farnavazis sizmari - reso-kiknadze.dereso-kiknadze.de/bua/newadd/farnavazissizmari-mefbislegit.pdf · 4 naTesavsa zeda qarTvelTasa~ [1:20]). sizmris `egulveboda ganslva da ver ganvida~

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farnavazis sizmarida mefobis legitimaciis tipologia

`cxovreba farnavazisi~ _ `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Semadgeneli nawili sruliad gansakuTrebuli Txzulebaa. igi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc fuZemdebluri teqsti, romelic gadmogvcems qveynisa da xalxis istoriaSi udidesi gardatexis movlenas: xelisuflebis erTi sistemidan _ mamasaxlisobidan, meore sistemaze _ mefobaze, gadasvlas. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs Txzulebis dasawyisSive gadmocemuli sizmari farnavazisa, unikaluri teqsti, romelic mravali aspeqtiT ganxilvas saWiroebs, ramdenadac masSi erTi wakiTxviTac ki vadasturebT miTologemebis siuxves, romelTagan Tu TiToeuli erTmaneTTan aris siRrmisulad dakavSirebuli, meore mxriv, yvelani erTad erT konceptSi iyrian Tavs. es koncepti aris mefoba, romlis legitimacias teqstSi arsebuli yvela miTologema emsaxureba. `mefe” farnavazis sizmris centraluri miTologemaa. farnavazis sizmari xom misi patronis gamefebis miTosia. farnavazi miTosurad da istoriuladac (is ar iyo mefis Svili), pirveli mefea. is pirvelad qmnis saqarTvelos qveyanas im saxiT, ra saxiTac is istoriul sinamdvileSi, Tundac, misi Caweris xanaSi arsebobs. farnavazis, rogorc demiurgis, moRvaweoba uzurpatorisgan qveynis gamoxsniT iwyeba (mefe arsebiTad `mxsnelia~) da qveynis struqturis SeqmniT (teritoriul-administraciul dayofa), saerTo kultis dawesebiT, mwignobrobis SemoRebiT da qarTuli enis (rogorc kulturisa da erTiani qveynis samarTavi iaraRi rkinis iaraRTan erTad) hegemoniis damyarebiTa da ganvrcobiT gvirgvindeba. qvemore moyvanili teqsts ganvixilavT ara mxolod rogorc saqarTvelos pirveli mefis, aramed rogorc mefobis pirvelad SemoRebis miTologiur narativs. teqsti daxunZlulia miTologemebiT, romelTa Tanamimdevroba mefed kurTxevis rituals warmogvidgens. mTliani teqsti SegviZlia sam periodad davyoT.

I. realoba`mas Jamsa iyo Wabuki erTi mcxeTas qalaqsa Sina, romelsa saxeli erqua farnavaz. ese farnavaz iyo mamulad qarTleli, naTesavi uflosi, mcxeTosis Zisa, da dedulad sparsi aspaneli. da iyo igi Zmiswuli samarisi, romeli moslvasa mas aleqsandressa mcxeTel mamasaxlisi yofiliyo. ese samar da Zma misi, mama farnavazisi, moklul iyo aleqsandresgan. xolo dedasa farnavazissa wareyvana farnavaz, samisa wlisa yrma, da Seltolvil iyo kavkasiad da mun aRzrdil iyo da mosrul iyo mcxeTas, mamulsa Tvissa. xolo ese farnavaz iyo kaci gonieri, mÃedari SemmarTebeli da monadire Ãelovani. da imalvida igi sikeTesa Tvissa azonis SiSisagan. xolo monadireobiTa misiTa iqmna mecnier azonisa, da Seiyuara igi azonman monadireobisaTvis. evedreboda farnavazs deda misi: Svilo Cemo, ekrZale azons da nura-ras iCineb Tavisa Senisa sikeTesa, nu ukue mogklan Sen. da iyo SiSi da Zrwola mas zeda. da viTar ganmravlda SiSi azonisi maT zeda, rqua farnavazs dedaman misman: Svilo Cemo, dauteve sayofeli mamaTa SenTa da warmiyvane mamulsa Cemsa aspans, ZmaTa CemTa Tana, da ganere Sen cocxali Ãelisagan azonisa.

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da daamtkices ganzraxva ese: warslva aspanisa. Wir uCnda farnavazs dateveba sayofelsa mamaTa misTasa, aramed SiSisagan didisa daamtkica warslva.

II. a) sizmari da b) cxadia) maSin ixila farnavaz sizmari, reca iyo igi saxlsa Sina ukacursa da egulveboda ganslva da ver ganvida. maSin Semovida sarkumelsa missa Suqi mzisa da moertya welTa misTa da ganizida da ganiyvana sarkumelsa mas. da viTar ganvida velad, ixila mze qve-mdablad, mihyo Ãeli misi, mohÃoca cuari pirsa misasa da icxo pirsa missa. ganiRviZa farnavaz da ganukvirda da Tqua: sizmari igi ese ars: me warval aspans da mun keTilsa mivecemi. b) xolo mas dResa Sina ganvida farnavaz da nadirobda marto da devna uyo iremTa velsa diRomisasa. da ivltodes iremni RirRalTa Sina tfilisisaTa. misdevda farnavaz, styorca isari da hkra iremsa. da mcired warvlo iremman da daeca Zirsa kldisasa. mivida farnavaz iremsa zeda. da dRe igi mwuxri gardaxda. da dajda iremsa mis Tana, raÁTamca dayo mun Rame da dileulmca warvida. xolo kldisa mis Zirsa quabi iyo, romlisa kari aRmoqmnul iyo qviTa Zuelad, da siZueliTa Sehqmnoda darRueva Senebulsa mas. maSin daasxa wvima mZafri. xolo farnavaz aRmoiRo Cuglugi da gamoarRvia kari quabisa mis, raÁTamca mun Siga daimSrala wvimisa misgan, da Sevida quabsa mas. da ixila mun-Sina ganZi miuwdomeli, oqro da vecxli da samsaxurebeli oqroÁsa da vecxlisa miuwdomeli.

III. istoriuli Sedegebi...maSin farnavaz wargzavna mona TÂsi qujis Tana da rqua: me var naTesavi uflos mcxeTosis Zisa da Zmiswuli samara mamasaxlisisa, da ars CemTana xuastagi didZali. Aaw inebo, raTa miT xuastagiTa movide Sen Tana da viyvneT Cuen Zma da viÃmaroT Cuen xvastagi igi orTave. gamouCndeT Cuen mterad azon erisTavsa da sueman Cuenman guces Cuen Zleva keTili. maSin ganixara quji sixaruliTa didiTa da rqua: aRdeg da moved Cem Tana da nu Surob xuastagsa Sensa da xuastagiTa SeniTa gangimravlne spani Senni, vidre gamovCndeT mterad azonisa, maSin ganixaron yovelTa qarTvelTa awyuedilTa misgan da miwyudeulTa...maSin farnavaz farulad warvida sixaruliTa da, romeli SesaZlebel iyo ganZisa misgan, waritana Tana da dedaca da dani misni mis Tana. da mividis qujis Tana da rqua mas quji: Sen xar Svili TavTa maT qarTlisaTa da Sen gmarTebs ufloba Cemi. aw nu Surob xuastagsa Sensa, raTa ganvamravlneT spani. Dda, ukueTu mogueces Zleva, Sen xar ufali Cueni da me var mona Seni......maSin yovelni qarTvelni ganudges azons... xolo movida farnavaz mcxeTas da daipyrna oTxni igi cixeni mcxeTisani. da masve welsa daipyra yoveli qarTli TÂnier klarjeTisa. aman farnavaz waravlinna mociqulni winaSe mefisa antioqos asurastanisa da warsca ZRueni didZali. Dda aRuTqua msaxureba. da iTxova misgan Sewevna berZenTa zeda. xolo antioqos Seiwynara ZRueni misi da uwoda Svilad TÂsad, da warmosca gÂrgÂni... da amanve farnavaz Seqmna kerpi didi saxelsa zeda TÂssa: ese ars armazi, rameTu farnavazs sparsulad armaz erqua. amarTa kerpi igi armazi Tavsa zeda qarTlisasa da mieriTgan ewoda armazi kerpisa misTÂs. Dda qmna satfureba didi kerpisa misTÂs....da ese farnavaz iyo pirveli mefe qarTlsa Sina qarTlosisa naTesavTagani. Aman ganavrco ena qarTuli da arRara izraxeboda sxua ena qarTlsa Sina TÂnier qarTulisa. Dda aman Seqmna mwignobroba qarTuli” [1, 20-26].

Cveni analizis sagania moyvanili teqstis II pasaJi anu `sizmari da cxadi~, romlebic sasworis Tanabrad datvirTuli pinebiviT aris gawonasworebuli: araferia iseTi sizmarSi, romlis gamoZaxili ar iyos cxadSi, sizmris simbolika cxadis realuri sagnebis saxiT aris warmodgenili. Tumca TiToeul maTgans damoukidebeli mniSvnelobebi aqvs, magram, rogorc zemoT iTqva, erTmaneTTn siRrmiseuli kavSiriT arian dakavSirebuli. aq gvagondeba dasawyisi sityvebi prokle diadoxosis Txzulebisa `RvTismetyvelebis safuZvlebi~: `yovelive simravle rogorme eziareba erTs~ [2:9].

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Mmeore mxriv, uadgilo ar iqneba davimowmoT rusi metafizikosi filosofosis semion frankis Tezisi realobis metalogiuri fenis Sesaxeb, sadac mTeli sagnobrivi realoba mocemulia rogorc

erTiani ganuwyveteli mTlianoba (некое целостное сплошное единство). AamasTanave, davimowmebT spinozas formulas, romelsac moixmobs s.

franki Tavis wignSi `Непостижимое~: `qveyanaze ar aris raime da arc moiazreba raime, rac TavisTavad iarsebebda, sxva raimesTan raime kavSiris gareSe” [3:234]. ramdenadac SeuZlebelia analizis gareSe wvdoma am erTianobisa, romelsac “farnavazis cxovrebis” II monakveTi mTlianad da misi realiebi Seicavs, Cven gvixdeba `cocxali~ teqstis `viviseqcia~, raTa sabolood isini kvlav erTianobaSi movaqcioT. mefobis Senebis sawyisebi swored am sityvebis ukan dafaruli realobebia. rogorc iTqva, isini metalogiur erTobaSi arian `Cawnuli~ erTmaneTSi, magram analizis interesisTvis (sxvagvarad verc moxerxdeba) maT cal-calke ritualuri mimdevrobiT ganvixilavT.

Ooblobais garemoeba, rom farnavazis mama ucnobia da, amave dros, mokluli, Svils ayenebs im miTosur personaJTa rigSi, romelTa sicocxle Cvil asakSive bewvze hkidia, magram Tu gadarCnen, didebulebas aRweven. oblobis dafaruli didebis (SesaZleblobaTa) manifestacia xdeba gardamtex periodebSi. zRapris personaJi _ oboli, ufro damZimebuli statusiT, geri, aris uuflebo da umkvidro, wuTisoflis anabara mitovebuli bavSvi. arsebobs wuTisoflis bavSvi, wers erTgan n. berdiaevi, da arsebobs RvTis bavSvi, romelsac `bedi swyalobs~ da dasabamieri TavisuflebiT aris dajildoebuli. Cveni mxriv davsZenT, rom deda gamoxatavs RvTis samefos, xolo dedinacvali _ am wuTisofels. Sesabamisad, oboli da geri, rogorc RvTis bavSvebi, ar ekuTvnian am wuTisofels – isini ar arian misi mkvidrni. obloba da geroba aq tovebs socialur sferos da sxva ganzomilebaSi gadadis. oboli da geri zRaprebis yvelaze sayvareli, imedis momcemi personaJia. farnavazis mefedqcevis miTosSi naklebi mniSvneloba eniWeba im garemoebas, rom misi biZa mamasaxlisi iyo. maxvili gadatanilia mis oblobaze, romelic uTvistomobis gaZlierebuli saxea. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom farnavazis mefobis sawyisi ara mis gvarovnul warmomavlobaze, aramed mis oblobaze da Tvdapirvel miusafrobazea damyarebuli. dedis rCevas _ `Svilo Cemo, dauteve sayofeli mamaTa SenTa da warmiyvane mamulsa Cemsa aspans, ZmaTa CemTa Tana, da ganere Sen cocxali Ãelisagan azonisa~ _ aq imaze meti mniSvnelobas Semcvelia, rac mas yofiT ganzomlebaSi aqvs. aq aspani _ deduleTi _ miTosuri dedis uRrublo qveyanaa, sadac farnavazma Tavi unda Seafaros (an dabrundes) im wuTisoflisgan, romelsac qarTlis qveyana ganasaxierebs uzurpatoris xelSi (`da iyo Wiri didi

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naTesavsa zeda qarTvelTasa~ [1:20]). sizmris `egulveboda ganslva da ver ganvida~ im gamouvali mdgomareobis reliefuri asaxvaa, romelsac farnavazi qarTlSi ganicdis. deda usaxeloa, radgan is dedobis princips gamoxatavs ganzogadebulad: deda _ mrCeveli, deda _ Semfarebeli, deda _ mxsneli; es usaxelo deda SeiZleboda, msgavsad gilgameSis dedisa, Tavisi Svilis sizmris amxsneli yofiliyo, rom cxadiseul gamocdilebas ar gamoeaSkaravebina sizmris sazrisi. SeniSvna.* deduleTSi dabruneba farnavazisTvis xsnis iseTive perspeqtiva iyo, rogoric gamoxatulia Sumerul konceptSi ama-ar-gi `dedasTan dabruneba~ romelic gviCvenebs dedis (ama) wiaRs, kalTas, rogorc ukanasknel TavSesafars, adamianis bunebriv samyofels. mxolod amargiSi, romelic sawyisi mdgomareobaa, poulobs adamiani Tavisuflebas, amitomac `dedasTan dabruneba~ Tavisuflebis ideis tolfasi konceptia. SeniSvna.** meore mxriv, Tu yofiT doneze gadavinacvlebT, dedis Zmebi aspanSi farnavazisTvis bunebiTi mfarvelebi unda yofiliyvnen. cnobilia dedisZmaTa gansakuTrebuli roli diswulis bed-iRbalSi. amas vadasturebT rogorc `primitiul~, ise dawinaurebul civilizaciebSi. gavixsenoT, sad miiRo odisevsma Tavisi ganTqmuli Wriloba _ identifikaciis erTgavri niSani, romliTac igi evrikleam gamoicno. an Tundac xevsuruli: `diswuli dedisZmisgana ar gaicvlebis sxvazeda~ magram farnavazis SemTxvevaSi, zebunebrivi Zalebis Carevis gamo, es SesaZlebloba ar aris realizebuli. oblobis motivi gamoyenebulia bagrationTa sagvareulos warmoSobis miTosSi. am xalxuri Tqmulebis jer-jerobiT erTaderTi varianti vaxuSti batoniSvils ekuTvnis:

`vgoneb, viTarca sityva ars iverielTa Sina, rameTu iremman ganzarda bagrationi, iyo ese guram raJams moukles mama da miuRes berZenTa bolo klarjeTisa, amas eZiebden da damales gamzrdelTa da mwirobasa Sina yrma ese Seegua (var. Seudga) iremsa, awovebda da aRivsis da avlinebda. Semdgomad ixiles sakvirveli ese klarjTa, hscnes bagratovaneba misi, miiyvanes da hyves kvalad erisTav-erisTavad. sarwmuno patroni klarjTa da mesxTa” [4, 694].

am unikaluri teqstis bolo winadadeba _ `amisTvis iqmna umetes sarwmuno patroni~ _ mowmobs, rom misi avtorisTvis (aseve iverielebisTvis, kerZod, klarjTaTvis) oblobis, gadamalvis da mwirobis es modeli Zlieri legitimaciis xarisxis mqonea. bagrationTa legitimaciaze narkvevis meore nawilSi gveqneba saubari, aq ki unda aRiniSnos, rom guaramis statusi, rogorc oblisa da mwirisa, miT ufro Zlieria, rom igi mokluli mamis Zea iseve, rogorc farnavazi. am modelSi niSandoblivia nulovani done, saidanac aRzevdeba mefobis kandidati. es varianti dasturdeba aqadeli sargonis (Zv. w. 2334-2279) gamefebis andrezSic, sadac aseve ar arsebobs raime wanamZRvari, romelic istoriulad gaamarTlebda mis gamefebas. Tumca misi deda RvTismxevalia, magram mama ucnobia (Tumc ara mokluli) , rac mis mdabio warmoSobas unda gulisxmobdes. asea Tu ise, mSobeli deda TavisTan ar itovebs axladSobils da wyalSi gadasagdebad imetebs, rasac, SesaZloa, ori mizezi hqondes: erTi is, rom bavSvi imTaviTve mosaklavad iyo

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ganwiruli (romulusisa da remusis, an bibliuri moses varianti), meore is, rom dedas surs sircxvili Camoirecxos bavSvis moSorebiT (laSa-giorgis varianti). sargons, garda saxelisa _

`mefe kanonieri~ (sharru kenu), rac imas niSnavs, rom misi mefobis kanoniereba ar aris ganmtkicebuli winaparTa rigiT da moiTxovs legitimaciis sxva tips, aratradiciulad (Tumca yoveli modeli Tavad aris tradicia) gadaecema mefoba. Cvili Casves lerwmis godorSi, Sefises igi da evfratis dinebas gaatanes. godori mebaRem amoitana wylidan, bavSvi amosva, gazarda da mebaRed daadgina. mebaReobisas Wabuki qalRmerTma iSTarma Seiyvara da Sumer-aqadis mefed gaxada. qalRmerTis mier am arCevaSi mdgomareobs misi xarizma, ufro sworad, xarizmis pirobaa es arCeva. visTvisac amgvari narativi ar Seqmnila, unda dakmayofilebuliyo im sityvebiT, romlebic xaldis taZarSi dadgmul Tavis qandaks waawera urartus mefem rusa I-ma (mefobis xani Zv. w. 734-714), rogorc Cans uzurpatorma, romlis ukan ar idga mefeTa wyeba: `Cemi ori cxeniT da Cemi meetliT Cemma marjvenam urartus mefoba moipova~ [5, str. 404). aqtualuri mefis amgvari gancxadeba uprecedentoa Tavisi pirdapirobiT. igi arc ki axsenebs RmerT xaldis, romelic urartus mefeTa gamarjvebebis sulisCamdgmeli iyo. Tumca ar unda gamovricxoT teqstis arseboba, sadac rusas mefoba instituciurad iqneboda ganmtkicebuli.

SeniSvna*. pirvel brZolaSi gamarjvebas legitimaciis maRali xarisxi aqvs. fSaveli gara Turmanauli, romelmac laSaris jvris droSa xelyo xevisbris pativis uzurpaciis mizniT, swored pirvelma warmatebam (qistebis erT-erTi Temis maistis gatexvam) ixsna fSavis xevis sazogadoebis risxvisgan, ufro metic, laSaris jvris Tav-xevisbris rangSi aRazeva. cxadia, mainc saWiro gaxda xelmxaris ganaTvla saxevisbrod wesisamebr [6:180-182]. SeniSvna**. aSurSi (asiriaSi) legitimaciis ZiriTadi niSani iyo xangrZlivi genealogia, mamapapuri tradiciuli dinastia, riTac yoveli monarqi amayobda. Tumca zogjer mefe ar axsenebda Tavis mefur winaprebs. aSurSi arsebobda meore gza mefed gaxdomisa: pirovneba, romelic sakuTari riskiT da ZalebiT moipovebda mefobas, Tavs RmerTebis rCeulad miiCnevda. amgvarad gamefebulTa arqetipi sargon aqadeli iyo [7:101]. aSuris mefem sargonma (Zv. w. 721-705) es saxeli airCia, raTa uzurpacia gaeqarwylebina: man, TiglaTfalasar III-is ukanono Zem, taxti waarTva kanonier memkvidres, ukve gamefebul Salmanacar V-s (Zv. w. 727-722), risTvisac es saxeli `mefe kanonieri~ (sharru kenu) Soreuli warsulidan moexmo.

Tumca pirveli tipis, genealogiaze dafuZnebuli, legitimacia ar gamoricxavs RmerTebis mxardaWerasac. es tipi reliefurad aris asaxuli aqemenianTa genealogiaSi, romelsac darios I (522-486) gvamcnobs:

`me var dariosi, mefe didi, mefe mefeTa, mefe sparseTisa, Ze viStaspasi, SviliSvili arSamasi, aqemeniani. ase ambobs darios mefe: Cemi mama _ viStaspa, viStaspas mama _ arSama, arSamas mama _ ariaramna, ariaramnas mama _

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CiSpiSi, CiSpiSis mama _ aqemeni. amitom viwodebiT aqemenianebad. Cven ZvelTaganve pativiT varT garemosilni, ZvelTaganve Cveni sagvareulo samefo sagvareulo iyo. Cemi sagvareulodan Cemamde rva mefe gamovida. me mecxre var. cxra mefe erTmaneTis miyolebiT. me ahura-mazdas nebiT var mefe. ahura-mazdam momca me mefoba~ [8:358].

am genealogiaSi erTaderTi aqemeni ar aris mefuri warmomavlobis, magram is iwyebs mefobas. is moeqceva sargon aqadelis, urarteli rusas da sxvaTa, mefobis damwyebTa wreSi, romelsac ekuTvnis farnavazi _ pirveli mefe qarTlisa. es is pirovnebani arian, romelTac TavianTi Tavi Tavad gaxades mefe. mefobis wyaro TiTqos maTSivea.

Mmefe-monadire ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom farnavazi daxasiaTebulia rogorc _ `monadire Ãelovani~. monadireobas sami aspeqti aqvs Cvens TemasTan dakavSirebiT: monadireoba mefis mowodeba; monadireoba rogorc suzerensa da farul mefes Soris metoqeobis piroba; monadireoba rogorc saidumlos aRmoCenis gza. ganvixiloT isini erTmaneTTan urTierTobaSi. aris sazogadoebebi, sadac nadiroba maRali rangis saqmianobaa: is maRali wreebis privilegiaa. mxolod mefeebs da didebulebs aqvT nadirobis ufleba (iqneb imis gamo, rom maTia teritoria, sadac gareuli cxovelebi mosaxleoben?). gansakuTrebiT Zvel iranSi monadireoba mefeTa aucilebeli atributi iyo. is gadadis miTosSi da simbolur mniSvnelobasac iZens.

`xolo ese farnavaz iyo kaci gonieri, mÃedari SemmarTebeli da monadire Ãelovani. da imalvida igi sikeTesa Tvissa azonis SiSisagan. xolo monadireobiTa misiTa iqmna mecnier azonisa, da Seiyuara igi azonman monadireobisaTvis. evedreboda farnavazs deda misi: Svilo Cemo, ekrZale azons da nura-ras iCineb Tavisa Senisa sikeTesa, nu ukue mogklan Sen. da iyo SiSi da Zrwola mas zeda”.

farnavazs Tavisi samonadireo xelovnebis damalva uxdeba da es savsebiT kanonzomieria; deda Tavisi gamWriaxobiT grZnobs safrTxes, romelic emuqreba mis vaJs swored nadirobaSi xelovnebis gamoCenis gamo, romelic, erTxelac iqneba da gamoiRebs Tavis sabediswero Sedegs. Tavisi upiratesobiT monadireobaSi farnavazi cnobierad Tu qvecnobierad mefobaze acxadebs pretenzias. Tumca farnavazsa da azos Soris dapirispireba Tavis logikur Sedegamde ar misula da dedis arcTu usafuZvlo eWvebs realizacia ar hqonia, Cven SegviZlia warmovidginoT es perspeqtiva ardavanisa da ardaSiris magaliTze. suzerensa da vasals Soris urTierTobis es modeli xorcSesxmulia `ardaSir papakanis wignSi”, sadac mefesa da mis qveSevrdoms _ mefobis farul kandidats Soris sabediswero daZabulobis mizezi swored monadireobaa, kerZod, nanadirevi, romelzec pretenzias acxadebs suzereni, rogorc yoveli

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monadirebuli mxecis potenciuri mflobeli, radgan misia mTeli qveyana. `erT dRes ardavani cxenosnebsa da ardaSirTan erTad sanadirod wavida. mindorSi kanjari gamoCnda; ardaSiri da ardavanis ufrosi vaJi daedevnen. ardaSiri daewia, isari styorcna imgvarad, rom ferdidan mucelSi gauara da meore mxares gamovida da kanjari adgilze daeca. ardavani da cxenosnebi mividnen. roca maT amgvari natyorcni dainaxes, gaocdnen da ikiTxes: `es vin styorcna?” ardaSirma uTxra: `es me gavakeTe”. ardavanis vaJma Tqva: `ara, me gavakeTe”. ardaSiri ganrisxda da ardavanis vaJs uTxra: `ara xams unarisa da vaJkacobis misakuTreba usamarTlobiT da borotebiT! ai veli da ai mravali kanjari. me da Sen aq meored SevejibrebiT erTmaneTs da gamovaCenT Cvens sikarges, simardesa da mamacobas”. amis gamo ardavans guli mouvida da ar misca ardaSirs cxenze Sejdomis ufleba...” [9:44].

ardaSirs isRa darCenoda, rom ukve sabediswerod dapirispireboda suzerens. is garbis. A(aq TxrobaSi mefobasTan dakavSirebuli sxva realiebi Semodis). am urTierTobis magaliTad SegviZlia saulisa da daviTis urTierToba gavixsenoT. konfliqtis mizezi aq nadirobaSi upiratesoba ar aris, radgan biblia ar icnobs (anu ar cnobs) nadirobas. mizezi aq sabrZolo warmatebaa, romelic iwyeba norCi Wabukis mier goliaTis damarcxebiT, rodesac man sircxvilisgan ixsna israelis laSqari (1mef. 17), da gvirgvindeba mis pirvelsave brZolaSi gamarjvebiT, roca SeiTxza simRera, romelsac qalebi mRerodnen: `Semusra saulma Tavisi aTasi, xolo daviTma Tavisi aTiaTasi” (1mef. 18:7), rasac mosdevs es teqsti: `metad ganawyenda sauli, ar moewona es sityvebi, Tqva: daviTs aTi aTass aZleven, me ki aTass. mefobaRa aklia” (1mef. 18:8). savsebiT bunebrivia es sityvebi. sauls, romelzec, rogorc cxebulze, drodadro gadmodis winaswarmetyvelebis suli, SeeZlo amoecno, rom daviTi ukve uflis cxebulia. maT ukve veraferi Searigebda. daviTis gamefeba axla ukve mxolod drois sakiTxi iyo.

SeniSvna. goliaTTan daviTis gamarjveba gaazrebulia rogorc monadiris gamarjveba mxecze. es ar aris Cveulebrivi orTabrZola, mowinaaRmdegeni arc ki SeWidebian erTmaneTs. daviTma uaryofs sabrZolo saWurvels, romliTac Tma Semosa igi. da ertaderTi iaraRiT _ SurduliT gadis goliaTis winaaRmdeg, rogorc gareul mxecebze sanadirod gadian. es misi sityvebidanac Cans: `ufali, romelic damixsnida xolme lomisagan da daTvisagan, axlac damixsnis am filistimelisagan~ (1mef. 17:37). SevxedoT am TvalsazrisiT nadirobis epizods, romelsac `vefxistyaosnis~ kompoziciisTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs. poemaSi nadirobas ori funqcia akisria, romlebic arsebiTia poemis rogorc kompoziciur, ise ideologiur WrilSi. nadirobis Sedegi gadaSlis axal horizonts personaJTa urTierTobaSi. gavixsenoT, ra aris mefe rostevanis pirveli daRrejis mizezi: TinaTinis gamefebis lxinSi, roca zeimma kulminacias miaRwia.

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didebulTa gasaocrad `mefeman Tavi dahkida da hqonda daRrejiloba”. didebulebma es miaweres axladgamefebulis uzomo xelgaSlilobas. magram mefes sxva ram awuxebs:

`erTai mizis asuli, nazardi saTuTobiTa; RmerTman ar momca ymaSvili, _ var sawuTrosa TmobiTa, _ anumca mgvanda mSvildosnad, anu kvla moburTlobiTa; cotasa Semwevs avTandil Cemganve nazardobiTa”.

es sityvebi WeSmaritad qveynis momavalze mzrunveli suzerenis sityvebia. igulisxmeba Semdegi: TinaTini gamefebulia, mas unda mohyves avTandilis gamefeba _ amaod ar aris naxsenebi TinaTinisa da misi trfialebis ambavi imTaviTve, roca spaspeti Semodis TxrobaSi (`mas TinaTinis mSveneba hklevdis...~). metoqeobas sxva SemTxvevaSi (rogorc ardaSirisa da ardabanis epizodi gviCvenebs) tragikuli dasasruli eqneboda `jerT uwveruli” WabukisTvis. magram arabeTSi patronisa da ymis sxva modeli `muSaobs”, amitomac avTandils metobisTvis safrTxe ar emuqreba, radgan mefis daRrejis wamali swored avTandilis upiratesobaa (rac tradiciul modelSi mizezia). amitomac avTandili Tamamad acxadebs:

`avTandil ityvis: daviwyo kadreba saubnarisa: nu mohkvex mSvildosnobasa, Tqma sjobs sityvisa wynarisa. miwaca Tqveni avTandil Tqvens wina mSvildosania; naZlevi davdvaT, movasxneT mowmad Tqvennive spania; moasparezed vin mgavso? _ cudniRa ukuTqmania. gardamwyvedeli misica burTi da moedania”.

asparezoba laRobaSi warimarTa da, roca gairkva vasalis upiratesoba, rom _

`orTave erTgan mokluli yvelai asjer ocia, magra avTandils ociTa ufrosi dauxocia”, _

mefesac moexsna Wmunva:

`uxaris egre sikeTe misisa ganazardisa”.

amgvari situaciis efeqti miT ufro moulodnelia, rom yvelaferi xdeba ara ise, rogorc modeli karnaxobs. gavixsenoT amis sapirispirod `Semusra saulma Tavisi aTasi, xolo daviTma Tavisi aTiaTasi”, ramac saulSi daviTisadmi Seurigebeli mtroba gamoiwvia, magram arabeTis kari am wesis gamonaklisia _ suzerenisa da vasalis urTierToba aq patronymobis idealur modelzea agebuli. avTandilis gamarjveba nadirobaSi sawindaria misi gamefebisa, risi mowmec mkiTxveli uSualod am ambis Semdeg gaxdeboda, rom mdinaris piras `ucxo moyme~ ar gamoCeniliyo.

ritualuri sikvdili da mefedSoba.

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gamomwyvdeva (`ukacur saxlSi) da gamosvla `gadasvlis

ritualebis~ kategorias ekuTvnis (rites de passage). termini ekuTvnis belgiel eTnologs arnold van xeneps (van Gennep). farnavazi sakuTar Tavs `ukacur saxlSi~ xedavs, saidanac surs gamosvla, magram ver gamodis. ras SeiZleba niSnavdes misi sizmris `ukacuri saxli~? msoflio miTologiis arsenalSi romc ar iyos cnobili `ukacuri saxlis~ semantika, yvelaferi, rac xdeba farnavazis Tavze am saxlidan gamosvlis Semdeg, aSkaras xdis, rom igi qvesknelSia moxvedrili. igi kvdeba, raTa xelaxla iSvas, magram gansxvavebuli statusiT. sikvdils da xelaxla Sobas araviTari gamarTleba ar eqneboda, Tu mis bedSi araferi Seicvleboda. farnavazi Tavis Tavs xedavs aCrdilTa samefoSi (`ukacuri saxli~ misi miTologemuri variantia), sadac moulodnelad iWreba mze Tavisi sxiviT. miTologiidan ki (Suamdinaruli, egvipturi) viciT, rom mze (SamaSi, rae) periodulad mkvdarTa samefosac unaTebs.

afrikuli mowmoba. miuxedavad Rrma kulturul-istoriuli gansxvavebisa kongos beladad kurTxevis ritualsa da Zv.w. III saukunis mefed kurTxevis hipoTetur ceremonials Soris, SegviZlia gamovZebnoT universaliebze damyarebuli tipologiuri msgavseba.

`erT-erTi mTavari elementi, romelsac [axali beladis koronaciis dros] mniSvnelovani ideologiuri datvirTva hqonda, iyo momavali beladis xangrZlivi izolacia gancalkevebiT mdgar qoxSi, romelsac sagangebod aSenebdnen am SemTxvevisTvis. gamomwyvdevis mTeli ciklis kulminacias warmoadgenda `sikvdilisa da aRdgomis~ rituali. Aamis Semdeg momavali beladi iRebda axal saxels. samxreT sanapiros sundis tomSi beladobis kandidati mcire xniT ganmartovdeboda gamoqvabulSi, sadac maTi rwmeniT binadrobdnen winaparTa sulebi da, Tu igi gareT aRar gamovidoda (asec momxdara xolme), miiCneoda, rom winaprebi dasturs ar scemdnen mis beladobas... [zogan] koronaciamde raime ritualur qmedebas unda gamoevlina winaparTa azri momavali beladis kandidaturaze. aRmosavleT kongoSi, magaliTad, es rituali iyo warmatebuli nadiroba, romelsac sagangebod marTavdnen kandidatis gamomwyvdevis periodSi (Tu monadireebi ver moklavdnen romeliRac saxeobis antilopas, beladobis kandidati sxva piriT Seicvleboda). [10:84-85].

vfiqrob, farnavazis andrezis ori epizodi _ `ukacur saxlSi~ yofna da nadiroba iremze tipologiur paralels poulobs afrikul sakralur yofaSi, sadac am or aqts instituciuri saxe aqvs miRebuli.

cxeba `ixila mze qve-mdablad, mihyo Ãeli misi, mohÃoca cuari pirsa m[z]isasa da icxo pirsa missa~. am frazaSi ori ram moiTxovs ganmartebas: `mze qve-mdablad~ mdgari qvesknelidan amoyvanili farnavazis winaSe da `cvari~, romelic man mzes moswminda da Tavis saxeze icxo. daviwyoT meoreTi.

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eWvi ar aris, rom am epizodiT teqstis avtors surs warmoaCinos mefedqcevis ritualis, misi azriT, yvelaze mniSvnelovani nawili _ cxeba, romelsac SeuZlia mTeli misi simbolizmi itvirTos. marTlac, cxeba rom mWidrod da ganuyoflad aris dakavSirebuli mefobasTan, amas biblia (Zveli aRTqma) adasturebs. cxebis nivTieri masala aq zeTisxilis zeTia, romelic purTan da RvinosTan erTad siuxvisa da materialuri dovlaTis simboloebia:

`miwa gaexmianeba pursa da Rvinos, da zeTs~ (osia, 2:24); `aivseba beRlebi xorbliT da galiclicdeba kodebi RviniT da zeTiT~ (iov. 2:24).

Tumca isini adamianis ara mxolod nivTier, aramed sulieri sazrdosac warmoadgenen:

`romelman gamoiRis puri qveyaniT, Rvinoman axaris gulsa kacisasa, sacxebelman mxiarul-yvis (dedanSi: ganabrwyinebs) piri, purman ganamtkicnis guli kacisaÁ~ (fsalm. 103:14-15).

TiToeul maTgans (purs, Rvinos, sacxebel zeTs) Tav-Tavisi xasiaTis zemoqmedeba aqvs adamianze, rogorc zemoT damowmebuli fsalmunis teqsti gvamcnobs, magram zeTi purisa da Rvinisgan gansxvavebiT iseTi nivTierebaa, romelic ara mxolod `ganabrwyinebs (ebr. le-cahil) pirisaxes~, aramed mTlianad ganmsWvalavs adamianis sxeuls, Zvlamde atans misi zemoqmedeba: `STaxda viTarca wyali nawlevTa misTa da viTarca zeTi ZvalTa misTa~ (fsalm. 108:18). xolo Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom biblia ZvalSi (yecem), romelic adamianis neStis ukanaskneli zRvaria, pirovnebis identobas xedavs, cxadi gaxdeba, rom zeTis zemoqmedebis Zala scildeba biologiur bunebas da adamianis individualobis siRrmes swvdeba, miT umetes, Tu cxeba uflis saxeliT xdeba da zeTic sagangebo ritualiT aris momzadebuli (gam. 30:22-33). purisa da Rvinisgan gansxvavebiT, zeTi ar SemoizRudeba mxolod imiT, rom fizikurad kvebavs cocxal arsebas, aramed is, Tavad wmidis kategoriis kuTvnileba, wmidayofs sagnebs, gardaqmnis maT nivTier bunebas. zeTis cxeba uxilav sakralizms xiluls xdis (dab. 28:16-19, iakobis kibis epizodi). Zvel aRTqmaSi mefed cxebis ramdenime SemTxvevaa gadmocemuli. sauli iyo pirveli mefe, romelic ufalma airCia beniaminis tomSi da samuelis xeliT cxo mefed, raTa masze uflis suli gadmosuliyo. `da aiRo samuelma zeTiT savse rqa, Tavze dasxa, akoca da uTxra: aha, gcxo ufalma Tavisi samkvidros mTavrad~ (1mef. 10:1). amis Semdeg samueli eubneba cxebuls: `qalaqSi Sesvlisas Sexvdebi gorakidan Camomaval winaswarmetyvelTa gunds, romelTac win miuZRvebian qnariT, dafdafiT, stviriTa da ebniT, Tavad ki qadageben. RvTis suli gadmova Senze da maTTan erTad gaqadagdebi, sxva kacad gardaiqmnebi~ (10:5-6). roca saulma sabediswero Secdoma dauSva, RmerTma piri ibruna misgan da daviTi _ yvelaze umcrosi gamoarCia ieses rva

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vaJiSvils Soris. `da aiRo samuelma zeTiani rqa da scxo mas misi Zmebis TandaswrebiT. Dda am dRidan da merec uflis suli warumarTavda mas~ (1mef. 16:13). ori cxebuli (ebr. maSiax) Tanaarsebobda erTmaneTis gverdiT. sauli, grZnobda ra daviTis upiratesobas, mosaklavad devnida mas da, Tumca daviTs araerTxel miscemia SemTxveva, moekla sauli, mas xeli ar aRumarTavs cxebulze, radgan cxebuli sxva adamiania da, amdenad, xelSeuxebeli. `dRes momca Seni Tavi xelSi ufalma, magram ar vindome uflis cxebulze aRmemarTa xeli~ (1mef. 26:23). `sxva kacad gardaqmna~ arsebiTia mefobis statusisTvis. es aris gadasvlis ritualis erTi kerZo gamoxatuleba: sulis gadmosvla marTlac sruliad cvlis adamianis bunebas _ es davinaxeT saulis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac winaswarmetyvelTa gunds xma Seuwyo man, ris gamoc naTqvamma sityvam andazis mniSvneloba SeiZina: `yvelani, vinc manamde icnobdnen mas, xedavdnen winaswarmetyvelebTan erTad gawinaswarmetyvelebuls da laparakobdnen erTmaneTSi: ra damarTa kiSis Zes, nuTu saulic gawinaswarmetyvelda? Tqva pasuxad erTma iqaurma kacma: vin aris maTi mama? ase warmoiSva andaza: nuTu saulic gawinaswarmetyveldao?~ (1mef. 10:11-12). kargad Cans es gardaqmna gedeonis SemTxvevaSi (msaj. 6:15). uflis suli masze gadmodis, vinc yvelaze naklebad moelis amas. arc sauli, arc daviTi, arc manamde gedeoni arafriT iyvnen gamorCeulni; arc maT sagvareuloebSi iyo raime gansakuTrebuli. SeniSvna. SuamdinareTSi mefed cxebis kvali ar Cans. arsebobs cnoba, romlis Tanaxmadac SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom egvi pteSic yofila miRebuli. yovel SemTxvevaSi, addu-nirari, XV s-is egviptis vasali, wers egviptis faraons TuTmose IV-s, rom misma papam, TuTmose III-m misi (addu-niraris) papa gaamefa nuxaSeSi da zeTi daasxa mas Tavze. `dae, nuravin gadaayenebs mefobidan mas, vinc mefed egviptis mefem gaxada da Tavze zeTi daaRvara~. aq Cans pretenzia, rom cxebuloba memkvidreobiT gadadiodes. aqedan isic Cans, rom faraonis monawileoba zeTiT cxebaSi aZlierebis mefis legitimurobas [11:88]. davubrundeT farnavazis cxebas: `mohÃoca cuari pirsa mzisasa da icxo pirsa missa~ _ pirvel rigSi, unda iTqvas, rom raki es cxeba sizmarSi xdeba, igi simboluria da ar iqneba swori, rom misi avTenturobis sakiTxi davsvaT, rogorc realurad Catarebuli ritualis mimarT daismeboda. saqme is aris, rom sizmriseuli `ritualis~ ukan garkveuli rwmena-warmodgenebi dgas. sakiTxis am mxares mogvianebiT SevexebiT, axla ki gavarkvioT, ra igulisxmeba mzis cvarSi. erT qarTul zRaparSi ufliswuli, romelmac nadirobisas irmisTvis nasroli isari mzes moaxvedra da daWra, isjeba: dRisiT mkvdaria, RamiT cocxldeba da tyeSi daexeteba. gaTendeba Tu ara, kuboSi wveba da elis Tavis mxsnels, romelmac mzis piris nabani unda moutanos. Mmxsneli qalwuli wava mzis dedasTan mzis piris nabans gamoarTmevs, asxurebs mkvdar ufliswuls gaacocxlebs [12:17-24].

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mzis winaSe mdgari farnavazi, romelic axlaxan amovida `ukacuri saxlidan~, jer kidev mkvdaria da aseTad darCeba, vidre mzis cvars ar icxebs pirisaxeze. mxolod mzis cvari gaacocxlebs mas, magram mzis cvars, gansxvavebiT zRapruli mzis pirisnabanisgan, kidev erTi datvirTva aqvs: igi ara mxolod acocxlebs farnavazs, aramed mefed xdis mas. unda CavTvaloT, rom am erTi aqtis ori Sedegi (gacocxleba da gamefeba) erTdroulia. a. m. hokartis (Hokart) dakvirvebiT, mefedkurTxeva aucileblobiT gulisxmobs ritualur sikvdils da meored Sobas ukve mefis statusSi. Kkvdeba kerZo kaci da ibadeba mefe, sakralobasTan naziarebi pirovneba. sqema aseTia: sikvdili-Soba-koronacia. dakrZalvis ritualebi, romlebis ZaliTac xdeba mkvdari faraonis RmerTad qceva im ritualis igiveobrivia, romlis ZaliTac faraoni mefe gaxda [13:70,84]. SeniSvna. Tavisi arsiT mefed kurTxeva naTlisRebis tipologiuria, romlis drosac kvdeba Zveli kaci da ibadeba axali kaci (ix. rom. 6:2-8).

`mzis wili~ ori winadadebiT gamoxatuli farnavazis martivi moqmedeba _ `mohÃoca cuari pirsa misasa da icxo pirsa missa~ _ garda cxebisa, damatebiT kidev imis niSania, rom farnavazi amieridan mzesTan aris wilnayari, misi bunebis Tanaziari xdeba, rac mkvidrad zis qarTul tradiciaSi. mziswiloba `veefxistyaosnis~ Cveuli toposia, Tundac am strofSi gamoxatuli: `mze uSenod ver iqmnebis, radgan Sen xar misi wili, ganaRamca mas eaxel, misi etli ar Tu wbili!~ SesaZlebeli magaliTebis gamravleba. mefe-mzis (Tu mze-mefis) miTologema, romelic klasikuri sicxadiT aris gamoxatul aqadur enaze, saxeldobr: `mefe _ RmerTebis xorci, mze Tavisi xalxisa”, realizebulia sxvadasxva kulturebSi. Tu daviwyebT Sumeridan, pirveli mefe, romelic naxsenebia, mzis niSnebiT xasiaTdeba. es aris uruqis pirveli mefe mesqiagaSeri, mzis Ze (dumu-uTu), romlis miTosis Sinaarsi oTxsityviani miTologemiT aris SemorCenili: `zRvaSi Sevida, mTaze avida” [14:84-86], rac mzis moZraobas gamoxatavs, dRis mnaTobisa, romelic Cadis zRvaSi da amodis mTidan. Tumca aqadelTa naramsini mzis Svilad ar aris wodebuli, magram misi mziurobis miTologema: `naramsini aqadis taZridan mzesaviT gamobrwyinda” [15:192]; aseve Sulgi Tavis ganmadidebel himnSi pirdapir acxadebs: `xaxadaRebuli lomi _ mzis RmerTisa var” [15:192], Tumca am himnSi es mefe Sumeris yvela RmerTis niSnebiT aris aRWurvili). iranelTa pirveli mefe (an pirvel-kaci) jima (an Áima) aseve mzis RmerTis vivahvantis Zea da Tavadac mzesaviT brwyinavda. is iyo, rogorc Cans, mefuri didebis _ xvarnas pirveli matarebeli. papakis sizmarSi sasanis Tavidan amosuli mze mTel qveyanas anaTebda [9: 42]. es iyo misi mefuri niSani, radgan sasani, imJamad

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mwyemsi, dariosis STamomavali iyo. sasanma Sva ardaSiri, romelsac gadaeca iranel mefeTa xvarna. faraonis titulaturis mexuTe punqtSi faraoni dasaxelebulia mzis RmerTis raes Zed. igi iTvleboda dedoflisa da mzis RmerTis naSobad, anu mama faraoni mzis RmerTis saxeliT euRleboda Tavis dedofals... amitomac mzis RmerTs amon-raes centraluri adgili uWiravs faraonis koronaciis ritualSi. mefis mzis Svilobis koncefciam aleqsandres epoqamde gastana. Tavad aleqsandre, rac farnavazTan dakavSirebiT sagulisxmoa, egvi pturi tradiciiT, mokvdavi qalisa (olimpiadas) da amonis, mzis RmerTis, Svilad gamocxadda... [16:150-151]. faraonis sikvdili amgvarad aris aRwerili: `avida RmerTi Tavis horizontze, mefe zemo da qvemo egviptisa _ sxotepebra ayvanil iqna caze. igi SeuerTda mzes...~ [17:338]. @

ganZi ar aris moulodneli, rom monadiris mier nadiris Zieba da mis kvals midevneba sulier Ziebad iqnas gaazrebuli, rogorc es sufiur poeziaSi an germanul mistikaSi dasturdeba. maister ekharti laparakobs adamianis sulze, romelic inadirebs Tavis `msxverpls~ _ qristes [18:213]. qarTul sinamdvileSi amis mkafio magaliTia mirianis gamocdileba da gansacdeli TxoTis mTaze, romelic mas nadirobisas SeemTxva. nadirobasTan dakavSirebulia gansacdeli, ucnobi samyaros xilva, Cveulebriobis sazRvrebis gadalaxva, an im zRurblis miRweva, saidanac iwyeba sxva, aqamde ganucdeli samyaro. yofierebaSi Semodis siaxle, romelic kardinalurad cvlis status quo-s. Zveli eposebi asaxaven am moments, rodesac sanadirod gasvliT, erTi mxriv, ikvreba kvanZi, meore mxriv, farTovdeba moqmedebis areali. asea `vefxistyaosanSi~: avTandilis iniciativiT gamarTuli nadiroba, garda imisa, rom Tavisi SedegiT gauqarvebs mWmunvarebas mefes, romelic darwmundeba Tavisi gazrdilis RirsebaSi, gaxdeba piroba `ucxo moymis~ gamoCenisa, romlis saidumlos amoxsnas emsaxureba mTeli poema. `naxes ucxo moyme vinme, jda mtirali wylisa pirsa~ _ am siucxovis xilva nadirobam moitana, roca monadireni miadgnen `wylisa pirsa~, sadac ukve Tavdeboda arabTa samefo, anu `Cvenis~ niSniT aRbeWdili qveyana da iwyeboda ucxo mxare, ucxo Tavgadasavlis asparezi. garkveuli azriT, tarieli da mTeli misi ambavi avTandilis monadirebulia. `amirandarejanianis~ siuJetic nadirobis wyalobiT ixsneba: mefe abesalomi daedevneba ucxo qurciks, romelic Svidi dRis Semdeg ucxo mxareSi (`qveyana ucxod auCnda~) miiyvans mas, Tavad ki kldeSi gauCinardeba. mis nacvlad maT winaSe qviTkiris saxli aRimarTeba, romlis SigniT kedlebze sabrZolod Semosil WabukTa saxeebia gamoxatuli. eposis mTeli Sinaarsi am WabukTa Tavgadasavals Seadgens. SeniSvna. xevsuruli andrezebi jvar-xatebis aRmoCenas da maT daarsebas salocavebad monadireTa gamocdilebas miaweren. erTaderTi monadirea, romelsac SeuZlia gaaRwios soflis sazRvrebs da transcendentul sivrceSi moxvdes, sadac im rigis sinamdvilis mxilveli xdeba, rogoric

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Sin myofTaTvis miuwvdomelia. monadireebi xSirad jvar-xatTa mkadreebia, anu maTi rCeulebi, da msaxurebi (xuces-dekanozebi) xdebian [6, 63-67]. farnavazisTvis, romelic iyo `monadire Ãelovani~, ukanaskneli nadroba sabediswero (keTili azriT) aRmoCnda. sizmriseulma gamocdilebam cxadSi miiRo adeqvaturi xorcSesxma. safrTxis kulminacias, romelic farnavazs mcxeTaSi azosgan eloda, daemTxva (cxadia, ara SemTxveviT) ganZis povna, romelic or erTmaneTis Semavsebel aspeqts Seicavs: pirvel rigSi, ganZi aris materialuri saxsari qveynis gasaTavisufleblad uzurpatorisgan, ramac farnavazs misca gadamwyveti upiratesoba imisTvis, raTa qveynis winamZRoli gamxdariyo. ganZi, aseve, aZlevda mas qarizmas, romlis qarTuli (Tumca dialeqturi: xevsuruli) Sesatyvisi davlaTi amave sityvis _ dovlaTis variaciaa, rac imas niSnavs, rom

materialuri qoneba qarizmis niSania (rusuli богатство momdinareobs sityvidan бог): qoneba mxolod RvTis rCeulebs SeiZleba hqondeT. meore mxriv, ganZis povna da raimes povna, TavisTavad ukve xarizmis niSania. sxvagvarad Tu vityviT, igi ukve moaswavebs farnavazis uflebas mefobaze, radgan ganZis qvabi mxolod mas gaexsneba, vinc qveynis patronad aris dabadebuli. Tu m. veberi warmatebuli saqmosanis RvTiur mowodebaze laparakobs [19], ufro metad ganZis povnis siuJeti (miTologema) gveubneba farnavazis, rogorc mefis, dasabamier mowodebaze. aq ismis kiTxva: visia es ganZi, vis ekuTvnis is? ganZi ekuTvnis mas, visac ekuTvnis is miwa, sadac damarxulia igi, anu ganZi qveynis patronisaa, romlis gamoCenasac elis igi. vaxuSti batoniSvils Tavis `aRweraSi saqarTvelosa” mohyavs fSavel-xevsurTa erTi RirsSesaniSnavi Cveuleba: `verca fSavi, verca Ãevsuri, ukeTu iSovnos oqro an vecxli, veraraid iÃmareben Tavisad, aramed miuZRunis laSas juarsa...” [4:533]. aRiareben ra laSaris jvars ara mxolod Tavis patronad, aramed mTeli aremaris patronad, fSavel-xevsurni miarTmeven napovn oqro-vercxls ara mxolod rogorc sapatio ZRvens, aramed rogorc mis kuTvnil qonebas. `qarTlis cxovrebaSi” aris cnoba mefeTagan ganZis daflvisa. `maSin (arabobis xanaSi, z.k.) yovelni naTesavni berZenTani warCinebulni hflvides qveyanaTa Sina ganZTa, raTa raJams gamoviden, povnen ganZni igi da arRara naxon Wiri waRebisa da kualad gamoRebisa...” [1:231]. aseve qarTlSi:

`xolo stefanos esxnes orni Zeni arCil da mihr. da ganuyo yoveli xvastagi samefosa misisa, saganZuri oqrosa da vecxlisa da TualTa patiosanTa. da naxevari wariRo qveyanasa egrissa da wariyvana Ze TÂsi pirmSo mihr, da naxevari saqonelisa misisa misca arCils, umrwemessa Zesa TÂssa. xolo arCil dahfla saganZuri ufrosi Ãevsa kaxeTisasa; xolo samsaxurebelni oqrosa da vecxlisani Ãevsa ujarmosasa, da saganZurni qarTlisa da javaxeTisani dasxna gors, romeli manve erekle ganaCina samalavad ganZTa maTTÂs, romelni Tana ver warhqondes. saxeli gorisa mis ars tonTio, romel ars TargmanebiT `mTa oqrosa”. da dasua maT zeda tilismi, raTa vervin SeuZlos gamoRebad. xolo saganZurni yovelTa

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qarTlisa eklesiaTani daflna aCrdilsa didisa sionisasa mcxeTas”. [1:232-233].

SeniSvna. aqac ganZis erTi nawili iseve, rogorc farnavazis SemTxvevaSi, daxasiaTebulia rogorc `samsaxurebelni oqrosa da vecxlisani”. aseve mefis mier dafluli ganZi isev mefis xvedri unda iyos. mxolod mefes an samefod imTaviTve ganwesebuls SeuZlia axsnas tilismi (Tilisma) da daeuflos ganZs, rogorc amas TvalnaTliv aCvenebs herodotes mier moTxrobili skviTuri miTosi skviTebis qveyanaSi mefobis warmoSobis Sesaxeb. herodotes skviTur andrezSi mxolod umrwemesi sam ZmaSi SeZlebs miuaxlovdes da xelhyos cidan GCamocvenil oqros nivTebi, romelTac cecxlis ZaliT ganirides ori Zma. umrwemesis, kolaqsaisis, winaSe cecxli GCaqra da oqros nivTebi `danebdnen~ mas. Zmebma aRiares umrwemesis privilebia da mTeli Zalaufleba mas gadasces. misgan daiwyo skviTebis samefo dinastia, romlis saRvTo relikviad es oqros sagnebi gamocxadda (herodote. istoria, IV, 5, 7).

farna (xvarena) sabolood, sizmarSi mzis cvaris cxebis ZaliT farnavazze gadmodis mzis wili, mefuri didebis saxiT, romelic falaurad gamoiTqmis rogorc farna, avestis enaze xvarena, `brwyinvaleba”, `davlaTi~, `Saravandi” [20:499], rac aisaxa kidec mis saxelSi _ farna-vaz `didfarniani~ (savaraudod *farna vazraka `farna didi~). es aris berZnuli xarizma, romlis qarTuli Sesatyvisia davlaTi (xevsurul teqstebSi) an sve (literaturul teqstebSi). farnavazma mefuri xvarena//farna sizmarSi moipova da Semdeg cxadSi realurad ganimtkica, rodesac napovni ganZi im Zalad aqcia, romelmac SeaZlebina uzurpatoris gandevna qveynidan da mere mefobis mopoveba. xvarena//farna iranuli konceptia, romelic samefo xelisuflebas Tan axlavs, rogorc misi ganuyreli atributi. mefe gamefebis dRidanve atarebs xvarenas, Tumca igi misi sakuTreba ar aris _ igi ahuramazdas Seqmnilia _ da mosalodnelia, waerTvas mas da sxvaze gadavides. es xdeba dinastiis Secvlisas, roca xvarena, stovebs dinastiis ukanasknel warmomadgenels da sxva dinastiis damaarsebelze gadadis. ardaSirs, sasanianTa dinastiis fuZemdebels, romelic Tavad samefo warmoSobis iyo gaqcevisas Tan gahyva iranel mefeTa xvarna erTi didi da msuqani cxvris saxiT. es imis niSani iyo, rom xvarenam igi airCia samefod. amis Semdeg ardaSiris yoveli nabiji warmatebuli iyo. samefo dideba, cxadia, uxilavia, magram mas aqvs nivTieri gamoxatulebani. erT-erTi maTgani msuqani cxvaria. cxvris simsuqne oden nivTieri dovlaTis niSani ar aris, is ufro metad davlaTze mianiSnebs. roca papakma sasanis mefuri warmoSobis ambavi moismina misgan, uTxra: `gasuqdi~ da Tavisi asuli miaTxova colad, romelmac sasans ardaSiri uSva [9:43]. Tu msuqani cxvari, romelic mwyemsobis niSania (da sasani swored mwyemsi iyo), xvarenis sisavseze da srulyofilebaze, ardaSiris mefobis siuxveze migvaniSnebs, xvarena

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sxva simboluri saxiTac vlindeba materialur sinamdvileSi. es aris samefo gvirgvini , romelic Tavisi konfiguraciiT brwyinvalebis gamoxatulebaa, rasac misi sayovelTaod miRebuli masala _ oqro da forma mowmobs. fanavazis mier napovni oqros ganZis nawili swored samefo gvirgvinSi gadaicvala: `aman farnavaz waravlinna mociqulni winaSe mefisa antioqos asurastanisa, da warsca ZRueni didZali... xolo antioqos Seiwynara ZRueni misi da uwoda Svilad TÂsad, da warmosca gÂrgÂni...~ gvirgvini ki uxilavi brwyinvalebis nivTieri niSania.

dasasrul, sanam SevajamebdeT zemoT naTqvams, wavikiTxoT es teqsti tipologiur WrilSi, ramdenad exmaureba igi farnavazis sizmnris sazriss.

`10. gavida iakobi berSebadan da gaemarTa xarans. 11. da miadga erT adgils da iq daiRama, radgan mze Casuli iyo. da aiRo erTi lodi im adgilidan, daido sasTumalad da dawva im adgilas. 12. da esizmra: aha, miwaze kibe dgas da TaviT cas swvdeba, da uflis angelozebi adian da Camodian kibeze. 13. da, aha, ufali dgas kibeze da eubneba: me var ufali RmerTi, RmerTi abraamisa, mamaSenisa, da RmerTi isakisa. es miwa, romelzec wevxar, SenTvisa da Seni STamomavlobisTvis momicia. 14. Seni STamomavloba qviSasaviT mravalricxovani iqneba da ganivrcoba dasavleTisken, aRmosavleTisken, CrdiloeTisken da samxreTisken. Seni da Seni STamomavlobiT ikurTxeba miwierTa mTeli modgma. 15. da, aha, SenTana var da yvelgan dagifarav, sadac ki waxval. da kvlav dagabruneb am miwaze, ar migatoveb, vidre ar agisruleb yvelafers, rac giTxari. 16. da gamofxizlda iakobi Zilisgan da Tqva: namdvilad ufali yofila am adgilas, me ki ar vicodi. 17. da SeeSinda da Tqva: ra saSiSi yofila es adgili. sxva ra unda iyos, Tu ara uflis saxli. es caTa karibWea. 18. da adga dilaadrianad iakobi, aiRo lodi, sasTumlad rom edo, aRmarTa svetad da zed zeTi daRvara. 19. da uwoda im adgils beTeli (saxli RvTisa). uwin ki am adgils luzi erqva~ (dab. 28:10-19).

iakobs es fuZemdebluri sizmari misi cxovrebis gardatexis Jams qveynidan gansvlisas, mis sazRvarze, daesizmra: igi devnilia Tavisi Zmisgan, esavisgan, romelsac mamis kurTxeva gamostyua. amitomac aRar daedgomeba mamis saxlSi da deda agzavnis deduleTSi, xaranSi, romelic farnavazis dedis aspanad unda viguloT, vinZlo Tavi Seafaros, vidre esavs risxva ar gadauvlis. sagulisxmoa, rom aqac monadireoba monawileobs kurTxevis erTgvar legitimaciaSi.

`da Seiqna esavi marjve monadire, velebis kaci, iakobi ki iyo sruli kaci, karvebSi mcxovrebi. uyvarda isaks esavi, radgan nanadirevi iyo misi saWmeli, xolo rebekas iakobi uyvarda~ (dab. 25:27-28).

mTavari aq mamis nebaa, magram usinaTlo isakma ver gamoicno tyupiscalebs Soris, romeli iyo aRTqmis Svili, romelsac unda mieRos misi kurTxeva, raTa momavali eris eponimi gamxdariyo. pirmSoobis garda, esavis upiratesoba monadireobaSia: is farnavaziviT xelovani monadirea. magram RvTis gangebaSi, romelic

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warmarTavs biblias, monadireoba ar monawileobs. iakobi dedis Svilia, rogorc farnavazi; deda ki saxlSia, rogoroc saxlis princi pi, da Svilis maradis masTan aris. maT orives deda mfarvelobs da rCevas aZlevs. maTi mowodebis _ erTisa mamamTavrad (patriarqad), meorisa samefod _ legitimacias sxva, aratradiciuli, amdenad ara memkvidreobiTi wyaro aqvs: iakobi arc pirmSoa da arc mamas uyvars; farnavazi mxolodSobilia da oboli da, Tumca iakobisgan gansxvavebiT igi deduleTs ar afarebs Tavs, mainc misi momavlis (mefobis) gasaRebi mamis saxlSi ar Zevs. monadireoba uaryofilia, magram ZalaSi Semodis cxeba, Tumca zeTs icxeba ara iakobi, aramed is qva, romelic mas saTumlad hqonda. es iyo ubralo, arafriT gamorCeuli qva, romelic mxolod TavqveS amosadebad Tu ivargebda, magram is im adgilidan iyo aRebuli, sadac iakobs misi bedis ganmsazRvreli sizmari daesizmra. es wmida adgili iyo da iq mdebare qva wmidayofis niSans moiTxovda. zeTiscxebam ubralo lodi sakulto svetad Seqmna. magram Tavad ia kobis , rogorc ma m a mTavruli win a m ZRolobis , m isi is legitimaciisTvis zeTiscxeba ar yofila gamoyenebula. mogvianebiT, zeTiscxeba mxolod eqvsasi wlis Semdeg dakanonda mefedqcevis ritualSi (1mef. 10:1). patriarqebis xelisuflebis wyaro mamis kurTxeva iyo, magram ara mxolod. kurTxeva pirmSos ekuTvnis da, raki iakobi pirmSo ar iyo (Tumca man motyuebiT miiRo kurTxeva usinaTlo mamisgan), mas esaWiroeboda legitimaciis sxva wyaro, romelsac saTave transcendentur samyaroSi eqneboda. es moxda sizmarSi, sadac iakobma Tavisi TvaliT, rogorc farnavazma mze, RmerTi ixila. farnavazis sizmrisgan gansxvavebiT, iakobis sizmari verbalizebulia da masSi (RvTis sityvebSi) araferia iseTi, romelsac ganmarteba dasWirdeboda. da iakobic Tamamad gaemarTeba bedisweris Sesaxvedrad. Tumca mas kidev hqonda Sexvedra, sadac misma, rogorc xalxis mamamTavris, misiam sabolo legitimacia miiRo. roca ukan brundeboda deduleTidan, mdinare iabokze (es saxeli iakobis saxelis anagramulia) gadasvlisas, Seerkina uxilav Zalas da gauZlo. namdvilad man, farnavaziviT, angelozi ixila qvemdablad da miiRo misgan axali, ara pirmSoebiTi kurTxeva. Zveli privatuli saxeli iakobi israelad Seicvala, msgavsad qarTvelTa pirveli mefisa, romelmac samefo saxeli im sizmriseuli gamocdilebis Semdeg miiRo.

daskvna

marTalia, mamasaxlisis ojaxidan warmomavloba garkveul legitimurobas aniWebs ajanyebul farnavazs, yovel SemTxvevaSi, egriseli erismTavris qujis TvalSi es asea, mainc farnavazis mefoba Sendeba ara mamasaxlisobis bazaze, aramed metafizikur sawyisze. sxvaa wyaro mamasaxlisobisa da sxvaa wyaro mefobisa. isini gansxvavebul sferoebs ekuTvnian, rogorc socialur, ise mentalur-ideologiur WrilSi.

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yvelaferi, rac farnavazis sizmrisa da cxadis igavur narativSi realiebis, simboloebisa Tu miTologemebis saxiT monawileobs, or rames emsaxureba: aCvenos mefobis ciuri (kerZod, mziuri) warmoSoba da rom farnavazi mefobas uSualod misi wyarodan iRebs. Tu obols da miusafars, wuTisoflis gers, erTi mxriv, dasaRupavad emuqrebian wuTisoflis Zalebi, meore mxriv, mas didi momavali elis: misi obloba rCeulobas inaxavs. Tu `ukacur saxlSi~ yofna, erTi mxriv, mis sikvdils, sxvanairad, embrionalur mdgomareobaSi dabrunebas moaswavebs, meore mxriv, swored aqedan iwyeba misi aRorZineba axal statusSi. Tu, erTi mxriv, mzis cvari sicocxles ubrunebs mas, meore mxriv, mefobis substanciiT avsebs, rac cxadSi misi axali saxeliT gamoixata. Tu monadireobaSi warmateba samonadireo miTosis Tanaxmad, rCeulobis niSania, igive warmateba gamoavlens mefobis dasabamier kandidats, rogorc rCeuls, Tumca es warmateba xifaTis winaSe ayenebs mas, magram es xifaTi aucilebeli zRurblia, romelic unda gadailaxos axal safexurze asasvlelad. igive mze, irmis saxiT gamocxadebuli, miagnebinebs ganZs, romelic aseve mzis amqveyniuri manifestaciaa da, Tu, erTi mxriv, nivTier saxsars aZlevs mas qveynis saxsnelad, meore mxriv, misi mefobis legitimaciis nivTieri niSania. Tumca CvenTvis ucnobia, Tu rogori saxe hqonda gamefebis ceremonials im epoqaSi, kerZod, arsebobda Tu ara cxebis rituali an ra monawileoba hqonda `mefeTa sports~, magram am igavis siuJeti am saxiT uTuod realobas unda gamoZaxili unda iyos.

damowmebuli literatura

1. qarTlis cxovreba I, Tb., 1955.

2. ioane petriwi, ganmarteba prokle diadoxosis `RmrTismetyvelebis safuZvlebi~ [damana meliqiSvilis gamocema], Tsu, 1999.

3. Франк С. А. Сочинения, М., Изд. «Правда», 1990.

4. vaxuSti batoniSvili `aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~ (qarTlis cxovreba IV, Tb., 1973).

5. Thureau-Dangin Fr. Une relation de la hutieme campagne de Sargon, Paris, 1912.

6. kiknaZe z. qarTuli miTologia I, jvari da saymo, quTaisi, 1996.

7.Оппенхейм А. Лео. Древняя Месопотамия, «Наука», М., 1980.

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8.Хрестоматия по истории древнего Востока,Под редакцией акад.В.В.Струве и Д.Г.Редера,Изд.Восточной литературы, М.,1963. 9. ardaSir papakis Zis saqmeTa wigni, falauridan Targmna, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo Teo CxeiZem, Tb., `mecniereba~, 1975.

10. Томановская О. С. Лоанго, Каконго и Нгойо, Историко-этнографический очерк, «Наука», М., 1980.

11. Cimmerli W. Old Testament Theology in Outline, Edinburgh [1987].

12. xalxuri sibrZne II, qarTuli zRaprebi, Tb., `nakaduli~, 1964.

13. Hocart A. M. Kingship, London, 1927.

14. The Sumerian King List by Thorkild Jacobsen, Assyriological Studies No. 11, The University of Chicago [193].

15. kiknaZe z. Suamdinaruloi miTologia, Tb., `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1979.

16. Коростовцев М.А.Религия древнего Египта,«Наука»,М.,1976.

17. Котрелл Л.Во времена фараонов,«Наука»,М., 1982.

18. Jean Chevalier, Alain Gheerbrant, Dictionnaire des symboles, Paris [1982],

19. veberi m. rCeuli nawerebi religiis sociologiaSi, Tb., `marsi”, 2004.

20. andronikaSvili m. narkvevebi iranul-qarTuli enobrivi urTierTobidan, Tsu, Tb., 1966.

zurab kiknaZe

mefobis legitimaciis tipologia dacxovreba farnavazisi

Tezisebi

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yoveli xelisufleba, romelic ki arsebula kacobriobis istoriaSi, ra tipisa da warmoSobis ar unda iyos igi, bunebrivad saWiroebs legitimacias, avtoritetul gamarTlebas rogorc sakuTari mosaxleobis (qveSevrdomTa), ise mezobeli qveynebis TvalSi. Cveni yuradRebis sagania mefobis instituti, xelisuflebis erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma, romelsac SegviZlia Tvali gavadevnoT uZvelesi xanidan ramdenime aTaswleulis manZilze sxvadasxva kulturebsa Tu civilizaciebSi, ramdenadac mis Sesaxeb werilobiTi Zeglebi laparakoben. legitimaciis teqstebi sxvaoben samefo Tu samTavro dinastiebis mixedviT, isini Seicaven komponentebs, romelTa xarisxs da tipologias gansazRvravs sazogadoebis kulturuli Tu politikuri ganviTarebis done, da kvebavs religiuri Tu miTologiuri warmodgenebi.

CvenTvis amosavalia siuJeti (farnavazis sizmari da cxadi), romelic istoriul Txzulebis `cxovreba farnavazisi, romeli iyo pirveli mefe qarTlisa” Sesaval nawils warmoadgens da sadac mefobis legitimaciis miTis erT-erTi yvelaze sruli (miTologemebis mTeli kompleqsis Semcveli) varianti dasturdeba.

imisaTvis rom teqstis ideologiuri da, ufro zogadad, socialuri Sinarsi sabolood iqnes gacnobierebuli, aucilebelia funqciurad msgavs teqstebTan misi tipologiuri Sedareba. aseT teqstebs Soris kulturuli konteqstis mixedviT yvelaze relevanturia sasanianTa warmomavlobis miTi (ardaSir papakis Zis gamefeba) da saulisa da daviTis bibliuri epizodi. farnavazis cxovrebis zogierTi miTologema, rogoricaa, magaliTad, mzis cvariT cxeba, ti pologiur paralelebs SedarebiT ufro Soreuli am konteqstSi ar SeiZleba gverdi avuaroT bagrationTa dinastiis daarsebis xalxur versiebs, romlebic mefobis legitimaciis arqauli miTologemebiT aris gadmocemuli. mefobis legitimaciis narativebi SeiZleba dadasturebul iqnas ukve literaturulad gaformebul epiur teqstebSic. sailustraciod kmara “vefxistyaosnisa” da argonavtebis miTis magaliTebis ganxilva.

З. Кикнадзе, профессор ТГУ

Типология легитимации царской власти и «Житие Парнаваза»

(Резюмэ)

Любая власть, какого типа и происхождения она ни была, естественно нуждается в легитимации, авторитетном оправдании перед лицом собственного народа и внешнешо мира, и хотя бы перед собственным судом. Мы сосредоточиваем внимание на институте царства, на одной из более распространенной форме власти, имея возможнось наблюдать за ее возникновением и функционированием в разных цивилизациях и культурах древнего мира. Тексты легитимации содержат реалии идеологического (религиозного и мифологического) порядка, качество и характер которых определяется культурным уровнем данного общества. Исходным текстом для исследования служит сюжет из исторического нарратива о Парнавазе

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(«Житие Парнаваза»), родоначальника первой царской династии в Грузии, именно, сон Парнаваза, содержащий целый комплекс мифологем и символов, связанных с концепцией происхождения царской власти (как то, «солнечная роса», царская охота, нахождение клада...).

Z. KIKNADZE Professor of TSU

Typology of the Legitimation of Royal Powerand the “Life of Parnavaz”

Summary

Any power, irrespective of its type and origin, naturally, stands in need of legitimation, authoritative justification in the face of its own people and the outer world – even in the face of one's own judgment . The author focuses attention on the institution of kingship – one of the more widespread forms of power – being in a position to follow its origin and functioning in different civilizations and cultures of the Ancient World. The texts of legitimation contain realities of ideological (religious and mythological) order, whose quality and character are determined by the cultural level of a given society. The plot of the historical narrative on Parnavaz (“The Life of Parnavaz”), the founder of the first royal dynasty in Georgia, serves as basic text of the study, viz. the “dream of Parnavaz” that contains a whole complex of mythologems and symbols connected with the conception of the origin and source of royal power (such as, “sun dew”, the royal hunting, discovery of treasure and etc.).