiRes da daangries. igi mowyvetili iyo im qveynis kulturas, romelsac ganagebda. mTels palestinaSi aSenebda pirwmindad elinistur qalaqebs. man gardaqmna samaria da kesaria elinistur yaidaze, aago ra yvelgan taZrebi imperatorisTvis saTayvanod. misi

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sikvdilis Semdeg samefo mis Svilebs _ arqelaoss, herode antipasa da filipes Soris gaiyo.

pilate pontoeli. pilates saxiT iudeaSi romis xelisufleba iyo warmodgenili Cv. w. 26-37 w. igi iyo meeqvse romaeli prokuratori. gamoirCeoda sisastikiTa da siZulviliT iudevelebisadmi, rasac aZlierebda mis dros gaxSirebuli ajanyebebi da SfoTi. usamarTlobis, sisastikisa da TviTnebobis gamo mas `kaci-Subi~ Searqves. ai, aseT adamians mouxda qristes gasamarTleba da misTvis msjavris dadeba. Tumca unda iTqvas, rom am SemTxvevaSi man SesaSuri miukerZoebloba da obieqturoba gamoiCina. qristem masSi gulmowyaleba aRZra, ramac iudevelebi kidev ufro gaacofa da daSinebac ki dauwyes mas. da mainc pilate ebraelebisadmi siZulvils Seewira. sababi Semdegi ambavi gaxda: erTma crupentela kacma samarielTa didi brbo Seyara garizimis mTaze, mosem aq damarxa wmida WurWelio da gaCvenebTo. pilatem es gulubryvilo Sekreba ajanyebad miiCnia da sastikad gausworda udanaSaulo brbos. samarielebma mas siriis ganmgebelTan viteliusTan (imperatoris mamasTan) uCivles, romelmac damnaSaved cno pilate. man ver gaimarTla Tavi romSi imperator tiberiusis winaSe da 37 wels gadayenebuli iqna prokuratorobidan. gamtyunebuli pilate pontoeli galeTSi gadaasaxles. gadmocemiT, bolo ori weli pilates sindisis saSinel qenjnaSi gautarebia, bolos ki sasowarkveTils Tavi mouklavs. kesariaSi, herodes TeatrSi napovnia warweriani qva, romelzec pontoeli pilates saxelia amokveTili.

18. axali aRTqmis qveynis adgilebi Zveli aRTqmis landSafti palestinaSi, rogoric iyo, cxadia, igive

darCa, magram sagrZnoblad Seicvala qveynis politikuri da dmografiuli ruka. qristes amqveyniuri cxovreba imave landSaftSi mimdinareobs, magram TiTo-orola daba-qalaqis gverdiT, romelic Zvel aRTqmaSi ixsenieba da axali aRTqmis xanaSic ganagrZobs arsebobas, saxarebebi uamrav axal dasaxlebebs da adgilebs asaxelebs. centraluri punqtebi axali aRTqmisa _ qristes Sobis adgili beTlemi da misi aRdgomis adgili ierusalimi aseve Zveli aRTqmis mniSvnelovani punqtebia. orive daviTis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli. beTlemi daviT mefis samSoblo qalaqia, ierusalimi ki _ misi sataxto.

beTlemi (beT lexem `saxli purisa~) datvirTulia Zveli aRTqmiseuli istoriebiT. aq aris damarxuli israelianTa mamamTavris sayvareli coli raxeli; mis saflavs axlac aCveneben gzis piras, qalaqis SesasvlelTan; aq iyo boyozis yana, sadac Sromobda sxva mis muSakebTan erTad ruTi, moabeli qali, romelsac wilad xvda daviT

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mefis winapari yofiliyo; aq cxovrobda iese (iSai) Tavis vaJebTan erTad, aq cxo mefed igi samuel winaswarmetyvelma. saidan Camovidnen beTlemSi iosebi da mariami, amaze saxareba arafers ambobs; magram isini aRweris wesisamebr im qalaqSi unda aRweriliyvnen, saidanac maTi sagvareulo iyo warmoSobili. maTi samSoblo beTlemi iyo. is faqti, rom mwyemsTa sadgomis garda, maT gasaCerebeli adgili versad hpoves, imaze miuTiTebs, rom beTlemTan am ojaxs aRaraferi akavSirebda. rogorc movidnen, ise wavidnen. egviptidan aq aRar dabrunebulan. qriste Tavis mimosvlaSi sami wlis manZilze erTxelac ar swvevia beTlems. beTlemis mosaxleobas ar smenia misi sityva. beTlemi ar Sedioda misi qadagebis sawierSi.

ierusalimi (ebr. ieruSalaim _ TiTqos `qalaqi mSvidobisa~) _ Zveli Salemi, romlis mefe da mRvdeli melqicedeki ixsenieba dabadebis wignSi. israelis sulieri da politikuri centri, beTlemidan CrdiloeTiT, samiode saaTis savalze; gaSenebulia maRal borcvze, zRvis donidan 770 metrze, amitomac ierusalimSi mimsvlelni amboben, ierusalems avediTo. mis warsulSi epizodurad, magram mkvidrad Cans mefe da mRvdeli melqicedeki, romelmac abraam mamamTavars Salemis (ase erqva im xanaSi ierusalims) karibWesTan puri da Rvino gamoutana, riTac winasaxeobrivad warmoadgina qriste da evqaristiis rituali. ierusalims saukuneebSi ganucdia dideba da sixaruli (roca Sendeboda da aSenda pirveli taZari), ganucdia didi gasaWiric alyis dros, ganucdia ngreva da partaxic (`gatialebis sibilwe~), roca mosaxleobam miatova igi, ganucdia aRorZinebis sixarulic, roca gadasaxlebidan dabrunebuli xalxi Seudga misi kedlebis gamagrebas da axali taZris Senebas... am taZarSi miiyvanes Cvili ieso, am taZarSi ganmartavda igi rjuls da winaswarmetyvelebs. sami paseqi mainc gautarebia mas am qalaqSi, ukanasknelze Tavad Seiwira rogorc sapaseqo kravi. ierusalimis midamoebTan aris dakavSirebuli misi ukanaskneli amqveyniuri aqtebi. lukas saxarebis 21-e TavSi ieso winaswarmetyvelebs ierusalimisa da misi taZris momavalze. didroni lodebiT agebul am didebul taZris gamo igi warmoTqvams: `dadgeba dReebi, roca amaTgan, rasac aq xedavT, qva qvaze ar darCeba, rom ar Camoiqces~ (21:6). am sityvebis warmoTqmidan ormoci wlis Semdeg, 70 wels, imperator titusis jariskacebma, miuxedavad imisa, rom nabrZanebi iyo, xeli ar exloT misTvis, jer cecxli waukides da mere, marTlac, misgan qva qvaze ar dastoves. ieso afrTxilebda ierusalimis mosaxleobas: `roca ixilavT ierusalims, laSqriT garsSemortymuls, maSin icodeT, rom moaxlovda misi aoxreba. maSin iudeaSi myofni mTebSi gaixiznon; vinc ierusalimSia, gareT gavides, nuRar Seva masSi...~ (21:20-21). asec moxda. rogorc istorikosi Safi wers, ierusalimis qristianebma yurad iRes iesos gafrTxileba da datoves ganwiruli qalaqi, miaSures

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dekapolisis qalaqebs. mere jariskacebma qalaqic daangries. vinc ismina qristes xma, gadarCa.

ierixoni (ebr. ier(i)xo (`mTvaris qalaqi~ an `surnelovani qalaqi~) _ ganTqmuli qalaqi iordanis xeobaSi. ierusalimidan ierixonSi mimaval gzaze xdeba keTili samarielis igavSi aRwerili ambavi; ierixonSi auxila Tvali iesom or usinaTlos, romlebic SesTxovnen mas: `Segviwyale, ufalo, daviTis Zeo!~ (maT. 20:29-34).

samaria (ebr.-aram. Samraia //Somron) _ Zveli aRTqmis xanaSi Crdilo samefos (israelis) sataxto qalaqi, romelic Zv. w. 724 w. aSurelebma daipyres, misi mosaxleoba ayares da SeqemSi daasaxles. samaria, rogorc qalaqi, aRigava. iesos xanaSi am saxeliT iwodeboda samarielebiT (ix.) dasaxlebuli teritoria, romlis daba-qalaqebze uxdebodaT gavla iesos da mis mowafeebs: `datova man iudea da kvlav galileas wavida. mas samariaze unda gaevlo. amrigad, mivida samarielTa im qalaqSi, siqari rom ewodeba~ (ioan. 4:4).

magram, beTlemisa da ierusalimis gverdiT, saxarebebSi bevri mniSvnelovani daba-sofeli da adgilia, romlebsac an saerTod ar icnobs Zveli aRTqma an iq Zveli aRTqmis istoriaSi xsenebis Rirsi araferi momxdara. esenia:

galilea, ebraulad galil (òlqi~), palestinis CrdiloeTi nawili, sidonsa da samarias Soris, nafTalis tomis Zvel miwa-wyalze; Zvel aRTqmaSi ixsenieba rogorc gelil hagoim `galilea warmarTTa~ (esaia, 8:23), sadac bevri qanaaneli warmarTi cxovrobda, gansakuTrebiT sidonelebi (ieso, 20:7). mxare mTagoriania da nayofieri xeobebi seravs mas. galilea yvelaze xSirad aris naxsenebi saxarebebSi, ieso `qadagebda galileis sinagogebSi~ (luk. 4:44). galilea misi samSobloa. galilevelebi iyvnen misi pirveli mowafeebi da galileidan daiwyo man cis sasufevlis qadageba. galilevelebs CamorCenili, gauTleli adamianebis reputacia hqondaT, romelTa wridan kargs da saimedos arafers moelodnen. isini gansakuTrebul kilokavze metyvelebdnen da maTi gamorCeva iudevelTagan Zneli ar iyo. laparakze icnes mociquli petre, rogorc galileveli da galilevelis mowafe, roca kaiafas saxlis ezoSi cecxls eficxeboda, mis moZRvars ki sinedrioni dakiTxavda (maT. 26:69). aRdgomis Semdeg iesom moisurva, rom galileaSi Sexvedroda Tavis mowafeebs (maT. 28:10).

Tqmulebis Tanaxmad, roca qristianobisgan ganmdgari da warmarTobis aRdgenis moSurne imperatori iuliane, amis gamo gandgomilad wodebuli (332-363), kvdeboda, misi ukanaskneli sityvebi yofila: `Sen gaimarjve, galilevelo~ (vicisti, Galilaee). mis bageebSi `galileveli~ mainc dacinviT JRerda.

nazareTi _ daba galileaSi. es saxeli warmoadgens ebrauli nacereTis berZnul formas. warmodgeba Ziridan nacar, rac niSnavs

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`dacvas~, ase rom, dabis saxeli SeiZleba saguSago koSkTan iyos dakavSirebuli. Tumca ar aris gamoricxuli, rom saxelwodeba modiodes sityvidan necer, rac `ylorts~ niSnavs (igulisxmeba, rom dabas es saxeli misi simwvanis gamo Seerqva). Tumca Znelia rames dabejiTebiT Tqma. asea Tu ise, roca arabebi palestinaSi Sevidnen am dabas el-nacira uwodes da dRemde ase iwodeba arabul mosaxleobaSi. es daba ar aris naxsenebi Zvel aRTqmaSi an imxanad misi ararsebobis an umniSvnelobis gamo. nazareTi iosebisa da mariamis qalaqad iwodeba (`dabrundnen galileas TavianT qalaq nazareTSi~, luk. 2:39). nazareTs, rogorc galileis qalaqs, knini reputacia hqonda xalxSi, rac cxadad Cans naTanaelis sityvebidan, roca mas axares winaswarmetyvelis povna nazareTeli iesos saxiT: `gana nazareTidan raime sikeTe SeiZleba iyos?~ (ioan. 1:45). iesos, rogorc lukas saxarebaSia naTqvami, nazareTSi, misi mSoblebis qalaqSi, èmateboda sibrZne da asaki, da madli RmeTTan da kacTan~ (luk. 2:52), magram Tavisi misiis dawyebisTanave igi gaaZeves mSobliuri qalaqidan (luk. 4:29). nazareTSi mas ar mouxdenia saswaulebi mis mkvidrTa urwmunoebis gamo (maT. 13:58). iesos warmomavlobis saxeli `nazareveli~ ormag azrs Seicavs: fizikuri warmoSobiT igi nazareTidan aris, magram sulieri mxriv nazarevlobas ekuTvnis. is nazarevelia (ebraulad nazir, qarTulad `gankrZaluli~ an `mowmidari~), rogoric iyo ioane naTlismcemeli, misi winamorbedi, da Zveli aRTqmis zogierTi piri (nazarevlobis anu mowmidarobis institutis Sesaxeb ix. gamosvl. 20:25; ricxv. 19:2; 2rjl. 15:19). es igulisxmeba maxarebel maTes sityvebSi: `mivida da dasaxlda nazareTad wodebul qalaqSi, raTa aRsrulebuliyo winaswarmetyvelis mier naTqvami, rom mas nazareveli daerqmeoda~ (maT. 2:23).

beTania (ebr. `finikis saxli~) _ sofeli iudeaSi, zeTisxilis mTis samxreT-aRmosavleT kalTebze gaSenebuli, ierusalimidan aRmosavleTiT ramdenime kilometrze daSorebiT, sadac iesos hyavda megobrebi mariam da marTa, da maTi Zma lazare, romelic mkvdreTiT aRadgina. aqedan is ukanasknelad gaemarTa ierusalimisken. misi arabuli saxeli lazarie (srulad el-azarie) inaxavs iesos beTanieli megobris xsovnas.

iordane _ mdinare, romelsac fuZemdebluri mniSvneloba aqvs rogorc Zvel, ise axal aRTqmaSi. iordanis gadalaxvam qanaanSi anu aRTqmul qveyanaSi Sesasvlelad, romelic realurad momxdari faqti iyo israelianTa istoriaSi, advilad SeiZina naTlobis simbolur-winasaxeobrivi mniSvneloba. sxva aris mdinaris erT napirze mdgari da sxvaa gaRma gasuli. aseve iordaneSi CaRrmaveba (baptisma) da iqidan amosvla adamianis gardaqmnis sawindaria. yumranis Temis wevrTaTvis yoveldRiuri aucilebeli ganbanvebi ioane naTlismcemelma codvaTa aRsarebas da monaniebas daukavSira. ìnaTlebodnen (berZn. ebaptiZonto ìZirebodnen~) iordaneSi da aRiarebdnen TavianT codvebs~ (maT. 3:6).

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iordanis romeli adgili unda vivaraudoT, sadac ioanem monaTla qriste? qriste galileidan movida iordaneze (maT. 3:13), magram ara mdinaris im monakveTze, romelic galileis provincias gamoyofs dekapolisisgan; is samxreTis dinebaze mivida, daaxloebiT im monakveTze, sadac israelianebma gadmolaxes mdinare, anu Zvel gilgalTan, ierixonis maxloblad, sadac maT am istoriuli aqtis niSnad iordanis fskeridan amoRebuli qvebi daaxvaves (amas gamoxatavs sityva gilgal). aqvea iudas udabno, sadac iordanidan amosuli ieso `sulma gaiyvana udabnoSi~ (luk., 4:1).

beTsaida (ebr.-aram. beT caida `saTevzao saxli, adgili~) _ daba galileis zRvis dasavleT napiras. rogorc saxelwodeba mowmobs, es iyo saukeTeso saTevzao adgili da, amave dros, Tevzis mTavari bazari. beTsaida iyo petres, andrias da filipes samSoblo. mis maxloblad, velze iesom saswaulebrivad daapura 5000 adamiani (luk. 9:10). miuxedavad amisa da sinanulisTvis mowodebisa, beTsaida codvebSi rCeboda da qristem masze mezobel xorazinTan erTad sabediswero winaswarmetyveleba warmoTqva, romelic wyevlis formulad iqca: `vai Sen, qorazino, da vai Sen, beTsaidav! radgan tvirossa da sidonSi rom momxdariyo ZalTa qmedebani, romlebic TqvenTan moxda, isini didi xnis winaT ZaZebSi da nacarSi moinaniebdnen. magram geubnebiT Tqven: tvirossa da sidons ufro gauadvildebaT gankiTxvis dRes, vidre Tqven~ (maT. 11:22-23). winaswarmetyveleba gamarTlda: dRes dabejiTebiT aravin icis am ori qalaqis Zveli adgil-samyofeli.

geTsimania (geT-Semen `zeTis sawnexeli~) _ baRi ierusalimis gareubanSi, sadac iesom ukanasknelad iloca (`mamao Cemo, Tu SesaZloa, amaride es sasmisi. magram ara rogorc me msurs, aramed Sen~, maTe, 26:42) da sisxlis wveTebis scvioda Sublidan (luka, 22:44); aq miiRo man iudas ambori da aqedan waiyvanes igi sinedrionis samsjavroze.

zeTisxilis mTa (berZnulad eleon), romelic unda gadaevlo beTaniidan ierusalimisken mimaval iesos (radgan zeTisxilis mTa aRmarTulia beTaniasa da ierusalims Soris).

galileis zRva, romelic kidev ori saxeliT ixsenieba axal aRTqmaSi: tiberiis zRva (ioan. 21:10), genesareTis zRva (luka, 5:1). Zvel aRTqmaSi igi qinereTis zRvis saxelwodebiT aris cnobili. Zvel aRTqmaSi misi xseneba epizoduria, raki RirsSesaniSnavi iq araferi momxdara. axali aRTqmisTvis ki es tba, romelsac saxarebis avtorebi zRvas uwodeben, iesosa da mis mowafeTa xSiri myofobis adgili iyo. aq Tevzaobdnen damowafebamde beTsaideli Zmebi petre da andria, iakobi da ioane. aq miiRes maT iesosgan mowodeba, rom àdamianTa mebadurebi~ yofiliyvnen. erT-erTi adgili es zRva iyo, sadac aRmdgari ieso eCvena mociqulebs (ioan. 21).

kana galileaSi (iudeaSic arsebobda kana), romlis saxeli mxolod

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ioanes saxarebaSia naxsenebi. es is kanaa, saidanac iesom daiwyo saswaulebis moxdena. amjerad man, rogorc qorwilis stumarma, wyali Rvinod aqcia. kanas qorwili imiTac aris SesaniSnavi, rom aq ieso dedamisTan erTad aris miwveuli da deda xdeba saswaulis iniciatori (ioan. 2:1-11). amis Semdeg kana aRar uxsenebia maxarebels.

kapernaumi (ebr. qefar naxum `naumis sofeli~) _ daba galileis zRvis Crdilo-dasavleT sanapiroze, zebulonisa da nafTalis samkvidroTa sazRvarze, sadac ioanes saxarebis Tanaxmad (2:12), ieso kvlav dedasTan, ZmebTan da mowafeebTan erTad Cadis da ramdenime dRes rCeba. ierusalimis Semdeg yvela qalaqze xSirad kapernaumia naxsenebi. Tavisi moRvaweobis pirvel xanebSi, roca nazareTidan gaaZeves (luk. 4:28-29), man kapernaumi airCia sacxovreblad: is iesos qalaqi iyo (maT. 9:1). aq man bevri saswauli moaxdina, magram ver gaaRviZa xalxSi sinanuli, risTvisac warmoTqva gamafrTxilebeli sityvebi misi misamarTiT: `Sen ki, kapernaumo, gana camde amaRldebi? jojoxeTamde daeSvebi, radgan sodomSi rom momxdariyo is saswaulebi, SenSi rom moxda, igi am dRemde moaRwevda. xolo geubnebiT Tqven, rom sodomis miwas ufro gauadvildeba gankiTxvis dRes, vidre Sen~ (maT. 11:23-24). dRemde Zveli kapernaumis savaraudo adgilze SemorCenilia didebuli sinagogis nangrevebi.

beTezda (ebr. beT xasda `wyalobis saxli~), ase ewodeboda senTagan ganmkurnebel sabanels ierusalimSi, sadac iesom SabaT dRes ukurnebeli sneuli gankurna mis wylebSi Causvlelad (ioan. 5:2-9). beTezda mdebareobda cxvris karibWis maxloblad. dRemde wm. anas eklesiis maxloblad, TeTri Zmebis monastris ezoSi, SeiZleba vixiloT auzi, romelic miwis zedapiridan 13 metris siRrmezea, da iq Casvlas xeibari namdvilad ver moaswrebda `wylis SemRvrevis~ momentSi, roca wyali samkurnalo Zalas avlenda.

emausi _ sad mdebareobda es adgili, sadac Tumca epizoduri, magram niSvnelovani Sexvedra hqonda or mowafes aRmdgar iesosTan (luk. 24:13), dResdReobiT ucnobia. am Sexvedris da saubris gamo, romelic moxda mis gzaze, gaiTqva man saxeli. saxarebidan cnobilia mxolod, rom igi ierusalimidan aTiode kilometris manZilze (samoc stadionze) mdebareobda. es iyo misi pirveli gamocxadeba aRdgomis Semdeg; aq icnes igi im Cveul moZraobaze, romliTac gantexil purs awvdida Tavis mowafeebs serobaze. emauss asaxelebs ierusalimis maxlobel dabebs Soris ioseb flaviusi (ìudauri omebi~, w. III, 3).

siqari _ samarielTa qalaqi Tu daba, romlis saxeli sxvadasxvagvarad iwereba: siqar, suqem. es ukanaskneli gamoTqma am qalaqs, rogorc Cans, aigivebs siqemTan (ebr. gamoTqmiT Sexem, arameuliT siqara), romelic samarielTa mTavari qalaqi iyo iesos xanaSi. raki samarieli dedakaci, romelsac ìakobis WasTan~ (igi Zvel aRTqmaSi ar

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ixsenieba) daelaparaka ieso, ambobs `Cveni mamebi am mTaze scemdnen Tayvans~ (ioan. 4:20), etyoba, maTi saTayvano mTa gerizimi kargad Canda am adgilidan. es adgili, albaT, Zveli Seqemi iyo, romelic Rebalsa da gerizimis mTebs Soris iyo gaSenebuli. ufro sarwmunoa, rom am saxelSi dRevandeli sofeli asqari igulisxmebodes, romelic Rebalis mTis Ziras mdebareobs: Rebalis Ziridan ukeT gamoCndeboda mopirdapire gerizimis mTa. riT gaxda RirsSesaniSnavi es adgili, romlis namdvil saxelsac ki ar icnobs saxareba? samarielTan saubarSi qriste iseT rames ambobs, rac mociqulebisTvisac ar gaumxelia. dedakacis sityvebze `Cveni mamebi am mTaze scemdnen Tayvans, Tqven (iudevelebi) ki ambobT, ierusalimSia adgili, sadac unda scemdneno Tayvans~, ieso upasuxebs: `dedakaco, merwmune, rom dgeba Jami, roca arc am mTaze da arc ierusalimSi aRar scemT Tayvans~ (ioan. 4:20-21). aq ar SevalT imis gansjaSi, Tu ras gulisxmobs qriste am sityvebiT.

im mravalrcxovan xalxTagan, romlebiTac qanaanad wodebuli palestina

da misi mosazRvre miwa-wyali iyo dasaxlebuli Zveli aRTqmis xanaSi, iesos dros TiTo-orola Tu iyo SemorCenili. sagrZnoblad aris Secvlili eTnikuri ruka. miwis pirisgan aRigavnen TuDSeerwynen ebraelebs filistimelebi, xivielebi, iebusevelni, yamaleki, moabi, yamoni, amorevelni da sxvani. sanacvlod genisareTis zRvis maxloblad iordanis orive napiras gamoCndnen berZnebi, romlebic aTqalaqad cxovrobdnen palestinis miwaze, iordanis orsave mxares. es iyo dekapolisi.

dekapolisi (àTqalaqi~) saxarebebSi (maTe, markozi) samjer gvxvdeba. igi warmoadgenda, ZiriTadad, Zveli aRTqmis baSanisa da galaadis teritorias, romelic moicavda aT berZnul qalaqs; berZnebi am adgilebSi aleqsandre makedonelis laSqrobebma moiyvana, xolo kavSiri am qalaqebma, Zveli elinuri tradiciisamebr, romaelTa mier palestinis dapyrobis (Zv. w. 63) Semdeg Sekres urTierTdaxmarebisa da semiti mezoblebisgan usafrTxoebis mizniT. es qalaqebi iyo: skviTopolisi, hiposi, Radara, rafana, dioni, pela, gerasa, filadelfia, kanaTa da damasko. amaTgan mxolod Radara da gerasaa naxsenebi axal aRTqmaSi. dekapoliss sakmaod vrceli teritoria eWira mdinare iordanis orive mxares: damasko ukidures CrdiloeTSi, filadelfia (Zveli rabaT yamoni, dRes amani iordaniis samefoSi) ukidures samxreTSi; iordanes dasavleTiT erTaderTi qalaqi iyo skviTopolisi (Zveli beT-Sani, israelis pirveli mefis saulis mSobliuri qalaqi); aTqalaqi anu aTi qalaqis liga siriis romael mmarTvels eqvemdebareboda. dekapolisma oriode saukunis ganmavlobaSi Seqmna mdidari elinisturi kultura, romlis wiaRSi filosofosic ki warmoiSva (meniposi). kavSirma Cv. w.-is II s.-mde miatana.

saxarebebSi, sadac dekapolisi da misi orad-ori qalaqia naxsenebi, ar aris Tanxmoba maT saxelwodebebSi (da arc araferia naTqvami maTi

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mosaxleobis eTnikuri kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb). maTes saxarebis xelnawerebSi misi mosaxleoba zogan GRadarelebad, zogan geraselebad, zogjer gergeselebad, zogjer ki Razarelebad ixseniebian; markozis saxarebis xelnawerebSi gergustelebic gvxvdeba.

am qalaqebsêstumreboda xolme ieso Tavis mowafeebTan erTad. maT Soris gankurna iesom ori eSmakeuli, romelTagan gamodevnili eSmakebi Rorebis jogSi Sereka, raTa kldze gadaeCexa isini (maT. 8:28-34).

qristes xanis palestinis istoriul rukaze Radara, sadac iesom eSmakeulebi gankurna, datanebulia galileis zRvis samxreTiT, iordanes aRmosavleT mxares, mdinare iarmukis xeobaSi, mis samxreTi ki – gerasa.

cnobilia, rom Radara imperatorma avgustusma gadasca herode dids. RadaraSi aRmoCenilia sami vrceli Teatris, bazilikis da taZris nangrevebi. es aris Tanamedrove um kaisi.

19. palestinis istoriis qarga

Zvel aRTqma, rogorc viciT, mTavrdeba babilonis gadasaxlebidan

ebraelTa dabrunebiT, rasac mohyva ierusalimis kedlis gamagreba da Zvelis nangrevebze axali taZris aSeneba. Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT makabelTa wignebsac, qveynis istoria grZeldeba, qveyana axali mtris winaSe aRmoCndeba: aSurs da babilons cvlis saberZneTi da romi. palestina (Zveli israeli da iuda) an vasaluri qveyanaa, an dapyrobilia. ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolebi ki mudam mimdinareobs, mosaxleoba dampyrobelTa _ saberZneTisa Tu romis _ TvalSi mojanye xalxia, romelsac is verafriT imorCilebs, vidre fizikuri ganadgurebis zRvaramde ar miiyvans. brZolebi, romelTac ebraelebi aTasi wlis manZilze eweodnen, sabolood, damTavrda maTi marcxiT, ufro kastastrofiT, rac 70 wels qristes Semdeg ierusalimis miwis piridan aRgvaSi gamoixata.

rogor gamoiyureboda politikurad qveyana qristes amqveyniuri cxovrebis manZilze an, ufro farTod, axali aRTqmis xanaSi, romelic mociqulTa xaniT Semoifargleba (es aris naxevari saukune qristes jvarcma-amaRlebidan, roca pirveli qristianuli wignebi iwereboda)?

I. qristes Sobisas, herode didis xanaSi (Zv. w. 37_Cv. w. 4), palestina erTiani samefo iyo, romelsac erTpirovnulad ganagebda herode, Tumca is, rogorc romis dasmuli, misi vasali iyo. saxareba epizodurad, qristes samisionero mimosvlis aRweris kvalobaze, CamoTvlis im olqebs, romelTagan misi samefo Sedgeboda: `didZali xalxi misdevda mas galileidan da aTqalaqidan, ierusalimidan da iudeidan da iordanis gaRmidan~ (maT. 4:25). amas SeiZleba davumatoT samaria galileasa da iudeas Soris, da ukidures samxreTiT idumea (edomi),

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romelsac, rogorc iTqva, qristes qadageba ar miswvdomia. II. herode didis sikvdilis Semdeg Cv. w.-is 4 wels samefo oTx

nawilad gaiyo mis sam Svils Soris. TiToeli maTgani, rogorc tetrarqi, ganagebda qveynis meoTxeds.

ioane naTlismcemlis gamoCenis xanaSi qveyana am oTx samTavrod iyo dayofili. am movlenas lukas saxareba imperator tiberiusis mefobis meTxuTxmete wliT (anu es aris Cv. w.-is 18 w.) da tetrarqebis mmarTvelobiT aTariRebs: `tiberius keisris mefobis meTxuTmete wels, roca pontoeli pilate ganagebda iudeaSi, herode iyo meoTxedmTavari galileaSi, misi Zma filipe _ meoTxedmTavari iturias da traqonelTa olqSi, xolo lisanisi _ meoTxedmTavari abileneSi~ (luk. 3:1).

herode didis memkvidreebi iyvnen: arqelaosi, romelic dainiSna iudeis, samariis da idumeis

eTnarqad (maT. 2:22), magram maleve iudevelebma da samarielebma uCivles romSi, man ver gaimarTla Tavi da gadaayenes. es mxareebi romis imperiis farglebSi Sevida da maT ganmgeblad prokuratori dainiSna, romlis rezidencia herode didis mier avgustus keisris pativsacemad aSenebul kesariaSi iyo. ioseb flaviusi mas asaxelebs rogorc sastik da Seuferebel mmarTvels.

herode antipa _ galileis da pereis tetrarqad (aseve ixsenieba lukas saxarebaSi: `herode tetrarqi~, luk. 3:19). man moakvlevina ioane naTlismcemeli, igi esaubra iesos da Semdeg gadasca pilates gansasjelad. man aaSena qalaqi tiberia keisar tiberiusis pativsacemad galileis tbis sanapiroze, ra mizeziTac am tbam tiberiis tbis saxelwodeba miiRo. igi daqorwinebuli iyo herodiaze, Tavisi Zmis colze, risTvisa amxelda mas ioane (mr. 6:17-18). 39 wels gadayenebuli da gandevnili iqna.

filipe _ bataniis, traqonitis, iTureis, gaulanitis da auranitis olqebis tetrarqi (òTxi olqis mTavari~). yvela es olqi qveynis CrdiloeT nawilSi, iordanis aRmosavleT mxares mdebareobda da ebraelebiT naklebad iyo dasaxlebuli. mazs ixseniebs maxarebeli luka (3:1).

III . herode agripa I-is, herode didis SvilisSvilis (41-44 ww), xelSi samiode wlis ganmavlobaSi palestina kvlav erTiania. imperatorma kaligulam gadasca mas filipes teritoriebi, daurTo siriis olqebi da mefis Rirseba mianiWa. kaligula arc amas dasjerda: gadaayena antipa da misi satetrarqo _ galilea da perea misca herode agripas. xolo 41 wels klaudiusma kaligulas mkvlelobis Semdeg iudeac mis samefos miuerTa. agripa `keTili~ mefe iyo, uyvarda Tavisi xalxi da misi tradicebi da cdilobda, SeZlebisamebr, romis imperiis farglebSi aRedgina israelis Zveli dideba. mas mxars uWerdnen ebraelebi, magram qveynis araebrauli mosaxleoba mis winaaRmdeg iyo ganwyobili.

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mefe herodem moakvlevina uflis Zma iakobi da cixeSi Casva petre mociquli, romelic saswaulebrivad gamovida sapyrobiledan (saqme, 12).

IV. herodes saswaulebrivi sikvdilis Semdeg, romelic aRwerilia mociqulTa saqmeSi (saqme, 13:21-23), efemerulad gaerTianebuli palestina gadavida prokuratorebis xelSi, romelTagan axal aRTqmaSi oTxia moxsenebuli _ kvirinusi, pilate, feliqsi da festusi. xolo, sabolood, ebraelTa ajanyebis damarcxebis e. i. 70 wlis Semdeg, mTeli qveyana romis imperiis farglebSi moeqca da misi provincia gaxda.

palestinas win kvlav eloda ajanyebebi da brZolebi, romelTa dasasruls ierusalimi mTlianad ganadgurda da mis nangrevebze imperatorma adrianem qalaqi saxelwodebiT elia kapitolina daaarsa. magram es periodi ar ekuTvnis saxarebaTa da mociqulTa xanas.

20. axali aRTqmis wignebis Seqmnis qronologia 48 pavle mociqulis epistole galatelTa mimarT 51-52 pavle mociqulis 1 da 2 epistole TesalonikelTa mimarT 53-62 pavle mociqulis epistole filipelTa mimarT 56 pavle mociqulis 1 epistole korinTelTa mimarT 57 pavle mociqulis epistole romaelTa mimarT 57 pavle mociqulis 2 epistole korinTelTa mimarT 61-63? pavle mociqulis epistole efeselTa mimarT 61-63? pavle mociqulis epistole filemonis mimarT 61-63 pavle mociqulis epistole koloselTa mimarT 61-63? pavle mociqulis 1 da 2 epistole timoTes mimarT, titusis

mimarT 62? iakobis kaTolike epistole 64 petres 1 kaTolike epistole 70 saxareba markozisagan 75 saxareba lukasagan 75-90 saqme mociqulTa 80-85 saxareba maTesagan 81-96 ioanes gamocxadeba 90-100 ioanes 1 kaTolike epistole 90-100 ioanes 2 da 3 kaTolike epistole 90-100 saxareba ioanesagan 96? epistole ebraelTa mimarT 100? iudas kaTolike epistole 100? petres 2kaTolike epistole

axali aRTqmis Sesavalireso-kiknadze.de/bua/ახალი...Janri, romelic elinur literaturaSi iyo damkvidrebuli. saxarebebi, rogorc qristes amqveyniuri cxovrebis aRmweri naratiuli

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