zurab kiknaZereso-kiknadze.de/zurabFolklore.pdf4 rogorc mxolod Sesrulebis teqnikuri mxare, aramed sityvasTan Sezrdili ganuyofeli mTlianoba. es ganuyofeli damwerlobam gaxliCa, ugulebelyo

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti humanitaruli fakulteti

zurab kiknaZe

qarTuli folklori

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

Tbilisi 2007

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Zurab Kiknadze

The Georgian Folklore

naSroms safuZvlad udevs leqciebis kursi, romelic sami aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi ekiTxeboda

filologiis fakultetis studentebs Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom masSi gatarebuli bevri idea, SesaZloa, winaaRmdegobrivi, wlidan

wlamde ibadeboda auditoriaSi msmenelTa winaSe, maTTan warmosaxviT dialogSi.

© zurab kiknaZe, 2007

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winasityva

vidre adamiani Tavis nafiqrs da saTqmels damwerlobis meSveobiT gadmoscemda, didi xnis manZilze, _ romlis xangrZlivoba ganuzomelia, _ yvelaferi, rac misi mentaluri sferos kuTvnileba iyo, zepirsityvierad vrceldeboda. mwignobrobas ar gauuqmebia zepirmetyveleba, igi Tansdevs kacobriobis istorias dRemde sxvadasxva doneebze, yoveldRiuri sakomunikacio metyvelebiT dawyebuli SemoqmedebiT damTavrebuli. sadac arsebobs ena, iq zepir sityvas bunebrivrivi asparezi aqvs. metic SeiZleba iTqvas _ enis funqcionirebis bunebrivi saxe da arxi zepirmetyvelebaa, ena ar gaCenila imisTvis, raTa aucileblobiT xelovnuri niSnebis tyveobaSi moqceuliyo. marTalia, mxolod damwerlobam gaxada SesaZlebeli istoria, Seiqna ra maxsovrobis saimedo WurWlad, amavdroulad, man dakarga bunebrioba da is cxovelmyofeli gavlena adamianze da uSualoba, romelic mas Tavisufal mdgomareobaSi hqonda. rom davazustoT, sityvierma Semoqmedebam, garkveulwilad, droismieri xelovnebis sferodan, romelsac dasabamiTve ekuTvnoda, sivrcismier (plastikur) xelovnebaTa sferoSi gadainacvla. mkiTxvels uxdeba xiluli niSnebisgan Semdgari teqstidan im uxilavis aRdgena, romelsac zepirsityvieri nakadi warmodagens. platoni `fedrosSi~ sokrates piriT gulubryviloebad naTlavs maT, vinc Caweril sityvas mosmenilze maRla ayeneben. platoni damwerlobis cud Tvisebad miiCnevs imas, rac mas mxatvrobasTan anaTesavebs. misi figurebi, ambobs igi, cocxlebiviT dganan, magram roca SeekiTxebi, medidurad duman. aseve iTqmis dawerili Txzulebis mimarT: igi laparakobs rogorc gonieri adamiani, magram SekiTxvaze maTi naTqvamis gamo sulmudam erTsa da imaves gpasuxoben. yoveli Txzuleba, erTxel Cawerili, yvelgan mimoiqceva _ maTTanac, visac esmis misi da maTTanac, visac ar egebis misi wakiTxva. Cawerilma Txzulebam Tavad ar icis, vis elaparakos da vis _ ara. sokrate ambobs, rom dauwereli sityva, romelic aris dawerilis ufrosi Zma, iwereba msmenelis gulSi da mas SeuZlia Tavis dacva da laparaki, visTanac egebis, da aseve SeuZlia dumdes. dawerili sityva mxolod asaxvaa cocxali sityvisa. Cven davsZenT, rom is, rac asaxulia, garkveuli azriT, mkvdaria. is emsgavseba TavisuflebisTvis gaCenil frinvels, romelic galiaSia gamomwyvdeuli. marTalia, damwerlobam zepirsityvieri teqstis materialurad, niSnebis saSualebiT, dafiqsirebiT maTi xangrZlivad Senaxvis saimedo garantia Seqmna, magram zepirsityvier Semoqmedebas waarTva misi arsebiTi Tviseba, romelic Tavdapirvel sinkretizmSi gamoixateboda. SesaZloa, naratiuli prozauli JanrebisTvis sadao iyos, magram poeturi teqstebi zepirsityvierebis damwerlobaSeuxebel klasikur xanaSi (da merec) mxolod sityvier informacias ar gadmoscemda, maT Tanaxlda hangi ara

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rogorc mxolod Sesrulebis teqnikuri mxare, aramed sityvasTan Sezrdili ganuyofeli mTlianoba. es ganuyofeli damwerlobam gaxliCa, ugulebelyo ra musikaluri mxare, romlis gareSe poeturi (da zogierTi TvalsazrisiT, saerTod) metyveleba ar arsebobda. garda amisa, damwerlobam ugulebelyo zepiri sityvis, dialoguri buneba, zepirsityvieri Semoqmedebis mTeli arsi, romelic mTqmelsa da msmenels Soris uSualo urTierTobaSi mdgomareobs. cocxali sityvis smenisas msmeneli mTeli arsebiT aris aris CarTuli am procesSi. folklorul teqsts, gansxvavebiT dawerilisgan, TavisTavadi arseboba ara aqvs _ igi mis msmenelTan erTad arsebobs, msmenelTan uSualo urTierTobaSi iZens sazriss. sadac ar aris msmeneli (auditoria), iq teqstic ar aris, an mas potenciuri arseboba aqvs da yoveli warmoTqmisas TiTqos xelaxla, aravin icis, mexsierebis romeli xveulidan ibadeba. cocxali sityvis gadacemis erTaderTi instrumenti xelTuqmneli bunebrivi garemoa haeri, romelic vibrirebs sityvis Sexebisgan, da ara damwerlobis niSnebi, romlebic transmisiis mxolod da mxolod teqnikuri an, Tundac, simboluri saSualebaa. da Tavad es saSualeba _ wigni _ iZens masSi `Cadebuli~ Sinaarsisgan damoukidebel Rirebulebas da xdeba kulturi faqti. ar unda gvkvebos imis iluziam, rom wignebSi dabeWdili zepirsityvierebis (zRaprebidan dawyebuli andazebiT damTavrebuli) teqstebi ramdenadme srulyofil an namdvil (avTentur) warmodgenas gviqmnian zepirsityvier Semoqmedebaze. bevr SemTxvevaSi es aris im organuli nayofisgan darCenili CenCo, romelic adamianis noosferoSi uxilavad arsebobda da ganapoxebda mis cnobierebas. aq gvagondeba odisevsis sityvebi, romlebiTac man Tavisi awmyo mdgomareoba saukeTeso TavTavebisgan nalew bzes Seadara: ar metyoba, rogori TavTavic viyavio? wigni ar aris fokloruli Semoqmedebis bunebrivi adgili, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, wigni misi samarxia (am sityvis rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi azriT). anTologiebsa da mravaltomeulebSi dabeWdili folklorul masalas, garda zemoTaRniSnuli calmxrivobisa, kidev is nakli aqvs, rom igi mowyvetilia im yofas, romelmac is warmoSva. es did xarvezs qmnis folkloruli teqstebis adeqvatur aRqmasa da SecnobaSi, rac ar emuqreba literaturul nawarmoebs, romelic Tumca garkveuli tradiciis nayofia, magram ise organulad ar aris amozrdili tradiciidan da yofidan (an tradiciuli yofidan), rogorc folklori. rac unda did SemoqmedebiT potencias mivawerdeT xalxs, mwignobruli civilizacia Tavisi gardauvali Zlevamosili istoriuli msvlelobiT da kulturtregerTa Tu saxelmwifoebrivi politikis xelSewyobiT, cdilobs moicvas zepirsityvieri kultura, gadaiyvanos Tavis `baqanze~ aqedan gamomdinare yvela SedegiT. tradiciuli yofis, sabolood, tradiciulobis, rogorc principis, rRveva, romelsac individualisturma mwignobrulma kulturam misca dasabami, Tavis mxriv, gzas uxsnis da amkvidrebs fsevdoxalxur Semoqmedebas. ar SeiZleba ar vaRiaroT xalxuri SemoqmedebiTi energiis TandaTanobiTi daSretis procesi, rac adreve aisaxa zepirsityvieri Janruli mravalferovnebis gaRaribebaSi. Zveli Janrebis asparezi ikargeba, axali aRar iqmneba.

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Tanamedrove folklori mxolod mxolod mkrTali Crdilia imisa, rac tradiciul xanaSi zepirsityvierebis saxiT arsebobda da xalxis yofa-cxovrebis yvela sferos (nivTiers Tu mentalurs) emsaxureboda. Tumca es Crdilic ki, msgavsad mravalnacadi odisevsis sityvebisa, erTgvarad amxels im movlenis sidiades, romelmac datova igi. fataluria, magram albaT kanonzomieric, rom misi Seswavla misi Semoqmedebis didi miqcevis Semdeg iwyeba. kvlav Sedarebas Tu movixmobT, Cawerili folklori hgavs kinematografis im SeCerebul kadrebs, romelTac arc dinamika da arc xma, arc feri, ar SemorCeniaT. miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, xalxuri sityvierebis Semswavleli disciplina folkloristika erT-erTi warmatebuli dargia filologiis mecnierebis sferoSi. mis gankargulebaSia Janroblivad mdidari da mravalferovani masala, romelic namdvilad amouwuravia rogorc moculobiT, ise problematikiT da xedvis mravalmxrivobiT, misi momijnave disciplinebi (eTnologia-eTnografia, kulturuli anTropologia, religiaTmcodneoba, religiis istoria...) axal-axal perspeqtivebs gadaSlis mis winaSe da axal-axal amocanebs usaxavs mas. amitomac erTi monografiis farglebi ver moicavs zepirsityvier memkvidreobas mTeli misi sisruliT da mravalferovnebiT, da arc winamdebare wigns eqneba aseTi mizani. mkiTxveli gaecnoba mxolod ZiriTads, mxolod im arsebiTs, romelic, avtoris azriT, qarTuli folkloris individualobas warmoaCens.

Sesavali im SemoqmedebiTi sferos saxelwodeba, romelic folkloris saxeliT aris cnobili, anglosaqsuri kompozitiT gamoixateba: folk-lore. raki, sazogadod, kompoziti, sul mcire, ori wevrisagan mainc Sedgeba, romlebic erTmaneTTan garkveuli kavSiriT arian Sekruli da, SesaZloa, SeduRabebulnic, misi Sinaarsic met-naklebad rTulia. kerZod, Cvens SemTxvevaSic, is masala, romelsac disciplina, saxelwodebiT, folkloristika Seiswavlis, ar aris martivi: igi ori wevris, saxeldobr, xalxisa da sibrZnis, urTierTSerwymaa. amitomac arsebiTia folkloristikis, rogorc damoukidebeli samecniero disciplinis, moculobisa da sazRvrebis dadgena, romlebic SeiZleba Seicvalos imisda mixedviT, Tu ras vigulisxmebT kompozitis folk+lore, rogorc mTlianis, cnebaSi. unda ganimartos am sayovelTao terminis Sinaarsi. ramdenadac Tavad termini Sedgeba ori sityvisagan _ "xalxi" da "sibrZne", terminiT aRniSnuli sagani Tavis interesebis sferoSi unda aqcevdes or realobas: is unda swavlobdes, erTi mxriv, xalxis, rogorc garkveuli erTobis, cnobierebas da SemoqmedebiT Taviseburebas, meore mxriv, im produqts, romelic Seqmnilia an gardaqmnilia am cnobierebaSi. folkloristma unda Seiswavlos xalxis cnobierebis struqtura,

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cnobierebisa, romelic Taviseburad aRiqvams yofierebis movlenebs da faqtebs, gardaqmnis da inaxavs maT. cxadi xdeba, rom eTnografia da eTnologia folkloristikis momijnave (Tu damxmare) sxva disciplinebidan yvelaze ufro axlos aris masTan, ramdenadac folklorul Semoqmedebas yofaSi udgas fesvi da misgan mowyvetili kargavs Tavis arsebiT niSnebs. es aris misi erT-erTi fundamenturi niSani, romelic mas literaturuli Semoqmedebisgan ganasxvavebs. folkloruli Semoqmedebis specifikuri niSnebi maT urTierTkavSirSi, maT erTobliobaSi, erTmaneTisgan gamomdinareobaSi unda iqnas ganxiluli da gaazrebuli. tradiciuli niSnebi xalxuri Semoqmedebisa, romlebic SeiZleba dayvanil iqnas gansazRvrul raodenobamde, rogoric aris anonimuroba, gavrcelebis zepiri forma, variantuloba da koleqtiuroba, arsebiTad, arawignuri kulturis damaxasiaTebeli da ganmsazRvreli niSnebia, riTac folklori literaturas upirispirdeba, Tumca es niSnebi, met-naklebi intensivobiT da gansxvavebuli motivaciiT, mwerlobas anu individualur Semoqmedebasac axasiaTebs. warmoiSveba problema, romelic amgvarad iqneba dasmuli: ra gansxvavebaa, magaliTad, folklorul anonimurobasa da literaturul anonimurobas Soris, anu: ra iwvevs anonimurobas erT SemTxvevaSi da ra iwvevs _ meore SemTxvevaSi. problema ganzogadoebul saxes iRebs da yalibdeba Semdegnairad: erTmaneTs upirispirdeba ori kultura _ zepiri (udamwerlobo), smenaze dafuZnebuli, da wignuri (samwerlo), xedvaze dafuZnebuli. yuri da Tvali aq fundamenturi (amosavali) niSnebia, romlebic Tav-Tavis daRs aCneven am kulturebs. es problema gadaizrdeba msmenelisa da mkiTxvelis problemaSi. folklorul SemoqmedebaSi Cven saqme gvaqvs msmenelTan, rogorc folkloruli teqstis erT-erTi SesaZlebeli variantis potenciur avtorTan. termin "folklors" folklore, Tumca masSi nagulisxmevi masala _ zepirsityvieri sibrZne Tu codna _ Tavisi arsiT anonimuria da principulad dauTariRebeli, avtoric hyavs da misi Seqmnis droc cnobilia. misi arseboba iwyeba 1846 wlidan, roca uiliam Tomsma (William Thoms) inglisur Jurnal "aTeneumis" (The Athenaeum) 22 agvistos nomerSi gamoaqveyna statia saTauriT "Folklore", sadac pirvelad gamoCnda termini, romelic man ori Zvelinglisuri (saqsonuri) sityvisgan _ folk (xalxi) da lore (sibrZne, codna) _ monetasaviT "moWra". statia daviwyebas mieca, magram mis furclebze dabadebuli termini sicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda. erTi welic ar iyo gasuli, rom Jurnali 1848 wels ukve aRfrTovanebas gamoxatavda am terminis swrafi gavrcelebios gamo. ramdenime wlis ganmavlobasi igi gascilda inglisis sazRvrebs da SeaRwia kotinentze, skandinaviaSi, slavur qveynebSi. man Secvala xalxuri Semoqmedebis aRmniSvneli manamde arsebuli saxelwodebani: "xalxuri siZveleni" an erTgvarad winaaRmdegobrivi "xalxuri literatura" da mtkiced daimkvidra adgili humanitarul disciplinaTa aRmniSvnel terminebs Soris.

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misi pirvelSemqmneli am sityvaSi, rogorc cnebaSi, ufro farTo Sinaarss gulisxmobda, vidre Cven dRes. u. Tomsi sityviT lore aRniSnavda xalxis Semoqmedebis iseT sferosac, romelic SeiZleba gaSualebiTac ar iyos dakavSirebuli sityvasTan, sityvier SemoqmedebasTan. lore "sibrZne" misTvis moicavda yvelafers, rac ki adamians, adamianTa sazogadoebas, Seuqmnia Tavisi Segnebuli cxovrebis manZilze anu, rac homo sapiensi da homo faberi arsebobs dedamiwaze. es unda iyos yvelaferi _ bumerangidan (Tu mas umartives iaraRad miviCnevT), vrcel sityvier teqstebamde an iseT rTul folkorul fenomenamde, rogoricaa andaza. sityvieri Semoqmedeba erT-erTi Semavali nakadia am dausabamo da ukidegano mdinarebaSi, romelsac xalxur kulturas vuwodebT. droTa viTarebaSi es termini TandaTan viwrovdeba da zogierT tradiciaSi, mag., CvenTan, is mxolod zepirsityvierebas gulisxmobs. Tumca SemorCenilia misi farTe mniSvnelobis kvalic iseT terminSi, rogoric aris "musikaluri folklori", romelic "xalxuri musikis" tolfardi cnebaa. am azriT folkloria xalxuri cekvebi, xalxuri saxioba, xalxuri medicina, xalxuri saxviTi xelovneba, mSenebloba, xelosnoba, stumarmaspinZlobis wesebi, wes-Cveulebani, xalxuri kulinaria... anu yvelaferi, romlis codna dauwereli saxiT, zepirmetyvelebiT an, Tundac usityvod _ qceviT Tu moqmedebiT gadaecema Taobidan Taobas.

raki termini "folklori" kompozitia da ori cnebisagan Sedgeba, mecnieruli interesic masSi nagulisxmevi realobisadmi ormagi unda iyos. ras gulisxmobs folk "xalxi" da ras gulisxmobs lore "sibrZne", "codna"? ganvixiloT pirveli. ras warmoadgens is "xalxi", romelic atarebs am "sibrZnes"? am kompozitSi sibrZne-codnasTan mimarTebaSi “xalxi" gulisxmobs adamianTa imgvar simravles, romelic garkveul niSanTa erTobliobiT aris gaerTianebuli da Tavadac acnobierebs da ganicdis am erTianobas. es SeiZleba is niSnebi iyos, romelic erT erad Sekravs sxvadasxva warmoSobis xalxebs da tomebs. es iqneba ena, teritoria, saerTo warsuli, saerTo mteri. imisaTvis, rom xalxi "sibrZnis" matarebeli "folki" gaxdes, amisaTvis aucilebelia, rom garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi igi saerTo cxovrebiT cxovrobdes. arsebobs qarTveli xalxi, romelic Tavis TavSi atarebs saerTo warsulis xsovnas, warsulisa, romelic dasaxlebulia saerTo winaprebiT da saerTo mtrebiT. erT enaze molaparake xalxs saerTo religia kidev ufro mWidrod aerTianebs, didi xnis mkvidroba erT teritoriaze mSobliurs xdis am miwa-wyals da migraciis SemTxvevaSi inaxavs mis xsovnas. xalxi inaxavs "codnas" am miwa-wyalze, mis "sibrZnes", romelic Tqmulebis, legendis, gadmocemis saxiT gadadis Taobidan TaobaSi. xalxi adamianTa jgufebis organuli, Sezrdili krebulia, romelsac aqvs Tavisi Suaguli, kera, centri, Tundac sxvadasxvagvarad gamoxatuli. folki SeiZleba iyos ara mxolod eri, aramed erTi sagvareulo an erTi ojaxi, romelic Semokrebilia erTi keriis ("Suacecxlis") garSemo da inaxavs winaprebis xsovnas da cecxls, rogorc ganivTebul xsovnas, ramdenadac es cecxli saerTo "Suacecxlis" nawilia. is ritualebi, romlebic sruldeba am keriasTan,

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sityvebi, am dros rom warmoiTqmis, is teqstebi, rac am dros moiTxroba, mag., zRaprebi svanuri lifanalis dros, roca keriasTan ikribeba mTeli ojaxi _ cocxlebi gardasul TaobebTan erTad, is, riTac cocxlebi umaspinZldebian winaparTa sulebs am dRes, es "sibrZne" da "codna", romelic Seqmnes am ojaxis Taobebma da inaxavs yoveli Taoba. mxolod Suagulis mqone adamianTa jgufs, Tundac mcirericxovans, ZaluZs Seqmnas lore da Seinaxos igi. riTac brbo xalxisagan gansxvavdeba, aris swored is, rom brbos ar SeuZlia Seqmnas "sibrZne", radgan mas ar gaaCnia mexsiereba, misi cnobiereba myisieria, is ver inaxavs im umartivess da umciressac ki, rasac is am wamSi "qmnis". "xalxad" SeiZleba miviCnioT stadionze Seyrili adamianebi, romelTa saerTo gulisyuri mimarTulia erTisken da, Tumca es erToba efemerulia, am erTobis ZaliT maT SeuZliaT Seqmnan "raRac", Tundac es raRac iyos frTiani SeZaxili, moswrebuli naTqvami, romelic anekdotSi da "legendaSi", iqneb "miTosSic" gadaizardos (XX saukunis 40-iani wlebis bavSvebs Soris gavrcelebuli iyo Tqmuleba, rom ganTqmul mcvels SavguliZes marjvena fexi hqonda "dabeWdili". es, namdvilad, SavguliZis miTosi iyo. baskebTan TamaSis Semdeg, ocdaaTian wlebSi bavSvTa Soris gaCnda legenda, rom baskebis mekare maimuni iyo da kudiT ekideboda horizontalur Zels). folkia armiac, samxedro qveganayofi, razmi, romelsac gadauxdia brZolebi da, Tundac is sxvadasxva pirovnebisa da aRmsareblobis adamianebisgan Sedgebodes, mas saerTo folklori eqneba da es misi "omisa da mSvidobis" folklori iqneba. xalxad SeiZleba miviCnioT saswavlebeli (saSualo skola, internati, gimnazia, universiteti, calkeuli fakultetic ki), Tu mis ukan dgas TaobaTa wyeba, romelTa maxsovroba inaxavs profesor-maswavlebelTa ucnaurobaTa anekdotur ambebs Tu maT araordinaluri saqcielT da yvelaferi es zepirad iqneba gadacemuli Taobidan Taobas. aseve folkia profesiuli gaerTianebani, rogoric aris, amqari Tavisi tradiciiT, wes-CveulebebiT, mfarveli wmidanebiT da TqmulebebiT maT arqetipul qmedebebze. am principiT Tu vixelmZRvanelebT, folki SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT yvelgan, ara mxolod da gansakuTrebiT soflad, sadac Cveulebriv eZeben xalxur Semoqmedebas, aramed yvelgan, sadac adamianTa jgufebs aqvT met-naklebad xangrZlivi periodi erTad cxovrebisa da saerTo miznebiTa da amocanebiT suldgmulobisa, saerTo gansacdelisa, saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg brZolisa, saerTo gamarjvebisa da saerTo marcxisa. yovel amgvarad gagebul erTianobas aqvs Tavisi lore, Tavisi "sibrZne" anu Tavisi sakuTari folklori. mas aqvs es, inaxavs da gadascems mas Tundac erTaderT Taobamde, ra Rirebulebisac ar unda iyos igi. or adamiansac ki, bavSvobidan, uxsovrobidan TanSezrdil or megobars aqvs sakuTari folklori, dauwereli mikromatiane yvelaferi imisa, rac maT ganucdiaT, unaxavT, mousmeniaT, umReriaT. maT aqvT TavianTi sakuTari "ena", sakuTari simboloebi, pirobiTi niSnebi, romlebic mxolod maTTvis aris gasagebi. magram amJamad Cveni yuradRebis sagania adamianTa erTianobis ara yvela safexuri, zemoT rom iyo gakvriT naxsenebi, aramed mxolod da

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mxolod imgvari erTianoba, romelic warmoadgens xalxs am cnebis sayovelTao gagebiT. Cveni sagania qarTveli xalxis folklori anu, rac igivea, qarTuli xalxuri sityviereba. Tumca aqac, am SesityvebaSi, "xalxi" gulisxmobs ufro mets, vidre erovnuli erTobaa, ufro mets, rac aviwroebs kidec mis mniSvnelobas. es xalxi aris sakuTriv Semoqmedi an Semnaxveli yvelaferi imisa, rac Seadgens folklors. germaneli romantikosi

filosofosi iohan gotfrid herderi (1744-1803) werda: "xalxi (Volk) aris bunebrivi da Seuryvneli nawili erisa, amitom is mowodebulia erovnuli sulis gamosaxatavad". amrigad, igi fiqrobs, rom erSi aris birTvi, xalxi, folki (germ. Volk), romelzec dakisrebulia Semoqmedebis misia da misi Seqmnilia is, rac folkloris saxelwodebiT aris cnibili. amave dros, aseTi gageba xalxisa uaxlovdeba xalxuri Semoqmedebis mistikur gagebas, romlis mixedviTac is RvTaebrivi warmoSobisaa. iakob grimi (1785-1863), folkloristikis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli, wers Tavis kolegas, germanel poets arnims: "Tu Sen CemsaviT gwams, rom religia RvTaebrivi gamocxadebis Sedegad warmoiSva, rom enis warmoSobac aseve sasawaulebrivia da rom igi ar warmoadgens adamianis gamonagons, isic unda irwmuno da igrZno, rom xalxur poeziasac igive warmoSoba aqvs". es Tvalsazrisi xalxur poezias upirispirebs xelovnur poezias, romelic wignuri kulturis wiaRSia Seqmnili. romantikosi folkloristebi (da pirveli folkloristebi mxolod romantikosebi iyvnen) fiqrobdnen, rom xalxuri leqsi aracnobierad ibadeba, rom xalxuri poezia aris adamianSi RvTaebrivis gamovlena. "igi SiSvelia da atarebs Tavis TavSi RvTis xats", werda vilhelm grimi. yoveli movlenis warmoSoba saidumloebiT aris moculi, saidumlo ki RvTiuri myofobis niSania. uZvelesi tradicia sityvieri Semoqmedebis dasabams RvTiur samyaroSi xedavs, rogorc dasturdeba homerosis poemebis dasawyis striqonebSi ("risxvaze mimRere, qalRmerTo...", "kacze miambe, muzav..."). rogor unda gavigoT xalxuri Semoqmedebis RvTiuri warmomavloba? germaneli romantikosebi, cxadia, ar fiqrobdnen berZeni rafsodis kvalze, TiTqos xalxuri sityvierebis Sinaarsebi RvTiuri samyarodan aris nakarnaxevi. "RvTiuri" maT naazrevSi niSnavda "zeindividualurs", "zepirovnuls", rogoric namdvilad aris xalxuri Semoqmedeba. xalxuri Semoqmedi ganicdis Tavis TavSi imaze maRals, rasac misi yoveldRiuri, yofiTi arseba, misi pirovneba warmoadgens. zeindividualuri adamianSi is safexuria, romelic erTma tradiciam, SeiZleba, "RvTiurad" miiCnios, meorem _ saerTosaxalxod anu im realobad, rasac zemoT "xalxi" vuwodeT. rasac xalxuri Semoqmedi qmnis, Tavisi pirovnuli cnobierebis safexuridan, folkis cnobierebamde amaRlebuli qmnis. garkveuli azriT, rasac is qmnis, ar aris misi sakuTari pirovnuli Semoqmedeba. es aris, ZiriTadad, amominurobis sazrisi. Cven viciT zogadad, ras warmoadgens "xalxi", romlis cnobierebaSi daculia zepirsityvieri fondi. viciT, aseve zogadad, ras moicavs xalxuri Semoqmedeba (mis Janrul Semadgenlobaze qvemoT iqneba saubari). axla gavarkvioT, ra saxiT arsebobs igi, rogor vrceldeba, rogor da

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ratom icvleba, Tu icvleba, vis SeuZlia misi Secvla, an roca qmnis adamiani, risi ZaliT da visi saxeliT qmnis imas, rasac qmnis.

folkloruli Semoqmedebis specifika (arsebiTi niSnebi)

es niSnebi erTmaneTisagan gamomdinarea, anu TiToeuli maTgani mizezic aris da Sedegic. magram isic unda iTqvas, da es mTavaria, rom yovel maTgans TviTkmari da damoukidebeli Rirebuleba aqvs folkloris gansazRvraSi, ramdenadac TiToeulSi Cans xalxuri Semoqmedebis bunebis mTeli sisavse. gavrcelebis zepiri forma

es aris yvelaze TvalsaCino niSani folkloruli Semoqmedebisa, rac mis erT-erT saxelwodebaSic aris asaxuli: "zepirsityviereba". namdvilad, xalxuri Semoqmedeba zepirsityvieria, rogorc warmoSobiT, aseve gavrcelebis formiT: iqmneba zepirad da vrceldeba zepirad. es aris am zogadi niSnis ori aspeqti. zepirsityvieri teqsti SeiZleba Cawerili iqnas, magram es ar iqneba misi arsebobis bunebrivi forma (aris gamonaklisi: xalxuri epitafia, romelic mxolod da mxolod qvaze amokveTili saxiT arsebobs. es, ra Tqma unda, mxolod damwerlobis kulturaSia SesaZlebeli). mTeli damwerlobamdeli periodis sityvieri Semoqmedeba, romlis dasabami uxsovrobaSi ikargeba, zepiri saxiT gadaecema Taobidan Taobas uwyveti modenilobiT da ganagrZobs arsebobas wignuri civilizaciebis xanaSic da werilobiT saxesac iRebs, Tumca xalxuri sityvieri Semoqmedeba mxolod mosasmenad aris gamiznuli, rac garkveul daRs asvams mas. es qmnis mis Tavisebur poetikas, sakmaod gansxvavebuls wignuri Semoqmedebisgan, romelic sakiTxavad aris gamiznuli. gansxvaveba smenasa da kiTxvas Soris ar aris mxolod teqnikuri xasiaTisa. arsebobs smeniTi kultura am fenomenis (smenis) Taviseburebidan gamomdinare, da arsebobs kiTxviTi kultura, xedvis fenomenis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare. folklori ZiriTadad yuria, wigni (literatura) _ Tvali. grigol robaqiZe erTgan wers: "akakis leqsSi "yuria" meti, vidre "Tvali". amiT _ `yur~ sityviT mwerali akakis SemoqmedebaSi xalxur zepirsityvier stiqias aRniSnavs. "Tvali naklebia akakis leqsSi, ganagrZobs avtori, rogorc saerTod qarTul poeziaSi". amiT mas surs Tqvas, rom qarTuli wignuri poezia mniSvnelovanwilad nasazrdoebia xalxuri poeziiT. yurTasmenis prioriteti TvalTaxedvis mimarT udamwerlobo epoqaSi niSandobliv gamoxatulebas poulobs aedebisa Tu rafsodebis (mgosnebis) sibrmavis fenomenSi. maTi klasikuri magaliTi da warmomadgeneli homerosia, romlis poemaSi ("odiseaSi") aseve brma aedebi monawileoben _ demodoke da femiosi. brmebi iyvnen iaponeli moxetiale bivaboZuebi (biva-boZu), romlebic simebiani instrumentis (`biva”) akompanimentze asrulebdnen TavianT repertuars. maTi sibrmave qmediTi faqtoria rogorc zepiri SemoqmedebisTvis, aseve raime ambis zepir

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gardaTqmisTvis. Tvalis Zala da unari mTlianad sasmenelSia gadasuli, yuris Zala da unari xedvis xarjzea gafaqizebuli. mas SeuZlia mTlianad moicvas xedva, Caenacvlos mas, rasac mowmobs Tavad smenis aRmniSvneli sityvis gamoyeneba xedvis gamosaxatavad: yureba. msmeneli uSualod aRiqvams teqsts. msmeneli eswreba Semoqmedebis process, rac mis Tvalwin sruldeba, TiTqos xelaxla iqmneba misTvis, radgan yoveli axali Sesruleba pirvelSemoqmedebis badalia. xalxuri nawarmoebi mxolod maSin arsebobs aqtualurad, roca is warmoiTqmis. warmoTqmamde misi arseboba, garkveuli azriT, potenciuria _ is mTqmelis mexsierebaSi arsebobs rogorc SesaZlebloba. amitomac zepiri nawarmoebi arc erTi ganmeorebisas arasodes ar aris Tavisi Tavis igiveobrivi. msmeneli yovelTvis xedavs avtors Tavis win, radgan mTqmelis xmaSi avtoris xma esmis, maT Soris ar arsebobs drouli xarvezi, maT Soris ar arsebobs sxva Suamavali, garda haerisa, romelic vibrirebs da msmenelamde daubrkolebliv miaqvs sityva. rafsodSi, romelsac dRevandlamde moaqvs es sityva, msmeneli im pirvelmTqmels xedavs, Tumca misi saxeli da saxe samudamod dafarulia. ase ar aris literaturuli nawarmoebis SemTxvevaSi: mkiTxveli Tavad kiTxulobs teqsts, is mowyvetilia avtors, ver xedavs mas, ar esmis misi xma, Tumca mas SeuZlia ixilos misi saxe da misi saxelic cnobilia misTvis. mkiTxveli Tavad "axmovanebs" teqsts da svams maxvilebs. aris SemTxvevebi, roca literaturuli nawarmoebis avtori Tavad kiTxulobs teqsts (scenaze, televizorSi Tu radioSi), magram es ar aris arsebiTi, es ar aris is wesi, romlis ZaliTac arsebobs literaturuli nawarmoebi. aris sapirispiro SemTxvevebi, roca adamiani kiTxulobs wignSi dabeWdil xalxur nawarmoebs. magram, rogorc iTqva, wigni ar aris xalxuri sityvis bunebrivi adgili. wigni, wera, kiTxva antifolkloruli movlenebia. wignSi asoebiT dabeWdili xalxuri leqsi Cven SeiZleba SevadaroT mgalobel Cits, romelic galiaSia damwyvdeuli. marTalia, wigni inaxavs sityvas, romelsac JamTasvla uTuod waSlis adamianis mexsierebaSi, magram isic marTalia, rom wigni ver inaxavs mas cocxlad, radgan zepiri sityva ar aris wignSi dasabeWdad Seqmnili, rogorc gareuli frinveli ar aris gaCenili galiis binadrad. zepiri sityva Seqmnilia mudmivi ganuwyveteli qmnadobisaTvis, droSi da sivrceSi cvalebadobisaTvis. anonimuroba

folkloruli teqstis anonimur xasiaTs ramdenime mizezi ganapirobebs. pirvel rigSi, unda iTqvas, rom anonimuroba ar niSnavs imas, rom folklorul nawarmoebs saerTod ar hyolia avtori. cnobili folkloristi vl. propi wers: `literaturaTmcodneobis tradiciebis skolaSi aRzrdilT Cven xSirad verc ki warmogvidgenia, rom poeturi nawarmoebi SeiZleba sxvagvarad warmoiSvas, vidre literaturuli Txzuleba individualuri avtorobisas. Cven sulmudam gvgonia, rom is viRacam pirvelma unda SeTxzas. Tumca SesaZlebelia sruliad gansxvavebuli xerxebi poeturi nawarmoebebis warmoqmnisa, da maTi Seswavla folkloristikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi da uZnelesi problemaa...

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warmoSobiT folklori unda davuaxlovoT ara literaturas, aramed enas, romelic aravis gamougonia da ara hyavs arc avtori da arc avtorebi. igi warmoiSveba da icvleba sruliad kanonzomierad da adamianTa nebisgan damoukidebliv...~ [propi 1976 :21-22] folkloris enasTan daaxloebaSi aris WeSmaritebis marcvali, magram Zneli dasajerebelia, rom romelime xalxuri poeturi nawarmoebi, Tundac ritualuri teqsti, Selocva Tu wyevlis formula, iseve uavtorod iyos Seqmnili, rogorc ena, rogorc aseTi, mis mTlianobaSi. ras warmoadgens sinamdvileSi es "sruliad gansxvavebuli xerxebi"? arseboben ki isini realurad, rom SesaZlebeli iyos maTi Seswavla? folklori Semoqmedebaa da Semoqmedeba mxolod adamianis pirovnebis unaria. Tuki arsebobs Seqmnili, unda arsebobdes viRac, romelic qmnis... zemoTmotanili Sexeduleba folklorul Semoqmedebaze aSkarad panTeisturia, is uaryofs Semoqmeds da aRiarebs Seqmnilis TavisTavad warmoSobas. ena namdvilad uavtorod aris warmoSobili, folkloruli teqsti ki _ Seqmnili. folkloruli teqstis anonimurobis ZiriTadi pirobaa avtorobis uflebis principuli ararseboba tradiciul sazogadoebaSi. es is sferoa, romelsac yvelaze gvian daeufla kerZo sakuTrebis Segneba. Folk-is wreSi myofma Semoqmedma ar SeiZleba miiCnios Tavi mis mier SeTxzuli teqstis iseTsave avtorad, rogoric literaturuli anu samwerlo nawarmoebis avtoria. individualuri avtori _ mwerali, rogorc Semoqmedi, ar ekuTvnis xalxs im azriT, rogorc ekuTvnis mas xalxuri avtori. pirveli gamoTqvams Tavis pirovnuls upiratesad, meore _ xalxisas upiratesad. pirveli eZebs originalurs, sakuTars, ganumeorebels, jerarTqmuls. meore eZebs mxolod imas, rasac xalxi moiwonebs da dasturs dascems. da es mowoneba da dasturcema mravali Taobis manZilze grZeldeba. am mowonebis intuicia da alRo aqvs xalxis mgosans, romelic itvirTavs xalxis fiqris da suliskveTebis gamoxatvas. is koleqtivis niRabia, koleqtivi RaRadebs misi piriT, is misi xmaa, misi sayviria. rogor SeiZleba man ifiqros, rom rasac is warmoTqvams, misi sakuTrebaa? misi ganuyofeli sakuTreba mxolod misi niWia da unaria, romelsac is gamoTqmis ìaraRad~ iyenebs. is Tavisi niWiT aris gamorCeuli folkisgan. am niWieris Semoqmedebaze da misi Semoqmedebis nayofze amgvar tevad formulas ayalibebs vasil barnovi: èris gulisnadebs pirvelad warmoTqvams romelime niWieri Svili erisa, naTqvami aRibeWdeba msmenelTa mexsierebaSi da gavrceldeba zepirsityvaobiT erTi adgilidan meore adgilas, erTi Taobidan meore Taobaze.“ es `niWieri Svili“, cxadia, arsebobda realurad, fizikurad, Tavisi sisxliTa da xorciT. is daibada, cxovrobda, mokvda, sadRac miwaSi misi sakuTari Zvlebi marxia. usamarTloba iqneboda, wagverTva egzistencialuroba misi individualobisaTvis, magram, vimeorebT, Tavis SemoqmedebaSi, Tavis „naTqvamSi“, igi arasodes cdilobda Tavisi pirovnulis, individualuris, kerZos wamowevas misi gaxmaurebisa da gasajaroebis (gaqveynebis) mizniT. misi "naTqvami" namdvilad "eris gulisnadebs" Seicavs, is ubrunebs xalxs mis nafiqrals, ubrunebs

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gamokveTilad, imgvari formiT, rogoradac verc erTi maTgani ver Camoayalibebda. aTavisuflebs ra "mgalobel Cits" galiidan, igi aRar zrunavs da arc SeuZlia izrunos mis bedze, raTa erTxel "nagalobebi" pirvelqmnili saxiT iqnas Senaxuli. pirvelqmnili saxiT teqsts mxolod beWduri (da axal droSi eleqtronuli) wigni inaxavs. variantuloba

sityvis zepiri gavrceleba gardauvalad iwvevs teqstis cvlilebas. zepiri sityva Tavisufalia, gansxvavebiT dabeWdili sityvisagan, magram mas axlavs nakli: igi eqvemdebareba droJams, romelic Tavis beWeds asvams mas. droSi da sivrceSi igi icvleba, aCens variantebs, rogorc Citi bartyebs. pirvelSemoqmedis piridan gamosuli teqsti ìbartyebs~. mkacri azriT, xalxuri teqsti mxolod da mxolod misi romelime variantis saxiT arsebobs, amaoa misi invariantuli anu arqetipuli, Tu "kanonikuri" teqstis Zieba. kanonikuroba mxolod literaturul SemoqmedebaSia saZiebeli, radgan literatura da misi avtori amas moiTxoven. mwerali, literatori ara mxolod Txzulebas qmnis, aramed aris am Txzulebis kanonikuri teqstis avtori, romlis xelyofis ufleba, Tundac gaumjobesebis mizniT, aravis aqvs. xalxuri SemoqmedebisTvis ucxoa kanonikuroba, is ar ipoveba bunebaSi, is `gafrenilia~, rogorc galiidan gaSvebuli frinveli. magram mainc arqetipi (pirvelqmnili teqsti) mTqmelis gonebaSi, mexsierebaSi "Crdilis" (ludvig vitgenStainis terminiT) saxiT aris daculi da is yoveli warmoTqmisas "cocxldeba", xorcs isxams, Tumca verasodes daemTxveva im pirvelTqmuls. am azriT aris yoveli warmoTqma axali Semoqmedeba, axal da axal variantTa Cena. am garemoebam warmoSva termini avtor-mTqmeli. xalxuri teqstis arseboba mxolod avtor-mTqmelTa mier warmoSobil variantebad aris warmosadgeni da SesaZlebeli. maT ricxvs dasasruli ar eqneba, Tu saerTod ar Sewyda tradicia da ar amowura variantTa Cenis SesaZlebloba. es maSin xdeba, roca mexsierebidan arqetipi waiSleba an fragmentebis saxiT sxva teqstis Semadgenel nawilebad iqceva.

msmeneli potenciuri avtor-mTqmelia, romelsac SeuZlia `sakuTari~ variantis saxiT miitanos mosmenili teqsti kvlav msmenelTan da a.S. da a.S. TiToeul variants ama Tu im konkretul sazogadoebaSi, konkretul tradiciaSi, TavisTavadi mniSvneloba aqvs. yvela varianti damoukidebeli mTlianobaa da TviTmyofadia. zepirsityvieri nawarmoebis cvlilebis gardauvaloba gamowveulia im situaciiT, sadac is warmoiTqmeba anu sadac xdeba misi kvlavwarmoeba, SeiZleba iTqvas, misi xelaxali qmna. igi icvleba imisda mixedviT, Tu sad warmoiTqmis, vin ismens mas. msmeneli an msmenelTa krebuli _ auditoria ganapirobebs teqstis ara mxolod cvlilebas, aramed swored amgvar da ara sxvanair cvlilebas. radgan es konkretuli auditoriaa. es auditoria qmnis am variants, es varianti am auditoriis variantia. radgan: mTqmeli warmoTqvams amaTTvis, vis winaSec igi dgas da ara abstraqtulad, msmenelisgan ganyenebulad, imisgan gansxvavebiT, rogorc me wigni melaparakeba, roca Cemsa da avtors Soris mxolod sayovelTao

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beWduri niSnebia. mTqmels yovelTvis msmeneli hyavs mxedvelobaSi, msmeneli ki yovelTvis konkretulia, mas Tavisi vinaoba aqvs _ uvinaobo auditoria ar arsebobs arc obieqturad da arc mTqmelisTvis. msmeneli arsebobs da Tavs iCens garemoSi, xolo garemo (es sofeli, es kuTxe) yovelTvis konkretulia. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom konkretuli garemo, auditoria, msmenelTa wre, badebs ama Tu im variants.

marTalia, xalxuri teqsti mxolod variantebad da, amasTanave, rac mTavaria, Tanasworuflebian variantebad arsebobs, da es aris misi xalxurobis erT-erTi gadamwyveti niSani, mainc ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom teqsti Tavdapirvelad erTi iyo, radgan is erTi avtoris piridan gamovida. variantebi meoreulia, Tumca isini xalxuri zepiri teqstis bedisweraa.

Znelia gaziareba im Tvalsazrisisa, romlis Tanaxmadac àraviTari Tavdapirveli, amosavali teqsti ar arsebula da arc SeiZleba arsebuliyo~ (vl. propi), rom `folkloruli nawarmoebi imTaviTve iqmneba ara erTaderTi teqstis saxiT, aramed mxatvrul CanafiqrTa realizaciebis saxiT, e. i. variantebad~ (b. putilovi). magram sakiTxavia, vis gonebaSi ibadeba es Canafiqri, Tu ara erTi pirovnebisa, Tundac is iyos koleqtivis zraxvaTa da azrTa wyobis (mentalitetis) gamomxatveli. koleqtiuroba

raki xalxuri nawarmoebi mxolod da mxolod variantebad arsebobs da es aris misi arsebobis bunebrivi forma, anu uvarianto, erTaderT teqstad arsebuli nawarmoebi ver CaiTvleba xalxur nawarmoebad, laparaki mis avtorze, rogorc erT pirovnebaze, mainc principulad SeuZlebelia. misi variantebis SeqmnaSi Taobebi iReben monawileobas da, amdenad, amgvarad warmoSobili nawarmoebi saxalxo, koleqtiuri sakuTrebaa. is yvelas ekuTvnis, radgan mis SeqmnaSi monawileoba aqvs miRebuli ara mxolod pirvel mTqmels, aramed gardamTqmels da msmenelsac TaobaTa manZilze drosa da sivrceSi. koleqtiurobas meore mxarec aqvs. xalxuri nawarmoebi imitomac aris koleqtiuri sakuTreba, rom is gamoxatavs ara kerZo pirovnebis, aramed folkis suliskveTebas, is mtkiced zis ama Tu im sazogadoebis tradiciaSi, am cnebis ufarToesi gagebiT _ aq igulisxmeba ara mxolod tradiciuli poetika, poeturi gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebi, rogorc saerTo monapovari, aramed yofiTi kultura da msoflxedvelobriv warmodgenaTa sistema _ mTeli memkvidreobiTi sulieri dovlaTi. koleqtiurobis xasiaTi kargad gamoTqva karl gustav iungma: `koleqtiuri aracnobieri Tu gaaqtiurda, kaci sakuTar Tavs aRar ekuTvnis” [iungi:62]. amgvarad aqvs dakarguli saxalxo poet-mTqmels sakuTari Tavi. garkveuli azriT, swored am dakargviT iqmneba namdvili xalxuri nawarmoebi rogorc koleqtiuri sakuTreba. tradiciuloba

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ra aris tradicia? tradicia (gadmocema) is arxia (kalapoti), romelSic Taobidan Taobamde miedineba xalxuri yofa da, masTan erTad, Semoqmedeba. tradicia ganapirobebs xalxis (koleqtivis) yofis mdgradobas. koleqtivis konservatizmi _ yofiTi, msoflmxedvelobiTi, kulturuli, mxatvruli _ misi tradiciulobis meore mxarea. folkloruli Janruli sistemis urRvevoba da mdgradoba swored tradiciis Zalazea damyarebuli. tradiciul yofaSi Zlieria tradiciis mowola individis cnobierebaze. individi am tradiciis wiaRSia dabadebuli, aRzrdilia masSi da Tavadac am tradiciis, sxvanairad, mama-papis anderZnamagis gamtari da aRmsrulebelia. magram es ar gamoricxavs individualuri gadaxrebis rols tradiciaSi. arasodes individis cnobiereba ar aris avsebuli mTlianad tradiciuli msoflgancdiT, eTikur-moraluri da esTetikuri idealebiT. "adgili rCeba" individualurs, romelic, xSir SemTxvevaSi, aracnobierad, uneburad poulobs gamosavals da SeumCnevlad "iwveTeba" tradiciis kalapotSi. tradicia aris gadacema (laTinuri sityva traditio amas niSnavs), xolo rac gadasacemia, arasdros absoluturi sizustiT ar gadaicema, gadacemuli yovel jerze saxecvlilebas, Tundac umniSvnelos, Tavad gadamcemisTvisac SeumCnevels, ganicdis. magram yvelaferi es xdeba isev da isev mdgradi tradiciis farglebSi. ganaxlebuli nakadi kvlav miedineba, gza da gza gadaxarSavs ra am individualurs. magram Tu sazogadoebis istoria individualur gamovlenaTa istoriac aris, im pirveli tradiciidan aRebuli qani sabolood veRar Zlevs individualur gamovlenebs da tradiciac icvleba, anu axal tradicias eyreba safuZveli. mTqmelis mexsierebaSi daculi tradiciuli teqsti raRac axals iZens misi aqtualizaciis procesSi. warmoTqmuli teqsti ar aris identuri mexsierebaSi potenciurad arsebuli, daculi teqstisa. Semosuli siaxle, romelic qmnis gansxvavebas, mTqmeliseulia. es asea yoveli axali warmoTqmisas. siaxlis Semotana teqstSi mxolod maSin dasruldeba, roca is aRar warmoiTqmis, roca misi aqtualizacia aRar xdeba, anu is wyvets arsebobas, rogorc folkloruli teqsti. improvizacia improvizaciaze, rogorc xalxuri Semoqmdebebis, erT-erT niSanze, vlaparakobT, erTi mxriv, variantulobaa, meore mxriv, tardiciulobasTan dakavSirebiT. ìmprovizacia yvelganarsebulia, igi msWvalavs mTels folklors, myofobs yoveli cvlilebis dros, versiebisa da axali nawarmoebebis warmoqmnisas~ [anikini:116]

garemo qmnis improvizaciis pirobas. erTi mxriv, arsebobs improvizaciis unari, meore mxriv, arsebobs auditoriis mzaoba improvizaciis molodinisTvis. improvizacia, romelic variants badebs, konkretuli situaciiT aris ganpirobebuli. ras warmoadgens situacia? risgan Sedgeba igi? “situacias unda mivakuTvnoT msmenelTa Semadgenloba. improvizacia sxvadasxvagvarad miikvlevs gzas imisda mixedviT, Tu vis uyveba mezRapre zRapars, bavSvebs

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Tu ufrosebs. monaTxrobi aRiqmeba msmenelTagan gansxvavebulad maTi ganwyobilebis _ mxiarulisa Tu naRvlianis mixedviT. es yvelaferi aisaxeba Semsrulebelze” [bogatiriovi:397] da, cxadia, monaTxrob nawarmoebze. amieridan is ukve sxvaa, es sxva aris swored is, rasac folkloristikaSi variants uwodeben.

improvizacia, romelic gulisxmobs mTqmelis Semoqmedebas tradiciuli teqstis Sesrulebis (gadmocemis) procesSi, TiTqosda moumzadeblad, msmenelTaTvis moulodnelad, met-naklebad axasiaTebs TiTqmis yvela Janrs. gansakuTrebiT didi asparezi aqvs mas poeziaSi. improvizaciis mizania teqstis dafaruli SesaZleblobebis warmoCena-gaRrmaveba _ improvizaciis mizezi Tavad teqstSi, mis fabulaSi Zevs. amis saukeTeso magaliTia `vefxvisa da moymis leqsis~ gagrZeleba. am baladaSi dedis motivis Semosvla improvizacias unda mivaweroT. mistvis amosavali èmbrioni~ baladis boloswina striqonSi Zevs: `vin etyvis magis dedasa, kars usxeds qadag-misanni~. mTqmelis xelSi sityva `deda~ improvizaciis stimuls iZleva. am moulodnelma gagrZelebam axal aspeqtiT gaaSuqa balada, romlis bunebrivi dasasruls bolo striqoni acxadebs: ùerTod ar daixarjvnis Cvenis afxazis isarni~.

magram TiTqmis yvela xalxis foklorSi aris Janri, romelic mxolod da mxolod improvizaciis ZaliT arsebobs, SeiZleba iTqvas, improvizaciis Sedegia. es aris gaSaireba, romelic kafiis saxelwodebiT farTod aris gavrcelebuli aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi, gansakuTrebiT ki fSavSi, sadac am Janrs mkacrad Camoyalibebuli kanonebi aqvs. sxva moTxovnebTan erTad (mag., riTmis Seucvleloba), improvizacia aq gadamwyvetia, adre naTqvamis ganmeoreba, Tuki aseTi ram moxda, Caavrdnaa, marcxia kafiobis procesSi da igi unda Sewydes. gadamwyvetia aseve improvizacia xmiT natirlebSi, romlebic Tumca iyeneben tradiciul saxeebs, magram, ZiriTadad, improvizaciis efeqts emyareba. moulodneloba, SeiZleba iTqvas, auditoriis dakveTaa, romelic ganuxrelad sruldeba.

am mxriv, SesaZloa, sakulto sityviereba iyos gamonaklisi, Tumca improvizaciis SesaZlebloba arc aq unda iyos gamoricxuli. marTalia, sakulto poeziisTvis ar aris damxasiaTebeli pirovnuli Careva teqstis Segnebuli Secvlis mizniT, ar arsebobs raime impulsi an motivi am CarevisTvis _ teqstis sakralizmi da misi aseve sakraluri warmoSoba amas ar uwyobs xels, mainc sporadulad dasturdeba improvizaciis SemTxvevebi. es maSin xdeba, roca sustdeba sakraluri teqstisadmi mowiweba da Semsrulebeli Tavs Tavisuflebis uflebas aZlevs. yofiToba

yofiToba mniSvnelovani niSania, SesaZloa, yvela niSanze arsebiTi. ver vnaxavT iseT sferos xalxis yofisa, romelsac ar hqondes gamoxatuleba romelime folklorul JanrSi. ufro metic: folkloruli Semoqmedeba yofidan aris amozrdili da misi niadagiT sazrdoobs, magram Semoqmedeba yofis mimarT ar aris pasiuri, igi ara mxolod asaxavs, aireklavs yofas, metic, misi aqtivoba mimarTulia yofis

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mowesrigebisaken. folkloris Janruli sistema, yofidan amozrdili, Tavad zemoqmedebs yofaze, struqtura da sazrisi Seaqvs yofaSi. amasTanave, yofis gareSe folkloruli Semoqmedeba kargavs Tavis funqcias, romelsac is Janris farglebSi asrulebs. folkloruli Semoqmedebis Rirebuleba mxolod yofaSia da misi ZaliT Tavad yofa iZens Rirebulebas. imdenad mWidroa urTierToba Janrsa da yofas Soris, rom SesaZlebeli xdeba folkloris Janrobrivi Sedgenilobis mixedviT sazogadoebis yofis struqturaze, wesrigze msjeloba.

yofiTobas kidev erTi aspeqti aqvs: folkloruli Semoqmedeba `naturaluri meurneobis~ principiT arsebobs da funqcionirebs. `xalxma Seqmna Janrebis iseTi mravalferovneba, rogoric literaturas arasodes gaaCnda~ [emelianovi:101]. sofeli, Tu aviRebT sofels, rogorc TviTkmar erTeuls, romelic Tavisi sakuTari bunebrivi resursebiT sazrdoobs (aqvs sakuTari savargulebi, saZovrebi, tye, wyaroebi da sxva), aseve Tavisi sakuTari ZalebiT ikmayofilebs inteleqtualur moTxovnilebebs. mis mentalobaSi araferia iseTi, rasac safuZveli soflis yofaSi ara aqvs. Tu sofels hyavs Tavisi sakuTari mWedeli an durgali, aseve hyavs Tavisi sakuTari mTqmeli, romelic inaxavs da gadascems zepirsityvier teqstebs. soflis zepirsityvieri `fondi~ daculia mis mexsierebaSi. Teoriulad SeiZleba gvefiqra, rom garedan, sxva soflidan, am sofels arafris Semotana ar uxdeba. magram sofeli ar aris imgvarad Caketili, rom srulebiT Tavisufali iyos gavlenebisgan an ar hqondes garedan Semosuli xmebisTvis yuris dagdebis moTxovnileba. oRond ucxo Temebi Tu siuJetebi soflis `qvabSi~, yofaSi, imgvarad gadaixarSeba, rom ukve soflis sakuTreba xdeba. yovelTvis arsebobdnen soflidan soflad moaruli profesionali mTqmelebi, romelTa naTqvamebi (leqsi iqneba Tu zRapari) ìleqeba~ soflis cnobierebaSi da variantebis saxiT, rogorc misi sakuTreba, ganagrZobs arsebobas.

sinkretizmi

laparakoben xalxuri Semoqmedebis sinkretizmze. ra aris sinkretizmi? "ucxo sityvaTa leqsikoni" amgvarad ganmartavs am termins: "Serwymuli arseboba, daunawevrebuloba, rac raime movlenis sawyis safexurze gvxvdeba". xalxur SemoqmedebaSi es gulisxmobs Semoqmedebisa Tu gadmocemis erTian aqtSi xelovnebis ramdenime dargis monawileobas. amosavali ki, cxadia, sityva iqneba, roca sityvier SemoqmedebasTan gvaqvs saqme. es niSani folklorisa SeiZleba ar mogveCvenos universalurad. magram es erTi SexedviT da mxolod maTi dRevandeli saxidan gamomdinare. klasikuri nimuSi sinkretizmisa aris, magaliTisTvis, xevsuruli sagmiro leqsi, romelsac adgilobriv "simReres" uwodeben. ras niSnavs es? es imas niSnavs, rom sityvieri teqsti, romelic ambis informacias inaxavs, ar gadaicema "mSralad", mxolod da mxolod verbalurad, aramed musikaluri hangis TanxlebiT. es imdenad myari tradiciaa, rom vaJa-fSavela Tavis leqsebs, romelTa Sorisac bevrs saTaurad uzis "simRera", fanduris xmaze Txzavda. aris Tu ara "simRere", rogorc Janri, sityvisa da hangis Tavdapirveli daunawevrebulobis anu sinkretizmis nimuSi? vaJas gamocdilebidan,

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romelsac safuZveli folklorSi aqvs, amosvliT SeiZleba dadebiTi pasuxi gaeces am kiTxvas. hangi Tan axlavs sityvieri teqstis Seqmnis process. hangi araTu awesrigebs sityvas, aramed CarTulia sityvieri Semoqmedebis procesSi, misi organuli monawilea.

sinkretizmis sxva ufro rTuli magaliTebia xalxuri dResaswaulebi, sanaxaobebi, sadac erTianobaSia mocemuli sityva, Tundac virtualuri scenaris saxiT, mxatvroba (niRbebisa da Sesamoslebis saxiT), musika, cekvebi. aseTia `berikaoba~, `yeenoba~, romelTa xsovna dResac aqa-iq, Cvens daba-soflebSi, SemorCenilia.

dasasrul, ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos, rom yvela es niSani, garkveulwilad, literaturul Semoqmedebasac axasiaTebs. gana mwerlobaSi ar aris dadasturebuli anonimuri Txzulebani? an variantebis naklebobaa? an rogor SegviZlia uarvyoT, rom yoveli literaturuli nawarmoebi garkveul tradiciaSia moqceuli? an romeli nawarmoebia, Rrmad individualisturic rom iyos, ramdenadme ar gamoxatavdes koleqtivis suliskveTebas, molodinebs, imedebs, ar upasuxebdes mis esTetikur mrwamss da a.S. yvela es niSani, literaturas marTlac, saziaro aqvs folklorul SemoqmedebasTan. magram TiToeuli am niSnis buneba da, ramdenadme, sazrisi gansxvavebulia imisda mixedviT, Tu sad vadasturebT mas _ folklorSi Tu literaturaSi.

literaturis anonimuroba SemTxveviTia, ar aris gamowveuli Tavad Semoqmedebis bunebiT. iq, sadac saavtoro uflebis Segneba ar arsebobs, iq anonimuroba kanonzomieria; sadac es Segneba arsebobs, iq anonimuroba gamonaklisia, misi gamomwvevi mizezi an Tavad avtoris nebaSia, an raRac obieqtur garemoebebSi, romlebic SemoqmedebiT procesTan ar aris dakavSirebuli. aseve iTqmis zepirgavrcelebazec. warmosadgenia literaturuli nawarmoebis (leqsis) zepiri gavrceleba, magram misi bedi ar hgavs im nawarmoebis beds, romlis arsebobisa da gavrcelebis erTaderTi forma zepirsityvieria (amitomac zepirsityviereba folkloruli Semoqmedebis erT-erTi arsebiTi dasaxelebaa). sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, literaturuli nawarmoebi miiswrafis beWdur sityvaSi mosaxvedrad, xolo folklorul nawarmoebs gaxsnili aqvs gza zepir asparezze.

iSviaTad Tu literaturul nawarmoebs pirvel cdaSive srulyofili, yovel SemTxvevaSi, avtorisTvis damakmayofilebeli saxe mieRos. avtori SemoqmedebiT procesSi qmnis variantebs, vidre igi sabolood Tavisi Canafiqris srul gamoxatulebas ar dainaxavs. variantebi SeiZleba gadarCes, an, SesaZloa, avtorma saWirod ar miiCnios maTi SenarCuneba. literaturuli nawarmoebis variantulobis arsebiTi gansxvaveba zepirsityvieri teqstis variantulobisgan, pirvel rigSi, is aris, rom variantebi aq win uZRvis erT kanonikur, avtoris mier mowonebul teqsts, folklorSi ki piruku _ Tavdapirveli teqsti aCens drosa da sivrceSi variantebs, romlebic, rogorc wesi, iZenen damoukidebel Rirebulebas. meore gansxvaveba is aris, rom literaturuli variantebi avtoris mier dawunebulia da, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, sarqivod aris ganwiruli, folkloruli nawarmoebi ki

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piruku _ mxolod variantebis saxiT arsebobs, romelTagan TiToeuli Rirebulia.

amasTan dakavSirebiT unda SevniSnoT Semdegi: gavrceleblia mankieri praqtika, roca xalxuri poeziis gamocemisas gamomcemelTa an (gamomcemlis) mier arCeuli varianti ibeWdeba rogorc ZiriTadi teqsti, danarCeni variantebi gadatanilia boloSi (ix., magaliTisTvis, qarTuli xalxuri poezia 12 tomad). romelime variantisTvis upiratesobis miniWeba, jer erTi, subieqturia, meore mxriv, es qmnis imis iluzias, TiTqos swored is iyos srulyofili teqsti, danarCenebi ki arasrulyofili, rac sruliad miuRebelia. Cven viciT, rom TiToeuli teqsti miukvleveli arqetipis variantebia da TiToeul maTgani TviTmyofadia. Tundac dazianebuli da mxatvrulad mdare, igi gamoxatavs ama Tu im tradicias da folkloristi valdebulia, mas sxva, ukeTesad CaTvlil variantebs Soris miuCinos Tanabari adgili. xSirad xdeba, rom dawunebuli varianti zogierT pasaJSi ukeTes wakiTxvas iZleva, vidre arCeuli teqsti. yvela variants Tavisi niSandoblivi Tavisebureba aqvs da folkloristmac saTanado pativi unda miagos mas. aqedan gamomdinare, yvela varianti unda ibeWdebodes ZiriTad nawilSi erTmaneTis miyolebiT, rom ar gaCndes mcdari warmodgena, TiTqos boloSi dabeWdili teqstebi TavSi moqceuli teqstis variantebi iyos. folkloristma unda daafasos TiToeuli soflis, kuTxis tradicia, romelmac Semoinaxa Tavad teqsti, xolo Tu rogor Semoinaxa igi, rogoria maTi Rirseba-naklovanebebi, es Sefasebis sakiTxia da mas Tavisi adgili aqvs.

ramdenadac xalxur Semoqmedebis avtori anonimuria da folkloristikas arc uxdeba misi vinaobis dadgena, avtorobis sakiTxs aq cvlis teqstis ama Tu im variantis Semnaxvelis sakiTxi. is pieteti, romelsac literaturis istoria iCens avtorisadmi folklorSi mTqmelis pirovnebazea gadatanili. marTalia, xalxuri leqsi anonimuria da Cven araferi viciT da verc verasodes gavigebT raimes misi vinaobis Sesaxeb, samagierod bevri ram SegviZlia vicodeT Tavis mexsierebaSi an repertuarSi leqsis Semnaxvelis vinaobaze. isic marTalia, rom leqsi zeindividualuria, magram misi esa Tu is varianti garkveul pirovnebis saxelTan aris dakavSorebuli da misi pirovnebis daRs atarebs. ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom varianti yovelTvis Canaweria da konkretuli pirovnebisgan aris Cawerili. Canaweri Rirebulia mecnierebisTvis, Tu mas axlavs pasporti _ ase uwodeben folkloristikaSi yvela monacemis erTobliobas, romelic Caweril teqstTan aris dakavSirebuli. am monacemebis folklorul Canawers unda axldes cnobebi mTqmelis vinaobaze: gvari, saxeli, mamis saxeli, wlovaneba, warmoSoba, socialuri mdgomareoba, profesia, ganaTlebis cenzi _ aris Tu ara igi wera-kiTxvis mcodne, SeeZlo Tu ara wignSi waekiTxa teqsti, ramdenad sandoa igi, rogorc mTqmeli, ramdenad farToa misi repertuari da sxva; visgan da sad moismina teqsti... sasurvelia da aucilebelic, Camwerma mosmenil teqsts daurTos mTqmeliseuli SeniSvnebi, ganmartebebi teqstis garSemo _ es yvelaferi gvexmareba teqstis srulyofil gagebSi. aucilebelia Camwerma aRniSnos Caweris adgili da TariRi, da Tavisi vinaoba. Camwers ara aqvs ufleba raime Sesworeba Seitanos CanawerSi, unda axsovdes, rom

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mas saqme aqvs variantTan, romelic atarebs mTqmelisa da adgilis Taviseburebebs, rom araferi vTqvaT dialeqtur individualobaze.

amrigad, pasporti folkloruli Canaweris aucilebeli Tanmxlebia. es aris anonimuri xalxuri nawarmoebis vinaobis ganmsazRvreli. mis gareSe Canaweri, Tunda genialuri teqstisa, Zalze naklulia. es aris fokloris Sekrebis wesi, romelic XIX saukuneSi Camoyalibda evropaSi da saqarTvelmdec movida. Tumca mas erTaderTi adepti hyavda petre umikaSvilis (1839-1904) saxiT, romelsac ekuTvnis am mxriv yvelaze Rirebuli folkloruli Canawerebi; misive Sedgenilia `programma xalxis sityvierebis nawarmoebis SekrebisaTvis~ (Tbilisi, 1882). Caweris wesebis pirvelsave punqtad aq vkiTxulobT:

`yvelaferi unda daiweros swored ise, rogorc xalxi ambobs. damwerma (Camwerma, z.k.) Tavis tavs neba ar unda misces mcireodenis cvlilebis moxdenisaca. adgilobrivi gamoTqma, sityvebi, sityvebis dalageba frazebSi, frazebis erTmaneTTan damokidebuleba, _ yvelaferi sastikad unda daicvas damwerma; is adgilebic ki ar unda Sescvalos, romelic uzrod eCveneba. yuradReba unda mieqces metadre prozad sawersa, rom xalxis enis kilo da frazebis SekavSireba namdvili darCes...~

meore da mesame punqtebSi vkiTxulobT: `zogierTi leqsi an zRapari anu sxva nTqvami xalxSi

sxva da sxva cvlilebiT aris an sul mTlad, an zogi adgilebi da striqonebi, an ravdenime sityva. Zalian saWiroa, rom damweri marto erTs redaqcias ar dasjerdes, aramed yoveli gansxvavebac aRniSnos sxolioebsi, rom zogSi esa da es cvlilebaao. da Tu srulad bevri hasxvaveba, mTlad daiweros. es cvlilebis dawera

imitom aris saWiro, rom xSirad mrTels dids leqsSi anu zRaparSi oriode sami sityva, sxva cvlilebiY xmarebuli, mrTelis Txzulebis

fersa cvlis da zogjer Zvirfass ganZs Seadgens.~ `zogs leqss an sxva naTqvams mTqmelni axsnas ukeTeben. es axsnac unda aRniSnos sxolioSi moxsenebiT, rom Tqmelis axsnaa. ra adgilic, anu romelime azri an sityva damwers ar esmis, hkiTxos glexs da, Tu man axsna misca, saWiroa amisi dawerac~.

petre umikaSvilis mdidar folklorul CanawerebSi es wesi ganuxrelad aris daculi [umikaSvili:1937; umikaSvili:1964]. samwuxaroa, rom erTaderTi umikaSvili iyo, esoden did yuradRebas aqcevda folkloruli teqstis pasportis Sedgenas, rac sruliad ugulebelyofilia sxvata CanawerebSi. genialur vaJa-fSavelas bevri xalxuri leqsebi moyavs Tavis narkvevebSi, magram arsad ar uTiTebs arc mTqmelis vinaobas, arc Caweris adgils da wels. arada, bevri maTgani pirvelad mis mier aris gamoqveynebuli. aseve iTqmis ilia WavWavaZis da sxvaTa Canawerebis Sesaxeb. dResdReobiT fokloristebi savele muSaobis dros mxolod am principebiT xelmZRvaneloben.

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rac Seexeba koleqtiurobas da tradiciulobas, rac aucileblobiT moeTxoveba folklorul nawarmoebs, literaturuli nawarmoebisTvis mxolod fonia, romelzec mkveTrad isaxeba is arsebiTi, rac mis individualobas da novatorobas Seadgens. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tu folkloruli nawarmoebi arsebiTad mxolod koleqtivSi da tradiciaSi arsebobs, da aq mJRavndeba misi genialoba, literaturuli nawarmoebis Rirseba da Rirebuleba, misi genialoba mis individualobasa da novatorobaSi mdgomareobs.

amrigad, verc erTs, TavisTavad aRebuls, zemoT CamoTvlil niSanTagan ver CavTvliT unikalurad folklorisTvis. jer, TiToeuli maTgani gansxvavebul saxes iRebs imisda mixedviT, sad gvxvdeba igi _ folklorSi Tu literaturaSi; mere, maTi, rogorc aRiniSna, urTierTgamomavloba da ganpirobebuloba unikalurs xdis maT folklorisTvis, rac imas niSnavs, rom es niSnebi folklorSi organulia da ara SemTxveviTi, mis gareSe arsebul raRac faqtorebiT ganpirobebuli; da bolos, unikaluria Tavad Sexameba maTi, rac arsebiTia da, SeiZleba iTqvas, fundamenturi folkloruli SemoqmedebisTvis. es hgavs yvavilebis Taiguls, romelSic TiToeuli yvavilis individualoba sxvebTan SexamebaSi axal Tvisebas iZens.

sxvaa am niSanTagan SeTxzuli Taiguli folklorSi da sxvaa _ literaturaSi.

`daZiruli kulturuli dovlaTi~

j. Tomsis mier Seqmnil kompozitSi folk-lore pirveli sityva im mniSvnelobiT moxvda, romelic mas inglisur enaSi hqonda da aqvs: es aris mosaxleobis naklebad ganviTarebuli, mwignobrobas moklebuli fenebi. es is xalxia, romelic Tavis SemoqmedebaSi damwerlobas ar iyenebs _ qmnis zepirad da avrcelebs zepirad. magram ismis sakiTxi: rogor unda gavigoT, rom xalxi qmnis? xalxi xom pirovneba ar aris, rom qmnides? gamomdinare yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan, rac folkoruli Semoqmedebis specifikas exeboda, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom qmnian yovelTvis erTeulebi, xalxis niWieri warmomadgenlebi, romelTac SeuZliaT gamoxaton xalxis suliskveTeba, interesebi, imedebi, sasowarkveTilebani, wuxili, molodinebi da a. S. isini, SeiZleba iTqvas, folkis zedafenis warmomadgenlebi arian. magram maT mier Seqmnilis realizaciisTvis anu mis `gamosaqveyneblad~ xalxs unda Seswevdes mosmenis unari, igi mzad unda iyos imisaTvis, raTa miiRos es mosmenili, aRmoaCinos masSi sakuTari, risi gamoTqmis Zali mas ar Seswevs. mxolod amis Semdeg SeeZleba mas mosmenilis damaxsovreba (Senaxva) da gatana-gavrceleba. maSasadame, arsebobs avtori da arsebobs mTqmeli, romlis meSveobiTac pirvelnaTqvami folkamde midis. mTqmeli aqtiuria, msmeneli pasiuri aRmqmeli. magram am pasiur masaSi yovelTvis moiZebneba pirovneba, romelic iRebs estafetas anu mTqmeli xdeba da a. S. fokloristikas yovelTvis saqme aqvs mTqmelebTan da ara avtorebTan, romelTa saxelebi samudamod dakargulia, TaobaTa mTqmelebSia ganzavebuli. roca zRapris mTxrobels (mezRapres) vusmenT, ar vfiqrobT, rom zRapari misi SeTxzulia; arc `vefxvisa da moymis~ Tu sxva sagmiro baladis

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Semsrulebeli ar aris misi avtori. arc erTi teqsti, romelsac Cven vismenT am Cvens aqtualur xanaSi, ar aris misi mTqmelis Seqmnili. magram Cven vambobT, rom mTqmeli ar gadmogvcems sxvisas, aramed isev da isev xalxisas, TiTqos xalxi iyo Semoqmedi. aucilebelia, dazustdes, ras niSnavs `xalxis Semoqmedeba~, ras vgulisxmobT, roca vambobT `xalxi qmnis? iseT rames xom ar mivawerT xalxs, romlis kompetencia mas ara aqvs, maSinac ki, roca erT pirovnebasTan gvaqvs saqme? Semqmnelia saxalxo mTqmeli Tu Semsrulebeli? Cven viciT, rom is Tavisas (mkacri azriT) ar asrulebs. iseve, rogorc hamletis monologi, romelsac vismenT, ar aris misi Semsruleblis dawerili.

gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi eduard hofman-kraierma (1864-1937) amgvarad gamoxata folkloruli Semoqmedebis Tavisi koncefcia: `xalxi ar qmnis, aramed mxolod imeorebs Seqmnils~ (Das Volk produzier nicht, es reproduziert nur). es Teza iyo Sedegi im gamokvlevebisa, romelTa mixedviTac bevr xalxur simReras literaturuli winapari moeZebna. zogi avtori (i. grupe) ise Sors wavida, rom xalxs SemoqmedebiTi uZlurebac ki aRiara. misi azriT, yvela kulturuli faseuloba mosaxleobis maRal wreSia iqmneba da mxolod demokratizaciis procesis ganvlis Semdeg iqceva farTo masebis kuTvnilebad anu folklorad. am Teoriis mixedviT, folklori, rogorc hans naumanma (1886-1951) gamoxata, aris `daZiruli kulturuli dovlaTi~ (gesunkenes Kulturgut) [kokiara:556-557, bauzingeri:44-45].

am Tvalsazrisis gaziareba misi arealis mxolod SezRudviT Tu aris SesaZlebeli. ra Tqma, unda yvela Janri ver CaiTvleba maRali fenebidan `daZirulad~ da ~daZirvac~ yovelTvis ar aris daqveiTeba, rRvevis procesis gamoxatuleba. qarTul folkorul sinamdvileSi xalxuri vefxistyaosnis saxiT Cven gvaqvs `daZiruli dovlaTi~, romelic aSkarad daqveiTebulia, degradirebulic ki. Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom garkveuli saxiT tradicia mainc aris Senaxuli. TiTqos `daZiruli dovlaTis~ fenomeni Senaxvas unda gulisxmobdes, magram Tu ram iqna Senaxuli xalxur wiaRSi CaZiruli literaturuli vefxistyaosnidan, mxolod gardaqmnili saxiT iqna Semonaxuli. xalxma Taviseburad gardaqmna yvela ZiriTadi motivi, romelic SoTas poemis dedaarss Seadgens [qoriZe:102-150].

magram folklori icnobs iseT `daZirul kulturul dovlaTs~, romelic met-naklebad wmida saxiT aris Senaxuli. es aris zRapari, romlis Canafiqri namdvilad ar aris xalxuri warmoSobis; rac masSi xalxuria, es misi Sesamoselia, romelic icvleba xalxidan xalxSi, mTqmelidan mTqmelSi. ra roli aqvs xalxs? xalxi mxolod Semsrulebelia, amdenadve _ Semnaxveli, magram Sesrulebis procesi improvizaciebis CaTvliT iqamde ar midis, rom zRapars struqtura da sazrisi daekargos. xalxuri mTxrobelis individualoba ar exeba zRapris Sidaformas, is mxolod mravalferovan samkaulebs qmnis mis garegan sxeulze, arsi igive rCeba. gveCveneba, TiTqos zRaparma Tavadve Semoinaxa sakuTari Tavi. igive SegviZlia vTqvaT àmiranianis~ Sesaxeb, romlis ideuri Canafiqri aSkarad scildeba xalxis mentalitetis

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kompetencias, magram misi dRevandlamde Semonaxuli, Tundac dalewili teqsti mainc inaxavs Tavdapirvel sazriss, rasac ver vambobT daZirul `vefxistyaosanze~.

meore mxriv, isic udaoa, rom sityvieri Semoqmedebis nayofTa `daZirva~ xalxis mexsierebaSi am dovlaTis Senaxvis saukeTeso saSualebaa da, ramdenadac pasiuria (da aseTia igi principulad) koleqtiuri mexsiereba, imdenad mrTelad da Seuryvnelad inaxavs igi mibarebuls.

literatura anikini: Аникин В.П. Теория фольклора, Курс лекций, М., 1996. bauzingeri: Bausinger H. Formen der “Volkspoesie”, Erich Scmidt Verlag, Berlin, 1980. bogatiriovi: Богатырев П.Г. Вопросы теории народного искусства, «Искусство», М., 1971. emelianovi: Емельянов Л. И. Методологические вопросы фольклористики, Л., «Наука», 1978. iungi: karl gustav iungi, analitikuri fsiqologiis safuZvlebi: sizmrebi, Tb., 1995. kokiara: Коккьяра Дж., История фольклористики в Европе, М., 1960. propi 1976: Пропп В. Я. Фольклор и действительность, М., «Наука», 1976. umikaSvili 1937: xalxuri sityviereba, nawili pirveli. leqsebi, andazebi, gamocanebi. redaqcia, biografia, winasityvaoba da SeniSvnebi f. gogiCaiSvilisa, federacia, 1937. umikaSvili 1964: xalxuri sityviereba, meore gamocema prof. mixeil Ciqovanis redaqciiT, oTx tomad I-IV, `literatura da xelovneba~, Tb., 1964. qoriZe: qoriZe e. `vefxistyaosnisa~ da ~tarielianis~ urTierTmimarTeba, Tsu, Tb., 1999.

zepirsityvieri Janrebi

erTi filosofiuri wigni, romlis qarTuli Targmani ioane petriws ekuTvnis, ase iwyeba: `yovelive simravle eziarebis raÁTame (rogorme) erTsa~. marTalia, es sityvebi mTels sinamdvilezea naTqvami, magram isini SeiZleba sityvieri Semoqmedebis mimarT gavimeoroT. folkloris sinamdvile mravalferovania, is sxvadasxva, erTmaneTisgan mravalgvarad gansxvavebul teqstebs Seicavs, magram yvela maT, mTels am simravles erTi niSani aqvs, riTac maT folkloris saxelwodebis qveS vaerTianebT

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da, imavdroulad, ganvasxvavebT samwerlo Semoqmedebisgan. am sakiTxze nawilobriv zemoT ukve iyo saubari. Cven viciT, ra niSnebi mijnavs zepirsityvierebas mwerlobisgan. axla visaubroT imaze, Tu ra niSnebi mijnavs erTi Janris zepirsityvier teqsts sxva Janris teqstisgan. Janri aris folkloris (zepirsityvierebis) amosavali damoukidebeli, TviTkmari odenoba. mas aqvs Tavisi sazRvrebi, niSnebi, funqcia da daniSnuleba yofaSi, Tavisi Sinaarsobriv-Tematuri Semcveloba, Tavisi poetika, is Tan sdevs da asaxavs sinamdvilis erT romelime mxares. vl. propi ase martivad da ubralod ganmartavs Janrs: “Janris specifika is aris, Tu ra sinamdvilea masSi asaxuli da rogori saSualebiT aris asaxuli”. da kidev: misi azriT, formas ganapirobebs Sinaarsi, anu Janri aris formisa da Sinaarsis erTianoba. es imgvari ganuyofeli erTianobaa, roca Sinaarsi moiTxovs swored amgvar formas da, piruku, es forma amgvari SinaarsisTvis aris Seqmnili. Tu analogias (Sedarebas) mivmarTavT, es aris WurWlisa da SigTavsis urTierToba, roca isini erTurTs gansazRvraven. formisa da Sinaarsis erTianoba tradiciiT aris ganmtkicebuli.

yoveli nawarmoebi romelime Janrs unda ekuTvnodes, romelime JanrSi unda iyos gaerTianebuli. Janris gareSe, eulad arsebuli nawarmoebi iseTive anomaliaa, rogorc variantebs moklebuli folkloruli teqsti an adamiani vinaobis gareSe, adamiani, romelic arc erT jgufs ar ekuTvnis, an cxoveli, romelic arc erT saxeobas ar ganekuTvneba. rogorc folkloruli teqsti warmodgenilia variantebis saxiT da ara eulad, ara oblad, aseve fokloruli fondi Sedgeba ara calkeuli erTeulebisgan, aramed jgufebisgan, romlebSic saerTo niSnebiT aRWurvili erTeulebia gaerTianebuli. `leqsi vefxisa da moymisa~, SesaZloa, unikaluri iyos Tavisi mxatvruli RirebulebiT, magram is, rogorc garkveuli gvarisadmi kuTvnili teqsti, ar aris unikaluri. igi Janris farglebSia warmodgenili zepirsityvierebis fondSi. ra qmnis Janrs? Janrs qmnis niSanTa da maxasiaTebelTa (rogorc formis, ise Sinaarsis mxriv) erToblioba. es aris Janris sakiTxi, romelic folklors saziaro aqvs literaturasTan. magram erTia literaturis Janris amosavali da sxvaa folkloruli Janris amosavali. ra niSniT ganirCeva literaturaSi Janri anu gvari? arsebobs ori kriteriumi: formaluri da Sinaarsoblivi. formis mixedviT nawarmoebi SeiZleba ekuTvnodes prozas an poezias, dramas an eposs, miniaturas, novelas an romans. Sinaarsis mixedviT Tu davajgufebT nawarmoebebs, isini unda gavaerTianoT sxvadasxva jgufebSi Tematikis mixedviT. nawarmoebi, vTqvaT, romani, iqneba an yofiTi, an saTavgadasavlo, an istoriuli, an filosofiuri, an deteqtiuri da a. S. eposic, poemac aseve SeiZleba iyos gansxvavebul Tematikaze agebuli, Tumca formis mxriv isini erT JanrSi iqnebian moqceulni.

folklorsa da literaturas SeiZleba hqondeT saziaro Janrebi. arsebobs lirikuli leqsi literaturaSi da arsebobs lirikuli leqsi folklorSi. arsebobs erTgan satrfialo, filosofiuri lirika da arsebobs meoregan amgvari Janris leqsebi. aseve saziaroa drama, romelic

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iseve udevs safuZvlad xalxur ritualur Tu sawesCveulebo sanaxaobebs, rogorc Teatralur spektaklebs. magram arsebobs Janrebi, romlebic mxolod literaturaSi an mxolod zepirsityvierebaSi gvxvdeba. qarTul folklorSi ver SevxvdebiT romanis Janris nawarmoebs, Tumca sxva xalxebis folklorSi is SeiZleba dasturdebodes. magaliTad, sparsuli dastanebi sxva araferia, Tu ara zepiri sagmiro-satavgadasavlo (safalavno) romanebi paraleluri siuJetebiT, personaJTa simravliT da sxva [gvaxaria]. folklorSi ar arsebobs imgvarad organizebuli leqsi, rogoric aris, magaliTisTvis, soneti. es wmida literaturuli Janria. axla piruku. ar arsebobs literaturaSi iseTi wmidawylis folkloruli Janrebi, rogorebicaa: andaza, Selocva, samgloviaro poezia (Tavisi qveJanrebiT), sakulto poezia, miTologiuri Tqmulebebi, gamocana... rac Seexeba zRapars, romelsac vadasturebT mwerlobaSi, is folkloridan aris nasesxebi da gardaqmnilia xSirad Janruli tradiciis darRveviT.

garda amisa, arsebobs fundamenturi gansxvaveba Tavad Janris gagebaSi: Janris cneba sxvaobs imisda mixedviT, Tu romel SemoqmedebasTan gvaqvs saqme _ folklorTan Tu literaturasTan. am gansxvavebis dasadgenad gavixsenoT folkloris erTi niSani, romlis Sesaxebac zemoT iyo saubari. es aris misi yofiToba. yoveli nayofi xalxuri Semoqmedebisa _ mcire leqsi iqneba is Tu vrceli eposi, romelic Tavisi Janris farglebSi arsebobs, mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli adamianis cxovrebisa da saqmianobis erT romelime sferosTan. da, SeiZleba iTqvas, ramdeni mxarec aqvs adamianur yofas mis sulier-nivTier gamoxatulebaSi, zepirsityvierebis imdensave Janrs icnobs folkloruli Semoqmedeba. amitomac foklkloruli Janris cneba yofaSi misi funqciiT unda ganisazRvros. literaturul Janrebs amgvarad ver ganvsazRvravT, radgan maT aranairi Sexeba ara aqvT yofasTan. zepirsityviereba gasdevs da Tansdevs sazogadoebas da, kerZod, yoveli konkretuli adamianis cxovrebas misi dabadebidan sikvdilamde. sakmarisia, gavayoloT Tvali adamianis gzas Sobidan sikvdilamde, Tu arnold van xenepis (Arnold van Gennep) moswrebul gamoTqmas gamoviyenebT _ àkvnidan saflavamde~, rom davinaxoT sisxlxorceuli kavSiri adamianur yofasa da folklors Soris. van xenepma am or realobas Soris moaqcia e. w. gadasvlis ritualebi, Cven ki maT Soris movaqcevT yvela Janrs, romelic qmnis folkloruli Semoqmedebis ara mxolod raodenobriv, aramed Tematur simravles.

a. van xeneps, roca is gadasvlis ritualebze laparakobs, mxedvelobaSi hyavs adamiani, individi, romelic Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze, akvnidan saflavamde, eqvemdebareba ritualebs, romlebic misi cxovrebis gardamtex momentebs aRniSnavs. es aris Soba, ziareba sociumTan, roca is Tavisi mSobliuri sazogadoebis sruluflebiani wevri xdeba, qorwineba, romelic axal socialur safexurze ahyavs igi da, bolos, sikvdili, romelic aseve ritualSia `SefuTuli~.

magram adamianis, rogorc socialuri arsebis, cxovreba gacilebiT mravalferovania, is mxolod am gardamtexi ritualebiT ar amoiwureba.

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gavadevnoT Tvali adamianis cxovrebas, mis saqmianobas ojaxSi Tu sazogadoebaSi, sofelSi Tu TemSi, anu Sin Tu gareT. gavadevnoT Tvali misi cxovrebis gzas, marTlac, akvnidan saflavamde. am or samans Soris moqceulia misi cxovreba. davinaxavT, rom folkloruli Janrebi misi cxovrebis anareklia, rasac ver vityviT literaturul Janrebze.

adamiani ibadeba. misi fizikuri movlineba amqveynad gansakuTrebuli ritualiT aris aRniSnuli, romelsac, cxadia, sityvieri teqsti axlavs. es aris saZeo (Zeobis) simRerebi. aq sityvieri folklori esazRvreba yofacxovrebiT folklors (eTnografias) da gadawnulia masTan.

akvanSi mwolare bavSvi izrdeba e. w. saakvne simRerebis smenaSi, romelTa sityvieri mniSvneloba misTvis gaugebaria da am gaugebrobis gamo es simRerebi miT ufro aRweven Tavis mizans _ gamoZerwon bavSvis sulier-sxeulebrivi habitusi. arc saZeo simRerebs da arc dedis nanas ara aqvT damoukidebeli Rirebuleba _ isini mxolod am momentisTvis aris gamiznuli. aravis mouva azrad sxva dros maTi Sesruleba.

bavSvi enas idgams da am asakisTvisac arsebobs folkoruli teqstebi, romelTac enis gasatexs vuwodebT. ram warmoSva isini, Tu ara zrunvam, rom swori mimarTuleba mieces bavSvis metyvelebas, rom misi fonetikuri artikulacia sociumis metyvelebas Seesabamebodes. bavSvi TamaSobs. TamaSi ar aris mdumare procesi; rogorc rituals, masac sityvieri teqsti axlavs.

mozardi ebmeba SromiT procesSi. Sromis simRerebi misi ganuyreli Tanmxlebia, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom isini iseve aucilebelia, rogorc Sromis iaraRebi, romelTac bavSvobis asakidan gamosuli adamiani iRebs xelSi da uZlurebamde Tavis Tanamgzavrad xdis. namgali, celi, Toxi da guTani simReris teqstTan da hangTan aris Sezrdili.

Sromas enacvleba dResaswaulebi, romlebic aseve damSvenebulia simRerebiT _ isini an sawesCveuleboa an religiuri (sakulto). mTeli weliwadi dasaxsrulia am sazeimo dReebiT, roca adamiani ara mxolod suls iTqvams Sromisgan, aramed maRldeba kidec masze, povebs ra Tavis Rirseul daniSnulebas.

yofa _ misi moTxovnilebebi, ucxo (araadamianuri) Zalebis Semotevis molodini, misi usafrTxoebis survili _ Tavis nebismier sferoSi bunebrivad badebs sityvier teqstebs, romlebic Selocvebis saxeliT aris cnobili. rasac folkloris yofiTobaze vlaparakobT, wmida saxiT, utilitarul donemdec ki, am JanrSia warmodgenili.

adamiani qorwindeba, riTac misi cxovreba axal fazaSi Sedis: icvleba misi socialuri statusi. am mniSvnelovani dReebis aRniSvnas emsaxureba saqorwino simRerebi, romlebic ritualis Tanmxlebia. magram arsebobs satrfialo lirika, romelsac qorwinebasTan ara aqvs kavSiri, magram asaxavs Tumca araformalur, magram realur urTierTobas qal-vaJs Soris, rasac yofaSi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis tradiciuli sworfrobis instituti Seesatyviseba.

mSvidobian saqmianobas cvlis brZola, romlis Jami dgeba adamianis cxovrebaSi. adamiani ara mxolod mSromelia an medResaswaule, aramed is mebrZolic aris _ Tavisi ojaxis, soflis Tu kuTxis damcveli. im kuTxeebSi, sadac mSvidobiani yofa momxdurTa winaaRmdeg brZolis

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mudmiv molodinSia, zepirsityvierebaSi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens sagmiro poezia. sagmiro leqsebi yovelTvis konkretul SemTxvevebze da konkretul adamianebzea SeTxzuli, anu is garkveuli ganzogadebis xarisxiT konkretuli yofidan aris amozrdili.

adamiani emsaxureba miwas, ibrZvis miwa-wylisTvis, dResaswaulobs, miagebs pativs da Tavisi Sromis nayofebs uzenaes arsebas, romelsac is Tavis mfarvelad miiCnevs _ es qmedebani, Tundac misi qorwilis CaTvliT, sadac igi pirovnulad monawileobs, sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobisaa. aseve sazogadoebrivia misi msoflgancda, romelsac is sociumis saxeliT gamoxatavs. es aris misi pirovnuli damokidebuleba garesamyarosa da adamianisadmi, zogadad, wuTisoflisadmi. sociumis yofa, misi adgili am sofelSi (rogorc viwro, ise farTo azriT), bedi Tu ubedoba, rac mas Tavs atydeba, samarTali Tu usamarTloba, yvelaferi, rasac ganicdis igi, e. w. filosofiur lirikaSi povebs gamoxatulebas. wuTisoflis miseuli ànalizi~ ganzogadebis did xarisxs andazaSi aRwevs, JanrSi, romelic sityvierebisa da enis zRvarze arsebobs, Tumca is ufro enis fenomenia, uSualod metyvelebaSi ibadeba da, amdenad, misi adgili `yofierebis saxlSia~ (rogorc enas uwodebs m. haidegeri). ena andazis meSveobiT azrovnebs, afasebs wuTisofels.

rogorc arsebobs werilobiTi istoria (matiane, qronika), aseve arsebobs xalxuri zepirsityvieri istoria. radgan adamiani ar cxovrobs mxolod awmyoTi, am warmavali wamebiT, romelTa amaoebas igi savsebiT acnobierebs. warmavlobisa da amaoebis dasaZlevad zepir istoriaSi dro SemWidroebulia imdenad, rom warsuli awmyoSi gadmodis da masTan erTad erT mTlianobas qmnis. warsuli, SeiZleba iqvas, yofiTad xelmisawvdomia, aqvea, radgan cixe-simagre, romelic warsulSi aigo, ganagrZobs arsebobas da inaxavs mis mSenebelTa kvals. TqmulebaSi sami sxvadasxva epoqis mefeebi erTmaneTis Tanadroulni arian da erTad aSeneben eklesias. am Janrs ganekuTvneba legenda, Tqmuleba, miTologiuri teqstebi, romlebic maradiuli warsul-awmyos xdomilebebs Seicaven.

folkloruli teqstebis masividan unda gamocalkevdes aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTvis specifikuri andrezebi, romelTac am sazogadoebebisTvis fuZemdebluri mniSvneloba aqvT. isini inaxaven soflis Tu sagvareuloTa daarsebis Tqmulebebs, wes-CveulebaTa pirvelad SemoRebis aqtebs (precedentebs), mTels rjuls, razec dgas sazogadoeba.

gancalkevebiT dgas folklorul Janrebs Soris jadosnuri zRapari, romelic arsad, dReisaTvis misi gavrcelebis areSi, adgilobrivi warmoSobis ar aris. TiTqos mas yvelaze naklebad unda hqondes kavSiri yofasTan, magram rogorc misi Sesrulebis tradicia mowmobs, zRapars SeuZlia ritualis Tanmxlebi funqcia Seasrulos (mag., svanuri lifanalis ritualis dros). amasve mowmobs zogierT tradiciaSi misi Sesrulebis SezRudva wlis (zamTarSi) an dRe-Ramis (daRamebisas) garkveuli monakveTiT, rac, SesaZloa, misi ritualuri warmoSobis niSani iyos.

hipoTeturia eposis, kerZod, àmiranianis~, funqcionaluri mxare _ hqonda Tu ara mas, sxva Janris nawarmoebTa msgavsad, yofiTi datvirTva.

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TiTqos misi sinkretuli Sesrulebis wesi (sityva hangTan erTad) amas unda mowmobdes. misi Sesrulebis dro da adgilic gansazRvruli unda yofiliyo.

tradiciul adamians, tradiciuli sociumis sruluflebian wevrs, idealur SemTxvevaSi, Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze Sexeba aqvs Cvens mier Janrebad wodebul yvela am sityvier realobasTan. igi maTi Seqmnisa da Senaxvis an aqtiuri, an pasiuri monawilea. es yvelaferi mis sulier Tu yofiT moTxovnilebaTa realizaciaa. magram mTavrdeba adamianis cxovreba, romelic misi sakuTrebaa, Tumca mis Seqmna-CamoyalibebaSi sociums Tavisi wvlili aqvs Setanili. amitom adamianis sikvdili, ra statusic ar unda hqondes mas, sazogadoebrivi movlenaa da, amdenad, sazogadoebrivad aRniSvnis Rirsia. samgloviaro poezia is sityvieri teqstia, romelic axlavs dakrZalvis rituals, rogorc misi organuli Semadgeneli nawili.

aleqsandre jambakur-orbelians (erekles meoris asulis Tekla

batoniSvilis vaJi, 1802-1869) pirvelad qarTul folkloristikaSi jer kidev maSin, roca CvenSi folkloristikas, rogorc mecnierebis dargs, fexic ar hqonda adgmuli, mocemuli aqvs qarTuli (sasimRero) folkloris Janruli dajgufeba. adamianis cxovrebis mniSvnelovan etapebs exmaureba ara `mSrali~ sityva, aramed sityva hangTan erTad, rasac Cven sinkretul xelovnebas vuwodebT. esenia saZeo, saqorwilo, sufruli, saferxiso, Sromis, sawesCveulebi da, bolos, samgloviaro simRerebi [Ciqovani 1956:110-113]. a. jambakur-orbeliani ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisgan dasavlur da aRmosavlur qarTul hangebs. erTgan igi igonebs: èrTs Sobis winaRames maxsovs am ocdaTis weliwadis winaT Cveni saxlis fanjrebis qvemoT, quCaSi, uecari simRera daiwyes, alilo: Tqma, moZaxili, bani. ase gawyobilis mSvenieris xmiT ambobdnen im alilos, yoveli CvenSi goneba im simReram moitaca, vinc im dros Sin viyaviT da gaCumebuli yurs ugdebdiT im xmoanebas metis siamovniT (sic!). imaT rom is Tqma daasrules, aq Cven SevwuxdiT, garda batoniSvilis dediCemisa, romelmac bZana: es uTuod imerlebi ariano. am sityvasTan Cemi umcrosi Zma wamoxta da saCqaroT mosamsaxures amoayvanina samniv. gamovikiTxeT, marTla imerlebi iyvnen. karga xani aRar gauSviT, bevri kargi simRerebi da RiRinebi vaTqmevineT imeruli~ [Ciqovani 1956:113]. mizanSewonilia Tu ara, sakiTxis dasma, Tu romeli Janria uZvelesi. poeturi Tu prozauli? miTologiuri, Sromis, samgloviaro Tu sawesCveulebo? iqneb saakvno? an andaza Tu Selocva? asec SeiZleba vikiTxoT: Janris SigniT romeli teqstia yvelaze Zveli? magaliTisTvis, romeli ufro Zvelia _ `fxoveli da Savaneli“ Tu `Siola da mTrexeli“? jadosnur zRaprebs, cxovelTa igavebs an andazebsa Tu gamocanebs Soris SegviZlia gamovarCioT uZvelesi? amgvarad kiTxvis dasma zepirsityvierebis mimarT, namdvilad, gaumarTlebelia, ramdenadac saqme damwerlobis gareSe arsebul teqstebTan gvaqvs. SeiZleba Tu ara arsebobdes disciplina, romelic Seiswavlis zepirsityvierebis istorias literaturis istoriis analogiurad? literaturis SemswavlelisTvis advilia an principulad SesaZlebeli literaturuli procesis Tvalis gadevneba dasabamidan mis

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dReebamde. ama Tu im xalxis damwerlobam SeiZleba Semoinaxos pirveli werilobiTi nawarmoebi, saidanac literaturis mkvlevars SeeZleba literaturis istoriis ageba. es SeiZleba iyos poezia an proza, mTliani nawarmoebi an misi fragmenti. Cven SegviZlia Tvali gavadevnoT qarTuli mwerlobis istorias "qarTlis moqcevidan" dRemde. Cvens Tvalwin iqneba gadaSlili literaturuli procesi Tavisi wyvetilebiT, degradaciebiT, gardaqmnebiT, aRorZinebebiT. is erT qronologiur Zafze iqneba asxmuli. folkloris SemTxvevaSi am qronologiurad gawyobil Zafs Cven moklebuli varT. ramdenadac folklori _ xalxuri Semoqmedeba zepirsityvieri Semoqmedebaa, CvenTvis samudamo ucnobad rCeba is nawarmoebi, leqsi Tu prozauli igavi, saidanac misi istoriis dawyeba SegveZleboda. Cven vambobT: aTasxuTaswlovani qarTuli literatura, magram Cven ar SegviZlia analogiurad vilaparakoT aTasxuTaswlovan qarTul zepirsityvierebaze im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom Cven ar viciT da arasodes gvecodineba, ra saxe hqonda qarTul folklors aTas xuTasi wlis winaT. qarTuli damwerlobis istoriis mTels manZilze, XIX saukunemde qarTuli zepirsityvierebis mcireodeni fragmentebis garda, arasodes dafiqsirebula. Cven SegviZlia mxolod calkeul motivTa an xalxuri Txrobis stilisa Tu kompoziciuri struqturis dadastureba literaturul nawarmoebebSi. mTeli Cveni zepirsityvieri fondi XIX saukunis im viTarebas asaxavs, romelic am droisTvis arsebobda. magaliTisTvis, ar viciT, ra saxe hqonda àmiranianis“ eposs XVIII, XVII, XVI da a.S. saukuneebSi _ iseTive fragmentuli iyo igi, rogorc XIX saukunis CanawerebSi vxedavT, Tu mTliani? marTalia, Cven ar SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT ama Tu im xalxuri teqstis asaki, Cven ar SegviZlia teqstebis safuZvelze vilaparakoT mravalsaukunovan qarTul xalxur Semoqmedebaze, magram Cven SegviZlia vilaparakoT mis xangrZliv tradiciaze. rogorc mdinaris kalapotia Zveli, uxsovari, magram masSi mudmivaxali, ganaxlebuli wylis nakadi miedineba, asea folkloric: uxsovari droidan modenil tradiciaSi Tavsdeba zepirsityvierebis maradganaxlebuli fondi, sadac erTmaneTis gverdiT myofobs Zveli da axali. amasTanave, SeiZleba paradoqsi iyos, magram xdeba, rom axladSeqmnili ufro Zlieri tradiciulobiT iyos aRbeWdili, vidre qronologiurad masze adre Seqmnili. am azriT, SesaZloa, `vefxi da moyme“ ufro meti siZveliT xasiaTdebodes, vidre àmiranianis“ zogierTi Canaweri. aseT viTarebaSi, roca Tavad masalis aqronuloba (udrooba) ar iZleva imis saSualebas, rom masSi uZvelesi gamovarCioT da, literaturis istoriis analogiiT, is davayenoT zepirsityvieri SemoqmedebiTi procesis saTaveSi, dawyebisTvis nebismieri arCevani gamarTlebuli unda iyos. raki dawyeba aucilebelia, Cven daviwyebT Cveni arCevaniT da im imediT, rom es Janri an nawarmoebi uZvelesad ar iqneba miCneuli. mkiTxvels SeuZlia Tavisi arCevani gaakeTos. Cven ki vecdebiT, rom Cvenma `TviTneburma“ arCevanma logikuri gagrZeleba hpovos. Cven viwyebT miTosiT, romelic qarTul folklorSi sakmao mravalferovnebiT aris warmodgenili.

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literatura gvaxaria: gvaxaria a. sparsuli xalxuri prozis istoriidan (dasTanebi), `mecniereba~, 1973. Ciqovani 1956: Ciqovani m. qarTuli xalxuri sityvierebis istoria, samecniero-meToduri kabinetis gamocema, Tb., 1956.

miTosi

sami berZnuli sityva: miTosi (muthos), eposi (epos), logosi (logos) TiTqmis sinonimebia. homerosis enaSi isini aRniSnaven `naTqvam sityvas~, àmbavs~, `monaTxrobs~ da a.S. , yvelafers, rac moicavs da atarebs raime informacias, Setyobinebas, codnas raimes Sesaxeb da a.S. maT Soris diferenciacia mogvianebiT xdeba. mogvianebiT am samma sityvam gamoxata adamianis sityvieri Semoqmedebis sami saxeoba: miTologiuri, epiuri, logikuri.

epiuri anu mxatvruli Semoqmedebis ena, ZiriTadad, tropis umartives saxeze _ Sedarebazea damyarebuli. Sedareba xorcieldeba kavSirebiT: `rogorc”, `TiTqos”, ìseve, rogorc” da sxva. erTi movlena meoresTan raRac saerTo niSniT aris dakavSirebuli. poeti mTvareSi xedavs namgals, an rqas, da ambobs: `mTvare, rogorc namgali”, `mTvare xaris rqasaviT” da a. S. an mas SeuZlia Tqvas: `mze, rogorc rqebaweuli iremi garbis caze..”

logikuri azrovnebisTvis, romelic mieltvis zust codnas da definiciebs, gamousadegaria amgvari Sedarebebi. pirvel wanamZRvars `yoveli adamiani mokvdavia” unda mosdevdes `sokrate adamiania”, da ara `sokrate adamians hgavs”, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ver miviRebT daskvnas: `sokrate mokvdavia”. logikuri azrovneba saganTa da movlenaTa igiveobazea dafuZnebuli da ara msgavsebaze (`viT”, `rogorc” da sxva). miTosi gansakuTrebuli tipia azrovnebisa, romelic gansxvavdeba sinamdvilis mxatvruli asaxvisgan, ramdenadac mas surs sagnebisa da movlenebis igiveoba dainaxos da xedavs kidec. miTosisTvis mTvare ara mxolod hgavs xaris rqas an namgals, aramed Tavad aris rqac da namgalic. aseve iremi araTu hgavs raRac niSniT mzes, aramed Tavad aris mze.

miTosi SeiZleba arsebobdes erTi sityvis saxiT, romelic xSirad, gansakuTrebiT Zvel enebSi, gamWvirvale semantikiT aris da dawnexilad gadmogvcems sagnis Sesaxeb ambavs an miniSnebas ambavze. unda vifiqroT, rom pirvelSerqmeuli saxeli moicavs warmodgenas da ambavs sagnis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, germanuli Regenbogen `wvimis rkali~, franguli arc en ciel `cis rkali~, qarTulad “cisartyela” _ cis sartyeli, CrdiloeTis xalxebSi “meliis Sardi”, romelic miTologiuri meliis oinbazobis ambavs inaxavs... zogierT enaSi, magaliTad, megrulSi, ZvelebraulSi “mze” da “rZe” erTi da imave sityviT gamoixateba, rac garkveul miTologiur WeSmaritebas (mzisa da rZis igiveobas) Seicavs. Tu ena, rogorc amboben,

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samyaros sityvieri suraTia, misi sityvebi miTologiur sinamdviles unda gamoxatavdes. miTosi, rogorc msoflmxedvelobiTi teqsti, Seicavs fundamentur, arsebiT warmodgenebs samyaroze, adamianze, samyaroSi arsebul sagnebze Tu movlenebze, maT pirvelwarmoSobaze an pirvelSeqmnaze da daniSnulebaze.

arsebiTad, yoveli miTologiuri teqsti kosmogoniuri xasiaTisaa: igi mogviTxrobs ambavs an mTeli kosmosis an misi romelime nawilis pirvelSeqmnaze. miTologema

miTologema miTologiuri teqstis “saSeni masalaa”. isini gansxvavebuli kuTxiT warmoadgenen kosmosis struqturas. TiToeuli maTganis ganSliT warmoiqmneba miTologiuri narativi. amgvarad, miTologema miTologiuri narativis embrionia.

aq CamoTvlili miTologemebi kosmogoniuri miTosis sxvadasxva aspeqtebs gamoxataven.

_ cisa da miwis gamijvnis miTologema. am miTologemiT gamoxatulia kosmogoniis elementaruli aqti, samyaros Seqmnis pirveli nabiji _ Tavdapirveli erTianobis ganwvaleba, iqneba es cisa da miwis Tu mlaSe da mtknari wylebis erTianoba... an kosmiuri kvercxis SigTavsis or nawilad (cilisa cad da kvercxisgulisa miwad) ganyofa...

_ cisa da miwis kavSiris miTologema. cisa da miwis gaSoriSorebis Semdeg rCeba maT Soris uxilavi kavSiri, e. w. samyaros didi RerZi, romelsac msoflio miTologiaSi sxvadasxvanairi xiluli gansaxeba aqvs: mTa, xe, kverTxi, taZari, kibe, jaWvi... nebismieri vertikalurad aRmarTuli sagani. qarTuli miTologia icnobs am miTologemas, romelic uxvad aris warmodgenli erT fSaur saweso leqsSi:

wmida giorgi mec viyav, cas vebi oqros SibiTa (jaWviTa), xmelgorze (mTaze) medga bermuxa (beberi muxa), zed avdiodi kibiTa, Cems saymoT SemonaZRveni RmerTTan amqonda iqiTa.

SeniSvna. laSaris muxa (bermuxa _ Zveli muxa) dResac dgas fSavSi xmelgorze, sadac daarsebulia laSaris salocavi, laSaris xati wmida giorgis saxelze, romelsac Tqven icnobT vaJa-fSavelas leqsebidan da poemebidan. gavixsenoT `baxtrioni”, gansakuTrebiT misi bolo striqonebi: èRirsebao luxumsa laSaris jvarze Sadgoma”. Sibi _ jaWvi.

es leqsi imiT aris SesaniSnavi, rom misi yovel striqonSi cisa da miwis kavSiris miTologemis romelime xilul niSans vpoulobT. es xe, SeiZleba iqvas, isea daxunZluli am niSan-simboloebiT, rogorc saaxalwlo naZvisxe samkaulebiT da saCuqrebiT.

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I. pirveli, es aris mTa, romelic rogorc cisa da miwis kavSiris erT-erTi universalia, yvela miTologiaSia aris warmodgenili. yvelgan igi, imavdroulad, Suagulis miTologemis Sinaarssac iTavsebs: cisa da miwis SemaerTebeli RerZi samyaros SuagulSi gadis. Tumca igi fSavis miyruebul kuTxeSia aRmarTuli, magram miTologiurad igi kosmiur Tas ganasaxierebs.

II. meore, es aris jaWvi (Sibi), rogorc cisa da miwis damakavSirebeli saSualeba. ramdenadac sakraluria, maszea mibmuli wmida giorgi, amdenad oqrosia. amgvari oqros uxilavi Sibebi akavSirebs erTmaneTTan fSav-xevsureTis RvTisSvilebs, maTi saSualebiT isini stumroben erTmaneTs. Semonaxulia vaJa-fSavelas dedis xilva, romelic mas uxilavs axlgazrdobaSi: `me da Cem biZaSvils qals sxlovans (sofelia TianeTSi, z. k.) derefanSi gveZina. SuaRame iqneboda, dgandgari, brdgniali dadga iseTi, megona mTa-bari Tu iqcevao. SeSinebuli wamovje loginSi, gavixede da mTeli ca ganaTebuli iyo. ori oqrosferi jaWvi iyo wamosuli, erTi Wiauris goridan, meore sxlovanis goriTa, gadabmulebi, zed cecxlis balRebi adiodnen da Camodiodnen da iseT wminda xmaze galobdnen, ise tkbilad, RmerTo, imaze kargs ras gaigonebs kacis yurio” [yubaneiSvili: 55).

III. mesame, es aris xe, fSaur leqsSi bermuxis saxiT warmodgenili. laSaris bermuxa tipiuri kosmiuri xea, romlis tipologiuri analogebi yvela miTologiur tradiciaSi gvxvdeba. yvelagan amgvar xes sxvafasxva ganzomilebebi aqvs: igi aris samyaros centri, cisa da miwis makavSirebeli, zeaRsavleli, rogorc gza qvemo sferodan zemo sferoebisken. swored aseTi gamoyeneba aqvs wmida girogis xes (`xmelgorze medga bermuxa, zed avdiodi...”).

IV. meoTxe, es aris kibe, adamianis xeliT Seqmnili, ara bunebrivi sagani, romlis pirdapiri daniSnuleba erTi sibrtyidan sxva sibrtyeSi gadayvanaa. Suamdinaruli safexurebiani taZari ziquraTi kibis gansaxierebaa, romlis Svidi safexuri yofierebis gansxvavebul doneebs Seesatyviseba. vertikalurad aRmarTuli kibe da misi safexurebi TandaTanobiT, ara naxtomisebur, zeaRsvlas gamoxatavs miwieri sferodan zemo sferoebamde, transcendenturi realobisken _ kibis Ziri miwaze dgas, misi Tavi RvTis karzea mibjenili.

V. Tumca msxverpli (`SemonaZRveni”), romelic am leqsSi yvelaze bolos aris moxseniebuli, miTologemebs ar ekuTvnis, magram, Tu religiis kuTxiT ganvixilavT teqsts, igi miwisa da cis komunikaciis ara mxolod saSualeba, aramed mizani aRmoCndeba. xiluli msxverpli (saklavi, qadebi, sakulto namcxvrebi da sxva), romelic mlocvelis mier aris mitanili salocavSi, uxilavad adis RmerTamde, amyarebs ra kavSirs

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adamiansa da RmerTs Soris. msxverplTan erTad maRla adis locva-vedreba da qeba-dideba, romelTac muxis ZirSi myofni aRavlenen. magram msxverpli (saklavi), rogorc nivTieri, ise sityvier-sulieri (locva) gulisxmobs pasuxs, romelsac mlocvelni wyalobis saxiT gamoelian RvTisgan.

VI. da, bolos, yvela CamoTvlili miTologemis Semkrebi da Semajamebeli da Tavis TavSi momcveli, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, maTi amamoZravebeli figura wmida giorgia, romelic TiToeul maTgan iyenebs instrumentad RvTis karamde asasvlelad. magram Tavadac igi duranqis dinamiuri gamomxatveli, rogorc agenti, romelic Tavisi asvliT aRavlens adamianTagan Sewirul msxverpls da sityva locva-vedrebis saxiT, raTa gamosTxovos SemwirvelTaTvis madli uzenaess.

_ samyaros Suagulis miTologema. cisa da miwis kavSiris simboloebi, ZiriTadad, samyaros Suagulis gamomxatvelia. damatebiT, berZnebTan delfos taZris TeTri qva _ omfalos, samyaros Wipi; aseve agnis cecxli anu samsxverplo cecxli, rogorc indur warmodgenebSi; da, sazogadod, yoveli kera, sadac cecxli anTia; berZnuli hestia. kera samyaros centric aris da saxlisac. Suaguli SeiZleba warmovidginoT koncentriuli wreebis saxiT: samyaro_qveyana_qalaqi_saxli_kera. yvela amaT msWvalavs erTi RerZi, romelic TiToeuli maTganis centrSi gadis. imdenad Zlieria adamianTa sacxovrebeli adgilis Tu qveynis warmodgena samyaros Suagulad, rom amgvari warmodgena bevri qveynis ideologias daedo safuZvlad. Cinelebis warmodgeniT, maTi qveyana samyaros SuagulSi mdebareobda. amitomac ewodeboda (da dResac ewodeba) CineTs jun-go (“Suaguli samefo”), romlis garSemo Semovlebulma kedelma TvalsaCino gaxada es miTologema. aseTi warmodgena hqondaT Sumerlebsac TavianT qveyanaze (“Sumeri _ didi mTa, cisa da miwis qveyana”).

_ maradi gazafxulis (Tu zafxulis), sxvagvarad, samoTxis miTologema (ix. vrclad qvemoT).

_ dabrunebis miTologema. yovelTvis gulisxmobs amosaval wertilSi anu centrSi dabrunebas. am miTologemazea agebuli Zveli eposebi, jadosnuri zRapari... gmiri usaTuod brundeba iq, saidanac gamovida. dabrunebis adgili misi saxlia, misi dabadebis adgili. yvela gmiri Tavis qveyanas, Tavis qalaqs, Tavis kerias, rogorc odisevsi _ iTakas ubrundeba. Sumeruli andaza: “dae, Citi Tavis budes daubrundes, tyve Tavis qalaqs (dedas) daubrundes” _ am miTologemis gamomxatvelia, rogorc Camavali mzis miTologemuri saxelwodeba: `mze, dedasTan dabrunebuli~ (uTu-ama-ar-gi).

_ xelaxla Sobis miTologema. es miTologema dabrunebis miTologemis saxecvlilebaa. Tavisi arsiT isic kosmogoniuria. gmiri ubrundeba dedis saSos, raTa meored daibados.

_ gveleSapis miTologema, romelic am mniSvnelobiT msoflio miTologiebSi yvelaze metad aris gavrcelebuli. gveleSapi ylapavs gmirs da isev ukan amoanTxevs. mis mucelSi moxvedrili gmiri kvdeba,

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raTa, rogorc dedis saSodan, kvlav iSvas. gveleSapis mier STanTqma miTologiuri gmiris aucilebeli gamocdilebaa: marduqi, Suamdinaruli miTologiis demiurgi, kosmosis Semqmneli, sanam kosmoss Seqmnides, TiamaTis _ pirvel arsebuli zRvis mucelSi imyofeba; aseve indoelTa indra _ gveleSap vritras mucelSi; amirani, herakle, iasoni da sxvani namyofi arian gveleSapis mucelSi, saidanac isini ganaxlebuli ZaliT ibadebian.

axla ganvixiloT qarTuli miTologiuri teqstebi da vnaxoT, ra da ra miTologemebis ganSlis Sedegad arian isini warmoSobili. kosmogoniuri miTosi

qarTul miTologiaSi ver vadasturebT kosmogoniur miToss Tavisi pirvandeli saxiT. magram SegviZlia moviyvanoT misi variacia, romelsac sofelsa da mis mtrul Zalas Soris brZolis saxe aqvs micemuli. erTmaneTs upirispirdeba wyali da xmeleTi, romelTagan pirveli qaoss ganasaxierebs, meore _ kosmoss. misi klasikuri nimuSia ugarituli eposi baalis (xmeleTis uflis) da misi antagonistis iamis (zRvis urCxulis) Sesaxeb. maT Soris brZola gardamavali upiratesobiT mimdinareobs da mas dasasruli ara aqvs. xan baali imarjvebs, xan – iami. am brZolis analogi SeiZleba xmeleTze zRvis periodul da dausrulebel moqceva-miqcevaSi davinaxoT.

qarTul miTosSi gveleSapisa da xaris brZola ganasaxierebs zRvis stiqiisa (qaosis) da xmeleTis (kosmosis) dasabamier brZolas.

am tipis miTosi saqarTvelos bevr kuTxeSia gavrcelebuli. misi fabula amgvaria:

soflis maxlobel tbaSi gveleSapi budobs. periodulad igi amodis tbidan, Tavs esxmis sofels, stacebs saqonels, anadgurebs naTesebs, awiokebs mosaxleobas... Ram-RamobiT soflis uCinrad gveleSaps kurati (mozveri) ebrZvis, magram amaod: sofelSi igi dasisxlianebuli da daqanculi brundeba. sofeli daudarajdeba xars da, roca mixvdeba, Tu risgan emarTeba mas es ambavi, rqebs almasiT mouWedavs da ase gauSvebs gveleSapTan sabrZolvelad. xari eZgereba zRvis urCxuls da mucels gaufatravs. cocxal-mkvdari gveleSapi ukuiqceva, gaqceuls wyali ukan gayveba da tbac daicleba. natbevar adgilze ki xalxi dasaxldeba. gveleSapi sxva kvalsac stovebs landSaftze: igi Tavisi sxeuliT mdinaris kalapots gaiyvans.

gveleSapisa da misi antagonistis brZolis miTosi yvelgan inarCunebs Tavis Tavdapirvel kosmogoniur xasiaTs, Tundac masSi gadmocemuli konkretuli ambavi erT romelime sofels exebodes. am SemTxvevaSi miTologiuri warmodgenis ZaliT, sofeli mTeli samyaros saxeliT figurirebs. "sofel" sityvac xom am ormag, erTmaneTSi gardamaval mniSvnelobas Seicavs. ugaritul miTosTan Cveni teqstis tipologiuri msgavseba detalebSic iCens Tavs. saxeldobr, xmeleTis patronis, baalis, simboluri gamoxatuleba xaria.

maradiuli gazafxulis miTosi

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miTosi miwier samoTxeze farTod aris gavrcelebuli Zveli xalxebis miTologiaSi, Sumeridan dawyebuli indoiranuli samyaroTi damTavrebuli. yvelgan mas Taviseburi saxe aqvs da dakavSirebulia im qveynis realiebTan (landSafti, istoriuli warsuli, toponimia, flora, fauna...), sadac is Seiqmna. qarTul folklorSi samoTxe ukavSirdeba Tamaris pirovnebas. im sazogadoebis cnobierebaSi, sadac Caisaxa es miTosi, Tamaris samefo warmodgenili iyo òqros xanad~, Tamari _ mis erTpirovnul Semoqmedad da mzrunvel patronad. Tu istoriulad Tamaris òqros xana~ istoriuli procesis kulminaciaa, miTologiurad misi dasasruli istoriuli droJamis dasawyisia.

miTosi, romelic mravali variantiT aris cnobili [sixaruliZe 1961:44, 44-b-T], mogviTxrobs: erT dros Tamar dedofals taxti ialbuzis mTaze edga. mis samefo-samflobeloSi maradiuli zafxuli iyo, zamTari ar icoda. aqedan mTeli qveyniereba xelisguliviT Canda. Tamaris maradiul samefoSi arc sneuleba iyo, arc sibere, arc sikvdili, radgan droJamis mdinareba SeCerebuli iyo. ra mizeziT? _ Tamars droJamis momyvani frinveli hyavda sasaxlis erT oTaxSi datyvevebuli. erTxel, roca Tamarma barad Casvla moisurva, sasaxlis mcvelad Tavis erTguli msaxuri datova da im Tormeti oTaxis gasaRebic Caabara: yvela oTaxis gaReba SegiZlia, garda meTormetesio. msaxurma pirvelad swored im oTaxis kari gaaRo, romlis gaRebac akrZaluli hqonda. gaiRo Tu ara kari, gamofrinda iqidan frinveli da caSi gauCinarda. ca ki moiRrubla, qariSxali atyda, movida Tovli da mTeli mTa sasaxliTurT dafara. amrigad, Tamarma veRar SeZlo mTaze asvla da darCa barad. amieridan daiwyo dineba droJamma, weliwadis droebi erTmaneTs Seenacvla da ase daikarga maradiuli gazafxulis samefo.

dadga axali xana _ akrZalvis darRvevis xana, romelic droJamis anu movlenaTa Tanamimdevrobis niSniT aris aRbeWdili. erTdrouloba sivrceSi, rasac Tamaris sameufo warmoadgenda, Secvala Tanamimdevrobam _ drom daipyro sivrce, gabatonda masze. `maradiuli gazafxuli~, akrZalvis ZaliT rom arsebobda, warmavalma wuTisofelma Secvala; erTJamoba, romelic sivrceSi iyo ganfenili, droSi monacvle monakveTebad danawevrda, rac niSnavs imas, rom dro sivrceze gabatonda.

Tamari, rogorc dakarguli samoTxis dedofali, esqatologiur-mesianisturi figura xdeba: xalxis warmodgeniT, Tamars oqros kubo-akvanSi Zinavs da, dadgeba Jami, roca gaiRviZebs da kvlav maradiul zafxuls daamkvidrebs Tavis samefoSi, romelis amave dros universaluri samefoa..

Tamaris samoTxis miToss aqvs Tavisi semantikuri oreuli, romelic

sxva siuJetis meSveobiT imave miTologiur ambavs mogviTxrobs. qalwulobaSi Tamar dedofali iseTi wmida yofila, rom mis

samosels sxivi ikavebda, locvis dros maRla aiweoda da, sanam loculobda, haerSi idga. mas surda samudamod qalwulad darCeniliyo, rom mudam gagrZelebuliyo samoTxiseburi mdgomareoba, romelSic is imyofeboda. magram raki memkvidre aucilebeli iyo samefosTvis, Tamari mzisgan dafexmZimda da misi samoTxiseburi yofac dasrulda: samosels

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mzis sxivi aRar iWerda, locvisas haerSi veRar Cerdeboda. bavSvi rom daibada, Tamarma msaxurs ubrZana, igi usier tyeSi waeyvana da iq daetovebina. magram gangebam bavSvs iremi mouvlina, romelmac mas ZuZu awova. erT dRes Tamari Tavisi amaliT sanadirod wavida monadireebma iremi dainaxes da, is iyo unda esrolaT, rom mucelze amokruli bavSvi SeniSnes. Seatyobines es ambavi Tamars, Tamari mixvda, vin unda yofiliyo bavSvi da sasaxleSi waiyvana. ase ipoves gadagdebuli memkvidre, daarqves laSa (mzis naTeli), gazardes da, roca srulwlovani gaxda, gaamefes [sixaruliZe:43,43-b-m]. sxva tradiciiT, romelic erT fragmentul leqsad aris Semonaxuli laSa-giorgis erekle mefe cvlis:

batoniSvil ereklesa, irmis ZuZu uwovnia, wyali usvams algeTisa, TrialeTze uZovnia, gadugdiaT saCaleSi, monadires upovnia [kotetiSvili 1961:107]. pirvel teqstSi Tu akrZalva totalurad cvlis qveynierebis

mdgomareobas, meore teqstSi akrZalvis Sedegi erTi pirovnebis bedze gadatydeba, es pirovneba ki, rogorc mefe, qveynis bedzea pasuxismgebeli. ramdenadac Tamari samoTxiseuli yofis niSnebs atarebs, misi mdgomareoba mTels mis qveyanaze vrceldeba. cnobili saistorio teqsti (ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~) araorazrovnad axasiaTebs mas da mis samefos srulyofilebis niSnebiT. mis qveyanaSi realoba erTi safexuriT amaRldeba, ierarqiul kibeze. movusminoT teqsts:

`gaaznaurdes queyanisa moqmedni (anu miwismuSakni, z.k.), da gadidebuldes aznaurni, da gaxelmwifdes didebulni mefobasa Sina amissa...~ [qarTlis cxovreba I:34].

magram xelmwife? romeli safexuria xelmwifobis Semdeg?

didebulTa gaxelmwifebaze ar mTavrdeba es procesi: Tavad xelmwifemac unda gadainacvlos erTi safexuriT zemoT anu RvTiur rangSi amaRldes. da marTlac `samebasa Tana ixilvebis oTxebad Tamar, misworebuli da aRmatebuli~ (sxvagan: `samebisagan oTxad TanaaRzevebulisa...~), ambobs teqsti. anu Tamaris pirovneba RvTiur samebaSi meoTxe wevrad aris miRebuli. cxadia, am gamoTqmas dogmatis Rirebuleba ocnebaSic ver mieniWeba, magram Tamaris pirovnebis daxasiaTebisTvis samebis oTxebad gardaqmna, Tundac metaforulad, bevrismTqmelia. es ar aris erTaderTi SemTxveva. am saistorio teqsts sistemurad gasdevs mefis (mefeTa) gaRmerTeba: `RmrTisagan RmerTqmnilni daviT da Tamar~. Tavad fexmZimoba Tamarisa da mis mier Zis Soba miTologiuri eniT aris aRwerili:

`miudga Tamar ganwmediliTa gonebiTa da taZrisa RmrTisa aRmsWvalulisa sanTliTa sxeulisaTa, mxurvaliTa guliTa da ganaTlebuliTa suliTa tabaxmelisa beTlemmyofelman mun Sva Ze, swori Zisa RmrTisa...~ [qarTlis cxovreba I56:].

xolo am Zeze, rogorc miTologiur gmirze, naTqvamia, rom ìxiles yrma axali, pirvel saukuneTa ganwesebuli Ze mefisa, mefed, Svilad cxebulad daviTianad...~ anu: Tamaris Zis Soba qveynis gaCenamde iyo Cafiqrebuli.

eWvs ar unda iwvevdes, rom xalxuri Tqmuleba-miTosi Tamaris Sesaxeb im samefo ideologiis gamoZaxilia, romelic msWvalavs

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saistorio Txzulebas ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~. `CaZiruli kulturuli dovlaTis~ Teoria aq ganxiluli qarTuli Tqmulebis saxiT saukeTeso sailustracio masalas hpovebda. suli samefo ideologiisa gardaqmnilia xalxis cnobierebaSi da miTosis saxes iRebs. ZiriTadi motivi samoTxis miTosisa _ qalwulad darCenis survili, romelsac xalxi Tamars miawers, ìstoriasa da azmanSi~ Tavad Tamaris piriT aris gacxadebuli: `mowame ars Cvenda RmerTi, arodes yofila guli Cemi mowadine qmrosnobisa~. mxolod vali saxelmwifos winaSe aiZulebda mas moqceuliyo Tavisi nebis winaaRmdeg, rogorc vkiTxulobT: `yovlad uwadinelman qorwinebisaman iaja xsna qmrosnobisagan. xolo ... spaTa aiZules qmnad da, viTar iyo xvedri da rigi ulumpianobisa da Saravandedobisa maTisa, egreT iqmna qorwili saxedaudebeli da igavmiuwdomeli...~. xalxuri Tqmulebis variantebSi Cans es iZulebac. Tumca xalxis cnobierebas maragad aqvs da iyenebs kidec ubiwod Casaxvis universaluri motivis kerZo gamoxatulebas _ mzis sxivisgan mucladRebas (berZnuli miTosi danaes Sesaxeb, Tqmuleba Cingisxanze, romelic mzis Svilad acxadebda Tavs da sxva).

aseve araorazrovnad Tamaris, RvTisdari xelmwifisa da TiTqmis RmerTis, sabrZanebeli samefo samoTxes aris Sedarebuli xsenebul matianeSi. giorgi rusis gandevnas qveynidan (eqsoria) avtors samoTxidan adamis gandevnas axsenebs. roca qveynis vazirebma da didebulebma mas am samoTxisdari qveynisTvis Seuferebeli zneoba Seatyves, èrTxma yves mcnobelTa amisTa, viTarmed ese misve Zvelisa mterisa ars, romelman moakvlevina Zmasa Zma da mamasa Svili da eqsoria-iqmna pirveli igi kaci samoTxiT, viTar ese aw xilulisa amis samoTxisa da ubrwyinvalesisa edemisa Seumzadebia eqsoria-qmna...~; `vinaTgan odesme igive rusi, amis samoTxisagan eqsoriaqmnili...~. xolo Tavad Tamari, damoukideblad mefur-RvTaebrivi Rirsebisa, edemis baRSi myof, gvelisgan jer kidev Seucdenel (ùzakvel~) evas aris araTu Sedarebuli, aramed miTologiuri wesisamebr, masTan gaigivebuli.

istoriulad Tamaris mbrZaneblobas monRolTa batonoba mohyva, rasac, cxadia, àzmaTa~ avtori yvelaze koSmarul sizmradac ver ixilavda. yovel SemTxvevaSi, samefo ideologia, romelic Tamaris qveyanaSi miwier samoTxes Tu ara, mis niSnebs mainc xedavda, momdevno ramdenime aTwleulis Semdeg gacamtverda. amis mowme da maRiarebeli àswlovani matianis~ JamTaaRmwerelia, romelmac piruTvneli ganaCeni gamoutana didebuli samefos naSierT _ `samebisgan oTxad aRzevebulis~ memkvidreebs.

rogor gardaiqmna xalxis cnobierebaSi anu rogori saxe miiRo katastrofam `CaZiruli kulturis dovlaTSi~? rogor uyurebs xalxi TamarisSemdgom periods? xalxuri cnobiereba miyveba universalur miTosur stereotips, romlis Tanaxmad yvela miTologiur tradiciaSi samoTxe warsulis faqtia, xolo misi momdevno periodi _ samoTxis antipodi, warmavalobiT da droJamis uxanobiT aRbeWdili. rusTvelis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, es warmavali wuTisofeli, sawuTro, romelic samoTxis gareT arsebobs, `moklea, miT oxeria~. magram es realuri istoriaa, romelic am miTosis Semoqmedis xanamde grZeldeba da kidev

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gagrZeldeba. am xanis saTaveSi ki dgas ara Tamari, samoTxis meufe, aramed misi naSieri, akrZalvis darRvevis Sedegi, romliTac iwyeba istoriuli periodi Tavisi bedukuRmarTobebiTa da katastrofebiT. Tamari istoriis gareSe dgas, is araistoriuli, miTologiuri, ufro metic kosmogoniuri figuraa, droisa da sivrcis miRma myofi, saidanac dasabams iRebs pirveli variantis Tanaxmad mTeli yofiereba, xolo meore variantiT _ kerZo qveyana saqarTvelo, romlis pirveli mefe mzis sxivisgan aris Casaxuli da irmis rZiT aris gamokvebili. es miTologema ki Zalze Zvelia da, SesaZloa, universaluric iyos. misi pirveli werilobiTi dadastureba Sumerul eposSia, sadac uruqis mefe enmerqari moxseniebulia rogorc mzis Svili da mTianeTSi furiremis ZuZunawovi. qarTuli Tqmuleba laSas dabadebisa da aRzrdis Sesaxeb savsebiT asaxavs am universalias, rasac nawilobriv ìstoriaTa da azmaTa~ teqstic amowmebs, roca laSas saxels `naTels~ ukavSirebs. am motivs transformirebuli saxiT kidev SevxvdebiT.

farnavazis sizmari

meore mefe, romelic CarTulia miTologiur rkalSi, farnavazia, istoriulad saqarTvelos (qarTlis) pirveli mefe. Tumca is qronologiurad pirvelia, magram masze saubari Tamaris Semdeg gvixdeba. misi miTosic kosmogoniuria, magram viwro gagebiT: miTosi exeba realobis (sinamdvilis) erT-erTi realiis _ mefobis warmoSobas.

leonti mrovelis `mefeTa cxovrebaSi~ Semonaxulia unikaluri teqsti, romelic ori nawilisgan Sedgeba: sizmrisgan da cxadisgan. laparakia farnavazis sizmarze, romelsac aSkara miTologiuri datvirTva aqvs.

es teqsti SemTxveviT ar uZRvis win farnavazis cxovrebas. igi fuZemdebluria, rogorc yoveli miTologiuri teqsti. TiToeuli realia da qmedeba, romelTac masSi vxvdebiT, erT mizans emsaxureba _ imis Cvenebas, Tu rogor gaxda farnavazi, mcxeTeli mamasaxlisis Zmiswuli, mefed. mefoba, mamasaxlisobisgan gansxvavebiT, sakraluria anu misi daweseba adamianis nebaze ar aris damokidebuli. ra aris es realiebi, romelTa erToblioba mefobis institutis sakralur warmoSobaze migvaniSnebs?

pirvel rigSi, mze, romlis cvari qvesknelidan mzis mierve gamoxsnilma farnavazma icxo saxeze. es iyo misi mefed cxebis ritualis sizmriseuli xati: farnavazma Tavisi mefed cxebis scena ixila sizmrad. aq isic aRsaniSnavia, rom mamasaxlisis naTesavi, romelic Tavad ar iyo mamasaxlisi, axal statusSi ibadeba, risTvisac igi jer unda mokvdes. kvdeba Cveulebrivi adamiani da ibadeba mefe. mzis cvari erTsa da imave dros misi ganmacocxlebelic (ix. jadosnuri zRapris `mzis piris nabani~, romelic dRisiT mkvdar ufliswuls acocxlebs) aris da mefed mqcevelic (miTosuri warmodgeniT, ramac `vefxistyaosanSi~ aisaxa: mefe mzis wilia).

iremi, romelic ciuri mzis monacvlea miwaze. miTosurad isini gaigivebulni arian erTmaneTTan. ara metaforulad, aramed srulad: iremi aris mze. rogorc mziuri cxoveli, igi ufliswulTa mkvebavi unda iyos.

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igiveobrivni arian ara mxolod iremi da mze, aramed mze da rZec, romlis miTosuri xati cvariT aris warmodgenili. am igiveobas mivyavarT megrul Tqmulebamde, romelic gvixsnis, Tu ratom iwodeba megrulad mze da rZe erTi da imave sityviT (`bJa~) da rig-vedas himnamde, sadac cis mxurvale mnaTobi da furis jiqanSi Cayenebuli siTxe erTi da imave metafizikuri raobis ori gamovlenaa (“Sen Caayene Tbili notioSi, Sen aiyvane mze caSi”). oqro aseve miTosuri metafizikiT ukavSirdeba mzes, irems, rZes da, sabolood, mefes, rogorc samefo Rirsebis gamomxatveli liTonia. da, bolos, monadireoba, rogorc samefo sporti, yuradRebas imsaxurebs miTosuri aspeqtiT da gvagzavnis zRaprebis monadiris obol SvilTan, romelic monadireobis wyalobiT eweva beds, da im mefesTan, romlis samonadireo gamocdilebam qveyana axal religias aziara (mefe mirianis gansacdeli TxoTis mTaze nadirobisas). yvela es realia ganfenilia mTel qarTul folklorSi _ poeturSi Tu prozaulSi. maTi mikvleva yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia. nadiri, zogadad, da iremi, kerZod, bevri miTosuri gadmocemis personaJia. nadiris kvals midevnebuli monadireebi ucxo sinamdvilis mxilveli xdebian. asea àmirandarejanianSi~, asea `vefxistyaosanSi~, sadac ùcxo moymes~ swored nadirobisas waawydebian (niSandoblivia, rom ùcxo moyme~ mSobiluri da ucxo teritoriebis gamyof wylis piras zis). amiranis eposSi miTologiur pasaJad unda CavTvaloT leqsi, romelic baladis saxes atarebs. mas SeiZleba miTologiuri balada vuwodoT. aq iremia gmirebis gzamkvlevi: sanadirod wamovidnen amiran da Zmani misni, aTi mTa gadmoiares, meTerTmete algeTisni. mTas iremi wamouxtaT, oqro iyo rqani misni. ucxo mTazed koSki naxes, anagebni brolis qvisni. gargnulad gauares, vera hpoves karni misni. sadac rom mzem sxivi styorcna, amiranma _ muxli misni, koSkma piri iq gaaRo, iq Seiba kari misni... [Ciqovani 1947:302].

adamians, rogorc Cans, surda iremi, cxovelTa samyaros mSveneba, moeSinaurebina da caerTo Tavis yofaSi. igi arCevanis winaSea dayenebuli: iremi Tu xari? miTosi mogviTxrobs, rom RmerTma qveynis gaCenis Semdeg iremi da xari gaajibra erTmaneTs, romeli ufro gamoadgeboda adamians. vin ufro male gadairbenda cas, adamianic imas airCevda. iremi TavaRebuli gaiqca, gafrinda. magram bevri sirbilisgan araqaTi gamoecala da mokvda. mxolod misi nakvaleviRa darCa caze ìrmis naxtomis~ saxiT. xari ki dinjad gaemarTa TavCaRunuli, is miwisken icqireboda, riTac aCvenebda winaswar, Tu risTvis iyo ganwesebuli. gvian miaRwia samans, magram mivida jnmrTeli da dauRalavi. xaris nakvalevic daaCnda cas _ `xaris navali~. amis Semdeg akurTxa RmerTma xari, qedi dauloca da mas aqeT mas awevs adamianis Senaxvis tvirTio [kotetiSvili

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1961:382]. leqsma ki xaris tvirTis warmoSobis sxva varianti Semogvinaxa: cxovelTa Soris xari nebayoflobiT kisrulobs adamianis rCenas:

.... adamianis Senaxva veravin idva Tavzeda, xvna-Tesva, farcxva da zidva gaWirda metad Zalzeda. xarma Tqva, pirnaTlierma, me damawereT rqazeda. micvivdnen angelozebi, dahkocnes orTav Tvalzeda.

Camoqnes wyvili sanTeli, miakres orsav rqazeda. Svidic uboZes sartyeli, gagzavnes qveyanazeda: wadi, xaro, imuSave, erTgulad mTa da barzeda, Segabas Senma patronma....

[kotetiSvili 1961150-1]. miTosSi, sadac aseve iremi da xari figurirebs, rolebi Secvlilia. samsxverplod wm. giorgis mier gamogzavnil irems xari enacvleba. sofel xanSi tabeSaZeebis gvarze da iremze aseTi gadmocemaa: aRdgomidan ormocdameaTe dReze yovelwliurad iremi movidoda tyelaSi wm. giorgis elkesiis ezoSi, eklesias samgzis Semouvlida, karTan dawveboda da, roca “dainacoxrebda”, tabeSaZis kaci daklavda, wm. giorgis Seswiravda. erTxel iremi Tavis droze (“Tavis aloze”) ar mosula, xalxs ki SiSSiliT suli misdioda. dagvianebiT mosul irems tabeSaZem “danacoxreba” ar daacada, “ras qvia, deigvianeo”, da wixlis kvriT wauqcia da daklav. wm. giorgi ganrisxebula da tabeSaZeTa gvari gawyvetamde miuyvania. gadarCenila mxolod sxva sofelSi CasiZebuli tabeSaZis akvanSi mwolare vaJi. bavSvi sxva gvaris xalxs miuyvania tyelaSi da wm. giorgisTvis Seuvedrebia: “wmidao giorgi, karugdebelo, nu moklav am bavSvs da misi gvari yovel wels irmis magivrad samwlian kuros Semogwiravso.” wm. giorgim miiRo vedreba da tabeSaZeTa gvari kvlav aRmdgara da momravlebula. am droidan tabeSaZeebis yvela buns (saerTo babuis Svils) tyelaSi Sesawiravad xari mihyavs da miaqvs zedaSe [ruxaZe: 92-94]. tyelas irmis miTosis analogiuri gadmocema saarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSic aris gavrcelebuli (imereTi, qarTli, samegrelo, afxazeTi, svaneTi).

Tu pirvel SemTxvevaSi Tavad iremi ver egueba adamianis mier masze dakisrebul tvirTs da kvdeba _ marcxdeba xarTan SejibrSi, tyelas miTosSi adamiani Tavisi sulswrafobiT ver hguobs irmis, rogorc msxverplis, samsaxurs da mas, rogorc msxverpls, amieridan xari enacvleba. magram es xari, rogorc sxva gadmocemebidan viciT, aseve wm. giorgis gamogzavnilia. iloris eklesiaSi wm. giorgi yovel weliwads gzavnida samsxverplo xars, romelic diliT daxvdeboda salocavad mosul sofels. magram wmidani Sewyvets xaris gamogzavnas mas Semdeg, rac xars iloris eklesiis galavnidan moiparaven, an Seuracxyofen. amieridan gamogzavnil xars Sinauri xari Seenacvleba. asevea svanur versiaSi: jgragis msaxuri iparavs uyuldaSis jgragisTvis gankuTvnil xars da jgragi aRar gzavnis samsxverplo xars [Tsufa-ssn #477].

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kultis daarsebis miTosi am wris teqstebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSia (fSav-

xevsureTi, gudamayar-mTiuleTi, TuSeTi) gavrcelebuli. a) xe (ifni) amodis keriaSi, riTac jvari (xati, angelozi,

RvTisSvili) niSans aZlevs ojaxs, dauTmos mas sacxovrebeli, raTa profanuli kera sakralur adgilad gadaiqces, sadac jvari daidebs binas. erTi variantis mixedviT, mosaxle nebayoflobiT tovebs sacxovrebels, riTac xels uwyobs jvris daarsebas sofelSi. meore variantSi mosaxle winaaRmdegobas uwevs jvars _ samgzis Wris xes da akafavs masze Semoxveul gvels. mesame dRes gveli yvelasgan SeumCnevlad sakidels Camoyveba da wamlavs kerZs, romelic qvabSi ixarSeba. jvaris sasjels gadarCebian mxolod deda da ZuZuTa bavSvi, romlebic ar gaiziareben trapezs. yvelgan, sadac daarsebis es miTosia gavrcelebuli, misi utyuarobis niSnad ifnebiT dafaruli samosaxlos nangrevebs uCveneben. (sawmidaris daarsebis es modeli gavrcelebulia xevsureTSi, fSavSi, gudamayarSi).

(Tavisi simboluri mniSvnelobiT keriaSi xis amosvlis siuJeti dadasturebulia sofokles dramaSi èleqtra~. klitemnestra xedavs sizmrad agamemnons, romelic keriaSi arWobs samefo kverTxs, kverTxi gaidgams fesvebs, SeifoTleba da mTel mikens gadaefareba. simbolizmi aSkaraa: patroni, mokluli mefis memkvidris, orestes saxiT, ubrundeba Tavis keras).

b) kopalas xatis daarseba karatiswverze. saZovarze axalgazrda mwyemsi qal-vaJis Tvalwin cidan jaWvi da Tasi Camocvivdeba. qal-vaJi wilisyriT gainawilebs da Tav-Tavis saxlSi waiRebs, Tass qali kidobanSi, vaJi ki jaWvs WerxoSi (xevsuruli saxlis zeda sarTulze) damalavs. sagnebi, ramdenadac isini profanuli saWiroebisTvis ar arian movlenilni, saxlebSi xmaurs atexen. ufrosebi qadags daekiTxebian, qadagi urCevs sagnebis Camocvenis adgilze sakulto koSkis agebas da Tasisa da jaWvis iqve Camarxvas. karatis wveri gamyofi mTa fSavisa da xvsureTis soflebs Soris. qali xevsuria Walaissoflidan, vaJi _ fSavelia bullaurTadan.

g) erTi lakaTxeveli (mTiuleTis sofelia) kaci, gvarad qarCaiZe, tyeSi xes Wris saxlis asaSeneblad. modis mtredi, niskartiT miaqvs nafotebi da dumacxos tyeSi (gudamayari) maTgan eklesias aSenebs. qarCaiZes Seatyobinebs sofels da sofeli mas eklesiis aSenebas sTxovs, gasamrjelod qarCaiZe mis mier moyvanili saklavis pirvel rigSi Sewirvis uflebas miiRebs. saxlis mSenebli eklesiis mSeneblad iqceva. RvTisSvilTa da dev-kerpTa brZolebi

am brZolaTa amsaxveli narativebi aRmosavleT saqaTvelos mTianeTSia gavrcelebuli [oCiauri 1991:41-46; oCiauri 1967:143-159]. maTi andrezuli xasiaTi maTsave dasasrulSi mJRavndeba: RvTisSvilis gamarjveba devze yovelTvis misi apoTeoziT mTavrdeba. saboloo mizani am brZolebisa salocavis daarsebaa anu, sxvagvarad, teritoriis ganwmeda uwmiduri devebisgan da adamianTa sazogadoebisTvis sasicocxlo

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garemos Seqmna. iq, sadac adre devi batonobda adamianze, amieridan arsdeba RvTisSvili adamianis patronad da mfarvelad, adamiani ki _ mis ymad. Tavisi arsiT urTierToba RvTisSvilsa da adamians Soris patronymuli urTierTobis principzea agebuli. amitomac uxilavi patronis garSemo Semokrebil adamianTa jgufs saymo ewodeba. sa-ym-o _ Tavad am sityvis morfologiuri aRnagoba mowmobs Tavis Tavze da im krebulze, romelic am sityviT iwodeba: saymo ymebis erTianobaa, romelic patrons gulisxmobs. es sityva imasac gveubneba, rom ymebi (moymeni) TavianTi patronis winaSe Tanabarni arian, rac maT Soris rCeulTa arsebobas ar gamoricxavs.

RvTisSvilTa da dev-kerpTa Serkinebis ramdenime modeli arsebobs: I. RvTisSvili ebrZvis devs uSualod fizikuri ZaliT an iaraRiT

(mSvild-isari, laxti), anadgurebs an gandevnis mas da mis adgilze arsdeba salocavi. iqmneba misi kulti masTan dakavSirebuli yvela atributiT (nagebobebi, yanebi, dResaswaulebi).

II. RvTisSvili da devebi mSvidobian asparezobaSi _ simZimis awevaSi, rogorc iaxsris (Suafxos qistaurTa saymos patronis), SemTxvevaSi, an Sor manZilze qvebis srolaSi, rogorc fSavis erT-erTi saymos _ uZilaurTis andrezi gviambobs, cdian Zalas. damarcxebuli devi Tmobs Tavis samflobelos da aiyreba iqidan, raTa RvTisSvils dauTmos adgili, sadac arsdeba RvTisSvilis kulti.

III. RvTisSvili, kerZod, iaxsari daedevneba ukanasknel devs, romelic tbaSi poulobs TavSesafars. iaxsari devs tbaSi Cahyveba da iq gangmiravs. devis sisxli Sekravs tbis zedapirs da iaxsari veRar amodis tbidan. bolos, qadagis sityviT, faraSi moZebnian oTxrqa da oTxyura cxvars, tbis piras daklaven da mis sixls tbis zedapirs asxureben. tba gaixsneba da misi siRrmidan iaxsari mtredis saxiT moevlineba mis mier devebisgan gamoxsnil saymos. es siuJeti edo safuZvlad misterias, romelic imarTeboda weliwadSi erTxel: Suafxos saymo gaivlida devs dadevnebuli iaxsris gzas (Suafxodan xevsureTis sofel roSkisken), mividodnen tbis piras, sadac iaxsari gauCinarda. jvaris xucesi (xevisberi) iaxsris rolSi cdilobda iaxsris kvalze tbaSi CaRrmavebas, magram akavebdnen. moiyvandnen oTxrqa cxvars da daklavdnen iaxsris gasaTavisufleblad.

am siuJetebs, romlebic sxva sazogadoebaSi ubralod sadevgmiro ambebi iqneboda, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis mosaxleobaSi miTosis statusi aqvT, ramdenadac isini salocavis daarsebis garemoebebze mouTxroben saymos.

literatura Tsufa: Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis folkloruli arqivi. Tsufa-ssn: saxelmwifo universitetis folkloruli arqivi, studentTa sadiplomo naSromebi. kotetiSvili 1961: kotetiSvili vaxtang, xalxuri poezia, `sabWoTa mwerali~, Tb., 1961.

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oCiauri 1939: oCiauri aleqsi, xevsuruli xalxuri dReobebis kalendari, VII (saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis eTnologiis departamentis arqivi, 1939, M 18). ruxaZe: ruxaZe j., xani imereTis xevsureTia, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tb., 1989. sixaruliZe 1961: sixaruliZe qs. qarTuli xalxuri saistorio sityviereba I, ssr mecn. akademiis gamomc., Tb., 1961. qarTlis cxovreba I: qarTlis cxovreba I, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tb., 1955. qarTlis cxovreba II: qarTlis cxovreba II, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tb., 1959. Ciqovani 1947: Ciqovani m. mijaWvuli amirani, Tsu, Tb., 1947. yubaneiSvili: yubaneiSvili s. vaJa-fSavela, `saxelgami~,ETb., 1937.

eposi

eposs farTo azriT mivakuTvnebT yvela TxrobiT Janrs, romelic ar aris arc drama, arc lirika. klasikuri ganmartebiT, eposi upirispirdeba dramas da lirikas, Tumca ipoveba eposi, romelic Tavis TavSi aerTianebs sityvierebis am saxeobebs.

arsebobs miTologiuri eposi, romelSic RmerTebi monawileoben. is mogviTxrobs samyaros, mcenareTa da cxovelTa Seqmnis, bunebis movlenaTa, adamianis, adamianuri sazogadoebis, kacobriuli civilizaciis, sagnebis, sayofacxovrebo kulturis warmoSobis ambavs. maTi mTavari personaJebi demiurgebi (`naxevarSemoqmedni~) da e. w. `kulturuli gmirebi~ arian.

arsebobs sagmiro-saistorio eposi, romelsac raime istoriuli ambavi udevs safuZvlad. magram es ambavi ganzogadebulia im zomamde, rom mTeli xalxis warsulis, awmyos da momavlis ganmsazRvreli xdeba, misi istoriis centraluri xdomilebaa. aseTebia germanuli modgmis xalxTa da irlandielTa sagebi, rusuli `bilinebis~ cikli, espanuri poema `Cems sidze~, berZenTa `digenis akritasi~, somexTa `daviT sasuneli~ da mravali sxva.

aris eposebi, romlebic mowyvetilni arian istoriul drosa da sivrces da mogviTxroben saarako WabukTa sagmiro saqmeT. es sagmiro-saTavgadasavlo anu safalavno eposebia. aseTebia sparsuli dasTanebi (romlebmac CvenSi `yaramanianisa~ da sxvaTa saxiT hpova gamoZaxili, wignuri àmirandarejanianic~ maT ricxvs ekuTvnis).

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arsebobs samijnuro (romanuli) eposi, romlis klasikuri nimuSia Suasaukuneebis kelturi warmoSobis Tqmuleba tristanisa da izoldas tragikuli siyvarulis Sesaxeb. amave Janrs unda ekuTvnodes saqorwino urTierTobaze agebuli eposebi, rogoric aris germanelTa `kudruni~. romanuli motivi erTi Zlieri nakadia da xSirad TviTkmar Rirebulebas iZens sagmiro-saistorio eposSi.

ra adgili uWiravs eposs qarTul folklorSi da romeli saxeobebiT aris igi warmodgenili?

mravalferovan da mdidari tradiciis mqone qarTul xalxur sityvierebaSi epikuri Semoqmedebis wvlili metad mwiria. qarTul folklorSi ver vadasturebT istoriuli xasiaTis eposs, sadac ganzogadebulad iqneboda gadmocemuli xalxis istoria, rogorc es, Cveulebriv, am Janris eposebSia. ar Cans istoriuli gmiris saxeli, romlis garSemo realuri istoriis Taviseburad gardaqmnil sagmiro ambavTa ciklizacia momxdariyos, Tumca saqarTvelos istoria arcTu Raribia heroikuli epoqebiT, brZolebiT da, Sesabamisad, istoriuli gmi-rebiT.

Cven ver vifiqrebT, rom xalxis epikuri cnobiereba gulgrili darCeniliyos im epoqaluri sasikeTo Tu sabediswero Zvrebis mimarT, romlebic araerTgzis ganucdia qveyanas; ver vifiqrebT, rom zepirsityvier matianes ar aesaxos espaneTis rekonkistis (arabebisgan qveynis gamoxsnis) analogiuri uaRresad daZabuli xana, aSot kurapalatisa da mis TanamdgomTa gmiruli epopea, rac qarTuli miwebis kvlav SemokrebiT dasrulda, magram espanuri `Cemi sidis~ msgavsi xalxuri poema, sadac ukvdavyofili iqneboda TaobaTa xsovnaSi `Cemi aSoti~, ar dasturdeba; an masze adreuli xana gorgaslisa, romlis miTosuri xati werilobiT matianeSi aris moxvedrili, xalxuri eposis saxiT ki ar Cans; an, Tundac, ufro adreuli epoqa farnavazisa, romlis arqetipuli drois, rogorc `Zlieri Jamis~, mefobis da sxva sulier RirebulebaTa, mraval siaxleTa dasabamieri Jamis kvali werilobiTma istoriam Semoinaxa, xalxis xsovnas ki ver SemorCa. ra mizeziT? mizezi martivia: vrcelia `koleqtiuri~ mexsiereba, magram is usazRvro da dauSreteli ar aris. mas ar SeuZlia TanadroulobaSi moicvas mTeli zepirsityvieri fondi misi `dasabamidan~, erTdroulad Seinaxos sxvadasxva istoriul epoqaTa zepirsityvieri Semoqmedebis nayofebi. Taobebis monacvleobasTan erTad icvleba, periodul ganaxlebas ganicdis zepirsityvieri teqstebi; Zveli gadadis, mis nacvlad axali mkvidrdeba. `xalxs is moswons, rac axalia~, amboben òdiseaSi~ Zveli miTebis momRerlis demodokes msmenelni. da is Zveli, romelic ukan ixevs, gadis xalxis mexsierebis sawieridan, Tu aso-niSnebiT ar iqna Cawerili, samudamo daviwyebisTvis aris ganwiruli. arc erTi zemo-xsenebuli xalxuri eposis xsenebac ki ar iqneboda, rom maT Caweraze ar ezrunaT. Seqmnidan orasi wlis Semdeg Cawerili iqna `simRera Cems sidze~ (Semonaxulia erTaderTi 1307 wlis xelnaweriT); CaweriT gadaurCa

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drois dinebisgan gariyvas `kalevala~, irlandiuri Tu islandiuri sagebi, epikuri ciklebi digenis akritasze; damwerlobam gadaarCina rusuli bilinebi, romlebic maTi pirvelCaweridan asi wlis Semdeg xalxis xsovnaSi ukve waSlili iyo.

dasanania, rom saqarTveloSi, uZvelesi damwerlobis qveyanaSi, XIX saukunis meore naxevramde ar ucdiaT xalxuri eposebis Cawera. Cvens werilobiT ZeglebSi maTi arsebobis mxolod fragmentuli kvali SeiZleba davadasturoT. im xanamde, roca maTi Caweris interesi gaCnda, qarTuli xalxuri eposi arasrulyofili, fragmentuli, SeiZleba iTqvas, `dalewili~ saxiT iyo moRweuli. ra saxe hqonda mas klasikur, epikuri Semoqmedebis apogeaSi, CvenTvis samudamod ucnobi rCeba.

eposis rkalSi Cven vaqcevT zRapars, rogorc narativis unikalur

saxeobas. igi warmodgenilia erTaderTi tipiT, romelsac pirobiTad `jadosnur zRapars~ vuwodebT. misi gavrcelebis areali ar aris SemozRuduli romelime xalxis folkloriT: arsebobs qarTuli zRaprebi, arsebobs rusuli zRaprebi da a. S., magram zRapari erTia yvelgan, yvela kulturaSi, sadac ki gvxvdeba.

winaswari zogadi ganmartebiT, zRapari aris im tipis eposi, romelic gadmoscems erTi mTavari gmiris cxovrebas misi Sinidan gasvlidan Sin dabrunebamde.

daviwyoT zRapriT. Cven mas esqatologiur eposs vuwodebT. ratom? am kiTxvas narkvevis bolos gaecema pasuxi.

a. esqatologiuri zRapari

zRapari lamis folkloruli Semoqmedebis simboloa. folklori da zRapari TiTqmis gaigivebulia erTmaneTTan. Tu ramea universaluri msoflio xalxur SemoqmedebaSi _ es zRaparia. roca laparakia xalxis xasiaTze, xalxis sulze, Taviseburebebze, xalxur zRaprebs moixmoben xolme, Tumca zRapris ZiriTadi dvrita universaluria, zogadsakacobrioa. iyo xana folkloristikaSi, roca didi TavgamodebiT eZebdnen zRapris arqetips (winasaxes) da mis samSoblos, Tumca kvleva uSedegod damTavrda, mizani kvlevisa miRweuli ver iqna, mainc didi codna dagrovda msoflio zRaprebis Sesaxeb. aRmoCnda, rom mTavari saZiebeli zRaparSi aris ara misi warmoSobis adgilsamyofeli da arc imdenad misi warmoSobis problema, romelic mudam hipoTeturi iqneba, ramdenadac misi agebuleba, struqtura, mizandasaxuloba, rac saerToa dResdReobiT arsebuli yvela zRaprisTvis.

Cveulebriv, zRapars, rogorc Janrs, sam tipad yofen: jadosnur, cxovelTa da sayofacxovrebo zRaprad. umjobesia, zRapari folkoruli narativis erT-erT saxeobad CavTvaloT, xolo zemoT CamoTvlili nawilebi _ Janrebad. Tumca arc es iqneba maincdamainc realobis amsaxveli: es sami narativi imdenad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan

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strtuqturiT, SinaarsiT da ideologiiT, rom erTi saxelwodebis (zRapari) JanrSi maTi moqceva gaZneldeba. amJamad Cveni yuradRebis sagania xalxuri narativis an eposis is saxe, romlis saxelwodebad jadosnuri zRaparia damkvidrebuli, Cven ki mas sakuTriv zRapars vuwodebT. ufro metic: misi ideologia da mizandasaxuloba safuZvels gvaZlevs vuwodoT mas xalxuri esqatologiuri eposi. vidre zRapris ganmartebas SemogTavazebdeT, ganvixilavT Tavad zRapris teqsts, romlis analizis Semdeg gvecodineb misi raoba, rogorc folkloruli Janrisa; gvecodineba, vin aris zRapris gmiri, ras warmoadgens zRapris samyaro, misi dro da sivrce, ra mimarTeba aqvs mas im samyarosTan, sadac zRapris mTxrobeli da msmeneli cxovroben, ras gveubneba zRapari, rogori azrovnebis nayofia igi, ras niSnavs misi „iyo da ara iyo ra“, ramdenad arsebiTia misTvis jadosnuri (fantastikuri) elementi, ramac misi gavrcelebuli dasaxeleba („jadosnuri zRapari“) gansazRvra da sxva. zRapris Sinaarsis ganxilvamde warmovadginoT igi mis mTlianobaSi dasawyisi da dasasruli formulebiTurT, romlebic Tumca yvela zRaparSi ar dasturdeba, magram misi Txrobis specifikas warmoadgens. zRapari sami nawilisgan Sedgeba: 1) dasawyisi (rus. зачин), romelsac SeiZleba vuwodoT „winkari“, 2) Tavad zRapris Sinaarsi da 3) dasasruli, romelsac SeiZleba vuwodoT „gamoTxoveba zRaparTan“. qarTuli zRapris klasikuri dasawyisia ìyo da ara iyo ra“, romelic SeiZleba gamodges, sazogadod, zRapris gansazRvrebad: zRapris ambavi moxda da arc momxdara. es aris mTxrobelis da mis kvalze msmenelis Tvalsazrisi zRaparze. aseTi dasawyisi qarTuli zraprebis Taviseburebaa. rusuli zRaprebi, romlebic did msgavsebas avlenen qarTul zRaprebTan, rogorc wesi, ase martivad iwyeba: жил-был, жила-была, жили-были... amgvarad, qarTuli zRapris Txroba iwyeba formuliT: 1. "iyo da ara iyo ra, iyo..." rasac SeiZleba uSualod mosdevdes zRapris arsebiTi nawili, an formula grZeldebodes: 2. "iyo da ara iyo ra, RvTis ukeTesi ra iqneboda, iyo..." da daiwyos zRapari. magram formulas aqvs Semdgomi gafarToebis tendencia: 3. "iyo da ara iyo ra, RvTis ukeTesi ra iqneboda, iyo SaSvi mgalobeli, RmerTi Cveni mwyalobeli, RmerTs dideba, Cven mSvidoba, RmerTi maRali, kaci dabali], iyo..." da iwyeba Tavad zRapris Sinaarsi. ra funqcias asrulebs zRapris dasawyisi? mas gadahyavs msmeneli erTi sinamdvilidan sxva sinamdvileSi _ realobidan zRapris samyaroSi. rogorc saxls aqvs winkari, romelsac oTaxSi (sacxovrebeli sivrceSi) SevyavarT, aseve zRaparic moiTxovs winkars. es sityvieri winkaria. SegviZlia zRapris winkari tradiciuli simbolikis planSi ganvixiloT. tradiciul xalxebSi stumrobis, stumris miRebis praqtika tipologiurad Tanxvdeba zRapris struqturas. monRolebSi stumars mxolod mas Semdeg dauwyeben saqmian saubars, rac CamoTavdeba standartuli tradiciuli misalmebebi (yalionis gabolebasTan erTad), romlebic araviTar informacias ar Seicaven da, cxadia, aranair

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kavSirSi ar arian stumrobis ZiriTad TemasTan. amgvari ritualebis mkvlevari wers: “am wmidawylis etiketur situaciaSi SeiZleba davinaxoT gamoZaxili Tavis droze semantikurad niSnadi “gadasvlis” ritualisa: gadalaxulia zRurbli ori samyarosi, romelTagan erTi garea, meore _ Sida... stumars marTebs daicvas es wesi “ucxos” gadmotanisa “TavisSi”. analogia TvalsaCinoa: aseve zRapris msmenels marTebs daicvas zRapris mosmenis wesebi anu miiRos is realoba, romelsac zRapari (anu misi mTxrobeli) sTavazobs mas.

igive datvirTva unda hqondes zRapris daboloebasac, romelic aseve informaciulad ar aris dakavSirebuli ZiriTad SinaarsTan. gansxvavebiT winkarisgan, romelic mravalferovnebiT ar gamoirCeva, "gamosaTxovari" formula sakmaod uxvia Tematurad. mTxrobeli aq met Tavisuflebas da fantazias avlens. es formulebia, maT Soris klasikuri: 1. "Wiri iqa, lxini aqa, qato iqa, fqvili aqa" (varianti: "Wiri iqa, lxini aqa, nacari iqa, fqvili aqa"). 2. "zRapar iyo, zRapar iyo, Walas Citi Camkvdariyo, did qvabSi ar eteoda, pataraSi ar kmariyo; asi kaci ver SesWamda, erTi kacis lukma iyo". 2. "mTas uremi avagore, bars Cavida gorebiTa, aq sicocxliT momigoneT, saiqios cxonebiTa" (varianti: "mTas uremi avagore, wamovida gorebiTa, aivseniT qonebiTa, WkuiTa da gonebiTa"). 3. "elasa, melasa, Wiqa mekida yelasa, mTqmelsa da gamgonebelsac Zili gaamoT yvelasa (var.: davalevine yvelasa)". da nakleb gavrcelebuli: 4. "isini iyvnen WirSi, Cven viyaviT lxinSi". 5 "erTi litra cercvi mqonda, erTi litra cercvi rao. roca kacs ar uweria, ver daRupavs verca rao". 6. "Cemi araki gavaTave. wuxel iq viyav, dRes aq movedi. sami vaSli, sami broweuli. RmerTma nu mogiSaloT, Tqveni xeliT moweuli". 7. "vidre iq ar viyoT, manamde daumarcxebeli viyoT, dRegrZeli viyoT". 8. "cidan sami vaSli Camovarda. erTi mTqmelsa, erTi gamogonesa, erTi am zRapris gamomTqmelsa". 9. "tyeSi saxre gamovWeri, gamovida navada, Tu me sityva SegawyineT, nu iqnebiT mwyralada". 10. ìseTi qorwili hqondaT, Citis rZe ar akldaT. mec iq viyavi qorwilSi~. 11. “gadaixades didebuli qorwili. guSinwin iyo, ver mivel, dapatiJebuli ki viyavi~. winkarsa da `gamosaTxovar~ formulas Soris moqceulia sakuTriv zRapari. arc winkars da arc `gamosaTxovar~ formulas zRapris SinaarsTan araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs. TiToeul maTgans SeiZleba hqonoda TavisTavadi Rirebuleba Tavis sakuTar JanrSi. zRaparSi gadmonacvlebiT maT Secvlilia aqvT Janri. `gamosaTxovari~ formulis mizania gaSualebiT, ara naxtomiT daabrunos msmeneli zRapris samyarodan yofiT sinamdvileSi. imdenad

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aucilebelia zRaprisaTvis winkari da `gamosaTxovari~, rom es funqcia SeiZleba nebismierma teqstma Seasrulos, raki misTvis srulebiTac ar aris niSandoblivi raime kavSiri zRapris SinaarsTan. unda SeiniSnos, rom ramdenadac `gamosaTxovari~ ukve moTxrobili zRapris metateqsturi epilogia, gansxvavebiT winkarisgan, romelic jer kidev ucnob zRapars uZRvis win, SeiZleba gamoxatavdes mTxrobelis SeniSvnas, Tvalsazriss Tu damokidebulebas moTxrobili sinamdvilisadmi, saxeldobr, rom is tyuilia, Tumca mTxrobeli qorwilzec iyo mipatiJebuli, romelsac is daeswro (10) an ar daeswro (11). mTxrobeli gaxazavs zRapris sinamdvileSi moxvedris SeuZleblobas (7). mTxrobelis komentari SeiZleba Seexos zRapris paradoqsulobas, mis yofnas realur-irealuris zRvarze (amasve gamoxatavs winkaris ìyo da ara iyo ra~) da gadmosces is leqsiT, romelic gansakuTrebiT acxovelebs msmenelis warmosaxvas: `zRapar iyo, zRapar iyo, Walas Citi Camkvdariyo, did qvabSi ar eteoda...~ da a.S. am or formulas, rogorc wignis ydebs Soris, moqceuli Tavad zRapari sami nawilisgan Sedgeba. es aris misi kompoziciis uzogadesi sqema. principi aseTia: Txroba mTavrdeba im adgilas, saidanac daiwyo igi. es adgili zRaparSi, rogorc wesi, saxlia. zRapari saxliT iwyeba da saxliTve mTavrdeba. is, rac iwyeba da mTavrdeba, anu mTeli ambavi, gmiris `zRapruli~ Tavgadasavali, Seadgens zRapris Sinaarss. ra xdeboda gmiris saxlidan gamosvlamdeAda ra moxdeba saxlSi saboloo damkvidrebis Semdeg ar Seadgens zRapris Sinaarss. miuxedavad amisa, ZiriTadi yofna gmirisa ara gareT, aramed saxlSi yofnaa, amitomac is gardauvalad brundeba Sin. es ara mxolod zRapris, aramed, sazogadod, eposis kompoziciuri kanonia (gavixsenoT odisevsis dauokebeli swrafva iTakisken, rasac verc qalRmerTTa macdunebeli aRTqmebi abrkolebs). es sammonakveTiani kompozicia amgvarad SeiZleba gamoixatos: Tezisi-antiTezisi-sinTezisi. Tezisi mocemulobaa, antiTezisi misi uaryofaa, sinTezisi uaryofis daZleva da TezisSi dabruneba, roca realoba ufro maral safexurze adis. es aris dialeqtikuri ganviTarebis hegeliseuli gza. zRaprisadmi miyenebuli, igi gulisxmobs Semdegs: Teziss anu Sinyofnas mosdevs misi uaryofa _ antiTezisi anu gareTyofna, romelsac saboloo etapze cvlis sinTezisi-Sinyofna. sinTezisi imaze miuTiTebs, rom saboloo Sinyofna ara aris Tavdapirveli Sinyofnis ubralo ganmeoreba. sinamdvile aq ufro maRal safexurze adis: gmiri Sin gamdidrebuli brundeba, ara iseTi Raribi (rusTveluri mniSvnelobiT: `davyo martod da Raribad~), rogoric gzas daadga. misi dabrunebiT saxlSi Semodis raRac, rac iq adre ar ipoveboda. es siaxle SeiZleba iyos raime sagani, romelic gatacebulia saxlidan, an sacole, romelic unda moitacos an gamoixsnas zRapris gmirma. marTalia, gmiris mizani Sindabrunebaa mopovebul saganTan erTad, riTac sruldeba mamis davaleba, magram zRapris mTavari Sinaarsi gareTyofniT anu antiTezisiT ivseba. sxvagvarad: mTxrobelisTvis da msmenelisTvis gmiris cxovrebis es Sualeduri monakveTia cnobili. swored es Sualedia mTavari, risTvisac moTxrobilia zRapari. Tumca yvelaferi, rac xdeba am monakveTSi anu zRapris samyaroSi, mowodebulia imisTvis, rom Sinyofna

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erTi safexuriT amaRldes, saboloo gansruleba hpovos. sabolood, Tavdapirveli Sinyofna Tvisobrivad gansxvavdeba meore Sinyofnisgan, romelic zRapris sinTezur dasasruls warmoadgens. zRapris problemas Seadgens 1) misi struqtura, 2) personaJTa raoba (ara vinaoba), 3) mTavari gmiris svlebi, 4) misi asparezis dro da sivrce (anu droJamul-sivrculi ganzomilebani) da, sabolood, 5) misi ideologia anu sazrisi. zRapris Seswavlis pirvel etapze mkvlevarni misi istoriuli aspeqtiT interesdebodnen. wina planze iyo wamoweuli zRapris, rogorc Janris, warmoSobis problema. (Sveduri skola, kroon da sxvani) Tanamedrove etapze yuradReba misi struqturis Seswavlazea gadatanili. problema mdgomareobs ara imaSi, Tu rogori iyo zRapris Tavdapirveli saxe, rodis da sad, romel xalxSi, romel kulturaSi warmoiSva misi arqetipi, ra cvlilebebi ganicada man drosa da sivrceSi. saeWvoa, odesme gaeces am kiTxvebs damakmayofilebeli pasuxi. gamomdinare folkloris, rogorc udamwerlobo kulturis, specifikidan, msgavsi istoriuli xasiaTis kiTxvebi amao da, amdenad, gadauWrelia.

Cven ganvixiloT zRapris is saxe, rogoric man dRemde moitana da arsebobs dRemde sxvadasxva xalxebSi. ra aris am saxis zRapris sazrisi? ras acxadebs is an ras faravs Tavisi jadosnurobis safarvels iqiT? sazrisis gamoCenamde gavecnoT mis struqturas. rusma folkloristma vl. propma gasuli saukunis pirvel naxevarSi gamoaqveyna Tavisi gamokvlevis Sedegebi saTauriT “zRapris morfologia” (1928), sadac 100 rusuli zRapris analizis safuZvelze Camoyalibebuli aqvs fuZemdebluri daskvnebi, romlebic, mkvlevris azriT, igive darCeboda, saanalizo zRaprebis ricxvi rom gazrdiliyo. Cveni mxriv, davZenT, rom viTareba ar Seicvleboda, rusuli zRaprebis nacvlad qarTuli zRaprebi rom yofiliyo gaanalizebuli. vl. propma amgvarad Camoayaliba ZiriTadi debulebebi, romlebic yvela jadosnuri zRaprisTvis saerToa:

1) zRapris funqciaTa ricxvi gansazRvrulia, 2) funqciaTa Tanamimdevroba yvela zRaparSi ucvlelia, 3) yvela jadosnuri zRapari Tavisi wyobiT erTi tipisaa. vl. propis gamokvleviT, funqciaTa ricxvi gansazRvrulia, is

Seadgens 31-s, rac SeiZleba sadao iyos, Tumca Tavad Tezisi gansazRvrulobisa savsebiT misaRebia. ra aris funqcia zRaparSi?

vl. propis mixedviT, funqcia zRapris siuJetis iseTi erTeulia, romelic Semdgom dayofas ar eqvemdebareba, is, SeiZleba iTqvas atomia. funqcia, amave dros, ucvleli sididea. zRaparSi xSirad erTsa da imave funqcias sxvadasxva personaJi asrulebs (“mefe Wabuks aZlevs cxens” _ “jadoqari glexis biWs aZlevs beWeds”). aq cvladia moqmedi piris sazRapro vinaoba, ucvlelia moqmedeba, svla, rasac is asrulebs: gmiris dasaCuqrebis, rogorc funqciis arsi, ar icvleba imisda mixedviT, Tu vin aris misi subieqti (damsaCuqrebeli) an ra konkretuli gamoxatuleba aqvs saCuqars (mfrinavi xaliCa iqneba is, faskunjis frTa Tu beWedi). mxolod amrigad, zRapris personaJebi da sagnebi, ra sxvadasxvagvarnic ar unda iyvnen isini, unda dajgufdes imisda mixedviT, Tu ra funqcias asruleben, ras akeTeben mTavari gmirisTvis, ra misia akisriaT mis

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mimarT. xolo kiTxva, Tu ra konkretuli gamoxatuleba aqvs funqciis (Tundac misiis) aRmsrulebels da Tavad aRsrulebis aqts, meorexarisxovani adgili uWiravs zRapris siRrmiseul struqturaSi da misi analizisas mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba. es zRapris nivTier mravalferovnebas da simdidres gamoxatavs da ara mis arss.

meore sakiTxia, Tu ra TanamimdevrobiT sruldeba es funqciebi zRapris droJamSi. anu zogadad: romeli funqciiT iwyeba zRapari da romliT mTavrdeba igi.

zRapari iwyeba mTavari gmiris saxlidan (Sinidan) gasvliT. es aris pirveli funqcia funqciaTa TanamimdevrobaSi. mas, cxadia, mxolod mTavari gmiri unda asrulebdes. zRapari mTavrdeba qorwiliT an gamefebiT. es aris ukanaskneli svla-qmedeba, romlis iqiT zRapris kompetencia aRar grZeldeba. mezRapris Tvali da codna mas ver swvdeba da, amdenad, msmenelisTvisac daxurulia. es aris zRapris saboloo, absoluturi dasasruli. am or funqcia-qmedebas (gasvla-dabruneba) Soris moqceulia yvela sxva funqcia-qmedeba, romlebic aviTareben zRapris siuJets da avseben mis Sinaarss. funqciaTa erToblioba zRapris xerxemalia, sadac TiToeul “malas” Tavisi kuTvnili da Seucvleli adgili uWiravs.

vl. propma daadgina funqciaTa sasruli raodenoba, magram es imas rodi niSnavs, rom yvela zRaparSi funqciaTa maqsimaluri raodenobaa gamoyenebuli (realizebuli). albaT iSviaTia zRapari, sadac 31-ve funqcia iyos warmodgenili an iseTi, romelic erTaderTi funqciis Semcveli iqneboda. erTsvliani zRapari ar arsebobs, radgan narativi oriode svlaze ver aigeba.

zRapris mravalferovnebas da sirTules funqciaTa jaWvi qmnis. funqciebi ganawilebulia personaJTa Soris anu personaJebi funqciis matarebelni arian (ufunqcio personaJi zRaparSi ar moiZebneba). personaJebi unda gamovarCioT ara maTi vinaobis, aramed maTi Sesrulebuli an maTze dakisrebuli amocanis (funqciis) mixedviT. amrigad, zRapris personaJis vinaobas mxolod funqcia gansazRvravs anu misi ara warmomavloba, aramed raoba. iseve, rogorc funqciebis, aseve maTi Semsruleblebis raodenoba zRvardebulia. personaJTa raoba, vl. propis Tanaxmad [propi 1984:120-133], ar aris Svidze meti. es maqsimaluri ricxvia, romelic SeiZleba ar iyos da arc aris realizebuli yvela zRaparSi. magram es optimaluri ricxvia _ merve personaJi ar ipoveba. zRaparSi yvela svla am Svid personaJs Soris aris ganawilebuli. eseni arian:

1. mTavari gmiri _ personaJi, romelzec dakisrebulia da romelic asrulebs mTavar amocanas zRaparSi, rasac SeiZleba zRapris misia vuwodoT. is gadis saxlidan da brundeba saxlSi, am gasvla-dabrunebas Soris asrulebs kidev sxva funqciebs, magram maszea dasawyisi da dasasruli, is aris misi ani da hoe. yvela danarCeni personaJi Tav-Tavisi funqciiT mxoloddamxolod misTvis arsebobs, misTvis gamoCndeba zRapris asparezze. mTavari gmiri uqonlobas, raimes naklulobas gahyavs saxlidan.

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2. gamstumrebeli. misi moqmedebis wre SezRudulia. mas, rogorc dasaxelebidan Cans, erTaderTgzis uxdeba am funqciis Sesruleba. sxva dros, garda zRapris dasawyisisa, igi am funqcias ver Seasrulebas, radgan gmiri erTxel gadis saxlidan. gamstumrebeli ZiriTadad aris mama, radgan mamis garda, Tu is cocxalia, aravis SeuZlia bavSvis gaSveba.

3. mavne (antagonisti). igi zRaparSi gamoCndeba erTaderTi funqciiT _ vneba miayenos mTavar gmirs, daabrkolos igi, xeli SeuSalos misiis SesrulebaSi. igi Tavs iCens, rogorc ki gmiri daadgeba Tavis gzas, anu misi adgili saxlis zRurbls iqiT aris.

4. Semwe. igi mavnis antipodia. igi gmiris nacvlad asrulebs Znel amocanas, romelzec damyarebulia misi saboloo warmateba.

5. mCuqebeli amaragebs gmirs raime sagniT, romlis saSualebiTac gmiri gadalaxavs winaaRmdegobas, raTa Tavi daaRwios mavnis crugmiris mier dagebul maxes.

6. crugmiri. misi mTavari funqciaa mTavari gmiris monapovris miTviseba, sabolood, misi pirovnebis uzurpacia. mtavari gmiris saxiT movlenili, is gamarTavs cruqorwils da, sabolood, dabrunebuli mTavari gmiris mier mxilebuli, mamis xeliT iqneba gankiTxuli da dasjili.

7. mefis asuli an misi mama. maTi moqmedebis wrea: asuli an misi mama, mefe, Znel davalebis aZlevs mTavari gmirs; asulis funqciaa, iyos Zebnili da mopovebuli mTavari gmiris xeliT, da masze daqorwinebuli.

es aris personaJTa maqsimaluri raodenoba. ar arsebobs zRapari, sadac Svidze meti funqcionaluri personaJi monawileobdes. magram ar aris savaldebulo, rom zRaparSi Svidive personaJi iyos warmodgenili, radgan mTavaria ara Tavad personaJi, aramed funqcia, romelsac is asrulebs. Semweobisa da Cuqebis funqcia SeiZleba erTma personaJma SeiTavsos _ iyos mCuqebel-Semwe. aseT SemTxvevebSi zRapars akldeba personaJi, magram funqciaTa raodenoba igive rCeba. (paraleli: Teatraluri warmodgena icnobs erT speqtaklSi ori rolis Semsrulebel erT msaxiobs).

sabolood, vl. propi zRapris amgvar uzogades ganmartebas gvTavazobs: “morfologiurad jadosnuri zRapari SeiZleba ewodos yovelgvar ganviTarebas, romelic vnebiT an uqonlobiT iwyeba da saSualedo funqciebis gavliT mTavrdeba qorwinebiT anda sxva funqciiT, romelic kvanZis gaxsnisaTvis gamoiyeneba”.

swored am saSualedo funqciebiT, maTi Tanamimdevruli msvlelobiT aris avsebuli zRapris Sinaarsi da es aris zRapris samyaro. gavecnoT, ra xasiaTisaa es samyaro, ra adgili uWiravs mas realobaSi. amis garkvevisTvis gasaRebad gamogvadgeba propiseuli morfologiuri analizis Sedegebi, magram es ar iqneba sakmarisi. erTia morfologia, meorea am morfologiis, am mwyobri struqturis ukan dafaruli sinamdvile. Cveni mizania im faruli sinamdvilis gacxadeba, romelic zRapris gulisguls unda Seadgendes. zRapris samyaros

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amocnobasTan erTad unda amovicnoT zRapris mTavari gmiris raoba, rac mis konkretul, zRapridan zRapramde cvalebad gamoxatulebaTa ukan imaleba. an ras niSnavs zRaparSi “Sin” da “gareT”?

marTalia, mTavari gmiris mizani Sindabrunebaa mopovebul saganTan erTad, riTac sruldeba, xSir SemTxvevaSi, mamis davaleba, magram zRapris mTavari Sinaarsi (ara mizani) gareTyofnaa anu Sinyofnis antiTezisi. yvelaferi, rac ki zRapris samyaroSi xdeba, mowodebulia imisaTvis, rom Sinyofna erTi safexuriT amaRldes, saboloo gansruleba hpovos. magram rac xdeba, yvelaferi gareT xdeba. da Tu araferi xdeba, droc ar miedineba. garesamyaro ki mTlianad drouli ganzomilebisaa, mTlianad droJamis morCilebaSia. es is adgilia, sadac mimdinareobs gmiris, SesaZloa, biologiuri zrdisa da sulier-inteleqtualuri aRzrdis procesi, romelic mTavrdeba saxlis zRurblTan, anu gmiri savsebiT da absoluturad momwifebuli ubrundeba Tavis Sinas da Tavisi dabrunebiT gardaqmnis mas.

mTavari gmiri _ yaribi anu Raribi (rusTvelis ìgi ucxo da Raribi~), upovari, gamoucdeli, ucxo samyaroSi, sadac mas mravali, yovel xisZiras Casafrebuli xifaTi emuqreba,. dabrkolebebiT aris avsebuli misi gza. misi gasvlisTanave, Sinas zRurbls miRma Tavs iCens mavne, antagonisti, romelic swored imisTvis gamoCndeba, rom daabrkolos, ukan daxios miznisaken winmimavali gmiri. magram sadac mavnea, iq aris Semwec da mCuqebelic, romelTa gareSe zRapris gmirs gardauvali daRupva elis.

gareT xdeba unarebis manifestacia, Tandayolil TvisebaTa gamomzeureba, ZalTa aqtivizacia, rasac Sin ver moaxerxebda, amis saWiroebac ar gaCndeboda. gansacdeli, gamocda, cda elis mas saxlis zRurbls iqiT, gzaze, ara saxlSi...

vin aris zRapris gmiri? is yaribia, mgzavria, Tavis qveyanas moSorebuli, da es iwvevs

misdami TanarZnobas. mas sWirdeba gzis maswavlebeli, Semwe da mCuqebeli da isinic ar daayovneben...

is idumalis maZiebelia; is dgas gzajvaredinze da irCevs im gzas, romelic ukan ardabrunebas iuwyeba. magram swored am gzas mihyavs igi miznamde, sxva gzebi fuWia, misi ori Zma rom daadgeba. es “sikvdilis gza” “sicocxlis gza” aRmoCndeba. am gzaze aRmoaCens is im idumals, romlis saZieblad gamovida saxlidan. is auqmebs warweras gzajvaredinze.

is ndobiTa da rwmeniT aris savse da es amarjvebinebs mas. is rwmeniTa da ndobiT iRebs jadosnur nivTs da ar gamocdis mas, vidre gasaWirSi ar Cavardeba. es aris rwmena codnamde.

is arafers moelis gaweuli samsaxurisTvis, is xelgaSlilia da gascems ukanasknels, Zvirad mopovebulsac, romelic, SesaZloa, misi xetialis mizans Seadgens, gascems ara imis gamo, rom aswilad migebis molodini aqvs. sixarbe da angariSianoba Sors aris misgan da Tu vinme amarTlebs paradoqsul devizs “rasaca gascem, Senia”, zRapris gmiri amarTlebs.

da, sabolood, Tu vikiTxavT, riT imarjvebs zRapris gmiri, pasuxi aseTi iqneba: is imarjvebs im usazRvro sikeTiT, TvinierebiT,

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morCilebiT, udrtvinvelobiT, yvela am arapraqtikuli Tandayolili TvisebebiT, romlebic saxlidan gamohyva mas. maTi ZaliT misken mimarTuli yoveli boroteba sasikeTod Semoubrundeba.

da, sabolood, zRapris gmiri axorcielebs soflis Zlevas, acxadebs am Zlevis saidumlos.

zRapris samyaros bunebis gasarkvevad unda gairkves zRapris droisa da sivrcis xasiaTi. zRapris mSrali, sqematuri dasawyisi: "erTxel erT qveyanaSi iyo erTi xelmwife" gvimxels mis xasiaTs. ra qveyanaa es qveyana? arc saqarTvelo, arc ruseTi, arc romelime konkretuli qveyana. mas ara aqvs konkretuli eTnikuri saxe. yovlad warmoudgenelia zRapris ambavi xdebodex sadme konkretul adgilas da konkretul droSi, sadac odesme mainc zRapris msmeneli moxvedriliyo an momavalSi moxvdes. misken misasvleli gzebi moWrilia. zRapari am mxriv udroo da uadgilo adgilia (atopos, atopia). Tu zRapris dasawyisSi qveynis miTiTeba da droJamis daTariReba gvxvdeba, igi zRapruli cnobierebis Sesustebis, zRapris Janris gadagvarebis mizeziT unda avxsnaT. am ganusazRvrelobiT zRapari gansxvavdeba miTosisgan, legendisgan an Tqmulebisgan, romelTa moqmedebis asparezi toponimizebulia, dro _ gansazRvruli. is Cveni droa, Tundac uxsovari iyos. SeiZleba moinaxos miTosis (legendis, Tqmulebis) moqmedebis adgili, SeiZleba gaxsenebul iqnas moqmedebis dro. warsulSi momxdari ambavi kvals tovebs miwaze tbis an borcvis, nangrevis, xevisa, kldisa Tu gamoqvabulis, an, Tundac, gaqvavebuli Tu qvadqceuli gveleSapis saxiT, zraprisgan gansxvavebiT, romelsac xilul sinamdvileSi ara aqvs tvifari. Tqmulebis dros gavixsenebT, ramdenadac is warsulia, magram zRapris dros ver gavixsenebT, ramdenadac is msmenelis drois paraleluria da arasodes gadakveTavs mas. zRaparSi gamavali dro da mTxrobel-msmenelis dro gansxvavebul ganzomilebaSi arseboben, isini acdenili arian erTmaneTs, ar ebmian, ar agrZeleben erTmaneTs. ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, isini paralelurad miedinebian da ar kveTen erTmaneTs. zRapris dro ar aris warsuli dro realuri drois mimarT. is hermetuli, Caketili droa, mas aqvs dasawyisi, romelic udroobidan modis da dasasruli, romelic maradiulobSi gadadis. “dResac bednierad cxovroben” an “dResac qorwili grZeldeba” _ mianiSnebs am maradiulobaze. zRapris am gangrZobil qorwilSi rac xdeba, is aRwera-gadmocemas ar eqvemdebareba. wuTisoflis sityvebi, romelTac mTxrobeli am momentamde (qorwilamde) iyenebda, aq aRar gamodgeba. zRapris dasasruls, roca mTxrobeli Tavisi personiT alaparakdeba, TiTqos xdeba garRveva zRapris hermetul droSi, TiTqos paraleluri mdinarebebi ori droisa _ zRaprisa da misi mTxrobel-msmenelisa erTvian erTmaneTs, roca mTxrobeli ambobs, mec iq viyavi, iqidan movdivaro. magram aravis sjera, rom zRapris mTxrobeli Tvissave monaTxrobSi, zRaparSi, gamonagonSi imyofeboda. mTxroblis bolo replika kidev ufro warmoaCens zRapris gansxvavebul droJamul-sivrcul samyaros.

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arsad sxva TxrobiT teqstSi ise mZafrad ar igrZnoba drois ganmavloba, rogorc zRaparSi. zRapris gmiri Tavisi Tavis realizacias droSi axdens, mas dro sWirdeba, rogorc aravis. rogorc ityvian, dro mis sasargeblod muSaobs, is endoba dros. zRaparSi droc personaJia, romelic badebs zrunvas da am zrunviT ivseba mTavari gmiri. “yofierebis drod qceva ganpirobebulia zrunviT” (m. haidegeri). da, rogorc ki amoiwureba sazrunavi, droc amowurulia. es aris drois dasasruli, romelic zRaparma gvamcno. amazea naTqvami: `dro aRar iqneba~ (gamocxadeba, 10:6).

droisa da sivrcis erTianobas zRapris samyaroSi mxars ubams misi mTavari gmiri: rogorc dro da sivrcea ganusazRvreli da usaxelo, aseve mTavari gmiria usaxelo. zRaparma ar icis misi sakuTari saxeli. is an ufliswulia, an glexis biWia, magram mas saxeli ara aqvs. raki zRapris qveyana arc saqarTveloa, arc ruseTi da arc sxva romelime qveyana, zRapris gmiric ar ekuTvnis romelime eTnoss, mas ara aqvs erovneba. mas ar ekiTxebian, ra rjulis xar, romeli tomisa xar? (aq unda SeiniSnos erTi paradoqsi: miuxedavad eTnikuri ganusazRvrelobisa, zRapris gmiri, rogorc saerTod Tavad zRapari, sisxlxorceulad aris dakavSirebuli im xalxis yofasTan da mentalobasTan, sadac da vis enazec moiTxroba igi. rusul Tu sxva xalxis zRaprebSi mTavari gmiri, marTalia, atarebs saxels, magram es saxeli misi ara sakuTari, aramed zogadi, gvarobiTi saxelia. rusuli zRapris yvela gmiri principulad ivanuSkaa). mainc vin aris zRapris gmiri? zemoT SevecadeT, gagverkvia misi buneba, xasiaTi, zneobrivi saxe. axla vnaxoT, ras gamoxatavs igi principulad, ra saboloo funqcia akisria mas zRaparSi?

Tu miviRebT vl. propis debulebas, rom yvela zRapari Tavisi wyobiT erTi tipisaa, isic unda miviRoT, rom yvela zRapris mTavari gmiri erTia. kacobriobac erTia da zRapris gmiri am kacobriobis warmomadgenelia, ufro sworad, Tavisi pirovnebiT gamoxatavs mas. Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom mTavari gmiri Tavis gzaze savsebiT axdens Tavisi unarebisa da Tvisebebis manifestacias, rom is aRwevs Tavisi cxovrebis mizans, risTvisac is saxlidan gavida, rom es gza savsea gansacdelebiT da, metaforulad rom vTqvaT, igi cxovrebis gzaa, radgan Tavad cxovrebac gzaa, da rom es gza erTaderTia misTvis da sxva arc arsebobs, _ SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mas arc sxva sicocxle aqvs, garda imisa, rac am zRaparSi ganvlo da ganicada. SindabrunebiT man daasrula Tavisi cxovrebis gza, ris bolosac mas eloda sinTezisi, romelmac is axal JamSi da axal miwaze gadaiyvana. es qorwilis droJamia, romelic maradiulad grZeldeba. am qorwils mxolod saxelwodeba akavSirebs amwuTisoflur yofiT qorwilTan, romlis Sedegad Taobebi ibadebian. yofiTi qorwilebiT, SeuRlebebiT, amwuTisofluri ojaxebis SeqmniT SeiZleba mTavrdebodes romanebi, romelTa klasikuri nimuSia “omi da mSvidoba”, magram ara zRapari. zRapris dasasruli ar gulisxmobs amgvar qorwils da, niSandoblivia, rom arc erT keTilmosurne mTxrobels, am wuTisoflis Svils, ar gasCenia survili daesrulebina zRapris qorwili da mis Sedegad dabadebulTa ambis Txroba samomavlod gadaedo. ara, is ambobs, rom qorwili dResac grZeldeba, swored ise, rogorc

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qristianuli esqatologiis merve dRe, uxvalio da dauRamebeli dRe (wm. basili didi).

amitomac, roca vlaparakobT zRapris dasasrulze, es dasasruli mxolod siuJeturi drois dasasruli ar aris, es absoluturi dasasrulia, romlis saukeTeso simbolo qorwilia.

Tu yovelive zemoTqmuls gaviazrebT, e.w. jadosnuri zRapari, romelsac namdvilad ekuTvnis saxelwodebad esqatologiuri eposi, amgvarad SeiZleba ganimartos: zRapari aris myari struqturis, gamonagonze dafuZnebuli xalxuri zepiri moTxroba, romelic agebulia erT mTavar RerZze _ erTi mTavari gmiris dabrkolebebiT da gansacdelebiT savse Tavgadasavalze ganusazRvrel drosa da sivrceSi, rodesac da sadac xdeba misi unarebisa da Tvisebebis TandaTanobiTi manifestacia, TviTSecnoba da gamocda, da orientirebulia absoluturi da saboloo bednieri dasasrulisken.

dabolos, rac Seexeba jadosnur-fantastikur moments zRaparSi, amaze SeiZleba iTqvas Semdegi: miuxedavad imisa, rom Cven mier ganxiluli tipis zRaprebSi ver davasaxelebT verc erT zRapars, romelSic ar monawileobdes fantastika, es ukanaskneli mainc ar aris is arsebiTi, romelic SeiZleboda misi Janruli bunebisa Tu sazrisis ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli yofiliyo.

mivdivarT im daskvnamde, rom zRapris fantastikuri foni mTavari gmiris cnobierebaSi samyaros pirvelxilvisgan gamowveuli gancvifrebis gamoxatulebaa. is gaocebis anabeWdia. es aris samyaro mis pirvelxilvaSi. zRapris jadosnur-fantastikuri garemo imis niSania, rom zRapris gmiri mudam inarCunebs bavSvobas, is bolomde, qorwilamde bavSvad rCeba. sxvanairad, qorwilSi, rogorc sasufevelSi, ver Seva. es aris bavSvobis sibrZne. am uSualo sibrZnis wyalobiT aris zRapari damajerebeli, sarwmuno. rogorc ki TxrobaSi saocrebani, fantastikuri Tavgadasavlebi moWarbdeba da TviTmiznad iqceva, zRapari, rogorc Janri, wyvets arsebobas, is umal cruzRapris saxes iRebs, romlisac aRaravis sjera.

zRapris fantastika mainc realuri cxovrebis logikas aris daqvemdebarebuli. zRapris gmiri, rac unda fantastikis samyarosi moZraobdes, unda gvaxsovdes, rom es samyaro mainc Cveni samyaroa da zRapris gmiric Cveniania, erT-erTi CvenTagania.

b. cxovelTa zRapari

cxovelTa Sesaxeb am patara moTxrobebs SeiZleba eposi vuwodoT, Tumca isini, erTi SexedviT, igav-arakTa monaTesave Janria. igavi Tu araki, an Tundac, igav-araki, narTauli Txrobaa: igi mogviTxrobs cxovelebze da maT urTierTobaze, msmenelma ki maTSi adamianebi da adamianTa urTierTobani unda igulisxmon. igavis mgeli, melia an daTvi ar aris mgeli, melia Tu daTvi, aramed ama da am xasiaTis, niris, unaris, Tvisebebis, qcevis adamiani. anu, sxvagvarad, es cxovelebi, romlebic gadadian igavidan igavSi, adamianebs ganasaxiereben. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

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es cxovelebi msaxiobebi arian da garkveuli tipis adamianTa rolebs asruleben. es cxovelebi, romlebic bunebiT utyvni arian, TiTqos scenidan amxelen kacTa modgmis mankier mxareebs, da es xdeba swored im ZaliT, rom Tavad maT bunebiT ar axasiaTebT gakicxuli mankierebani da amitomac moraluri pasuxismgeblobisgan Tavisufalni arian. es garemoeba amZafrebs da efeqturs xdis mxilebas. magram xalxuri eposi cxovelTa Sesaxeb anu cxovelTa eposi, ar aris mxilebiTi. es siuJetebi mxolod mogvianod iqna gamoyenebuli moralisa da Wkuis saswavleblad. maTSi Cadebul sibrZnes pragmatuli daniSnuleba mieca, rac warmoSobidanve maT ar gaaCndaT. ra iyo maTi sazrisi, ras gamoxataven es lakoniuri maxvilgonieri siuJetebi moulodneli komikuri Tu tragikomikuli dasasruliT? risTvis Seiqmna isini? aris gavrcelebuli azri, TiTqos cxovelTa `zRaprebi”, rogorc maT arasworad uwodeben, Seiqmna im mizniT, rom daefiqsirebinaT sxvadasxva juris cxovelTa xasiaTebi, Tvisebebi da am saxiT Senaxuliyo codna maT Sesaxeb, raTa ase gadacemoda Taobidan Taobas. gonebamaxviluria am Janris amgvari warmoSoba: isini, am mxriv, TiTqos emsgavsebian andazebs, romlebic aseve SemWidroebulad inaxaven codnas yofierebis sxvadasxva sferodan, lakoniur frazaSi wnexen mravalgzisi gamocdilebis Sedegebs, raTa Taobidan Taobas gadaeces. Tu es ase iyo, cxovelTa eposs unda daerqvas cocxali bunebis (personaJebad mcenareebic SeiZleba Segvxvdes) pirvelyofili saxelmZRvanelo, erTgvari bunebis kari, romlis saSualebiTac axali Taoba winaswar, gamocdilebamde, eziareboda cxovelTa urTierTobaTa, maTi xasiaTis saidumloebebs. magram ase iyo? es daniSnuleba hqonda maT? saeWvoa. amis sawinaaRmdegod laparakobs is arsebiTi garemoeba, rom cxovelTa eposis cxovelebi Zalze daSorebulni arian bunebaSi realurad arsebul cxovelebs. mgeli da daTvi sulac ar arian iseTi briyvebi, rogorc eposSi arian gamoyvanilni. mglisa Tu daTvis Sesaxeb amgvari “codniT” aRWurvili monadirisa Tu vinme glexis nabijebi tyeSi marcxiani iqneba. am ukanasknel as wels ganviTarebuli naturalisturi mecniereba da praqtika ar adasturebs “zRaprul” da realur cxovelTa Sesatyvisobas. aSkaraa, rom “zRapruli” cxovelebi gamonagonis sferos ekuTvnian, fantaziis nayofni arian. magram Tu rogor inarCuneben isini cxovelmyofelobas, avTenturobas, namdvilobas _ swored es aris yoveli gamonagonis, rogorc mxatvruli Semoqmedebis, saidumlo da mis axsnas Cven aq ar SevudgebiT. arsebobs Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad cxovelTa igavi miTologiuri warmoSobisaa, anu TiToeuli siuJeti inaxavda informacias raime sagnisa Tu movlenis (Tu mTlianad samyaros ara) warmoSobis Sesaxeb. sxvagvarad: igavi TiTqos gardaqmnili, desakralizebuli miTosia. SeiZleba warmovidginoT sazogadoeba, sadac marTlac cxovelTa igavebi miTosis rols asruleben _ cxovelebs TavianTi qmedebebiT, Tundac cbierebiT da eSmakobiT, gaiZverobiT, muxTlobiT SemoaqvT realobaSi raRac siaxle, adamianebisTvis pouloben gadarCenis saxsars. isini _ mela iqneba, yvavi Tu yorani adamianTa sazogadoebis winaprebad iTvlebian, romelTac adamianebs gaumzades pirobebi adamianuri

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cxovrebisTvis, Tavad ki ganudgnen adamianebs da cxoveluri saxe da yofa arCies. amgvar igavebs Tu mkacrad miTologiuri ara, SeiZleba etiologiuri vuwodoT. aseTebia qarTul folklorSi gavrcelebuli, aw sabavSvo repertuaris kuTvnili siuJetebi, rogoric aris, “ratom aqvs ofofs savarcxliani qoCori” da sxva misi analogiurni. miTologiuri warmoSobis momxreTa azriT, cxovelTa eposis bavSvTa auditoriaSi gadasvla-gadanacvleba misi degradaciis niSania, maT am wreSi gamrTobi funqcia aqvT SeZenili. magram ismis kiTxva _ rodis moxda es gadancvleba? Tu miTosuri igavebis sekularul igavebad gardaqmna sinamdviles Seesabameba, es gardaqmna unda viguloT ara romelime erovnul (vTqvaT, qarTul) foklorul sinamdvileSi, aramed ufro adre, vidre isini am folkloris fondSi SemoaRwevdnen. radgan eWvi ar aris, rom cxovelTa igavebis fonds (jadosnur zRaparTa analogiurad) saerTo warmoSoba aqvs. sxva sakiTxia, SesaZloa, gadauWrelic, Tu sad, romel xalxSi, romel sazogadoebaSi Camoyalibda misi tipebi dRevandeli saxiT, magram isini, erTmaneTis met-naklebad identurni, yovel xalxSi damoukideblad rom ar aRmocenebulan, aSkaraa. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs evraziis sivrceSi gavrcelebuli igavebi, romlebic Sinaarsobrivad igiveobrivni arian _ warmoadgenen saerTo fonds, rac maTi klasifikaciis da katalogizaciis SesaZleblobas iZleva. arsebobs saerTo fondi, romlis sisavsidan TiToeuli tradicia qmnis Tavis marags, cxadia, qmnis sakuTarsac. ase, magaliTad, cxovelTa saerTaSoriso igavuri fondidan saqarTveloSi dadasturebulia 130-mde fabula, aqedan naxevari originaluria, romelic ar gvxvdeba msoflio folklorSi [qurdovaniZe 2001:183]. dasaSvebia qarTul igavebSi miTologiur-triqsteruli (oinbazuri) kvalis Zieba, magram es ukve calke, kerZod, istoriuli kvlevis problemaa. Cveni amocana araa igavTa genezisis dadgena, Cven miznad visaxavT, gavarkvioT, Tu ras warmoadgens dRes igavTa es fondi Tavis mTlianobaSi im saxiT, ra saxiTac Cvenamde moaRwia. ra aris cxovelTa eposis sazrisi, ras eubneba msmenels, ra sibrZnes inaxavs igi Tavisi fabulis meSveobiT.

SeniSvna. katalogis mixedviT, SegviZlia met-naklebi sruli warmodgena viqonioT cxovelTa eposis arsebuli sakuTriv qarTuli siuJetebis Sesaxeb: qurdovaniZe:2000; ColoyaSvili:2002.

pirvelyovlisa, ganvmartoT, ras vgulisxmobT, roca cxovelTa igavebs eposs vuwodebT. miCveuli varT, rom eposi didi tiloa, farTo asparezia, rogorc sivrcul, ise droJamuli ganzomilebiT. eposis gmirs (gmirebs) mravalzRurbliani Tavgadasavali aqvT. eposi moicavs gmiris cxovrebis ara mxolod erT an ramdenime epizods, aramed xSirad mTel cxovrebas dabadebidan aRsasrulamde (apoTeozamde).. cxovelTa igavs ki, calke aRebuls, arc xangrZlivoba aqvs da arc sakmarisi sivrce. ra gvaZlevs imis safuZvels, rom cxovelTa novelistur igavebs eposi vuwodoT? Tumca cxovelTa erTi romelime igavi personaJis, vTqvaT, meliis, romelime oinbazobas gadmogvcems Tavisi dasawyisiT da dasasruliT, anu TviTkmaria, dasrulebulia, mainc es TviTkmari siuJeti erTi mTelis nawilad unda gaviazroT. nawilebs mTlianobaSi aqceven personaJebi,

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romlebic igavidan igavSi, siuJetidan siuJetSi gadadian. Tu erTgan kvdebian, meoreSi cocxldebian, inarCuneben ra igiveobas Tavis TavTan. melia yvelgan meliaa, is yvela igavSi meliobs, arsad kargavs meliobas, mgeli ar moiSlis mglobas, rac mis maradiul briyvobasa da sixarbeSi, aseve marad mSivrobaSi mdgomareobs. isini ar SeiZleba aseTebi ar iyvnen, arasodes Seicvlian nirs da qcevas, rom sxva saxiT gveCvenon. Cven TiToeul maTgans yvelgan gamovicnobT rogorc Zvel nacnobs, romelic mravalgzis Segvxvedria. niSandoblivia, rom mela Tu mgeli, TiToeuli cxoveli individia da, amave dros, Tavisi gvaris warmomadgeneli. amitomac mis gverdiT sxva mela da sxva mgeli ar Cans. mela, mgeli da sxvani igavTa erTobliobis personaJTa sakuTari saxelebia. am mxriv, es samyaro dasazRvrulia, erTxel da samudamod determinirebuli. TiTqos es ar aris Tavisuflebis samyaro, magram mis farglebSi, misgan gamousvlelad, misi binadarni axerxeben Tavisufalni iyvnen Tavis qmedebebSi.

es aris erTiani epikuri samyaro, sadac cxovroben, mimodian, moqmedeben, erTmaneTs xvdebian es arsebebi. es maTi samyaroa, maTTvis nacnobia iq cxovrebis wesebi da es aravis ukvirs. Cvenc viRebT am wesebs, rogorc aseTs, rogorc TavisTavad cxads. es sastiki, urTierTSeuTavseblobis, principulad antagonisturi samyaroa. ra Sors dgas igi im samyarosgan, sadac saxlidan gamosuli jadosnuri zRapris gmiri Sedis, sadac mas uxdeba mogzauroba, Tavisi raobis gamovlena (manifestacia). marTalia, iq aris antagonisti, mavne, aris crugmiri (yvelaze saSiSi antagonistTa Soris), magram iq arian Semwenic da mCuqebelnic, romelTa wyalobiT yoveli xifaTi daZleulia. amis sapirispirod, cxovelTa eposis samyaroSi ar arseboben Semweni, xifaTSi Cacvenili misi mkvidrni sakuTar Tavs arian mindobilni... es sicruis, gautanlobis, urTierTmoRorebis, muxanaTobis samyaroa. yvelani erTmaneTs atyueben an cdiloben motyuebas. es aris maTi cxovrebis wesi. magram moRorebac aris da moRoreba. amiT ar kmayofildeba udidesi, daucxromeli oinbazi mela. moRoreba Tavdeba sisastikiT. mgeli ara mxolod moRorebulia, aramed tyavic aqvs gamZvrali. udanaSaulo, Tundac xarb mgels, tyavs aZroben arafrisTvis, mxolod imisTvis, rom Tavidan moiSoron, gzidan Camoicilon? aris raime sazrisi am muxanaTobaSi, romelic aseTi sisastikiT gvirgvindeba? adamians mainc _ amaze unda iyos gaTvlili igavi _ ecineba, TiTqos bolomde arc ki sjera, rom aseTi sisastike namdvilad xdeba. es sisastike rom ara cxovelTa igavSi, aramed adamianTa Sesaxeb moTxrobaSi gamoCeniliyo _ anu adamianisTvis gaeZroT tyavi angarebiT Tu, miT uaresi, uangarod _ es autaneli iqneboda, komizmisTvis, romelic axlavs cxovelTa igavs, adgili namdvilad ar darCeboda. amitomac unda vifiqroT, rom cxovelTa eposis cxovelebi cxovelebi arian da maT ukan adamianebi ar igulisxmebian. sisastike ganelebulia cxovelTa upasuxismgeblo samyaroSi gadataniT. aravis gauCndeba survili, moraluri kuTxiT Seafasos meliis jer muxanaToba da mere sisastike, boroti xumroba, rac adamianTa SemTxvevaSi bunebrivi iqneboda. es samyaro aseTia _ ara amoraluri, aramed imoraluri, ris

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mimarTac moraluri kategoriebis miyeneba uadgilo iqneboda. Tu raime SemorCa miTologiuri (Tuki gauvlia mas aseTi periodi) cxovelTa eposs, es unda iyos swored misi sruli emansipacia, gaTavisufleba moralisgan. morali arc masSia da arc daskvnaSi, riTac Cveulebriv mTavrdeba ezopes igavebi. imoralizmi aris misi zneobrivi kredo. SesaZloa, visaubroT mxolod damTxvevaze miTologiur imoralizmTan da cxovelTa eposis aseve principuli imoralizmi mis damoukidebel niSan-Tvisebad da maxasiaTeblad miviCnioT, riTac is fundamenturad gansxvavdeba jadosnuri zRaprisgan. is saqcieli, romelic ar moekiTxeba melas, udanaSaulo mgeli rom Caagdo WaSi an gaatyava, uTuod moekiTxeboda jadosnuri zRapris gmiris antagonists, is pasuxs agebs Tavis qmedebaze. zRapris samyarosgan gansxvavebiT cxovelTa eposis samyaro upasuxismgeblo samyaroa. viciT, ras gvimxels jadosnuri zRapari Tavisi SinaarsiT da esqatologiuri finaliT. igi gvixatavs samyaros, sadac mavne-antagonistebTan erTad Tanaarseboben keTili nebis arsebani _ yofierebis romel safexurs ar unda ekuTvnodnen isini. ras gvimxels cxovelTa eposi, TiToeuli misi epizodi? zRapris sapirispirod Tanaarsebobis, Tanacxovrebis (simbiozis) SeuZleblobas, arsebaTa urTierTSeuTavseblobas. totaluri sicrue, muxanaToba, Ralati, sisastike am SeuTavseblobis gamoxatulebaa. am samyaroSi megobrobis yoveli mcdeloba kraxiT mTavrdeba. komikur-ironiulia ukuRmarTi dasasrulis fonze cxovelTa igavis dasawyisi: erTxel mela da mgeli daZmobildnen. vgrZnobT, rom es Zmoba Txel safarvelad aqvs gadafarebuli maT urTierTobas. is ganwirulia CaSlad am avtonomiuri, Caketili samyaros wesisamebr. cxovelebi adamianebiviT iqcevian, miznebic TiTqos adamianuri aqvT, laparakoben adamianurad, magram mainc cxovelebad rCebian. maTi es ucnauri statusi _ adamianuroba cxovelobis SenarCunebasTan erTad cxovelTa eposis Janris damaxasiaTebeli niSania. cxoveli adamianis eniT laparakobs, magram es ar aris aRqmuli, rogorc saswauli, es ar ganekuTvneba saswaulTa kategorias, rogorc, magaliTad, winaswarmetyvel balaamis saxedris ametyveleba. balaamis saxedarma ena amoidga ukiduresi gaWirvebisas, moxda gardatexa, Tumca efemeruli, mis bunebaSi da saxtad datova Tavisi patroni, magram cxovelTa eposis mela-mgels ena ar amoudgams _ maT Tavidanve micemuli aqvT metyvelebis unari. SevniSnavT arsebiT gansxvavebas cxovelTa eposisa da jadosnuri zRapris cxovelebs Soris. isini ara mxolod sxvadasxva samyaros, aramed cxovelTa gansxvavebul gvarebs ekuTvnian. saerTo saxelwodebam SecdomaSi ar unda Segviyvanos. Tundac is garemoeba, rom jadosnur zRaparSi isini (mela iqneba Tu mgeli) ar arian TavisTavadni, aramed damxmareni, ris gamoc maT unda Seicvalon maTTvis Cveuli niri da qceva. cxovelTa eposis personaJi ar gamodgeba mTavari gmiris Semwed an mCuqeblad. isini mxolod sakuTari TaviT arian dakavebulni, sakuTari miznebi amoZravebT maT. sakmaod egocentrulni arian imisaTvis, rom uangarod gauwion samsaxuri xifaTSi Cavardnil adamians. oriode sityva kompoziciaze. cxovelTa igavi ar aris damorCilebuli iseT mkacr kanonebs, rogorc jadosnuri zRapari. igi ar

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eqvemdebareba vl. propiseul morfologiur (funqcionalur) analizs. Tu zRapris gmiris gamosvla asparezze ganpirobebulia gamstumreblis funqciiT, misi droebiTi warmateba-warumatebloba zRapris imanenturi kanonebis ZaliT damokidebulia mavneze, antagonistze, Semweze, mCuqebelze, sruliad gansxvavebuli viTarebaa cxovelTa eposSi. mTavari gmiri, Tuki igavSi arsebobs aseTi, mxolod da mxolod Tavis Tavs “eyudnis”, patronad, Semwed da mCuqeblad Tavisi Tavi hyavs. ar viciT, saidan Cndeba is asparezze. ram gamoiyvana mela Tavisi sorodan, CvenTvis ucnobia. ar hyavs mas gamstumrebeli. is da misi mowinaaRmdege ukve gareT arian, gzaze. ambavic gzaSi iwyeba SexvedriT. xvdebian, rogorc wesi, sxvadasxva (mxolod sxvadasxva!) gvaris cxovelebi. Sexvedras, rogorc saSualebas, mxolod ori mizani SeiZleba hqondes: daZmobileba da Sebma (Sejibri). daZmobileba gulisxmobs sakvebis erToblivad mopoebas, erTad Wamas, saerTo trapezs. mizani TiTqos materialuria, ukiduresad yofiTi, biologiuri, magram erTad Wama-sma Tanacxovrebis, simbiozis SesaZleblobis udidesi gamocdaa, ris Semdegac unda daiwyos sxva, maRali rangis urTierTobebi. aq ar wavalT Sors imis saCveneblad, Tu raoden didi xvedriTi wona aqvs xalxebis yofa-cxovrebaSi saerTo sufras, sadac adamianebi erTianobas eziarebian. adamianebi erTi modgmaa, erT gvars warmoadgenen uricxv qmnilebaTa Soris, amitomac maT surT erTianoba, miiswrafian erTmaneTisken, cdiloben daZlion babilonis godolis Semdgomi ucxooba, moZebnon ucxoSi “sxvai Cemi” (gr. robaqiZe).

cxovelTa eposSic aris survili, TiTqos Sinagani, Tandayolili ltolva erTad cxovrebisa, rasac aq sruliad kanonzomierad saerTo trapezi gamoxatavs. magram es ar xerxdeba maTi erTmaneTTan SeuTavseblobis gamo. gavixsenoT melasa da weros epizodi, romelic mainc mSvidobianad mTavrdeba, Tumca erTmaneTis maspinZlobiT gawbilebulni erTmaneTs Sordebian, raTa kvlav aRar Sexvdnen erTmaneTs. magram ase mSvidobianad ar Sordebian erTmaneTs daZmobilebuli mela da mgeli. “Zmobil” mgels, romelsac Tavisi wili erbo SeuWama meliam, moRoreba ar akmara, tyavi gaaZro am sityvis pirdapiri sastiki mniSvnelobiT. es sisastike, rasac mela umiznod, SeiZleba iTqvas, uangarod sCadis, xsenebuli SeuTavseblobis kategoriuli gamoxatulebaa. ras niSnavs es siRrmiseulad? niSnavs imas, rom cxovelTa samyaro erTiani ar aris _ yvela Seqmnilia “Tavisi gvaris mixedviT”, am gvarTa Soris kavSiri ar arsebobs, gadebuli xidi umal tydeba, rogorc ki fundamenturi moTxovnileba _ am SemTxvevaSi Wama _ wamoiwevs win? cnobilia, rom kvebis sistema xalxTa Soris erT-erTi mniSvnelovani, SesaZloa, gadamwyveti ganmasxvavebeli niSania. Tu es asea adamianTa sazogadoebaSi, miT ufro es iTqmis cxovelebis mimarT, romelTa erTaderTi saqmianoba biologiur moTxovnilebebTan aris dakavSirebuli. sxvadasxva gvaris cxovelTa simbiozi kraxisTvis aris ganwiruli. maTi yoveli erToblivi saqmianoba aseve sruli kraxiT mTavrdeba: mamali, mela, ZaRli ver aSeneben sofels. es cxovelTa eposis Tema advilad xdeba moralizebis saSualeba, rogorc, magaliTisTvis,

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krilovis arakSi (Однажды лебедь, рак да щука). sxvadasxva gvaris cxovelebi samyaros (kerZod, tyis) saerTo hamoniaSi monawileoben, magram erTmaneTisadmi SeuTavsebelni, Seurigebelni da mtrulni arian. amas aCvenebs cxovelTa eposi. ras unda iwvevdes es paradoqsebi CvenSi, adamianebSi? sicils Tu Cafiqrebas? melias improvizebuli oinebi, romlebic `Zmobilisadmia~ mimarTuli, TviTkmari Rirebulebis Semcvelia. ver vityviT, rom es oinebi Cagvafiqrebs, Cagvaxedebs Cvens TavSi. ara, melia Tavisi TavaSvebuli, sruliad gaumarTlebeli, umizezo sisastikiT Cvens samxileblad ar aris movlenili cxovelTa eposSi. Tumca, vimeoreb, igi SeiZleba moralis wasakiTxad, Wkuis saswavleblad iqnas gamoyenebuli. Tumca es ukve sxva Janri iqneba.

magram, Tu ufro Rrmad SevxedavT am SeuTavseblobas, davinaxavT, rom SeuTavsebloba zedapirulia, fenomenuria, siRrmeSi ki erTianoba Zevs _ yvela qmnileba erT bunebas aris naziarebi da, Tu cxovelebi zedapirulad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan, siRrmeSi isini erTni arian, rogorc erTi Semoqmedis qmnilebani. daZmobilebis, Tanacxovrebis survili cxovelTa eposSi amiT aris gamowveuli, igi Sinagani Zaxilia, bunebrivi tendenciaa. xalxuri sityviereba mainc aRiarebs cxovelTa samyaros solidarobas, romelic Zlevs zedapirul mtrobas. arafers vityviT jadosnur zRaparze, sadac es TvalsaCinoa. mTeli misi xerxemali solidarobazea agebuli _ maTi qmedebis mizani mTavari gmiria. foklori icnobs teqstebs, sadac Zleulia gaucxoeba, aRdgenilia erTianoba, roca gamoCndeba saerTo mizani. erT-erTi aseTia `sabralo dedabrisasa~ [qxp VIII:#713], sadac TiTqmis yvela gvaris Sinaur-gareuli cxoveli, romelic ki am leqsis Semqmneli sazogadoebisTvis aris cnobili, garTianebulia kacTagan (soflisgan, am sityvis orive mniSvnelobiT) gariyul-mitovebuli dedabris Sesawevad. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom am cxovelebSi (aha, maTi sruli sia: Tagvebi, lomebi, vefxvebi, taxebi, meliebi, weroebi, batebi, irmebi, daTvebi, mglebi, SaSvebi, gnolebi, kaWkaWebi, mtredebi, gvritebi, variebi, ixvebi, torolebi, xoxbebi, bulbulebi da, bolos, `sawyali beri qedani~) adamianebi igulisxmebian? aramc da aramc! mTeli paradoqsi, iumori, SesaZloa, komizmic swored imaSia, rom Semweni swored cxovelebi arian da ara adamianebi, romelTac humanisturi valdebuleba isedac unda hqonodaT am martoxela, umweo dedabris mimarT. Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom am mozrdili leqsis, TiTqos eposis, sazrisSi mxileba ar Zevs, misi paTosi ar aris mamxilebeli. is, rac miuRwevelia cxovelTa eposSi, aq miRweulia. aq Txa da mgeli erTad araTu sZoven, erTad Sromoben sxvisTvis, erTi miznis qveS arian gaerTianebulni. yvela Tavisi SesaZleblobiT Seeweva dedabers. cxovelTa samyaro emsaxureba martod darCenils. dedaberi adamis rolSia, rogorc yoveli qmnilebis batoni. adamma am dedabris saxiT Tavisi Zveli dideba aRidgina, rogorc yoveli qmnilebis patronma. cxovelTa samyaro adamianis samsaxurSia Cayenebuli da poema, romelic mTlianad mamiTadis Temazea agebuli, lxiniT anu Tavisi bunebrivi dasasruliT mTavrdeba:

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`silamazisTvis xoxobi SuaSi Caisviano, bulbuli galobisaTvis sul Tavsa daisviano, sawyali beri qedani boloSi moigdiano. erTad smen, sWamen, lxinoben, harales dasZaxiano~.

didebuli finalia, romelic principulad (arsobrivad) upirispirdeba cxovelTa eposis tragikomikur dasasruls da jadosnuri zRapris esqatologiuri dasasrulisken ixreba.

.

literatura

qurdovaniZe 2000: Указатель сюжетов грузинской народной сказки. Систематический указатель по системе Ааарне-Томпсона, составил проф. Курдованидзе Т.Д. , «Мерани», Тб., 2000; qurdovaniZe 2001: qurdovaniZe T., qarTuli folklori, Tb., 2001.

umikaSvili III: umikaSvili p. xalxuri sityviereba III, `literatura da xelovneba~, Tb., 1964. .

qxp VIII: qarTuli xalxuri poezia 12 tomad.

ColoyaSvili 2002: ColoyaSvili r. cxovelTa eposis klasifikacia da siuJeturi saZiebeli (kumulaciuri zRaprebi da zRaprebi cxovelTa Sesaxeb. `qarTuli folklori~ 1(XVII), Tb., 2002.

sayofiero zRapari anu xalxuri novela

tradiciulad zRapars sam jgufad yofen: jadosnur zRaprebad, cxovelTa zRaprebad da sayofiero zRaprebad. sinamdvileSi, Tu kargad davukvirdebiT, isini gansxvavebul Janrebs ekuTvnian da maTi gaerTianeba erTi saxelwodebis qveS ar unda iyos gamarTlebuli. amis gamoa, rom CamoTvlisas mxolod jadosnur zRapars Tvlian `sakuTriv~ anu namdvil zRaprad, danarCenebs sxvadasxva saxeliT moixsenieben.

Cven vamjobineT, jadosnuri zRaprisTvis, misi specifikuri dasasrulis gamo, èsqatologiuri zRapari~ gvewodebina, xolo cxovelTa zRaprebisTvis _ cxovelTa eposi. rac Seexeba mesame tipis `zRapars~, romelsac axla ganvixilavT, misi Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, `sayofiero zRapars~ an `novelistur zRapars~ uwodeben, Tumca maTTvis umjobesi iqneboda ~xalxur novela~ gvewodebina, ramdenadac igi novelisturi Txrobis yvela pirobas akmayofilebs. amrigad, `xalxuri novelis~ Tu `sayofiero zRapris~ (saxelwodeba namdvilad yovelTvis pirobiTia,

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simboluria, arasodes gamoxatavs mTlianad mis arss) saxiT Cvens winaSea xalxuri narativi, romelic arsebiTad gansxvavdeba, erTi mxriv, `sakuTriv zRaprisgan~, meore mxriv, `cxovelTa eposisgan~.

cxadia, sayofiero zRapari Tu xalxuri novelac gamonagonzea dafuZnebuli, magram es gamonagoni arsebiTad gansxvavdeba rogorc cxovelTa, ise esqatologiuri zRapris gamonagonisgan. igi savsebiT realisturi gamonagonia, ramdenadac Tavis siuJetebSi arafers Seicavs iseTs, rac realur cxovrebaSi ver moxdeboda. misi personaJebi realuri adamianebi arian, sazogadoebis yvela fenis da xasiaTis warmomadgenlebi: glexebi da batonebi, mojamagirebi da damqiravebelni, Rarib-Ratakebi da SeZlebulni, marTalni da crupentelebi, sovdagrebi da boganoebi, brZenebi da sulelebi, mwyemsebi da guTnisdedebi, mRvdlebi da diakvnebi, qurdebi da avazakebi, qosatyuilebi da sxvani da sxvani. yvelani, vinc ki am narativSi monawileobs Tumca groteskulni, magram savsebiT pragmatulni arian, magram mTavari gmiri, cota ucnauri qcevisaa, cota ar iyos, briyvis STabeWdilebas stovebs, erTi sityviT, ar iqceva standartulad, rogorc Cveulebrivi adamianebi unda iqceodnen. magram sabolood swored is imarjvebs. riTi? ara fizikuri Zal-RoniT, aramed moxerxebiT. maTzea zedgamoWrili andaza `xerxi sjobia Ronesa, Tu kaci moigonebsa~. isinic esqatologiuri zRapris gmiriviT mudmivad gzas adganan, magram maT gzajvaredinze is warwera ar aris, ukanmouqcevlobiT rom afrTxilebs mgzavrs. magram isini gaTelili gziT mainc ar midian, ar iqcevian ise, rogorc yvela iqceva; maT saqcielSi, azrovnebaSi TiTqos Wkua ar monawileobs, magram swored maTi es uWkuoba aRmoCndeba erTaderTi gza miznis misaRwevad. sabolood, maTi absurduli gadawyvetileba imarjvebs. Tu mojamagirea, sami wlis gasamrjelod SemoTavazebul fulsa da sam sityvas Soris sityvebs (anu Segonebebs) irCevs da Sinaganad kmayofili gaudgeba gzas Sinisken. yvelafers danarCens, rasac im fuliTac ver SeiZenda, am sityvebis meoxebiT iZens. maT xibls qmnis maTive saqcielis da fiqrebis absurduloba, rasac, rusTvelis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `Wkvianni ver mixvdebian~. mas gzaze ar Sexvdeba Semwe an mCuqebeli, romelic uangarod ixsnida mas gasaWiridan. piriqiT, yoveli Semxvedri mis gacurebas cdilobs, yvelam piri Seikra mis winaaRmdeg, rom misi sakuTari xari, romelic gasayidad mihyavs, Txad CauTvalon. sabolood, ara sxva vinme, aramed isev da isev sakuTari moxerxeba aRudgens martiv WeSmaritebas, rom misi pirutyvi xari iyo da ara Txa. WeSmaritebis kriteriumad komikuri xaris kudia gamoyenebuli, romelic Txad gayiduli xarisgan SerCa.

advili SesamCnevia, rom novelis gmiri ara mxolod sxva Janris personaJia, aramed sruliad gansxvavebuli tipis da formaciis adamiania. ufro sworad, zRaprisTvis am axal, yofiT adamians, romelic Zireulad gansxvavdeba zRapris gmirisgan, samoqmedo asparezad swored iseTi foni esaWiroeba, am tipis narativebSi rom aris gaSlili. es foni mkveTrad socialuria, sadac personaJebi yovelTvis raRac gamorCenas elian, konkretuli, pragmatuli, advilad misaRwevi mizani aqvT dasaxuli, gansxvavebiT esqatologiuri zRapris masStaburi miznisa, romlis

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miRwevaSi (an CaSlaSi) mTeli zRapruli sinamdvile (anu, vityviT Cven, mTeli wuTisofeli) monawileobs.

esqatologiuri zRaprisgan gansxvavebiT, romlis narativi Caketil drosa da sivrceSi xorcieldeba da, erTgvarad, simboluria, rogorc yvelaferi, rac masSi xdeba, novelebis dro da sivrce Cveni (anu mTxrobelisa da msmenelis) dro da sivrcea; Cven advilad warmovidgenT Tavs maSin da iq myofad, monawiled am samyaros situaciebisa, raoden ucnauri da uCveuloc ar unda iyvnen isini. am novelebSi arc erTi ararealuri sagani ar monawileobs, igi ar icnobs jadosur sagnebs (mfrinavi xaliCa, natvrisTvali da sxvani), romelTa saSualebiTac zRapris gmiri aRwevs mizans, magram Txrobis efeqti miRweulia am savsebiT realur, advilmisawvdom da advilad mosapovebel saganTa uCveulo, xSirad absurduli gamoyenebiT. amis klasikuri magaliTia nacarqeqias xelSi is sagnebi, romelTa saSualebiTac imarjvebs igi. realisturi foni Tavisi sagnebiTurT am novelebSi hiperbolizebulia.

realisturi, rogorc uwodeben literaturaSi [Rlonti 1989:16,18,23,31], novelebis Tematika mravalferovania da Znelad Tu eqvemdebareba klasifikacias, Tematur dajgufebas. mainc am mravalferovani simravlidan SeiZleba gamovarCioT universaluri gavrcelebis mTeli cikli briyv adamianebze _ dedakacebze da mamakacebze.

es fabliod wodebuli novelebi TiTqos amaTraxebs maT sibriyves [Rlonti:299]. magram asea? mxileba da gamaTraxebaa maTi sazrisi?

qvrivi dedakaci, romelic `saiqiodan mobrunebul kacis~ xeliT Tavis gardacvlil meuRlesTan an mamasTan uamrav xorags ugzavnis (cxra tomara xorbals, cxra tomara brinjs, cxra tomara fqvils, cxra fuT erbos, cxra fuT yvels da a.S. cxraobiT) gasakicxia sibriyvisTvis Tu saqebia im guluxvobisTvis, amasTanave, erTgulebisTvis, romelsac gardacvlilis mimarT iCens, an, Tundac, ndobisTvis ucnobi mamakacis mimarT? misi sruliad arapragmatuli, obieqturad Tu SevxedavT, saqcieli sibriyvea, magram amasTan erTad gana novela pragmatizms ar kicxavs? ra Tqma unda, es misabaZi saqcieli ar aris, magram fablios ar unda davakisroT arc moralis swavlebis da arc magaliTis micemis amocana. misi daniSnuleba namdvilad esTeturia, rogorc cxovelTa eposSi vxedavT. melia arasodes iqneba imis magaliTi, Tu rogor ar unda moiqces adamiani. am Janris igavebSi swored amgvari melia da mgelia misaRebi da, erTgvarad, mosawoni, rogorc mxatvruli nawarmoebis personaJi, rac unda uaryofiTi iyos igi.

aseve iTqmis am briyv qalebze, romlebic tirian jer-ardabadebuli Svilis sikvdils, romelic maT warmosaxvaSi ukve Camovarda xidan, an taroze Semodebuli culi daeca Tavze da sxva da sxva. es SeiZleba mxolod sasacilo iyos da meti araferi, magram gana es cotaa, rom kidev sxva raRac amocaniT davtvirToT?

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erTaderTi racionaluri azri, romelic amgvari fablioebidan gamomdinareobs is aris, romelic am qarTuli andaziT gamoixateba _ `mjobis mjobi ar daileva~, anu Cveni parafraziT `briyvis briyvi ar daileva~, rom adamianis sibriyves sazRvari ara aqvs da es WeSmariteba ara TavSi sacemad da vaiviSis saZaxeblad, aramed imis saCveneblad aris mowodebuli, rom `sadRac~, realobisa Tu azrovnebis romeliRac ganzomilebaSi es Cveni qveyana briyvTa qveyanaa. es azri aqvs SinaurTa (col-Svilis) sibriyviT aRSfoTebuli kacis ambavs, romelic sxva qveyanaSi gadaixveweba, sadac uares sibriyves gadaeyreba da Tavad aranaklebs sibriyves iCens, magram mainc kulminacia colis sityvebSia moqceuli, romliTac dabrunebul qmars axarebs, yana moxani da marili davTeseo. daskvna is aris, rom dabrunebuls es sisulele ar gakvirvebia. gana SeiZleba am fablios amgvari Sefaseba: `briyvi dedakacis motivebs mTel msoflio folklorSi aqvs paralelebi. yvela maTgans erTi azri aqvs: xalxi sastikad dascinis briyv dedakacs, zizRiT ucqeris mis uRirs saqciels...~ [Rlonti 1989:301]. amgvari Sefasebebi `zizRi~ da ùRirsi saqcieli~ aq namdvilad uadgilo Sefasebebia. fablios namdvilad ara aqvs dasaxuli es amocana iseve, rogorc xalxuri novelebis fondSi arsebul sami tyuilis cikls [Rlonti 1989:376-378].

erTma axirebulma xelmwifem gamoacxada, vinc sam iseT tyuils metyvis, rom ar gamegos, qaliSvils mivaTxoveb, Tu ara da, Tavs movWrio. oTxmocdacxramets moWra Tavi, meased wardga erTi menaxire da sami tyuili moaxsena. pirveli aseTi iyo: `guSin naxiridan rom davbrundi, dedaCems sadili ar hqonda gakeTebuli, me ki puri mSioda. Cvens baRSi erTi gogra meguleboda. avdeqi da mis mosatanad wavedi. mivel, vnaxe, sadac meguleboda, iq aRar iyo. gavyev gogris kavs. okeanis gaRma gasulyo da iq ido gogra. gaviare am kavze, gavedi gaRma, movglije gogra, saWamadi gavakeTe da me da dedaCemma kargi vaxSami geaxeliT~. meore tyuili es iyo: `guSin saRamos naxiridan rom movedi, dedaCems saWamadi Seenelebina da marili ver eSova... gaviqeci gubarSi, saidanac marili moaqvT... arc CaquCi mqonda, arc araferi, rom klde damengria da marili wamomeRo. xan aqeT mivartyi Tavi, xan iqiT da erTi kai mozrdili lodi movagdebine. gavide mxarze da Sinisaken gamoviqeci. SevaneleT saWamadi da im Rames kai vaxSami geaxeliT~. mesame tyuili amgvari iyo: `menaxirem xelmwifis karze uzarmazari qvevri miagora da uTxra: mamaSens mamaCemisa es erTi didi qvevri oqro marTebia da unda gadamixadoo~. am ukanasknelma tyuilma gaWra: xelmwife iZulebuli gaxda, menaxirisTvis mefis asuli mieTxovebina [Rlonti 1989:377]. es iseTi tyuili iyo, rom xelmwifes ar SeeZlo misi gabaTileba ise, rom absurdSi ar Cavardniliyo.

am tipis novelebSi tyuilis mTqmeli, cxadia, ubralo crupentela ar aris, romelic angarebiani mizniT an vinmes gasacureblad Txzavs tyuilebs da simarTled asaRebs mas. es tyuilTSemoqmedebaa, Tavistavad Rirebuli xelovnebis nawarmoebia, romelic moiTxovs fantaziis da iumoris Sezavebas. amave dros, am tyuilebis statusi ucnauria: Tu,

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Cveulebriv, tyuilis sazrisi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Tavi simarTled, sinamdvileSi momxdar ambad gaasaRos, am fablioebis tyuili Tavad acxadebs Tavs rogorc tyuils absoluturi saxiT, radgan aseTia SekveTa. aq tyuili qmnis Tavis sakuTar sinamdviles, sadac yvelaferi SesaZlebelia. tyuilis damajerebloba miT ufro izrdeba, rac ufro daujerebelia monaTxrobi. es aris uangaro, dauinteresebeli tyuili, romlis mizani ara mis gareT, aramed isev da isev mis sakuTar TavSia. is arafris sxvis, Tavis gareSe arsebulis, saSualeba ar aris. is TviTmizania. baron miunhauzenis tyuilebisgan gasxvavebiT, fablios tyuilebi msmenelis gansacvifreblad ar iTxzveba, isini TiTqos axal sinamdviles qmnian, romelic racionaluri kanonebiT ar imarTeba da arc adamianis logikas eqvemdebareba.

magram aris xalxur novelebSi personaJi, romelsac tyuilis Tqma Tavis bunebad gauxdia. es qosatyuilaa. Zneli gasarkvevia, Tu ratom daukavSirda matyuaroba qosobas (uwverulvaSobas), ramac sagangebo terminic ki Seqmna _ `qosatyuila~, magram aRmosavlur samyaroSi es motivi universaluria. kerZod, yirgizul da yazaxur folklorSi arsebobs personaJi, romelic Tavisi funqciiT da saxelwodebiT (aldar-qose) qarTuli qosatyuilas identuria. aseve, vxvdebiT mas, rogorc Zvel nacnobs, Sua aziidan esoden daSorebul da gansxvavebuli kulturis qveyanaSi, rogoric saberZneTia. magram, cxadia, berZeni qosatyuila ar momdinareobs klasikuri elinuri samyarodan, igi gviandeli warmonaqmnia da misi aRmosavluri warmoSoba eWvs ar unda iwvevdes. Tavad am arsebis aRsaniSnavi sityva _ spanos arc arsebobda ZvelberZnul enaSi. Zneli asaxsnelia, ratom daukavSirda matyuarobas bunebrivi uwveruloba. SesaZloa, qosatyuilas prototipi aseve aRmosavluri warmoSobis saWurisi iyos, romlis gaurkveveli sqesi Sinagani tyuilis asociacias iwvevda. adamiani, romelic arc kacia, arc qalia, ukve sicruesa da tyuils atarebs Tavisi bunebiT da ar SeiZleba sando iyos. berZnuli spanos iseTive kolorituli personaJia [megasi:LVI], rogorc qarTuli xalxuri novelebis qosatyuila. magram berZnuli spanos ar aris iseTi undoobisa da matyuarobis gansaxiereba, rogorc qarTuli novelebis qosatyuila. erT novelaSi mama sikvdilis win Svilebs anderZad erTaderT rCevas utovebs: `yvelgan ivaWreT, yvelas endeT da qosas ki nu endobiTo~. qosas veragobas umcrosi Svili Zlevs da novelis sazrisic es aris swored, rom mxilebuli iqnas qosas buneba da misi veragoba missave sawinaaRmdegod mieqces [xalxuri sibrZne II:344]. Tumca sxva novelaSi kvlav aRdgeba igi, raTa moiqces ise, rogorc Tavisi buneba karnaxobs. qosatyuilas ar SeuZlia ar tyuodes, es ari misi bunebis gamovlineba, misi cxovrebis wesi, rogorc sulxan-saba orbelianis im morielisa, romelsac, misive gulaxdili aRiarebiT, ar SeuZlia ar igeslebodes.

qosatyuilas tyuils ara aqvs TavisTavadi Rirebuleba; gvizidavs ara Tavad saxe tyuilisa, aramed adamianis tipi, romelsac ar SeiZlia adamianebTan urTierToba, Tu ara tyuilis meSveobiT.

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arsebobs qarTul novelistur zRaprebSi personaJi, romelsac

iaraRad tyuili aqvs momarjvebuli da mowinaaRmdegis gacurebiT aRwevs warmatebas. da es warmateba aris ara droebiTi, rogorc qosatyuilasi an mis msgavsTa, aramed saboloo. es personaJi nacarqeqiaa. erTi SexedviT araraoba, romelic nacris qeqvaSi atarebs wuTisofels, misda uneburad zRapruli simdidris patroni xdeba. Tumca ar aris gamoricxuli, rom devebis saxlidan wamoRebuli dovlaTiTurT Sindabrunebuli nacarqeqia, romlisTvisac zRaparma sxva saxeli ar gaimeta, kvlav keriasTan dajdes da nacris qeqva ganagrZos. radgan es saxeli misi mudmivi saxelia. am saxelma gamokveTa misi pirovneba. magram ara, igi arasodes miubrundeba nacris qeqvas da kvlav arasodes dasWirdeba vinmes gacureba, rogorc im mamamTavars, romelic mis mier gacurebul Zmas gaeqca da sruliad sxva, yovel SemTxvevaSi, saxelSecvlil adamianad dabrunda. roca qveynis sazRvrebSi Semovida iakobi, ase Tqva: `me xom erTi joxis amaram gadavlaxe es iordane, axla ki or banakad vdgavar~ (dab. 32:10). yrma iakobma Zmas esavs gamostyua pirmSoeba, romelic providenciiT mas ekuTvnoda da mere yvelaferi, rac, SesaZloa, ar ekuTvnoda mas, didi SromiT da patiosnebiT moipova.

rogor SeuZlia gamoxatos nacarqeqiam is, rac mas gadaxda Tavs?

dae, dascinodnen mas im sagnebis gamo, romelic man moiTxova saxlidan gasvlisas, roca gareT agdebdnen. ra aris Wyinti yveli, ra aris sadgisi, ra aris erTi guda nacari? nivTebi, romlebic mxolod saxlSi SeiZleba gamoadges kacs. magram Cven viciT, rom es kaci, romelsac aiZuleben dastovos kera, ar gamoiyenebs am sagnebs maTi pirdapiri daniSnulebisamebr. is ar SeWams yvels, sadgisiT ar gaxvrets tyavs, nacriT ar gaxexavs qvabs. is aRmoaCens maTSi imaze mets, rasac isini asruleben yoveldRiur yofaSi, an rac maTTvis daukisrebia adamianis Wkuas. dascinian mas? magram is Tavad dascinebs maT, vinc ver ixedeba saganTa ukan, saganTa siRrmeSi, saganTa zemoT, romelTa Wkua erTganzomilebiania, amitomac yoveldRiurobas mijaWvuli...

is aerTebs Tavis TavSi ori tipis adamians, romelTagan erTi Wvrets _ mWvretelia, meore moqmedebs _ moqmedia... erTi Sin aris, meore _ gareT. sofeli maT gareSe warmoudgenelia, isini erTmaneTs avseben. erTic aucilebelia da meorec. magram unda vicodeT, rom erTis wili _ mWvretelisa, romelic zis, gamorCeulia. mWvreteli, idumalis msmenelis wili qristem gamoarCia, roca uTxra beTanieli lazares das: "marTa! marTa! Sen bevr rameze zrunav da wuxxar, saWiro ki mxolod erTia..." (luka, 10:41-42).

sazRurblo situaciaSi absoluturi improvizaciis ZaliT man am sam saganSi iseTi Tvisebebi ganWvrita, romelTa ganWvretas aTasi wlis manZilzec ver SeZlebda erTganzomilebiani Wkviani adamiani. `mas erTsa... Wkvianni ver mixvdebian~. imis gasagebad, Tu vin aris nacarqeqia,

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gavarkvioT, vin aris misi antagonisti. devi ganasaxierebs absolutur sibriyves, romelic uzomo fizikur Zalas emyareba. igi Zveli formaciis gmiria, romlis oreulebs mravlad vpovebT msoflio folklorSi Tu miTologiaSi. es aris polifemi, es aris goliaTi, eseni arian winare mosaxleobis reliqtebi, romelTa fizikuri Zala anaqronizmia axal viTarebaSi. maTi mowinaaRmdegeni arian odisevsi, romelic ara mxolod polifemisgan, aramed Tavis TvistomTa Sorisac unikaluria tavisi TvisebebiT: Tu maradWabukiaqilevsis mudmivi anu arsobrivi epiTeti aris `fexmardi~, menelaosisa _ òmSi myivari~, odisevsis epiTetebi egzistencialur gamocdilebebzea agebuli (`mravalanacadi~, `mravaltanjuli~...) da Tavadac arasodes gaurbis, piriqiT, mieltvis axal-axal gamocdilebebs da gansacdelebs. devebs, polifemis saxiT igi amarcxebs ara fizikuri ZaliT, aramed mentaluri improvizaciiT, iaraRiT, romelic man, rogorc homo faberma, daamzada. daviTi amarcxebs goliaTs ara saul mefis SemoTavazebuli aRWurvilobiT, aramed SurduliT, romelic goliaTis TvalSi ZaRlis maTraxs ufro hgavda, vidre sabrZolo iaraRs. nacarqeqias gamarjveba devebze, odisevsisa polifemze da daviTisa goliaTze mniSvnelovanwilad ganpirobebulia moulodnelobis efeqtiT _ maT metoqeebs situaciis gazrebis droc ar rCebaT, Tuki saerTod aqvT azrovnebis unari. momavali am Cia tanis adamianebisaa, romlebic saganTa arsSi ixedebian da iq moulodnel SesaZleblobebs aRmoaCenen. misTvis, vinc nacarqeqia saxlidan gamoagdo, is sami sagani _ yveli, nacari da sadgisi rCeba yvelad, nacrad da sadgisad, naqarqeqia ki amieridan maTSi imaze mets xedavs, rasac isini yofiT doneze warmoadgenen. es aris nacris qeqvis Sedegi, es aris nacarqeqias unikaloba qarTul da, garkveulwilad, msoflio folklorSi.

literatura Rlonti: Rlonti al. qarTuli xalxuri novelis sakiTxebi, Tsu, Tb., 1989. megasi: MMegas Georgios A. Folktales of Greece, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London [1977]. xalxuri sibrZne II: xalxuri sibrZne II, xalxuri zRaprebi, nakaduli, Tb., 1964.

zRapris universaloba

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msoflio zRaprebs Soris saerTo ara mxolod motivebis, aramed siuJetebis doneze sakmaod TvalsaCinoa. sakmarisia gadavikiTxoT qarTul zRaprebTan erTad paralelurad rusuli, berZnuli Tu ruminuli zRaprebi, rom davrwmundeT amaSi. magram erovnuli wiaRi universalur siuJets Tu motivs Taviseburad amuSavebs. es qmnis TiToeuli zRapris mravalferovnebas, realizaciis amouwurav SesaZleblobebs. miuxedavad am universalobisa, romelsac zRapris siuJetebi atarebs, mainc roca saqme exeeba calkeuli xalxis sityvier Semoqmedebas, pirvel rigSi, zRaprebs mivadgebiT, radgan swored zRapari Segvacnobinebs da gvagrZnobinebs ama Tu im xalxis suls da xasiaTs. siuJetis Tu motivis gardaqmnaSi monawileobs xalxis yofa, misi qveynis landSafti, istoriuli gamocdileba, zne-Cveulebebi, religiuri rwmena-warmodgenebi, ideologia _ es yvelaferi daRs asvams universalurs da erovnul sakuTrebad aqcevs mas. magram universaluri im donemde ar gardaiqmneba, rom Zneli gamosacnobi gaxdes. universaluri siuJeti mainc inarCunebs yovel nacionalur wiaRSi Tavis individualobas. razom gansxvavebuli ar iyos qarTuli da rusuli xalxuri kulturebi, TvalSi sacemia am or xalxSi gavrcelebuli zraprebis siaxlove. 1910 wels finelma folkloristma antti amatus aarnem (1867-1925) Seadgina msoflio zRaprebis siuJetTa saZieblebi, romelic Semdgom ganavrco amerikelma stiT tompsonma (1964) da ukanasknel xans germanelma hans-iorg uTerma (2004). dResdReobiT es saZiebeli sxvadasxva tipis zRaprebis 2400-mde siuJets moicavs. arsebobs qarTuli zRapris siuJetTa saZiebelic [qurdovaniZe 2000]. igi warmogvidgens qarTuli zRapris mTels marags, romelic moicavs rogorc universalurs, an qarTulad saxecvlils, ise originalur qarTuls, romelTac ara aqvT paraleli msoflio sazRapro fondSi. magram amasTanave unda iTqvas, rom siuJetTa universaloba pirobiTia. `saZiebelSi~ moqceuli zRaprebi mainc Semofarglulia erTi regioniT _ es aris evraziis regioni. rac ufro vSordebiT evraziuli qveynebis sazRvrebs, rom araferi vTqvaT orTave amerikis da wynari okeanis xalxebze, maT miRma gavrcelebuli siuJetebi adgils ver pouloben tradiciul saZieblebSi. amasTanave `saZiebeli~ ver moicavs realurad arsebuli zRaprebis mTels mravalferovnebas, im xalxTa zRaprebis siuJetebsac ki, romelTa klasifikaciis Sedegad gamomuSavda es sistema. maSasadame, saWiroa maTi klasifikacia axali midgomebiT da axal sawyisebze, raTa universalobis fundamenturi xasiaTi ara garegnul-zedapiruli msgavsebis, aramed siRmiseuli analogiebis safuZvelze gamovlindes. amitomac simptomaturia, rom Cinuri da Turquli zRaprebis saZiebelTa Sedgenisas uari iTqva aarnes sistemaze, romelmac ver SeZlo maTi met-naklebi sisruliT asaxva [Jirmuinski:342]. axal sistemaSi adgili unda hpovon vitnamis, indoneziis, okeaniis, koreis, iaponiis, Savi afrikis sazRapro siuJetebma, romelTa siuJetebi dRemde ùcxo sxeulad~ Canan.

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zRapris genezisis problema Zalze rTulia, SeiZleba iTqvas, am etapze gadauWreli. e. w. folkloristTa Crdilouri skolam (skandinavia, fineTi) aTwleulebi Sealia am sagans, magram amaod. zRapris samSoblo kvlav dafarulia. magram arsebobda ki erTi adgili, sadac Caisaxa pirveli zRapari? zRapari Caisaxa Tu zRapris embrioni, romelmac Semdeg Camoyalibda zRaprad? sad, romel qveyanaSi, romel xalxSi? an ra mizniT? ra yofiTi funqcia hqonda mas Tavdapirvelad da a. S. amocanas is arTulebs, rom zRapari, rogorc zepirsityvieri teqsti, ascda damwerlobas: iSviaTad Tu gamxdara zRapari werilobiTi kulturis kuTvnileba. Tobidan Taobas zepirad gadacemuli icvlida saxes da ikargeboda kidec. is saxe zRaprebisa, romelTac moicavs `saZiebeli~ SedarebiT gvian aris Camoyalibebuli. TiTebze CamosaTvlelia zRaprebi, romlebic damwerlobis interesis sferoSi moxvdnen. magaliTisTvis davasaxelebT asurul-babilonur (aqadur) zRapars Cven mier saxeldebuli `cxovelTa eposis~ repertuaridan _ `gveli da arwivi daZmobildnen...~ [Suamd:138] da Zvelegviptur vrcel moTxrobas ori Zmis Sesaxeb [vikentievi], romelic jadosnuri zRapris motivebs da struqturas avlens. magram gagviWirdeba imis Tqma, rom samSoblo cxovelTa eposisa SuamdinareTia, jadosnuris zRaprisa ki _ Zveli egvipte. XIX s-is samociani wlebidan germaneli mecnieris Teodor benfeis (1809-1881) gamokvlevebis gavleniT [kokiara:320-322], karga xans miRebuli iyo azri, rom zRaprebi da, sazogadod, xalxuri narativebi (igavebi da sxva) indoeTidan gavrcelda mTels dedamiwis zurgze. maTi wyaro ki iyo induri cxovelTa igavarakebis kompoziciuri krebuli `panCatantra~, romelic Cv. w. III-IV saukuneebSi Seiqmna sanskritze. sxvadasxva saukuneebSi es induri literaturuli nawarmoebi sxvadasxva enebze iTargmneboda da paralelurad xalxSi vrceldeboda, iZenda ra xalxur variantebs. mere kvlav literaturul saxes iRebda, raTa kvlav folklorizacia ganecada. da ase moedo mTels axlo aRmosavleTsa da evropas. es enebia falauri (saSualo sparsuli), siriuli, arabuli, sparsuli, berZnuli, ebrauli, slavuri, Turquli, espanuri, laTinuri, franguli, italiuri, germanuli, inglisuri... aRnusxulia eqvsasamde Targmani 60 enaze. TiToeulma am enam moaxdina induridan wamosuli cxovelTa igav-arakebis adaptacia. qarTul literaturaSi `panCatantra~ `qilila da damanas~ saxiT movida (XVII-XVIII ss.), romelmac, Tavis mxriv, igavTa folkloruli variantebi warmoSva. am Teorias `moxetiale siuJetebis~, orientaluri (aRmosavluri), an `sesxebis~ Teoria ewoda. miuxedavad imisa, rom `sesxebis~ Teoriam bevri igav-arakuli siuJetis warmoSobas (pirvelwyaros) mohfina Suqi, mainc folkloristika veRar dakmayofilda `moxetiale siuJetTa~ Teoriis calmxrivi gagebiT, kerZod, maTi eqskluziurad induri warmoSobiT. zRapari ar daiyvaneba igavebze da sazRapro siuJetebi igavTa siuJetebze. droTa viTarebaSi aqtualoba dakarga zRaparis, rogorc Janris, samSoblos Ziebam da mTavari yuradReba mieqca mis struqturas (amaze ukve gvqonda zemoT saubari).

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magram ramdenadac siuJetebis sesxeba, romlis meore mxare maT `xetials~ gulisxmobs, gamowveulia xalxTa Soris kulturul-istoriuli kavSirebiT, gamaxvilda yuradReba im gzebze, romlebiTac es siuJetebi xalxidan xalxSi xetialoben. maTTvis enobrivi barieri ar arsebobs. es gzebia _ mcire aziidan xmelTaSua zRvis CrdiloeT sanapiros gavliT espaneTisken; saberZneTis arqipelagis gavliT siciliasa da italiaSi; mcire aziidanve bizantiisa da balkaneTis gavliT evropaSi. Turquli modgmis xalxebis gza Soreuli aRmosavleTidan cimbiris gavliT da Sua aziidan ruseTis samxriT stepebis gavliT evropis misadgomebamde (ungrelebi, bulgarelebi). mniSvnelovania im epoqebis moniSvna, roca xdeboda xalxTa didi gadasaxlebebi da laSqrobebi: kimerielebis gavla kavkasionis wiaR saqarTvelos teritoriis gavliT urartumde; aleqsandre makedonelis laSqroba dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisken; arabi tomebis moZraoba aRmosavleTidan ukidures dasavleTamde; monRolTa urdoebis moZraoba Sida monRoleTidan dasavleTisken; jvarosnuli laSqrobebi dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisken. berZnul werilobiT tradiciaSi miTologiurma gadmocemebma Taviseburad gamoxates kulturuli gacvla-gamocvlis ganuwyveteli procesi: ios finikielebi itaceben argosidan; evropes finikiidan itaceben elinebi; oqros sawmisi eladidan kolxeTSi midis: oqros sawmiss ibruneben da medeas itaceben elinebi; troeli parisi eladidan itacebs mSvenier elenes; elini tomebi ilaSqreben elenes dasabruneblad mcire aziaSi; troelTa erTi nawili eneasis winamZRolobiT daiZrebian evropisken... bolos, elini tomebi gadian arqipelagidan mcire aziisa da Savi zRvis sanapiroebisken (kolonizacia procesi). Zvel samyaroSi kulturebi arasodes yofilan Caketilni da izolirebulni erTmaneTis mimarT. siuJetebis `xetiali~, maTi `xiznoba~ da damkvidreba xalxidan xalxSi, kulturul RirebulebaTa sesxeba gacilebiT intensiuri iyo Zvel xalxebSi, urTierTobis yvela forma _ saomari laSqrobebidan dawyebili aReb-micemobiT (saganTa gacvla-gamocvliT) damTavrebuli _ CarTuli iyo kulturaTa urTierTgamdidrebis am istoriul procesSi. ra Tqma unda, kulturuli aReb-micemoba zRapruloi siuJetebiT ar amoiwureboda. laparakia yvela xalxis zepirsityvier memkvidreobaze, romelic yovelTvis inarCunebda Riaobas ucxos mimarT. amas Cven SegviZlia vuwodoT SeZenili universaloba mas Semdeg, rac erTiani kacobrioba daiSla babilonis daumTavrebeli godlis kedlebTan. aq ukve SevdivarT kacobriobis arsebobis im periodSi, saidanac istoria mxolod da mxolod miTosis eniT gvelaparakeba. Cvens SemTxvevaSi babilonis godlis miTosis sazrisi is aris, rom erTiani kacobriobis TiToeulma nawilma gancalkevebis Semdeg met-naklebi sicxadiT SeZlo SeenarCunebina is saerTo, romelic maT erTianobaSi hqondaT. iyo da aris gaucxoeba, magram iyo da aris urTierTgagebac da urTierTSeRwevac swored im saerTo enis safuZvelze, romelsac TiToeuli maTgani iyo ziarebuli.

literatura

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vikentievi: Викентьев В. М. Древне-египетская повесть о двух братьях, М., 1917.

kokiara: Коккьяра Дж., История фольклористики в Европе, М., 1960.

Jirmunski: Жирмунский В. М., К вопросу о международных сказочных сюжетах (В книге: Жирмунский В. М Сравнительное Литературоведение, Восток и Запад, Л., «Наука», 1979). Suamd: Zveli Suamdinaruli poezia, Tb., `merani~, 1987.

àmiraniani~ - tragikuli eposi

mravalferovan da mdidari tradiciis mqone qarTul xalxur sityvierebaSi epikuri Semoqmedebis wvlili, SeiZleba iTqvas, metad mwiria. qarTul folklorSi ver vadasturebT istoriuli xasiaTis eposs, sadac ganzogadebulad iqneboda gadmocemuli xalxis istoria, rogorc es, Cveulebriv, am Janris eposebSia; rogorc es aris `nibelungebis simRe-raSi~ an Turqul `dede qorquTis wignSi~. ar Cans istoriuli an fsev-doistoriuli gmiri, romlis garSemo realuri istoriis Taviseburad gardaqmnil sagmiro ambavTa ciklizacia momxdariyos, Tumca saqarTvelos istoria arcTu Raribia heroikuli epoqebiT, brZolebiT da, Sesabamisad, istoriuli gmirebiT.

Cven ver vifiqrebT, rom xalxis epikuri cnobiereba gulgrili darCeniliyos im epoqaluri sasikeTo Tu sabediswero Zvrebis mimarT, romlebic araerTgzis ganucdia qveyanas; ver vifiqrebT, rom zepirsityvier matianes ar aesaxos espaneTis rekonkistis analogiuri uaRresad daZabuli xana, aSot kurapalatisa da mis TanamdgomTa gmiruli epopea, rac qarTuli miwebis kvlav SemokrebiT dasrulda, magram espanuri `Cemi sidis~ msgavsi xalxuri poema, sadac ukvdavyofili iqneboda TaobaTa xsovnaSi `Cemi aSoti~, ar dasturdeba; an masze adreuli xana gorgaslisa, romlis miTosuri xati werilobiT matianeSi aris moxvedrili, xalxuri eposis saxiT ki ar Cans; an, Tundac, ufro adreuli epoqa farnavazisa, romlis arqetipuli drois, rogorc `Zlieri Jamis~, mefobis da sxva sulier RirebulebaTa, mraval siaxleTa dasabamieri Jamis kvali werilobiTma istoriam Semoinaxa, xalxis xsovnas ki ver SemorCa. ra mizeziT? mizezi martivia: vrcelia `koleqtiuri~ mexsiereba, magram is usazRvro da dauSreteli ar aris. mas ar SeuZlia sinqronulad moicvas mTeli zepirsityvieri fondi misi `dasabamidan~, erTdroulad Seinaxos sxvadasxva istoriul epoqaTa zepirsityvieri Semoqmedebis nayofebi. Taobebis monacvleobasTan erTad icvleba,

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periodul ganaxlebas ganicdis zepirsityvieri teqstebi; Zveli gadadis, mis nacvlad axali mkvidrdeba. `xalxs is moswons, rac axalia~, amboben òdiseaSi~ Zveli miTebis momRerlis demodokes msmenelni. da is Zveli, romelic ukan ixevs, gadis xalxis mexsierebis sawieridan, Tu aso-niSnebiT ar iqna Cawerili, samudamo daviwyebisTvis aris ganwiruli. arc erTi zemoxsenebuli xalxuri eposis xsenebac ki ar iqneboda, rom maT Caweraze ar ezrunaT. Seqmnidan orasi wlis Semdeg Cawerili iqna `simRera Cems sidze~ (Semonaxulia erTaderTi 1307 wlis xelnaweriT); CaweriT gadaurCa drois dinebisgan gariyvas `kalevala~, irlandiuri Tu islandiuri sagebi, epikuri ciklebi digenis akritasze; damwerlobam gadaarCina rusuli bilinebi, romlebic maTi pirvelCaweridan asi wlis Semdeg xalxis xsovnaSi ukve waSlili iyo.

dasanania, rom saqarTveloSi, uZvelesi damwerlobis qveyanaSi, XIX saukunis meore naxevramde ar ucdiaT xalxuri eposebis Cawera. Cvens werilobiT ZeglebSi maTi arsebobis mxolod fragmentuli kvali SeiZleba davadasturoT. im xanamde, roca maTi Caweris interesi gaCnda, qarTuli xalxuri eposi arasrulyofili, fragmentuli, SeiZleba iTqvas, dakninebuli saxiT iyo moRweuli. ra saxe hqonda mas klasikur, epikuri Semoqmedebis apogeaSi, CvenTvis samudamod ucnobi rCeba. magram, rogorc odisevsi ambobs sakuTar Tavze, àm galewili bzidanac Cans, ra TavTavic viyavio~, igive SegviZlia vTqvaT am epikur teqstebze, romelTa analizs vTavazobT mkiTxvels winamdebare wignSi.

es sami eposi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. TiToeuli maTgani warmoadgens epikuri Semoqmedebis gansakuTrebul saxeobas. isini ganekuTvnebian qarTveli xalxis kulturuli cxovrebis, qveynis istoriis sxvadasxva periods, Seiqmnen gansxvavebul kulturul fenebSi. problematuria àmiranianis~ Seqmna-Camoyalibebis xana, magram Cven SegviZlia zustad ganvsazRvroT àrsenas leqsis~ Seqmna-gavrcelebis periodi. amirani miTologiur samyaroSi moqmedi personaJia, romlis asparezi sakacobrioa. arsena ki realuri pirovnebaa, masze SeTxzuli `Sairsityvebis~ Tanamedrove. magram rac unda sxvaobdes maTi `sknelebi~, maT Soris arsebiTi msgavsebaa, ris Cvenebasac cdilobs avtori. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom amirani xalxuri eposis ania (alfa) anu dasabami, rogorc pa-radigma da arqetipi, arsena ki _ hoe (omega), misi ukanaskneli variacia. asec SegveZlo gveTqva: àmiraniani~ da àrsenas leqsi~ erT epikur, magram sxvadasxva siRrmis dinebas ekuTvnian; `mas Jams~, magram ar viciT, rodis gaWril saerTo kalapotSi miedinebian. msgavseba siRrmiseulia, gansxvaveba _ epoqaluri. ver vpovebT sxva xalxur eposs, sadac ise mkveTrad iyos gacxadebuli adamianis amaRlebisa da dacemis egzistencia-luri drama, rogorc es àmiraniansa~ da àrsenas leqsSia~.

da mesame, Cveni ganxilvis sagania romantikuli eposi _ poema èTeriani~, romelic adamianis bunebis sxva siRrmeebs swvdeba. aq namdvilad `sxvaa adamiani~, ara epoqalurad sxva, aramed adamianis sxva tipi, _ aseT sxvas vxvdebiT imave epoqis `vefxistyaosanSi~. aq siyvaruli

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Tavis Tavs ubrundeba, igi poulobs Tavis stiqias, rogorc cecxli eZebs Tavis Tavs da poulobs im materiis simxurvaleSi, romelsac is ekideba. siyvaruli aq gamocdac aris da gansacdelic, is esqatologiuria (amTavrebs uxano wuTisofels), samaradisod grZeldeba.

amiranis ambavs mTels saqarTveloSi icnoben, SeiZleba iTqvas,

`nikofsiidan darubandamde~. igi dadasturebulia saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela istoriul mxareSi (qarTli, kaxeTi, fSav-xevsureTi, mesxeTi, javaxeTi, imereTi, raWa, leCxumi, svaneTi...). àmiraniani~ Zveli Tqmulebaa, Cans, mas mouswria sruliad saqarTvelos Semovla. Canawerebi ki sakmaod gviandelia, ara uadres XIX s-is 60-iani wlebisa. igi Zvelia, magram arc ise Zveli, rom aTaswleulebs iTvlides. aTaswleulebis Semonaxva mxolod damwerlobas Tu SeuZlia, maT adamianis mexsiereba, Tundac `koleqtiuri~, ver gauZlebs. uZvelesia àmiranianis~ motivebi, miTologemebi, magram Tavad sxeuli misi SedarebiT mogviano warmonaqmnia.

eposma Cvenamde fragmentuli saxiT moaRwia. igi arsebobs TxrobiTi teqstis saxiT, romelSic alag-alag leqsiTi nawilebia CarTuli. ar arsebobs da arc SeiZleba arsebobdes erTi myari kanonikuri prozauli teqsti, ver davadasturebT erTi da imave epizodis or identur Canawers. mxolod leqsiTi nawilebia mdgradi, mcireodeni variantuli cvlilebebiT. unda SeiniSnos, rom swored gadamwyveti epizodebi ar aris gadmocemuli leqsad, leqsiTi fragmentebi epizoduri xasiaTisaa. ar moiZebneba Canaweri, romelic Tanamimdevrulad moicavdes amiranis Tavgadasavlis yvela SesaZlebel epizods, rac ganpirobebuli unda iyos ara Tqmulebis Tavdapirveli fragmentulobiT, aramed alag-alag tradi-ciuli epikuri xsovnis gamkrTalebiT. eWvi ar aris, rom epizodebi imTaviTve erTian epikur droSi unda yofiliyo CarTuli. àmiranianis~ mTlianobas, sxva niSnebTan erTad, misi dasawyisi da dasasruli mowmobs.

àmiranianis~ folkloruli Canawerebis monografiuli gamocema ekuTvnis prof. m. Ciqovans _ mijaWvuli amirani (Tsu gam. Tb., 1947), sadac Tavmoyrilia imxanad xelmisawvdomi, met-naklebad Rirebuli folkloruli teqstebi saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela kuTxidan (qarTli, kaxeTi, fSavi, mesxeT-javaxeTi, xevsureTi, TuSeTi, xevi, mTiuleTi, guria, imereTi, raWa, svaneTi, samegrelo, afxazeTi, oseTi), sul 69 teqsti. raime arsebiTi siaxle àmiranianis~ SecnobisTvis am publikaciis Semdeg mopovebul masalas ar moutania. kvlevisas veyrdnobi zemoxsenebul gamocemas.

ra tipisa Tu formaciis eposebs ganekuTvneba àmiraniani~? cxadia, igi ar aris istoriuli eposi. masSi ver aRmovaCenT verc erT istoriul realias, verc romelime istoriuli epoqisa da istoriuli adgilis kvals; misi gmirebis asparezi ganusazRvrelia; arafers gveubneba arc `balxi~, `balxeTi~ Tu `CabalxeTi~, arc àlgeTi~ (erTaderTi qarTuli toponimi). arc personaJTa sakuTari saxelebia qarTuli istoriuli sinamdvilidan aRebuli: badri, usupi, yamari arabul-sparsuli

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warmoSobisaa. ar viciT, ra erqva mTavar gmirs, sanam mas amirani daerqmeoda. misi es saxeli ufro gviandelia, vidre mose xonelis sagmiro-saTavgadasavlo eposiseuli àmiran darejanis Ze~, romlis sparsuli warmoSoba karga xnis gamokvleulia da eWvs ar unda iwvevdes: amir andare jehan niSnavs: àmiri qveynierebaze~, iseve rogorc nest andare jehan niSnavs: àr aris [misi msgavsi] qveynierebaze~. simptomaturia, rom àmirandarejanianSi~ mTavari gmiri arasodes moixsenieba rogorc àmirani~: xalxurma tradiciam mowyvita igi kompozits da damoukidebel andronimad aqcia, rac dRemde asea.

yovelive amiT _ zemoT CamoTvlili niSnebiT àmiranianis~ qronotoposi zRaprul drosa da sivrces mogvagonebs, magram àmiraniani~ zRapari ar aris. misi tragikuli dasasruli auqmebs mis zRaprulobas. àmiraniani~ arc miTologiuri eposia, swored misi asparezis ganusazRvreli qronotopiurobis gamo. miTosi, rogorc wesi, `dabmulia~ gansazRvrul sivrcesa da droze. sivrce miTosSi toponimizebulia, dro _ winarewarsuli, romelic ebmis istoriul dros.

Tu SevecdebiT àmiranianis~ tipis gansazRvras, unda vuwodoT mas `tragikuli eposi~, sadac sagmiro-saTavgadasavlo da miTologiuri motivebiT SeZerwilia adamianis aRzevebisa da dacemis drama. rogorc naCvenebi iqneba, àmiranians~ ufro meti aqvs saerTo berZnul klasikur dramasTan, vidre promeTevsis miTosTan (amaze qvemoT). àmiranianic~, msgavsad berZnuli dramisa, hubriszea agebuli. hubrisi anu gabudayeba kulminaciaa im zRurblTa Soris, romelTac gaivlis tragikuli dramis gmiri. ufro arsebiTad rom vTqvaT, àmiranianSi~ dgas adamianis problema da es problema, ar unda gagvikvirdes, egzistencialur WrilSia dasmuli da gadawyvetili. amaSi mdgomareobs àmiranianis~ TavisTavadoba, misi unikaluri adgili msoflio xalxTa eposebs Soris.

samwuxarod, rogorc iTqva, Cveni eposi fragmentebad aris Cvenamde SemorCenili. es fragmentuloba epikuri sunTqvis Sewyvetis Sedegia. magram Cvens xelTaa fragmentebi da, rogorc odisevsi ityoda, am galewili bzidanac Cans, rogori TavTavi viyavio, Cvenc igive SegviZlia vTqvaT maTze. es fragmentebi niSnebia da Cven unda avalaparakoT isini.

Cveni mizania, arsebul masalaSi gamovavlinoT is aucilebeli sazRurblo epizodebi, romelTa gareSe amiranis Tqmuleba dakargavda TavisTavadobas. unda vecadoT, agreTve, rom am epizodebs gmiris Tavgadasvlis droJamul mdinarebaSi mivuCinoT misi bunebrivi, erTaderTi adgili. àmiranianis~ dRemde SemorCenili masala iZleva amis saSualebas. arsebul Canawerebze dakvirvebam cxadhyo, rom SesaZlebelia epizodTa dalageba mkacri TanamimdevrobiT, iseve rogorc `svlebi~ misdevs erTmaneTs jadosnur zRaparSi (ix. vl. propis `zRapris morfologia~). am epizodebs Cven vuwodebT zRurblebs, romlebic aRniSnaven gmiris gadasvlebs misi yofierebis axal-axal viTarebebSi. amaTgan zogi sayo-velTaoa (universaluria), zogi ki – sakuTriv amiraniseuli.

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gansxvavebiT sxva eposTa gmirebisgan, romlebic mTeli Txrobis manZilze igiveobrivni rCebian sakuTar TavTan, amiranis pirovneba ganviTarebas ganicdis, igi icvleba yoveli zRurblis gadalaxvis Semdeg. zRurblebi gmiris sulier (aseve fizikur) ganviTarebaSi axal-axal safexurebs aRniSnaven. Zveli da axali msoflio eposebis gmirebi _ odisevsi, aqilevsi, agamemnoni da sxvani dasrulebuli saxiT gamovidnen TiTqos zevsis Tavidan. mudmivi epiTetebi, romlebic ganuyrelad Tan sdeven maT, mowmoben maTi fizikur-sulieri saxis imTaviTve dasrulebulobas. rogorc Semodian isini TxrobaSi, iseTiveni rCebian isini im kataklizmebisa da gansacdelebis Semdeg, romelTac ganicdian isini. arc araferi ematebaT, arc akldebaT. odisevsi TiTqos SobiTganve mravalnacadi da didgamWriaxia _ es misi bedisweruli daxasiaTebebia. aqilevsi mudam fexmardia, magram, rac mTavaria, xanmokle sicocxle misi bedisweraa, misi xasiaTi imTaviTve dasazRvrulia da amgvari Semodis is epikur sinamdvileSi. aseve germaneli zigfridi, franki rolandi, espaneli sidi, berZeni digenis akritasi da sxvani da sxvani, romelTa xasiaTsa da bunebaSi Cven veraviTar cvlilebas gansacdelTa ganvlis Semdeg ver vamCnevT. maT TavgadasavalSi ar SeimCneva gardamtexi zRurblebi, romelTac ganviTarebis safexurebze ahyavT gmiri. Cveni amocanaa am zRurblTa SemCneva da maTTvis maTi kuTvnili adgilis miCena gmiris TavgadasavalSi.

epikuri gmiris anu, sxvanairad, tradiciuli gmiris Tavgadasavlis epizodebad dayofas karga xnis istoria aqvs. pirvelad (1864 w.) germanelma ioahan georg fon hanma scada 14 gmiris Tavgadasavlis safuZvelze daedgina 16-epizodiani modeli, romelic oTx jgufad hqonda dayofili: dabadeba, siWabuke, dabruneba da sxva SemTxvevebi [raglani:142-3]. iseTi gmirisaTvis, rogoric amirania, haniseul sqemaSi mxolod ramde-nime elementi Tu gamodgeba, isic im SemTxvevaSi, Tu am elementebis Sinaarss ramdenadme gavafarTovebT an transformirebulad warmovidgenT: gmiris ukanonod dabadeba, dabadebisas dayolili niSnebi, gadagdeba,

ucxo col-qmris mier aRzrda. mis kvals mihyva (1881 w.) alfred nati (Nutt), romelmac 14-mde daiyvana epizodTa ricxvi, miuxedavad imisa, rom saanalizod damatebiT kelturi (arturis cikli) da finuri Tqmulebebi gamoiyena [raglani:143]. 1934 wels gamoqveynebul SromaSi `tradiciuli gmiri~ ficroi riCard somerset raglanma (Fitzroy Richard Somerset Raglan) epizodTa raodenoba 22-mde gazarda: Tormeti klasikuri, sami bibliuri (iosebi, mose, elia), erTi germanikuli (zigfridi), erTi kelturi (artu-ri) da erTic Zvelegvipturi (nikanga) `biografiebis~ safuZvelze

[raglani:145-150]. bolos, holandieli folkloristi ian de frizi (Jan de Vries) 10-epizodian modelamde daiyvans. Cveni azriT, igi yvelaze optimaluria da, albaT, universaluric, yovel SemTxvevaSi igi ukeTesad esadageba amiranis Tavgadasavals. mogvyavs igi mTlianad: I. gmiri isaxeba, II. ibadeba, II. dabadebuls safrTxe emuqreba, IV. izrdeba, V. uZlevelia, VI. ebrZvis gveleSaps da sxva urCxulebs, VII. didi gansacdelis gavliT

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moipovebs sacoles, VIII. Cadis qvesknelSi, IX. brundeba iq, saidanac gamoaZeves da amarcxebs mtrebs, X. kvdeba [raglani:143].

ra iwvevs aseT damTxvevas sxvadasxva TqmulebaTa gmirebis TavgadasavlebSi? ra ZaliT xerxdeba maTi erT modelamde dayvana? f.r.s. raglani fiqrobs, da es namdvilad erTaderTi axsna unda iyos, rom am TavgadasavlebSi saqme gvaqvs im ritualebis mimdevrobasTan, romelTac tradiciul sazogadoebebSi eqvemdebarebodnen adamianebi, ara mxolod mefeebi, mTavrebi Tu beladebi. `tradiciuli gmiris Tqmuleba aris ara realurad arsebuli adamianis cxovrebis realuri epizodebi, aramed ritualur personaJTa cxovreba-saqmianobis ritualuri etapebi. aucilebeli ar aris aqedan davaskvnaT, rom am TqmulebaTa gmirebi sinamdvileSi ar arsebobdnen. magram, vfiqrobT, Tu isini realurad arsebobdnen, maT moqmedebebs umeteswilad ritualuri xasiaTi hqondaT an, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, maTi Tqmulebebi ise gardaiqmna, rom erT tipur models misadageboda~ [raglani:50].

isic usaTuod unda aRiniSnos, rom TqmulebaTa gmirebis TavgadasavalSi, romlebic ritualTa Tanamimdevrobazea agebuli, am ritualebs dakarguli aqvT Tavdapirveli funqcia. ritualis forma aq misgan gansxvavebuli realobis gamosaxatavad aris mowodebuli da, ramdenadac tradiciuli sazogadoebebi yvelgan erTtipuria, tradiciuli gmiris Tavgadasavlis modelic erTtipuri iqneba. f.r.s. raglani, cxadia, ar varaudobs, rom mis 22-epizodian modelSi yvela gmiris cxovreba `jdeba~. 22 misTvis maqsimaluri raodenobaa, romlis realizacia yvelgan ar aris savaldebulo. magaliTisTvis, Tu oidiposis TavgadasavlSi raodenoba maqsimaluria, Tesevsi oc safexurs gadis, herakle _ Cvidmets, persevsi _ Teqvsmets... avtori am naklulobas Tqmulebis xarvezs awers, magram xarvezi Tqmulebis cudad Semonaxulobis mizezi ar unda iyos. Tu rituals TqmulebaSi Tavisi Tavdapirveli funqcia aRar ekisreba, aucilebelic ar unda yofiliyo maTi sruli raodenobiT asaxva. rogorc a. van genepma gamoikvlia, maTi ricxvi SezRudulia, yovel SemTxvevaSi, arc ocdaoramde da arc aTamde ar aRwevs. es aris zogadad e.w. gada-

svlis ritualebi (rites de passage), romelTa meSveobiT Tu TanxlebiT tradiciuli sazogadoebebis wevri icvlis asakobriv da socialur statuss. gadasvlis rituali sruldeba Sobis, iniciaciis, qorwinebisa da sikvdilis SemTxvevebSi. es aris sami fundamenturi etapi adamianis cxovrebaSi da, cxadia, isini (nedli an gardaqmnili saxiT) asaxuli iqneba nebismieri gmiris epikur TavgadasavalSic. van xenepis mixedviT, es ritualebi qmnian jaWvs, romelic sami safexurisgan Sedgeba:

gamocalkevebis rituali (rites de separation), gadasvlis rituali (rites de passage), roca adamiani zRurblzea (arc iqiT, arc aqeT) da mikuTvnebis

rituali (rites de incorporation), roca adamiani _ ritualis obieqti sabolo-od mkvidrdeba axal statusSi (asakobrivi iqneba cvlileba, socialuri, Tu metafizikuri). epikur TqmulebaTa analizi gamoavlens maT cxad Tu latentur monawileobas mTavari gmiris cxovrebaSi. isini àmiranianSic~

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ixilveba. misi analizi gviCvenebs, rom qarTuli eposi ar misdevs im models, romelic evropelma mkvlevrebma daudgines klasikur Tu araklasikur Tqmulebebs. amirans sakuTari gza aqvs, sakuTari etapebi am gzaze, romlebic Zerwaven mis ganumeorebel saxes, erTaderT tips, arc erT zemoxsenebul gmirs rom ar enaTesaveba.

germaneli filosofosi, Tanamedrove hermenevtikis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli, h.-g. gadameri erTgan wers: `mTeli unda gavigoT nawilis safuZvelze, nawili ki _ mTelis safuZvelze... nawili ganisazRvreba

mTeliT da, Tavis mxriv, gansazRvravs mTels~ [gadameri:72]. am gamonaTqvamSi TiTqos mankieri wrea, magram is WeSmaritebas gamoxatavs. aseve vityviT àmiranianis~ epizodebze da im mTelze, im mTlianobaze, romlis nawilebi es epizodebia. Cven SegviZlia gamovicnoT, romeli mTe-lis nawilia esa Tu is epizodi, Tuki am mTelze gveqneba warmodgena. mTelamde viciT nawili da nawilamde viciT mTeli. sabolood ki, Cvens intuiciaSi mTeli da nawili erTianobaSia. ai, es epizodebi, romelTa gareSe ver iarsebebs mTeli eposi.

I. Soba. amirani, rogorc yoveli epikuri gmiri, saswaulebrivad unda iSvas. magram saswaulebrivi Soba yvela variantSi erTi da imave xarisxiT ar aris aqtualizebuli. misi Sesustebuli varianti iqneba bavSvis dabadeba xandazmuli mSoblebisgan. Tumca amgvari Soba ar CaiTvleba sakuTriv amiraniseulad. mTavari mainc is aris, rom amiranis mSoblebi ucnobni unda iyvnen im sazogadoebisaTvis, sadac igi moxvdeba da gaizrdeba. arc deda, arc mama misi Sobis Semdeg cocxali ar rCeba; mama Tu ar kvdeba, is uCinardeba, raTa Senaxul iqnas amiranis warmoSobis saidumlo. mzeTunaxavi deda kvdeba, rogorc wesi, bavSvis dabadebamde. bavSvi unda amoiridos dedis saSodan da monacvleobiT unda gamoiSuSos cxovelTa: jer batknis, mere boColas faSvSi (kaxuri varianti) an dekeulis da mere kuros faSvSi (svanuri), an axladmokluli irmis `nedl tyavSi~ (guruli) [rexviaSvili:221]. SesaZloa, am epizodSi Zvel da e.w. primitiul xalxebSi gavrcelebuli ritualis eqo iyos SemorCenili. mag., bantus tomSi bavSvebs winadacveTis win Cautareben rituals, romelsac xelaxla Soba ewodeba. mama daklavs cxvars da sami dRis Semdeg gamoaxvevs mis faSvSi an tyavSi. magram gamoxvevamde bavSvi unda wamodges sawolze da axalSobiliviT unda iWyipinos. sami dRis manZilze is cxove-lis tyavSi imyofeba. amgvarad, bavSvi eziareba bunebis sasicocxlo Zalebs, rac misi momavali Zlierebis sawindaria.

amiranis mama ufro xSirad monadirea, romelic amiranis dedas sadRac miuval kldeSi, gamoqvabulSi xvdeba. SeiZleba gamoqvabuli koSkma Secvalos, sadac mzeTunaxavia gamoketili. zogierT variantSi mamac iRupeba am SeuRlebis Sedegad. es misi bedisweraa.

amiranis obloba struqturuli elementic aris mis istoriaSi. obloba eposis dasasruls tragikulad meordeba martoobiT (XII) da

ase ikvris wre.

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II . gadagdeba. amirani gadagdebuli bavSvia, TiTqos dasaRupavad ganwiruli. TiTqos is im mizniT iqna gadagdebuli, rom daiRupos. Cvilis sicocxle bewvze hkidia, magram Tu gadarCa, mas didi momavali eqneba. `gadagdebuli bavSvis tragedia anazRaurebulia oblobis miTologiuri didebulebiT, pirvelyofili bavSvis ukiduresi martoobiT samyaroSi, misi unikalobiT. aseTi bavSvis gamoCena Tanxvdeba saganTa gariJraJs, is-toriis axal xanas, àxal cxovrebas~ realobis nebismier doneze~ [eliade 1974:250]. axladSobilis bedis nivTieri gamoxatulebaa maxvili, romelic mas dedis muclidan dahyveba da sabediswero gansacdelSi ixsnis mas. simartove ki amiranis mudmivi Tanamdevia.

svanur epikur poeziaSi Semonaxulia ambavi dakarguli Tu ga-dagdebuli Cvili bavSvisa. dals bavSvi maRali kldis gamoqvabulidan gadmouvardeba. bavSvs mgeli dastacebs pirs da mihyavs. monadire Tofs dascems mgels, bavSvs aiyvans da dedamiss, dals, ubrunebs gamoqvabulSi. amis sazRaurad monadire dalisgan nadirobis iRbliT jildovdeba. gadarCenili bavSvis Semdgomi bedi ki ucnobia [svanuri poezia:268-273]. vin aris es gamoucnobi bavSvi? momavali amirania?

es siuJeti iZleva saSualebas sxvagvari daboloebisa, risi realizebac ar dasturdeba svanur poeziaSi. erTi SesaZlo varianti: bavSvi dals gadmouvarda an bavSvi gadaagdes, mgelma ipovna da waiyvana (monadire ar Sexvedria) gasazrdelad. mgeli gazrdis mas, raTa gazrdili daubrundes adamianur sazogadoebas. amgvari warmoSobis gmirebi xSiria msoflios sxvadasxva xalxis folklorSi. SeiZleba warmovidginoT, rom monadirem mglis piridan gamotacebuli bavSvi TavisTan waiyvana, radgan deda ar Cans, deda mkvdaria. monadire an Tavad gazrdis bavSvs, an daagdebs, raTa axla sxva vinmem waiyvanos aRsazrdelad. xalxuri TqmulebiT, Tamaris Ze – laSa-giorgi tyeSia gadagdebuli, raTa daifaros mSoblis sircxvili. aseve gadagdebulia, magram umotivod, rac miT ufro cxadyofs am aqtis aucileblobas gmiris biografiaSi, misi Soreuli STamomavali erekle meore, romelsac amgvarad umRers leqsi: `batoniSvil ereklesa irmis ZuZu uwovnia, wyali usvams algeTisa, TrialeTze uZovnia, gadugdiaT saCaleSi, monadires upovnia~.

gadagdebuli bavSvebi, romlebic miaRweven mowifulobis asaks, brundebian Sobis adgilze da xsna moaqvT TavianTi qalaqisTvis Tu qveynisTvis, xalxisTvis. aseTebia: sargon aqadeli, mose, romulusi da sxvani. akvanSi mwolare amirans ìamanis wyaroze~ dagdebulsac pouloben – es TiTqos Sesustebuli variantia wyalSi gadagdebisa misi daRupvis mizniT. xan akvani wylis fskerzea, ramac bazaleTis tbis andrezSi hpova asaxva esqatologiuri molodinis saxiT.

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III . naTloba. qristianuli sarwmunoebis es upirvelesi saidumlo, rogorc zRurbli, sakmaod mkvidrad zis amiranis biografiaSi. Tu naTloba siuJeturad ar aris moTxrobili, is mainc fiqsirebulia amiranis vinaobis aRniSvnisas (àmirani iyo RvTis naTluli~, kaxeTi). naTlobis gareSe simZafres dakargavda is tragikuli konfliqti, romelic naTliasTan SeWidebaSi mdgomareobs. yvela variantSi, sadac ki naTlobis epizodia Semonaxuli, amiranis naTlia (qriste, ufali, iSviaTad – wm. giorgi) da misi mimjaWveli erTi da igive piria. naTlia Rones daanaTlavs Tavis naTluls da es aris misi saCuqari, romelic amiranma sasikeTod unda gamoiyenos da iyenebs kidec garkveul zRurblamde. naTliave sjis mas. aq Cans qristes ori saxe – mwyalobelisa da ganmkiTxvelisa (esqatologiuri mrisxane pantokratori).

albaT, mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rom qriste RmerTi, misi naTlia, amirans gzajvaredinze dagdebuls ipovnis da monaTlavs [arjevaniZe:119]. gzajvaredini misi SesaZleblobebisa da arCevanis simboluri gamoxatulebaa.

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III-a. rZeSi ganbana. es epizodi mxolod svanur variantSia dadasturebuli [Ciqovani 1947:357]. rZeSi mas dedobili ganbans, roca Seatyobs Cvils, rom is araCveulebrivi bavSvia: dedobili masSi dalis naSiers amoicnobs. am ganbaniT dedobilma amirani Tavisi Cveulebrivi Svilebisgan gamoarCia. sagulisxmoa, rom megrul TqmulebebSi aseve rZeSi ganbanen mZinare tyaSi mafas Tmebs. rZeSi ganbana arqauli motivia, gamoyenebuli rogorc naTlobis gaZlierebuli varianti.

IV. boboqari bavSvoba. f.r.s. raglans, romelmac tradiciuli gmiris Tavgadasavlis saerTo modeli gamoikvlia [raglani:152], SeniSnuli aqvs, rom gmirs yvelaze saocari, anu gmirisTvis niSandoblivi ambebi mxolod mowifulobis xanaSi gadaxdeba, xolo dabadebasa da am asaks Soris araferi xdeba. SesaZlebelia, es asec iyos mkvlevris xelT arsebul masalaSi, magram am debulebas ar adasturebs amiranis eposi. xalxuri Tqmuleba icnobs amiranis bavSvobas, romelic dauokebeli fizikuri Zalis gamovleniT xasiaTdeba. es TiTqos celqobaa, magram misi metismeti sicelqe TiTqos samzadisia momavali brZolebisaTvis, rom-lebic man aucileblad unda gadaixados. Cven gmiris am periods `boboqar bavSvobas~ vuwodebT. boboqari bavSvoba analogias poulobs gilgameSis cxovrebis pirvel periodTan, roca veraferi aokebs mis Zalas. magram es dauokebloba Tavis kulminaciaSi gamoaCens gamosavals: Tu gilgameSs uruqelTa vedrebis ZaliT moevlineba enqidu, romelic sxva mimarTulebiT warmarTavs mis Zalas da mTel cxovrebas [gilgameSiani:2], amirani kokebdamsxvreuli dedabris sityviT erTbaSad momwifdeba imisaTvis, rom aRasrulos vali adamianTa sazogadoebis winaSe, romelsac ase saswaulebrivad moevlina.

unda SeiniSnos, rom `boboqari bavSvobis~ amgvari realizacia jadosnuri zRapridan aris Sesuli amiranis eposSi.

`gmiruli bavSvoba~ gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia Turquli modgmis xalxTa eposisaTvis. `siuJetur-Tematuri datvirTva baRaTuruli

bavSvobisa (богатырское детство) ukiduresad mniSvnelovania. mudmivi aqtivoba, zogjer zedmetad moWarbebulic ki, rac hipertrofiul saxes iRebs xolme, baRaTuris ganmsazRvreli Tvisebaa da igi vlindeba ara uceb, aramed Senaxulia faruli saxiT mis bavSvobaSi... es erTgvari inkubaciuri periodia, roca mimdinareobs qmnadoba da dagroveba personaJis qaraqterologiuri Tvisebebisa...~ [nekliudovi:129].

swored am aucilebel periods gadis amirani boboqari bavSvobis saxiT. es periodi momdevno periodis, rogorc misi realizaciis, zRurblia, winapirobaa, romelsac mosdevs sxva, axali zRurbli.

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V. devebTan brZola. epikuri gmiris biografiaSi aucilebeli epizodia borot ZalebTan brZola. amiranis eposSi am Zalebs devebi ganasaxiereben. ara Wabukobis gamoCenisa da Zalis demonstraciisaTvis, ara TviTmiznurad, rogorc xSirad xdeba àmirandarejaniansa~ da sxva safalavno eposebSi, ebrZvis amirani devebs, aramed gansazRvruli, erTjeradi miznis misaRwevad. rogor ar hgavs safalavno eposis gmirebs amirani Tavisi erTjeradi SebrZolebiT, Tavisi erTaderTi antagonisti deviT, erTi mizniT, roca miaRwevs mizans da devebic misTvis (Tu saerTod?) aRar arseboben.

amirani mowodebulia daamkvidros am qveyanaze sikeTe, naTliisgan Zala mas swored amisTvis aqvs mimadlebuli. amirani mamobilis ojaxs, romelic adamianur sazogadoebas (sociums) ganasaxierebs, moevlineba rogorc mxsneli. igi adamianebs ubrunebs devebis mier mitacebul teritorias, aTavisuflebs mas devebisgan. svanuri variantis mixedviT, amirani Tavis mamobils, iamans ubrunebs devis mier motacebul Tvals. es aris sababi devebTan brZolisa. amirani devebs maTi qorwilis dRes ebrZvis. es mniSvnelovania. aq aris esqatologiuri momenti: swored qorwilis dRes, simbolurad ukanasknel dRes, roca yvelani erTad arian Seyrilni, erTianad unda gawydnen. es brZola sabolooa, radgan Tavad qorwilia saboloo aqti, gadasvla erTi viTarebidan axal viTarebaSi, Zvelis dasasruli axlis mosapoveblad. devebisTvis es `gadasxvavebaa~ (Sdr. jvar-xatebis epiTeti `dev-kerpT gadamsxvavebeli~ [sadideblebi:118]), amieridan am qorwiliT unda Sewydes maTi Zveleburi yofiereba.

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VI. ukanaskneli devi da camcumis koSki marTalia, Cven miviReT Tezisi imis Sesaxeb, rom devebTan brZola erTjeradia, magram iseve rogorc RvTisSvilTa da devebis brZolis epopeaSi devebis ganadgurebis Semdeg ukanaskneli devi rCeba, romelsac sabolood iaxsari mouRebs bolos [kiknaZe 1996:11], aqac gadarCeba erTi devi, romelic unda ganadgurdes, raTa gamoCndes axali zRurbli gmiris gzaze. am devis saxeli gamoCndeba SesaniSnav baladaSi, romelic àmiranianis~ bevr CanawerSi ipoveba. es aris leqsi, romelic iwyeba sityvebiT `sanadirod gamovidnen amiran da Zmani misni, win iremi gamouxtaT cas swvdeboda rqani misni...~ iremma monadireni camcumis koSkTan miiyvana, sadac daxvdaT mkvdari camcumi da werili, romelic misi saxeliT iuwyeboda, rom mas moukvleli gadaurCa erTaderTi baybaydevi. werilis avtori devTan gasworebisTvis da Tavisi damarxvisTvis sTavazobs Tavis iaraRs, cols da sxva. es is baybaydevia, romelic unda Sexvdes camcumis koSkidan gamosul amirans, moiklas masTan orTabrZolaSi da sikvdilis win amcnos mas yamaris adgilsamyofeli. aseve, es is devia, romlis moWrili Tavidan amosuli sami Wia momavali epizodis Canasaxia. amirani ar klavs Wiebs da amiT qmnis safrTxes Tavis momaval asparezze. asparezi safrTxiT unda iyos savse, es aris misi arsebobis forma. amiranis arCevani _ ar daxocos Wiebi _ Tavisufalia, radgan arsebobs alternativa – Zmebis rCeva motivaciiTurT: mokali, Torem... amirani ki indobs, rogorc daindo gilgameSma xumbaba, miuxedavad enqidus rCevisa. magram aq piruku xdeba: enqidu gilgameSis nacvlad klavs urCxuls da swored misi sikvdili (ara dandoba, àmiranianisgan~ gansxvavebiT) xdeba momavali safrTxis mizezi [gilgameSiani:119].

amrigad, balada, romlis organuli kavSiri amiranis eposTan TiTqos eWvs iwvevs, gamoyenebulia xidad momdevno epizodisken (zRurblze) gadasasvlelad.

SeniSvna. àmirandarejanianSi~ analogiuri epizodi mTeli eposis karibWea, saidanac iwyeba misi samyaro. abesalom mefe edevneba ucxo qurciks, romelic Svidi dRis Semdeg miiyvans ucxo adgilas (`qveyana ucxod auCnda~), Tavad ki erT kldeSi gauCinardeba. mefe ixilavs qviTkiris saxls, romlis SigniT kedlebze amiran darejanis Zisa da misi Wabukebis saxeebia gamosaxuli. mefe moiwyens maTi ucnobobis, rogorc rostevani ùcxo moymis~ gamo. mTeli àmirandarejaniani~ maTi Wabukobis gadmocemas eZRvneba. amisgan gansxvavebiT amirani da misi Zmebi ar interesdebian camcumis warsuliT. maT mxolod pativi unda miagon mkvdars da Suri iZion baybaydevze, anu gaagrZelon camcumis daumTavrebeli saqme.

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VII. STanTqma-amonTxeva (meored Soba). gveleSapTan brZolis epizodi centraluria amiranis TavgadasavalSi. amave dros igi miTo-epikuri gmiris aucilebeli gansacdelia, romelic unda gaiaros man, raTa axal qmedebaTa asparezi gaiSalos mis winaSe. gveleSapTan brZola arsebiTad gansxvavdeba devebTan brZolisgan.

devebi mravlad arian, gveleSapi ki erTia, anu is gveleSapi, romelmac gmiri unda Caylapos. amdenad, gmirs tavis cxovrebaSi erTxel uxdeba gveleSapTan Sebma.

yvela miTo-epikur gmirs cxovrebis gzaze, romelic faqtiurad brZolis, winaaRmdegobaTa gadalaxvis gzaa, Tavisi gveleSapi (urCxuli, drakoni) xvdeba. igi, cxadia, amarcxebs mas, magram gveleSapis Zleva gansxvavdeba sxva antagonistur arsebaTa, boroteul ZalTa (devebis) Zlevisgan. rogorc wesi, gveleSapis mebrZoli gmiri unda STainTqas gveleSapis mier, raTa Signidan daamarcxos igi, radgan garedan misi damarcxeba ar iqneba. magram STanTqma-Caylapvas kidev sxva ufro mniSvnelovani datvirTva aqvs. amirani ekuTvnis im gmirTa wyebas, romlebic namyofi arian gveleSapis mucelSi da misi wiaRidan gamarjvebulni gamodian. vidre herakle, elinTa gmiri, daamarcxebda urCxuls, romelsac mefis asuli hesione unda Caeylapa, jer Tavad STainTqmeba mis xaxaSi, gaivlis mis wiaRs da gamova gareT. imave gansacdelis winaSea meore elini gmiri iasoni: miTosurad namdvil iasons medeas micemuli wamliT ki ar dauZinebia oqros sawmisis mcveli urCxuli, raTa es sawmisi mSvidad moepara, aramed jer Caiylapa mis mier da, roca ukan amovida, urCxuli gmiris am amosvliT ukve ganadgurebuli iyo. es miTosuri sinamdvile erTi etruskuli xanis larnakzea dadasturebuli [kampbeli:XV,247], arc apolonios rodoselis àrgonavtikaSi~ da arc sxva werilobiT wyaroSi urCxulis amgvar aRsasrulze araferia naTqvami (rogorc Cans, sityvierad gmiris am gansacdelis gamoxatvas gaurbodnen). amosvla, rogorc xsna, yovelTvis triumfaluria. es aris xsna da gamarjveba erTdroulad. aseve STainTqme-ba finuri eposis `kalevalas~ gmiri veinemeineni vipunen-gveleSapis mier. mis mucelSi moxvedrili, igi naviT gacuravs zRvauri gveleSapis Sigans nawlavebis gziT erTi bolodan meore bolomde da zRvaSi amoinTxeva. amiraniviT mounelebeli da mtkivneuli aRmoCnda igi vipunen-gveleSapisT-vis (XVII runa). amave eposis gmiri gveleSapisgan Caylapuli mWedeli ilmarineni svanuri versiis amiraniviT ukadrisobs misi piridan an ukana nawilidan amosvlas da gveleSapis mucelSive gamoWedili daniT gamoWris

misi ferdidan gamosasvlels [miTebi:507; Eeliade 1965:63]. ras gulisxmobs es epizodi garda masSi gadmocemuli sagmiro

aqtisa? STanTqma Tavisi warmoSobiT kosmogoniuri motivia, rogorc gveleSapTan brZolaa kosmogoniis igavuri gadmocema. damarcxebuli gveleSapis sxeuli samyaros edeba safuZvlad, materiad. amis klasikuri magaliTia marduqisa da TiamaTis orTabrZola, romelic kosmosis SeqmniT mTavrdeba [kiknaZe 2006:143-144]. magram kosmosis Seqmnas win uZRvis

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TiamaTis mier marduqis STanTqma da marduqis xeliT TiamaTis muclis gafatvra da amosvla, rogorc mzisa wyvdiadidan, rac qaosidan kosmosis dabadebas niSnavs. aseve kosmogoniuria Zvelinduri indrasa da gveleSap vritras Soris Serkinebis miTosi. uxelfexo uzarmazari gveleSapi vritra, romelmac STanTqa mdinareTa wylebi da moaqcia Tavis SiganSi, ylapavs mis winaaRmdeg galaSqrebul indras. indra Signidan ganwvalavs gveleSapis sxeuls, ixsnis Tavs da datyvevebul wylebsac, misi sxeulisgan qmnis samyaros sxvadasxva nivTs [miTebi:534].

STanTqma-amonTxevis kosmogoniur miTosSi zogan gamWvirvaled, zogan Sefarulad Cans erTi mniSvnelovani miTologema: STamnTqmeli zRvauri urCxuli, gveleSapi STanTqmulis mSobeli dedaa, romlis saSodan xelaxla unda daibados RvTaeba, kosmogoniuri gmiri. babilonuri kosmogoniuri eposis TiamaTi (`zRva~) yvela RmerTis didi dedaa, maT Soris marduqisac, romelmac misi sxeulisgan samyaro Seeqmna. am miTologiur faqts mowmobs polinezieli gmiris STamnTqmeli gveleSapis saxeli – `didi-didi-didi deda~ [kampbeli:91].

STanTqmas, rogorc miTologemas, kidev erTi datvirTva aqvs: igi niSnavs damarxvas, daflvas, saSoSi ukan dabrunebas anu, sxvanairad, embrionad qcevas, raTa arseba kvlav iSvas. meore mxriv, STanTqma-STaflva sikvdilis sinonimia, rasac unda mosdevdes aRdgoma-gacocxleba, sabolood, isev da isev xelaxali Soba. amrigad, gveleSapis muceli dedis saSoa, saidanac unda daibados arseba. amitomac ar unda iyos moulodneli, rom tyeSi mdebare is qoxi, sadac pirvelyofili xalxebi asruleben mowifulobaSi gadasvlis ritualebs, `dedis saSod~ iwodeba da, imavdroulad, gveleSapis wiaRs warmoadgens. zogan qoxSi Sesasvleli, sadac Sedis mowifulobis zRurbls miwevnili bavSvi, `gveleSapis pirad~ iwodeba, karis daxurva ki gveleSapis mucelSi mis gamomwyvdevas ganasaxierebs. axal gvineaSi sainiciacio qoxs gveleSapis forma aqvs Tavisi mucliTa da kudiT. bavSvi Sedis qoxSi, TiTqos gveleSapis mucelSi inTqmebodes. es misi didi dedis saSoc aris, sadac is ubrundeba embrionalur statuss da saidanac is meored ibadeba, rogorc sazogadoebis (tomis) srulfasovani da sruluflebiani wevri [eliade 1965:35-36].

cxadia, amiranis STanTqma-amonTxevas aRar aqvs is datvirTva, rac mas tradiciul sazogadoebebSi hqonda. amiranis TavgadasavalSi es epizodi zRurblia, romlis gadalaxvis Semdeg misi yofa axal safexurze adis.

Tu pirveli SobiT gmiris sicocxle iwyeba, meore SobiT _ axali sicocxle. rogorc pirveli Sobis dros gaiWra dedis muceli, aseve am meore Sobisas ikveTeba ferdi gveleSapisa im daniT, romelic Tan dahyva mas pirveli Sobidan. Cans, meore Soba gardauvali yofila: is am Tandayolil danaSia nagulisxmevi. es imas niSnavs, rom gveleSapi amiranis bedisweraa, TiTqos gadamwyvet zRurblze misi mSobeli deda xvdeba mas am gveleSapis saxiT, romelic xelaxla badebs mas. magram Tu

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acnobierebs amas amiranis eposi, ufro sworad, am epizodis mTxrobeli Tu misi am saxiT Semnaxveli? yvela variantSi, romelic ki gveleSapis epizods inaxavs, gveleSapis muclidan gamosuli amirani axladSobilis niSans atarebs, rasac groteskulad asaxavs leqsi:

àmirani daibada: goWsa hgvanda, xuxalasa.

Tma da wveri gascvivnoda, Ceeyara tomarasa~.

es ori kupleti Tavisi sityvieri qsoviliT ar modis arqauli xanidan, magram mas ZvelTaZveli miTologemis gamoxatva aqvs natvirTi. es groteski xatovnad gadmoscems axladSobilis saxes, mis ususurobas. wver-ulvaSis gacvena migvaniSnebs, rom amiranis biologiuri dro ukuqceulia saSoSi dabrunebiT. dro xelaxla unda amoZravdes, `xuxala~ unda gamoSuSdes, Seimosos, unda miaRwios mowifulobas da es procesi unda daCqardes. amisaTvis mowodebulia momdevno epizodi.

VIII . igri batonis wyali. es epizodi Tavis winapirobad gveleSapis epizods gulisxmobs, maszea damokidebuli, Tumca SeiZleba TavisTavadi ambis STabeWdilebas tovebdes. amirani igri-batonis wyalSi unda ganibanos, rac TiTqos naTlobis wyalSi ganbanis analogiuria. am dros TiTqos naTlobis ganaxleba xdeba, rogorc Sobis momdevno, aucilebeli ritualisa. an SesaZloa, igris sabaneli im dekeulisa da kuros faSvis analogiuria, sadac dedis saSodan naadrevad gamosuli amiranis sxeuli unda gamoSuSebuliyo.

amirani ganaxlebuli ZaliT amodis igris sabanelidan. ganaxleba aucilebelia misTvis, radgan mis winaSe axali, Znelad Sesasrulebeli amocanaa. magram ra unda iyos imaze Zneli gansacdeli, vidre devebTan an gveleSapebTan (TeTrTan, wiTelTan da, bolos, SavTan) brZolaa? rogorc Cans, aris aseTi gansacdeli, romelic amiranma, rogorc epikurma gmirma, unda gadaitanos. es aris sacolis Zieba.

IX. yamari. qalwuli, mzeTunaxavi, yovelTvis mosatacebelia. es aris udidesi gmirobis aqti da zeadamianur Zalisxmevas moiTxovs. gmiri amisaTvis momzadebuli unda iyos, am aqtamde mas raRac unda hqondes Cadenili, Cadebuli unda hqondes sagmiro windi. `sjobs sayvarelsa uCvenne saqmeni sagmironia~, SemTxveviT ar dascdenia nestans es sityvebi. amiransac hqonda Cadenili sagmiro – es iyo devebTan brZola da is gansacdeli, romlis Semdegac igi xelaxla unda dabadebuliyo axali sagmiros Casadenad.

amiranis gzaze axali, ufro maRali safexuri gamoCndeba. aq zRurbli xvdeba mas da es zRurbli sagmiro da miTologiuri eposebis erT mniSvnelovan motivTan aris dakavSirebuli. es aris mzeTunaxavis motaceba da igi gardauvalia, rogorc gmiris, ise qalis cxovrebaSi: mzeTunaxavi samaradisod ar unda darCes koSkSi. vinmem igi mzis

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sinaTleze unda gaiyvanos – mzeTunaxavma unda ixilos mze an mzem Tvali hkidos mzeTunaxavs. qali mzad aris amisaTvis da is elis Tavis gamomxsnels, rogorc ukacur bnel saxlSi myofi farnavazi, romelic mzem gamoiyvana velad da axilvina Tavisi Tavi `qvemdablad~.

es yamars ar exeba, magram aq unda iTqvas, rom mzeTunaxavi, romelsac saguldagulod malaven samzeosgan, bolos mainc mzis sxivisgan mucladRebuli aRmoCndeba. winaswarmetyveleba, romlis Tanaxmad naSieri mamas an papas taxtidan gadmoagdebs, Tan axlavs siuJets, magram ara yovelTvis. is aucilebeli ar aris. SeniSnulia

koSkSi qalwulis damwyvdevis ritualuri warmomavloba [propi 2000:27]. damwyvdeva, sazogadoebisgan ganrideba-gamocalkeveba e.w. gadasvlis ritualis kuTvnilebaa. ganmartoebul koSkSi Sedis mowifulobis zRurbls miRweuli da iqidan mowifuli gamodis. koSki Tu sxva nageboba, rac unda erqvas mas, koSki Tu `gveleSapis muceli~ an `dedis saSo~, rogorc mas e.w. primitiul xalxebSi uwodeben, is adgilia, sadac mimdinareobs gogonas fizikuri momwifebisa da qalur `sibrZneSi~ wvrTnis periodi. da is mTavrdeba swored maSin, roca vaJic miaRwevs im zRurbls, romlis gadalaxvis Semdeg mas SeuZlia qalis mopoveba. asakobrivi gadasvlis ritualis yru gamoZaxils axleburi motivaciiT `vefxistyaosanSic~ vxvdebiT. Cven viciT, rom garkveul xanamde tarieli da nestani erTad izrdebian. magram dgeba Jami da vaJs mama waiyvans, nestans ki mefe sagangebo saxls augebs. gavixsenoT strofebi 331-333:

`mefeman saxli augo, Sigan samyofi qalisa:

qvad fazari sxda, kubo dga iagundisa, lalisa, pirsa baRCa da sabanlad saraji vardis wyalisa; igi mun iyves, medebis visgan saxmili alisa!

dRe da Rame mujamriTa ekmeodis alva Tlili; zogjer koSks jdis, zogjer baRCas Camovidis, ra dgis Crdili. davar iyo da mefisa, qvrivi, qajeTs gaTxovili, mas sibrZnisa saswavleblad TviT mefeman misca Svili.

sra edga mofardaguli oqsinoTa da SardiTa; vervin vxedevdiT, Seiqmna piriTa mina-vardiTa; asmaT da orni monani hyvian, imRerdis nardiTa; mun izrdebodis taniTa, gabaons ganazardiTa~.

am strofebSi bevri detali migvaniSnebs nestanis `samyofis~ ritualur bunebaze. misi mdidruli saxe, es fufuneba da garegnuli brwyinvaleba mxolod imas gveubneba, rom igi ufliswulisTvis aris gankuTvnili. SevcdebiT, Tu vifiqrebT, rom aq nestanis dro uzrunvelobasa da TamaSSi gadis (ìmRerdis nardiTa~). aq mimdinareobs uasako gogonas wvrTna sadiaco asakisTvis. am strofebSi gamxelilia am koSkis WeSmariti daniSnuleba: igi mxolod qalTa samyofia, sadac mamakacs Sesvla aRkveTili aqvs. `vervin vxedevdiT~, ambobs tarieli da

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gulisxmobs mamakacebs, TviT mama-mefis CaTvliT. qals ver ixilavs mamakacis Tvali, mSoblisac ki, iseve rogorc Tvali mzisa, rogorc mzeTunaxavs: `Camovidis, ra dgis Crdili~, anu dRis im periodSi, roca Casulia mze. aq wvrTnian mas (`mas sibrZnisa saswavleblad...~) qalur codnaSi anu saidumloSi, romelic mamrTagan dafaruli rCeba. qaluri sibrZnis idumaleba aq gamoxatulia TiTqos qajuri codniT, romelSic mas davari ganaswavlis. da, bolos, aq izrdeba is qalad, dedakacad: `mun izrdebodis taniTa, gabaons ganazardiTa~. gabaonSi gazrdiloba, poemis avtoris mixedviT, srulyofili gazrdilobaa, roca asaki aRwevs saTanado zRurbls. nestani sruliad gardaiqmneba koSkSi, is ucxoa, gaucxoebulia tarielisgan, romelmac ver icno Tavisi toli, romelTanac erTad izrdeboda. es ucxooba, mowifulobis es siucxove aris moulodneli siyvarulis afeTqebis mizezi.

magram àmiranianSi, rogorc rusTavelis poemaSi, koSkSi yofna ar inaxavs gadasvlis ritualis cocxal xsovnas. is mxolod saSeni masalaa sxva motivis warmosaCenad.

vaJi swored maSin miadgeba koSks, roca qals aRar edgomeba iq, roca misi koSkSi yofnis dReebi amowurulia da axali zRurbli gamoCndeba mis cxovrebaSi, mis fizikur-sulier zrda-ganviTarebaSi. amitomac qali xalisiT mihyveba vaJs, exmareba kidec – ara Tu gatacebaSi, aramed mamis damarcxebaSic (ase iqceva, Tu gavixsenebT, kolxi medeac, romelic jer mamis winaaRmdeg exmareba iasons, mere ki Zmas gawiravs).

àmiran, gulad gmiri xar, kilo ar ici omisa.

maRla raTa scem spilosa, dabla Semohkar rbilosa. Cardaxs SeaWer boZebi, mas wamze miawvinosa~.

qali TiTqos sadRacidan motacebulia da mas ZaliT akaveben koSkSi. magram mas aRar surs Tundac brolis koSkSi darCena. qalisTvis es tyveobaa, ufro sworad, garkveuli droidan is acnobierebs, rom datyvevebulia da rom sadRac arsebobs misi gamomxsneli. mainc saidan moxvda es qali – yamari am koSkSi? es saidumloa, am saidumlos ver amxels mTqmeli: koSki, romelic Suagul zRvaSia anu zRvis WipSi, miuwvdomlobis gamomxatvelia. eposma mxolod yofiTi motivi icis yamaris siucxovisa ded-mamisadmi, romlebic iqneb sulac ar arian misi mSoblebi:

àrca gamzarda dedama, arca metyoda nanasa, gareT gadgamdiT akvansa, SigniT metyodiT nanasa. roca Sin Semiyvanidi, yelze madebdi danasa...~

ras niSnavs es `gareT gadgmuli akvani~ da `Signidan namReri nana~ an yelze daRirebuli dana? xom ar migvaniSnebs es yamaris araCveulebriv

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bavSvobaze, mis idumalebriv warmoSobaze? amiranis akvanic xom gareT, iamanis wyaroze iyo gadgmuli. xom ar iyo yamari iseTive moZulebuli Svili, rogorc zRapris geri, romelic ufliswulma unda gamoixsnas da didebaSi Seiyvanos, anu misi faruli dideba gamoaaSkaravos? (amis Taobaze ix. èTeriani~). radgan brolis koSki ar aris is adgili, sadac asuli Tavisi nebiT imyofeboda, asuls ara aqvs sakuTari neba, is ar irCevs Tavis adgilsamyofels. is mxolod elis, rogorc elis murmanis koSkSi gamomwyvdeuli eTeri abesaloms. qalis, aq yamaris, pasiuroba kidev ufro amZafrebs mis idumalebas. Tu amiranze, mis warmoSobaze raRac viciT, yamaris warmoSoba saidumloebiT aris moculi. ufro metic: Tavad yamaria saidumlo, romlis arc dasabami viciT, arc – bolo. ra rols unda TamaSobdes qali amiranis TavgadasavalSi, Tuki maT Sexvedras qorwili ar agvirgvinebs? arc erT Canawer variantSi ar aris naxsenebi maTi qorwili – naxsenebi rom yofiliyo, es zRapris dasasruli iqneboda. magram amiranis Tqmuleba ar aris zRapari, rom qorwiliT dasruldes. rCeba motacebis aqti, rogorc aqti, Tavis TavSi dasrulebuli, TviTkmari epizodi. amiT motacebas (gamoxsnas) TavisTavadi, damoukidebeli Rirebuleba eniWeba.

motacebis Semdeg yamaris kvali ikargeba: mas ver vxedavT amiranis gverdiT misi cxovrebis sabediswero wuTebSi, verc maSin, roca is martoa Tavis gabudayebaSi, verc – roca naTlias iwvevs orTabrZolaSi, verc – roca kldezea mijaWvuli.

amirani yamaris mosataceblad ebrZvis Zalebs, romelTac RrubelT batoni ganagebs, caze Camokidebuli koSkidan Camohyavs qali, da am aqtis CadeniT TiTqos gascdeba adamianur zRvars, is TiTqos adamianze meti gaxdeba. magram mas moelis iseTi gansacdeli, romlis gadasatanad aRar hyofnis adamianuri Zala. mas win kidev erTi zRurbli-gansacdeli elis gadasalaxavad.

X. ambri arabi. es gansacdeli mkvdarma ambri arabma mouvlina amirans, roca amirani Tavisi Zlierebis mwvervalze iyo; roca is darw-munebuli iyo Tavis uZlevelobaSi, Tavis erTaderTobaSi. vin aris ambri arabi, ra warsuli aqvs, ra gmiroba Caudenia – es arc amiranma icis da arc eposis msmenelebma ician. sad iyo misi Wabukobis asparezi, an vin daumarcxebia mas, arc es aris cnobili. is TiTqos sxva droSi da sxva sivrceSi arsebobda da sikvdilis SemdegRa SemoiWra amiranis cxovrebaSi, rogorc cocxali dadastureba xalxuri Tqmisa: `mjobs mjobi ar daeleva~. amirani Tavis Tavze ganicdis am andazis WeSmaritebas. is ismens ambris dedisgan mware sityvebs, rogorc mxilebas:

àis qveyanamc krulia, sadac Sen amiranobdi, Tavs ixuravdi CaCqansa, boloze hjaWvianobdi. wesi Tu iyos dedaTi, advilad ginadirebdi~.

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da sasowarkveTa moicavs mas, ormoc dRes iglovebs sabneloSi jdomiT sakuTar Tavs. marcxi miT ufro samarcxvinoa, rom igi mkvdrisagan aqvs nawvnevi. sasowarkveTa miT ufro autanelia, rom igi veRarasodes moaxerxebs ambri arabTan Sebmas Tavisi saamayo Zalis gamosacdelad da rom igi ambri arabis ara mTelma Zalam daamarcxa, aramed misma naSTma – mkvdarma fexma, romelic urmidan gadmovardniliyo da miwaze naRari gahqonda. ambri arabTan Sexvedram amiranSi CaTesa Surisa da sasowarkveTilebis Tesli, romelmac Semdeg gabudayebis (ZvelberZenTa hubrisis) nayofi aRmoacena.

SeniSvna. Wabuki àmirandarejanianSi~ faTerakebis da orTabrZolebis maZiebeli gmiria, Wabukoba _ misi erTaderTi saqmianoba.

XI. Zalis ganaxleba. am sasowarkveTilebidan, romelic araraobis Segnebam warmoSva, amirans naTlia gamoiyvans. aq xdeba misi gardatexa, TiTqos sxva adamianad dabadeba. naTliam icis, rom es amirani, romelic ixveweba Zalis momatebas, is Zveli amirani aRar aris, borotebas rom ebrZoda akvanSi danaTluli ZaliT. naTliam icis, amirani am gaorkecebul Zalas sasikeTod ar gamoiyenebs. magram naTlias, Tumca is yovlisSemZlea, ar ZaluZs uari uTxras naTluls saTxovarze, radgan naTlulis uflebaa, saCuqari miiRos naTliisgan. naTliam icis, rom amiranisTvis es sasikeTo ar iqneba, magram amiranma Tavad unda gamoscados is, rac man unda icodes, rogorc adamianma, da rac misi, rogorc adamianis, gamosacdelia. naTliam is bolomde unda miuSvas, amoawurinos adamianuri SesaZleblobani, sakuTar Tavze ganacdevinos adamianSi moqceuli, Tundac RvTiuri naTliisgan moniWebuli Zalis dasazRvruloba. naTliis codna absoluturia: is, RmerTi, Wvrets yvela SesaZleblobas, maT Soris imasac, romelic amirans sabediswero orTabrZolamde miiyvans. meore mxriv, naTlias ar SeuZlia uari uTxras naTluls, rogorc basili didi wers, `RmerTi uZluria adamianis Tavisufali nebis winaSe, mas ar SeuZlia misi iZuleba, radgan Tavisufleba RvTis yovlisSemZleobidan momdinareobs~. da amiransac, rogorc adamians, RvTis xatad Seqmnils, ar SeiZleba waerTvas Tavisufali neba, Tunda igi borotebisken ixrebodes. erTaderTi, rac `zRvars udebs~ RvTis yovlisSemZleobas, adamianis Tavisuflebaa. RmerTs ar `SeuZlia~ masze Zaladoba, radgan Tavisufleba RvTis naperwkalia adamianSi.

XII. gabudayeba (hubrisi) RmerTi ar akavebs, RmerTi miuSvebs. es RvTiuri miSvebaa. amirani miSvebulia da isic etoqeba imas, vinc miuSva igi.

Zalagaorkecebuli amirani sruliad marto aRmoCndeba. rogor warmoiSva es simartove? sad aris yamari, romlis mosapoveblad man arnaxuli gmiroba Caidina? ar viciT. mTxrobeli dums. ara Tu ar icis, arc ainteresebs yamaris bedi, radgan es arseba Tavad amirans aRar esaWiroeba. sad arian Zmebi – badri da usupi, romlebic Tan axldnen mas

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ganuyrelad da Semweoba gauwies yamaris mopovebaSi? mTxrobeli dums. amirans isini aRar esaWiroeba. Tavis gabudayebaSi amirani marto unda iyos, rogorc absoluti, romelic ver iTmens Tavis gverdiT sxvas. erTi variantis mixedviT, amirani Sin tovebs maT, Tan ar mihyavs saWabukod, xels SemiSliano. marTlac, Zmebi iqneb xelisSemSlelni yofiliyvnen: amirani am qveynad xom yvelas unda dapirispireboda, raTa Tavisi Zalis ùsazRvroeba~ gamoecada da ganecada, raTa, sabolood, martodmarto darCeniliyo sakuTar TavTan. is ar unda SeCerebuliyo berikacis winaSe, romelTan orTabrZolasac Zmebi uTuod dauSlidnen. da amirani, raki mas naTlia miuSvebda mis nebaze, bolomde gamocdida Tavs anu im Zalas, romelic Tavisi egoneboda, radgan daviwyebuli eqneboda, visi moniWebuli iyo igi. amirani mowyda kacobriobas – man Tavisive xeliT gaaudabur-gaaukacriela Tavisi garemo: arc toli, arc naklebi, arc mjobi, aRarc badri da usupi, aRarc yamari... arc devebi (garda erTaderTi calTvala devisa) – martodmarto miwasa da cas Sua, uflis winaSe, RvTis pirispir. miwas umZimda amirani. raRacis molodini iyo.

sazogadoebisgan es kideganoba, asocialuroba, rac aSkarad SeiniSneba amiranis pirovnebaSi [tuiti:315-316], sxva araferia, Tu ara misi gabudayebis, hubrisis gamoxatuleba. is SeiZleba warmovidginoT, rogorc socialuri struqturis, figuralurad, keriis damangreveli ànti-siZe~ [SaraSiZe: 202-203]. g. SaraSiZe mis am Tvisebas monadireobasTan akavSirebs. Tumca amiranisTvis monadireoba ganmsazRvreli ar aris, magram is damatebiT aZlierebs hubrisis xifaTs. miTosuri monadire, rogorc wesi, am motiviT iRupeba.

bolos, martod darCenili (sad arian misi Zmebi, sad aris yamari?) amirani kvlav obolia da kvlav boboqrobs, rogorc bavSvobaSi. meordeba misi boboqari, agresiuli bavSvoba – moWarbebuli Zalis usagno demonstracia.

XIII . uflis gamowveva. `... maSin moicems guls, sazRvars gadalaxavs da Sescodavs. misi Zala ki mis RmerTSia~ (abak. 2:11). amiranis momrevi aRaravin darCa qveyanaze. es misi bedisweraa. sabedisweroa im azriT, rom gardauvalia misi Sexvedra im berikacTan, romelmac erTxel Rame gaaTia misi mamobilis WerqveS da axladmogvrili Svilis naTlioba SesTavaza. ar SeiZleba am berikacma ar moikiTxos igi, ar daxvdes mas gzaze, raTa mouvlinos axali gansacdeli. amiranma ganizraxa aseTi absurdi – absoluturi Zalis mflobeloba, im wyarosi, saidanac moedineba misi Zliereba.

amirani devebis saxiT dabal sawyiss ebrZoda da misi brZola warmatebuli iyo (àmiranma devi dasca...~). axla naTliis saxiT is umaRles sawyiss ebrZvis da dascems sakuTar Tavs. erTxel amiranma moiTxova imaze meti, rac SobiTgan hqonda micemuli, da mieca. axla man moisurva gamxdariyo imaze meti, rac iyo: amaRlebuliyo misTvis Zalis momniWebelze. naTliasTan SebrZolebiT man moindoma, rom madli,

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romelic mas mieca, misi buneba gamxdariyo. amiranSi meordeba adamis dacema. àdamis dacema imaSi mdgomareobs, rom man RmerTTan metoqeoba arCia, raTa gaTanasworeboda mas, nacvlad imisa, rom mis madls

ziareboda~ [meiendorfi:132]. amgvari ganzraxvis absurduloba yofierebaSi pirvelad maSin gamoCnda, roca erTma ubrwyinvalesma angelozma, romelic yvela sxva angelozze axlos iyo gamCenTan, misi taxtis xelyofa ganizraxa – Svilma moindoma, Camoegdo mama da misi adgili daeWira. am aqtiT – es iyo janyi, mwvervali gabudayebisa – sulier samyaroSi Semovida boroteba, romelmac mere adamSi iCina Tavi. amiranis sasjelic iseTive aucdenelia, rogorc sasjeli mojanye angelozisa. es aris misi mokveTa samzeodan, cocxalTa qveynidan da, rac ufro maRali iyo misi mdgomareoba, miT ufro Rrma iyo misi dacema. amirani, rogorc adamiani, RvTis xats atarebs, RmerTma is Tavisufal arsebad Seqmna. da raki Tavisufalia, mas SeuZlia airCios RvTis sawinaaRmdego, daupirispirdes kidec mas, vinc Seqmna igi. rogorc Toma aqvineli wers, `borotebis arCevis SesaZlebloba upiroboa, igi ar SeiZleba waerTvas srulyofil arsebas. aq aris Rrma safuZveli gansacdelisa da angelozis janyisa, da, agreTve, adamianis gansacdelisa da janyisa, rogorc pirveli adamianisa, aseve yvela Cvenganis. es aris yoveli sulieri arsebis xvedri: man unda gaiaros gansacdeli TavisuflebiT~. SeiZleba Tu ara amiranis janyi ganvixiloT mamis winaaRmdeg janyis saerTo tipologiur konteqstSi? kerZod, SesaZlebelia Tu ara misi CarTva berZnuli Teogoniis tipologiaSi? kronosi Camoagdebs uranoss, kronoss Camoagdebs zevsi. mojanye imarjvebs, misTvis ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli sasjeli. amiranis janyi, mxolod mcdeloba upiratesobis gamoCenisa, Tavis TavSive gulisx-mobs sasjels. amiranis eposi misdevs semitur yaidas, romlis Tanaxmadac mama yovelTvis gamarjvebulia, misi marcxi warmoudgenelia, radgan is absoluturi mamobis gansaxierebaa.

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XIV. mijaWva. amiranis sasjelis adgili igive adgilia, sadac man berikacs orTabrZola gaumarTa. Serkineba xdeba an romelime maRal mTaze (ialbuzi, brutsabZela, sayornia...), an samWedlosTan, an gzajvaredinze. maRali mTa, mTis mwvervali kargad gamoxatavs misi zvaobis, gabudayebis mwvervals, saidanac unda daiwyos misi dacema. is palo Tu uflis yavarjeni, romelsac Zvra ver uyo amiranma, raki uflis brZanebiT fesvebi gaidga dedamiwis gulSi, iqceva im svetad, sadac miejaWveba meamboxe gmiri. mijaWva ar akmara mrisxane naTliam – zed kldec gadaaxura, raTa kacTagan uxilavi yofiliyo, rogorc dabeWdili saidumlo. daeca amirani. daeca, rogorc is angelozi, romelzec bibliaSia naTqvami: `rogor Camoemxe cidan, mTiebo, Zeo ganTiadisa! miwas daenarcxe, xalxTa mtarvalo! guSin ambobdi: cad avxdebi, RvTis varsklavTa zemoT taxts davidgam da davjdebi sakrebulo mTaze, Crdilo kalTebze. maRla RrublebSi aviWrebi, uzenaess gavutoldebio! magram SaveTSi Cadixar, qvesknelis ufskrulebSi...~ (esaia, 14: 12-15). is, rac daemarTa amirans, ar aris ganpirobebuli mis gareSe arsebuli obieqturi garemoebebiT, arc winaswarganCinebiT (anu bedisweriT), aramed gamowveulia misi Tavisufali nebiT. aq aris tragedia ara bediswerisa, rogorc antikur dramasa Tu miTosSi, aramed tragedia Tavisufali nebisa, rogorc qristianuli epoqis dramaSi (Seqspiri, ibseni, vaJa-fSavela...). n. berdiaevi erTgan wers, rom `namdvili tragedia aris tragedia Tavisuflebisa da ara bediswerisa~. amiranis saqmeSi ar Cans bediswera. ar Cans arc winaswarmetyveleba, romelsac unda gaurbodes is, rogorc oidiposi an aqilevsi gaurbian. bevri niSniT amirani enaTesaveba aqilevss [tuiti:309-310, 315-6, 319-320], magram am erTaderTi gadamwyveti niSniT Sordeba. es aris Tavisufali neba anu arCevanis Tavisufleba, rasac moklebulia elinTa saxelganTqmuli gmiri.

amiranis sasjelis Tavisebureba is aris, rom mijaWvam samani daudo mis hubriss, iseve, rogorc codvis Sedegad Semosulma sikvdilma adams mis bunebaSi codvis gamaradisebis perspeqtiva aacila. aq Cans sasjelis ambivalenturoba, rac esoden nacnobia elinuri tragediisTvis. Tavsdatexilma ubedurebam, rogorc RvTis sasjelma, kaTarzisi unda dabados. amiranis tragedia elis kaTarziss.

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XV. mijaWvuli amirani. amirani garidebulia kacobriobas. misi Tavdapirveli obloba absoluturi martoobis saxes iRebs. martoobis ganaCeni man Tavadve gamoutana Tavis Tavs, roca gabudayebis periodSi ganudga yvelas da, sabolood, yovlis pirvel mizezsa da dasabams aujanyda. ar arian mis gverdiT arc misi Zmebi da arc yamari. sad aris Semwe, mrCeveli da mosarCle? RmerTma dasaja da adamiani rogorRa gamoesarClos? aRarc metoqe, romelTanac kvlav gamocdida Zalas. ukanaskneli Zala, romelmac is miajaWva, klded aris aRmarTuli. axla is martoa Tavis TavTan, dasrulda epikuri dro da daiwyo egzistencialuri, misi sakuTari pirovnuli dro. am tyveobaSi mis garSemo Cndebian sruliad axali personaJebi. aq aris goSia, romelmac mTeli wlis manZilze unda lokos jaWvi, gawyvetamde miiyvanos igi, raTa mWedlebma kvlav gaamrTelon. es xdeba vnebis kviras, did xuTSabaTs, roca mWedlebi dilaadrianad ubrad grdemlze uros scemen TavTavianT samWedloebSi da maTi erToblivi ZalisxmeviT iq, gamoqvabulSi, jaWvi kvlav iWedeba. mTiuluri Tqmuleba amgvarad gadmogvcems amiranis jaWvTa yovelwliur ganaxlebas mWedlebis mier: àRdgomis sami dRis win, did xuTSabaTs, mWedelma grdemls kveri unda dahkras, Toro amirani aiSvebs da mWedlebs emterebao. ramdenjerac kvers grdemlze dahkramen, imdens muSkias lokviT gaTxelebuli amiranis jaWvi gasqeldebao. amirani aq, mleTaSia dabmuli~ [kaiSauri:107].

aqvea Citi, romelic periodulad ajdeba palos, raTa amiranma palo, romelsac is aryevs mTeli wlis manZilze, Tavisda uneburad kvlav myarad CaaWedos kldeSi. paloze Semomjdar am ucxo, saidanRac Semofrenil frTosans wili udevs TiTqos ukve Tavdaxsnili amiranis xelmeored mijaWvaSi. amirani palos abrunebs miwis siRrmeSi. ras niSnavs es? risi niSania es Citi? imis xom ara, rom is jer kidev ar aris mzad gasaTavisufleblad? es uneburi TviTSeborkva xom ar aris gamoxatuleba im codvisa, romlisganac igi jer kidev ar gaTavisuflebula? an im absurdisa, romelSic sakuTar ZalaSi dajerebam Caagdo? igive Zala, romelic misi imedi da siamaye iyo, iqceva mis kvlav mimjaWvelad. es Zala xom mainc misi sakuTreba ar aris – es misi naTliis Zalaa, romelic mibarebuli hqonda mas. igive Zala ajaWvavs mas kvlav ganmeorebiT da ase iqneba, sanam amirani amas ar mixvdeba.

goSia – miwis arseba – exmareba, Citi – cis arseba – xels uSlis. es imas xom ar niSnavs, rom ca jer kidev ar aris Tanaxma misi gaTavisuflebisa? ca kvlav gansacdels ugzavnis mas, kvlav elis misgan pasuxs. sijiutea, rom abrkolebs mis gaTavisuflebas. jer sijiute unda daiZlios.

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XVI. gaTavisuflebis mcdelobani. Tanaxmad ramdenime variantad arsebuli Tqmulebisa, romelic SeiZleba amiranis eposis epilogad miviCnioT, is klde, sadac mijaWvulia gmiri, Svid weliwadSi erTxel iRe-ba. ca kvlav aZlevs Sanss...

erT-erTs am gaxsnaTagan Seeswreba erTi usaxelo mwyemsi, menaxire, mecxvare Tu monadire [arjevaniZe:95; Ciqovani 1947:335,338,346]. eposis dasawyisSi, mis prologSi, vxedavT monadires, romelmac ipovna bavSvi da ixsna daRupvisagan. epilogSi kvlav vxvdebiT monadires, romelsac amJamadac amiranis gadarCenis misia akisria. am monadirem amiranis davalebiT Sinidan (an samWedlodan) unda wamoiRos jaWvi (sakideli), romlis saSualebiTac amiranma Tavisken unda miizidos xmali, raTa gakveTos borkilebi. monadirem ubrad unda wamoiRos es sakideli – aravis gasces xma, aravis gamoepasuxos. mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi eqneba warmateba mis mcdelobas. Cveulebriv, monadire yovelTvis icavs akrZalvebs sanadirod wasvlamde ramdenime dRiT adre. marxulobs, mdumarebs, ar ekareba cols. am akrZalvaTa Sesrulebazea damokidebuli misi warmateba nadirobisas.

magram monadire ver daicavs dumilis aRTqmas. abezari coli daacdeninebs sityvas amiranis gamosaxsnelad mimaval qmars. monadire veRar miagnebs kldes da amiranis gaTavisuflebis saxsaric ispoba. monadire ver icavs dumils, mWedlebi ki icaven, roca ubrad scemen grdemlze uros, da maTi moqmedeba warmatebulia (gavixsenoT, rom arsebobs sakmaod gavrcelebuli cikli TqmulebaTa akrZalvis damrRvevi monadiris Sesaxeb). mWedeli icavs aRTqmas, monadire – arRvevs. es imas niSnavs, rom jer kidev Warbobs is tendenciebi, romlebic amiranis mijaWvis pirobebs qmnian.

ras gveubneba xelmocaruli monadiris Tqmuleba? es Tqmuleba Citis epizodTan erTad gveubneba, rom amirans isev da isev fizikuri Zalis imedi aqvs: is cdilobs fizikuri ZaliT aiSvas Tavi – palo moaryios, xmali moizidos borkilTa gasakveTad. magram es borkilebi iseTi borkilebia, romlebic xmliT ar gaikveTeba. isini sxva Zalam unda axsnas.

Tqmuleba kidev, da es mTavaria, gveubneba, rom sanam adamiani aseTia, rogorc is monadire, romelic arRvevs aRTqmas, manam amirani mijaWvuli iqneba. amirani swored imitom aris mijaWvuli, rom kacTa modgma ar aris srulyofili. amiranis mijaWvuloba adamianTa sisustiT aris ganpirobebuli. sanam arsebobs SesaZlebloba imisa, rom kacTa modgmaSi irRveodes aRTqma da fici, amiranic mijaWvuli iqneba da is verasodes daixsnis Tavs borkilebisgan. ras niSnavs es? es imas niSnavs, rom amirani codvili kacobriobis gansaxierebaa, rom is atarebs kacobriobis codvebs, Sekrulia am codvebiT. da Tu kacobriobaSi aRmoCndeba erTi wmida kaci, is erTic sakmarisi iqneba, rom amiransac daudges Tavisufle-bis dRe – misi SeTxelebuli borkili sabolood gawydes, moryeuli paloc sabolood amovardes.

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jaWvi, rogorc sagani, sabediswero xdeba amiranisTvis. is ambivalenturia: jaWviT aris is dabmuli da jaWviTve cdilobs gaTavisuflebas. sxva TqmulebaSi (megrulSi) monadires mwyemsi enacvleba, romelsac jaWvi miaqvs amiranis dasaxsnelad. mwyemss monadireebi SeSlilad CaTvlian da amiranisTvis gamzadebuli jaWviT Sekraven. amis Semdeg mwyemsi wyevlis monadireebs. yazbegis kldeze, ambobs Tqmuleba, hkidia es jaWvi, unda vifiqroT, ara amiranis gaTavisuflebis simbolod, aramed imis niSnad, rom es saSualeba ver gaaTavisuflebs mas.

xalxis SefasebiT, Tu amirans gaTavisufleba uweria, unda gaTavisufldes gardaqmnili amirani da ara iseTi, rogoric miajaWves. aseTi amiranis aSveba araTu kacobriobis, aramed mTeli bunebis gamanadgurebelic aris. vaJas leqss àmirani~ amgvari SeniSvna axlavs: `fSavlebis warmodgeniT, rodesac amirani aRdgeba, maSin bunebaSic areuloba moxdeba~. xalxi, romelmac misi Tqmuleba Seinaxa, imitomac ekideba TanagrZnobiT mijaWvul gmirs, rom igi masSi sakuTar Tavs – codvaTa sakrvelebiT dabmuls, xedavs da gaTavisuflebas elis. es monadire xalxis warmomadgenelia. ara mxolod monadirea pasuxismgebeli, aramed TiToeuli Cvengani pirovnulad monawileobs misi satanjvelis gaxangrZlivebaSi. amiranis sasjeli Cveni sasjelia. xalxis Tvalsazrisi dasjili amiranis bedze mkafiod Cans erT moxevur TqmulebaSi. rodesac gamarjvebebiT gabudayebulma amiranma qriste RmerTTanac Sejibreba moindoma, RmerTma is amisTvis myinvarwveris ferdobze miajaWvao. amiT undoda esargebla amiranis dauZinebel mters gveleSaps, myinvaris wveridan gadmococda da dabmul amirans SeWmas upirebda. magram misi es ganzraxva wm. giorgis gaugia da swrafad iqve gaCenila. wmindans gvele-SapisaTvis TiTis daqneviT uTqvams: `SeCerdi, amirani codvebis mosananieblad davabi da ara Sen gasaZRomado, mandve gaqvavdio~. am sityvebiT gveleSapi iqve gaqvavebula [makalaTia:242].

vinc amas ambobs, mas ar gaumetebia amirani samudamo satanj-velisTvis, jojoxeTisTvis. es gveleSapi jojoxeTs atarebs Tavis TavSi, is modis, rom sabolood STanTqas amiranis sicocxle. magram amirani unda gadarCes da igi mismave sakuTarma Zalam unda gadaarCinos. Tumca misi mxsneli Zala ar iqneba fizikuri Zala, aramed Zala sinanulisa, raSic unda STainTqas misi urCoba da ampartavneba. eposis Semnaxveli xalxic ase fiqrobs. is ar gansjis amirans, mxolod elodeba mis moqcevas. is TanaugrZnobs mas, mis tanjvas, is ar gansjis, radgan ùkanaskneli sja mxolod RmerTs ekuTvnis, adamians ki arasodes ar SeuZlia gansajos RvTis qmnileba, rogorc sabolood daRupuli da

amitomac unda uyvardes masSi xsnis potencia~ [berdiaevi:48]. amiranSi ki aris xsnis potencia, SesaZlebloba gaTavisuflebisa sakuTari Zalmomreobisagan.

sasinanulod amirans micemuli aqvs vada. sasinanulo droJami mas ar warTmevia. es igrZnoba moxeur TqmulebaSi – misi azri saerTo suliskveTebis gamomxatvelia. xalxis sulma mSobliur landSaftSic ki –

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mTadqceul gveleSapSi – amoikiTxa, rom cas sabolood ar gauwiravs adamiani, rom ca mis mxarezea.

àmiraniani~ ar aris dasrulebuli, misi droJami ar amowurula. siuJeturi dro emTxveva realur dros, romelic jer kidev miedineba. amirani kacobriobis istoriis yovel awmyoSia, is yvela epoqis Tanamedrovea.

blez paskali (1623-1662) werda, rom adamians ornairi gansacdeli

emuqreba: is SeiZleba Cavardes sasowarkveTilebaSi Tavisi uZlurebis gamo da SeiZleba gaampartavndes sakuTar Tavze gadametebuli warmodgenis gamo. amirani moicva sasowarkveTilebam uZlevel ambri arabTan Sexvedrisas da _ hubrisma, roca warmoidgina, rom misi momrevi amqveynad da arc qveynis gareT aravin iyo. ambri arabis winaSe Tavis uZlurebaSi darwmunebuli, ormoci dRe da ormoci Rame glovobda. misma naTliam, macxovarma ieso qristem, Seibrala igi da uzomo Zala mianiWa. magram roca amirans qveyanaze aravin darCa mourevneli, mas daeufla hubrisi da Tavad macxovari gamoiwvia orTabrZolaSi. gaampartavnebulma imis damarcxeba moindoma, vinc Zala mianiWa. es iyo udidesi hubrisis gamovlineba, risTvisac amirani kldeze mijaWviT dasaja RmerTma.

SeiZleboda hubrisis gardaqmnili saxe dagvenaxa erT fragmentSi, sadac amirani wmida cxovelis uneblie mkvlelad gvevlineba:

mTas iremi wamogvixta, casa swvdeba rqani misi, amiranma ro esrola, moido marjvena mxarsao, mivida, bevri itira, ro jvari naxa rqasao

[Ciqovani 1981:21].

aSkaraa, rom es fragmenti im vrceli baladiseburi teqstis nawilia, romelic amgvarad iwyeba: `sanadirod wamovidnen amiran da Zmani misni... mTas iremi wamouxtaT, oqro iyo rqani misni, ucxo mTaze koSki naxes, anagebi brolis qvisi~ da a.S. (ix. VI epizodi). am baladis arc erT variantSi jvari ar gvxvdeba, arc is Cans, rom es oqrosrqiani iremi raimeTi niSnulia. àmiranma boZali hkra, wiTlad dasWra mxari misi~, da am qmedebas ar mohyveba tragikuli Sedegi. magram raki mas Tundac erT, unikalur variantSi, miewereba jvriani irmis mokvla, igi ar unda ugelebelvyoT, unda CavTvaloT amiranis ganwirulebis momaswaveblad am ZvelTaZveli miTologemis saSualebiT. jer kidev agamemnonia gaxveuli am miTologemaSi: TqmulebiT, mas mouklavs artemisis wmida Sveli, rac misi tragikuli daRupvis mizezi gamxdara. mogvianebiT igive mizezi mouswrafebs sicocxles bizantiuri xanis berZen gmirs _ digenis (òrgzis Sobil~) akritass. misi mokluli irmis rqebs Soris jvari da beWebs Soris yovladwmida RvTismSoblis xati aRmoCnda da manac, rogorc zemoT moyvanil fragmentSi amiranma, gamoiglova Tavi: `samasi daTvi movkali da samocdaori lomi da, aha, bedisweram wmida irems

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Semaxvedra, romelsac rqebSi jvari hqonda, Tavze varskvlavi da beWebze RvTismSobeli. codvaSi Cavvardi da unda movkvde~ [destunisi:29-30]. digenisi iRupeba, rogor tipuri monadire, romelsac nadirobisas Semoakvdeba nadirTpatronis rCeuli pirutyvi. amasTanave, SesaZloa, damatebiT misi codva daxocili nadiris gadametebul ricxvSic (samasi daTvi da samocdaori lomi) gamoixata.

daismis kiTxva: romel epikur Tu miTologiur personaJebTan avlens amirani tipologiur naTesaobas im masalis mixedviT, romelic Cvens xelTaa, rogorc igi Cans Cvenamde moRweul TqmulebebSi? elin promeTesTan? aseTia gavrcelebuli azri, magram Tu masalidan amovalT da ara winaswar SemuSavebuli azridan, amiransa da promeTes Soris verc fundamentur da verc tipologiur msgavseba-naTesaobas ver vpovebT. tipologiuradac isini gansxvavebulni arian. aris mxolod erTaderTi msgavseba maT Soris – mijaWva. orive gmiri mijaWvulia da mijaWvis adgilad orive TqmulebaSi kavkasiis mTebia dasaxelebuli. es ki sakmao sacdurs iZleva maTi gaigivebisTvis.

vin aris promeTe da vin aris amirani?

promeTe uzenaesi RvTaebis, zevsis Taobisaa. maT saerTo papa (uranosi) da didi deda (gea) hyavT. olimposis mbrZaneblisgan igi arafriT aris davalebuli, arc damokidebulia masze. Tumca is ar ekuTvnis olimposze dabrZanebul RvTaebriv elitas, romelic ganagebs samyaros.

amirani Tumca saswaulebriv aris Sobili, mainc adamiania, adamianTa samyaros ekuTvnis. igi rom qriste RmerTis naTlulia da misgan ZalamoniWebuli, swored imas mowmobs, rom is ierarqiulad dabla mdgomia. promeTe Semqmnelia adamianTa modgmisa, romelsac amiranic ekuTvnis eladis sxva gmirebTan erTad (herakle, Tesevsi, persevsi da sxvani mravalni). promeTes sazrunavi adamianebia (adamianebi mas abaria), amiranisa _ sakuTari Tavi, masze zrunavs ufali qriste.

promeTes Zalis, RvTaebrivi unarebis wyaro Tavadvea, yovel SemTxvevaSi, zevsisgan ar aris davalebuli, amiranis Zlierebis wyaro ki ufalia.

promeTe da amirani kacobriobis ganviTarebis gansxvavebul safexurebs ekuTvnian. promeTes iaraRi aris Wkua, gamWriaxoba, moxerxeba. amirani ki moqmedebs mxolod fizikuri ZaliT, rac migvaniSnebs, rom igi sxva, ufro Zveli formaciis kacobriobas ekuTvnis. promeTes formacia meoreulia, igi axali kacobriobis warmomadgenelia. promeTe iseve upirispirdeba amirans, rogorc mravalnacadi odisevsi fexmard aqilevss an omSi myivar menelaoss, romelTa epiTetebi fizikur Zalaze miuTiTebs. pirvelTa rigSia marko kraleviCi, romelic gansacdelis (ufalTan gancdili marcxis) Semdeg gadadis promeTe-odisevsis formaciaSi.

gansxvavebulia maTi dasjis motivebic. sxvadasxva miTologiuri tradicia promeTevsis mijaWvis mizezad Tvlis: 1) kacTaTvis cecxlis motanas anu cecxlis saidumlos gamJRavnebas, 2) zevsis sabediswero

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saidumlos argamxelas (rom zevss misi da Tetisis naSieri Camoagdebs taxtidan), 3) aTenas motacebis mcdelobas.

amirani isjeba: 1) ufalTan gatolebis mcdelobisaTvis, 2) ficis samgzisi gatexisaTvis (svanuri versiiT), da aramc da aramc cecxlis (an yamaris) motacebisaTvis. arc erTi varianti ar laparakobs cecxlis motacebaze da mis miwaze Camotanaze amiranis an mis ZmaTa xeliT. Tu cecxlzea sadme laparaki, es exeba miwaze arsebuli cecxlis povnas, ara – motacebas. ar aris damajerebeli yamarisa da cecxlis igiveobis argumentebi: `promeTes oreuli amirani RrubelT ufals _ pirimzes qa-liSvils, mzeTunaxavs mostacebs da colad SeirTavs. am SemTxvevaSi cecxli mzeTunaxaviTaa Secvlili. asea gaformebuli amiranianSi es motivi misi ganviTarebis umaRles safexurze~ [Ciqovani 1959:235]. aRvniSnav, rom motacebul mzeTunaxavs amirani colad ar irTavs. romc irTavdes da igi cecxlis gamoxatuleba iyos, es aqti mainc ar CaiTvleboda promeTevsiseul kulturul qmedebad. yamari, rogorc cecxli, motacebis Semdeg aRarsad Cans. Tuki moitaces, xalxisTvis unda yofiliyo motacebuli.

mijaWva mxolod saSualebaa dasjisa, romliTac sxvadasxva danaSaulisaTvis isjebian. mTavari ki aris ara sasjelis saxe, aramed sasjelis mizezi da, erTgvarad, mizani. Tu meore kriteriumiT davuwyebT Zebnas amiranis oreulebs, pirvel rigSi, Tvalwin warmogvidgeba iseTi personaJebi gansxvavebuli sagmiro-miTologiuri tradiciebidan, rogorebic arian osuri narTebis baTraZi, somxuri eposis mheri da samxreTeli slavebis marko kraleviCi, afxazuri tradiciis abrskili da megrulis aramxutu.

devebTan mebrZoli baTraZi, romelic ciuri mWedlis qurdalagonis mier aris gamowrTobili, Tavis Zalas Zuarebis (jvarTa) da vacilebis (wm. eliebis) winaaRmdeg mimarTavs. misi gabudayebis kulminacia RmerTTan Serkinebaa, sadac uZleveli baTraZi marcxdeba: dedamiwis simZimis gudas ki aswevs, magram oqros Zafis gorgalis awevas veRar SeZlebs, ris Semdegac igi aRiarebs, rom arsebobs misi mjobi.

asparezoba mxolod marcxiT ar mTavrdeba – RmerTi mzis mxurvalebiT acamtverebs mas. baTraZis Tqmuleba ar icnobs mijaWvas [narTebi 1988:270-272].

aseve mijaWvis gareSe mTavrdeba markos marcxi. marko, dainaxavs ra, rom misi momrevi amqveynad aravinaa, ufals gamoiwvevs orTabrZolaSi. ufali Camodis dedamiwaze, moxucis saxiT gamoecxadeba da dedamiwis wona gudas daugdebs gzajvaredinze. marko ver aswevs, Tumca mTel Tavis Zalas mas daaxarjavs. bolos ufali gaumJRavnebs Tavs, marko inanebs, rom ufali orTabrZolaSi gamoiwvia. uflis nebiT, marko kvlav uZlevel Wabukad darCeba, oRond amieridan orTabrZolaSi Zalis nacvlad xerxsa

da eSmakobas gamoiyenebs [slavTa simR.:207-8]. aramxutus Tqmuleba, gansxvavebiT àmiranianisgan~, mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli konkretul eTniur garemosTan (sof. jvari, cimintiebi, qardavebi, ServaSiZe, visTanac

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mas urTierToba aqvs). igi Tavidanve moZaladea da RmerTsac eurCeba. wm. giorgi mas, rogorc araqristians(!), verafers aklebs, RmerTi ki sjis: Zafs Semoaqselavs tanze, jaWvad uqcevs da paloze daabams. aramxutusac Citi uSlis palos amoZrobas [Ciqovani 1947:385]. arsebobs gayofiTebuli variantebi, sadac aramxutus tyviiT(!) klavs cimintia, Tavs moaWris da jgeges miarTmevs sofel jvarSi [Ciqovani 1947:386].

aseve eTnizebulia, da ufro Zlieradac, abrskilis afxazuri Tqmuleba: is ebrZvis samSoblos (afxazeTis) mtrebs (eWvi ar aris, rom es motivi gviandeli warmoSobisaa). mis biografiaSi ZiriTadi gmiroba devis mokvlaa. gaampartavnebul-gabudayebuli abrskili RmerTs etoleba – arafris didebiT ar uxris mas qeds. Tavs arasodes xris, RmerTs ar egonos, Tayvans mcemso. Tqmuleba orTabrZolas ar icnobs. RmerTi sjis mas: jaWviT Seborkils Wlous gamoqvabulSi (oCamCiris maxloblad) rkinis boZze miabmevinebs. aqac vxvdebiT gaTavisuflebis amao mcdelobas or variantad: 1) Citis mizeziT misi palo kidev ufro Rrmad iWedeba kldeSi; 2) afxazebi – aCbebi Tu cacbebi – miagneben abrskilis gamoqvabuls, magram imedgacruebulni ukanve dabrundebian [zuxba:344-9; 9, 387-9]. adiReelTa narTebis meTaurma (Txamadam) nasiren-JaCem ganizraxa RmerTis (Txas) meufebis damxoba. adis oSxamaxoze (ialbuzze), RmerTebis mTaze, da ebrZvis RvTaeba pakos, rom daibrunos warTmeuli cecxli. pako miajaWvavs nasirens oSxamaxos wverze. SevniSnavT, rom adiReuri simRera-moTqma mijaWvul nasirenze `wvrilmanebSic~ ki imeorebs amiranis dramas. mogvyavs es simRera:

ò uiy-uiy, narTo nasiren! uiy, uiy nasiren-JaCe! muxanaTuria Seni qcevani, RvTis sityvas da saqmes Sen pativs ar scem. o, RvTisagan SeCvenebulo, o, vinc mTaze aiyvanes, o, vinc mTaze miajaWves! Sens zemoT arwivia, gverdiT Seni ZaRli giwevs! aryevs grialiT svets, Citi mofrindeba xolme, svetze jdeba. Sen brazdebi, ehei, yviri, qvas esvri, svets xvdeba, sveti ufro Rrmad erWoba. Sens gverdiT ZaRli wevs, jaWvs RrRnis, Zafis sisqes xdis. roca galokavs, mWedlebi samWedloSi sisxam diliT grdemlze uros scemen, jaWvi kvlav mTliandeba, rogorc iyo... vidre Cven ar agxsniT, RmerTi gakavebdes mand dasaRupavad~ [narTebi 1974: 273-4].

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs amiranis bedTan tipo-logiuri an, SesaZloa, geneturi msgavseba-siaxloviT somexTa mheri umrwemesi, sasunelTa modgmis ukanaskneli gmiri. misi bavSvoba iseTive boboqaria, rogorc amiranisa, xolo gabudayebis zRurblze dedamiwas aRar surs misi atana (siarulisas fexebi miwaSi efloba), anu is dawyevlilia miwisagan. misi bolo kldis gamoqvabulia, rasac mhers misi ded-mama uwinaswarmetyvelebs, roca igi maT saflavebs CasZaxebs SemweobisTvis da mheric miadgeba kldes, magram manamde is orTabrZolaSi iwvevs RmerTs (àn Semerkine, an waiRe Cemi suli~), romelic mas Svid angelozs SeabrZolebs. magram amaoa mheris cda: misi elva-xmali verafers aklebs uxorcoT. damarcxebulma mherma sakuTari maxviliT

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gaapo klde, romlis wiaRSi `samudamod~ unda datyvevebuliyo. klde weliwadSi orjer ixsneba _ vardavarisa da amaRlebis dResaswaulebze. mheri gamodis gareT, magram kvlavindeburad miwas ar surs misi zidva, is cxenianad efloba miwaSi. kldis erT-erTi gaxsnisas Semodis mwyemsi da mis kiTxvaze, rodis gamoxval aqedano, mheri aZlevs sagulisxmo pasuxs: `Tu axla avdeqi da gamovedi, ver amitans me miwa. sanam es wuTisofeli borotebiT aris savse, sanam aseTi crua miwa, me ar mecxovreba qveyanaze. roca daemxoba es sofeli da kvlav aSendeba, roca xorblis marcvali kaklisodena gaxdeba, roca askilis nayofiviT gaxdeba xorblis marcvali, ai, maSin dadgeba Cemi dRe da im dRes gamoval aqedan~

[sasuneli:340-341]. rogorc vxedavT, mheris gaTavisufleba iseve, rogorc amiranisa, esqatologiur perspeqtivasTan, qveynis feriscvalebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. mheris RmerTmebrZoli neba motexilia, igi, SeiZleba iTqvas, kaTarzisis procesSi imyofeba da elis saboloo, esqatologiur Jams. ganwmedil-ganaxlebuli mheri da àxali ca da axali miwa~ Seegebeba erTmaneTs.

yvela am TqmulebaSi gamoxatulia tragedia adamianisa, romelic ver egueba adamianur dasazRvrulobas da cdilobs gascdes kacobriv sazRvars, gautoldes RmerTs, risTvisac isjeba. erTaderTi marko ar isjeba. mas miemadleba sxvarigi Zala – igi, SeiZleba iTqvas, am marcxiani orTabrZolidan axal adamianad ibadeba. marko rwmundeba fizikuri Zalis umweobaSi, roca absolutur Zalas Seejaxeba. orTabrZola misi gakveTili iyo. amiranisTvisac gakveTilia es sabediswero Serkineba Tavis naTliasTan, isic unda darwmundes, rom adamianSi moqceuli Zala uflis winaSe araraobaa. is, rac markos pirovnebaSi moxda, aris gardaqmna – metanoia, TvalTaxedvis Secvla, anu sinanuli, rasac RmerTi elis mijaW-vuli amiranisagan.

promeTevsi ki arc adamiania da, amis gamo, arc sinanulis gancda aqvs, arc zevsi moelis misgan sinanuls. amiranis tragedia gacilebiT Rrmaa, vidre promeTevsisa, romlis bedi zevsis kaprizze Tu TviTnebobazea damokidebuli. amave dros promeTevsi ukve gamoxsnilia, magram is ixsna gareSe Zalam da ara Sinaganma mzadyofnam xsnisaTvis. Tumca Sinaganis problema arc dgas mis winaSe. es adamianis problemaa, promeTe ki adamiani ar aris.

dasasrul, momyavs h.-g. gadameris lakoniuri daskvnebi, romlebiTac man daasrula Tavisi narkvevi promeTevsze:

àse iqceva promeTevsi simbolod kacobriobis TviTtanjvisa sakuTari sindisiT, cnobierebis tragediis simbolod~. da kidev: `masSi kacobrioba, visTvisac is itanjeba, Wvrets sakuTar Tavs~. da bolos: `me meCveneba, rom promeTevsis istoria iseve daumTavrebelia, rogorc Tavad adamianis istoria~ [gadameri:255].

me meCveneba, rom es sityvebi ufro amiranis egzistencialur mdgomareobas gamoxatavs, vidre promeTevsisas. istoriaSi promeTevsis drama dasrulebulia, is herakles gamomsyidvelma aqtma gaauqma, amiranisa

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ki dRemde grZeldeba `mijaWvul~ Tu gamoqvabulSi gamomwyvdeul (gavixsenoT platonis miTosi gamoqvabulze `saxelmwifoSi~) kacTa modgmasTan erTad.

literatura

arjevaniZe: arjevaniZe e. anotirebuli bibliografia CMOMПK-Si gamoqveynebuli qarTuli xalxuri sityvierebis masalisa, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1971.

berdiaevi: Бердяев Н., Эрос и личность, Изд. “Прометей”, М., 1989. gadameri: Гадамер Г.-Г.Актуальность прекрасного, “Искусство”, М., 1991. gilgameSiani, gilgameSiani, Zveli Suamdinaruli eposi, `ganaTleba~,

Tb., 1984.

destunisi: Дестунис Г., Разыскания о греческих богатырских былинах средневеково-го периода, СПб, 1883.

eliade 1974: Eliade M., Patterns in Comparative Religion, New American Library, New York, 1974.

zuxba: zuxba s., afxazuri zepirsityviereba, Tsu, Tb., 1988. kaiSauri: kaiSauri l., mTiuluri teqstebi, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1978. kampbeli: Campbell J., The Hero with a Thousand Faces, Bollingen Series XVII, Princeton

University Press, 1973. kiknaZe 1996: kiknaZe z., qarTuli miTologia I, jvari da saymo, quTaisi,

1996. kiknaZe 2006: kiknaZe z. Suamdinaruli miTologia, `saari~, 2006. makalaTia: makalaTia s., xevi, tf., 1934. meiendorfi: Мейендорф Иоанн, прот., Православие в современном мире, New York,

1981. miTebi: Мифы народов мира, т. I, “Советская Энциклопедия”, М., 1980. narTebi 1988: narTebi, osuridan Targmna meri cxovrebovma, ìrisToni~,

cxinvali, 1988.

narTebi 1974: Нарты, Адыгейский народный эпос, «Наука», М., 1974. nekliudovi: Неклюдов С. Ю. Героическое детство, Историко-филологические иссле-

дования, М., 1984. propi 2000: Пропп Вл., Исторические корни волшебной сказки, “Лабиринт”, М., 2000 rexviaSvili: rexviaSvili n., qarTuli xalxuri metalurgia, `mecniereba~,

Tb., 1964. sadideblebi: jvar-xatTa sadideblebi, Tsu folkloristikis kaTedris

Sromebi 2, Tb., 1998.

sasuneli: Давид Сасунский. Армянский народный Эпос, “Советский писатель”, Л-д, 1982.

svanuri: svanuri poezia I, Tb., 1935. slavTa simR.: Песни южных славян, “Художественная литература”, М., 1976. Ciqovani 1947: Ciqovani m., mijaWvuli amirani, `Tbilisis universitetis

gamomcemloba~, Tb., 1947.

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Ciqovani 1959: Ciqovani m., qarTuli eposi I, mijaWvuli amirani, `saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba~, Tb., 1959. Ciqovani 1981: Ciqovani m., amiranis Tqmulebis poeturi Canawerebi, epikuri Janrebi, qarTuli folklori X, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1981.

SaraSiZe: Charachidzé G., Prométhée ou le Caucase, Essai de mythologie contrastive, Flamarion, 1986.

eliade 1965: Eliade M., Rites and Symbols of Initiation, The Mystery of Birth and Rebirth, Harper Torchbooks, New York, 1965.

raglani: Raglan L., The Hero of Tradition, The Study of Folklore, ed. Dundes A., University of California and Berkley, 1965.

tuiti: Tuite K., Achilles and Caucasus, The Journal of Indo-European Studies, vol. 26, N 3-4, 1998.

èTeriani~

èTeriani~ cameti variantis safuZvelze pirvelad p. umikaSvilma gamoaqveyna 1975 wels. gamomcemeli mas `zRapars~ uwodebs (àbesalom da eTeris zRapari iseTi ram aris...~) da, marTlac, am ambavs variantTa umetesobaSi zRapris samoseli mosavs Tavisi tradiciuli winkariT _ ìyo-da-ara-iyo-ra~. zogierT CanawerSi gazRaprebis procesi bolomdea misuli: ambavi zRapriseuli klasikuri dasasruliT – qorwiliT da `Wiri-iqa-lxini-aqa~-Ti mTavrdeba, radgan ar gamoCndeba murmani da, cxadia, arc im tragedias rCeba adgili, romelic èTerianis~, rogorc samijnuro eposis individualobas qmnis. am saxis variantebSi eposi mTlianad Zleulia zRapris stiqiisagan. gazRaprebis tendencia gasagebia, ramdenadac es TxrobiTi Janri, rogorc misi sakuTreba, sxva JanrTagan yvelaze ukeTesad miesadaga xalxis cnobierebas (rogorc davinaxeT, àmiranianic~ ver ascda am tendencias).

msgavsad àmiranianisa~, èTerianic~ prozisa da leqsisgan Sedgeba. prozac da leqsic mTeli saqarTvelos farglebSi (da mis gareTac) aris dadasturebuli. èTerianis~ pirveli gamomcemeli winasityvaobaSi werda: ès eTeriani, Sedgenili saxalxo leqsebisa da pirad naTqvamobisagan, romelnic darCenilan dRevandlamde saqarTvelos yvela nawilebSi. zemoxsenebuli leqsebi da pirad naTqvamobani (ricxviT cametni) ekuTvnis Semdeg adgilebs: qarTls, kaxeTs, imereTs, samcxes (axalcixis mazras), xevsureTs, xevs (Tergisas) da qalaq mozdoks~ [eTeriani 1875]. aq `naTqvamoba~ prozaul monaTxrobs gulisxmobs, romelic sakmaod sxvaobs

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variantebSi. ar arsebobs kanonikuri prozauli xalxuri teqsti. leqsi ki ucvlelia da metnaklebad inarCunebs Tavis saxes Canaweridan CanawerSi. es ki imas unda niSnavdes, rom poeturi teqsti èTerianSi~ pirveladia, arqetipulia, prozauli ki _ meoradi, Semavsebeli. amitomac zRapradqceul variantebSi poetur CanarTebs ver vxvdebiT _ aseTia variantTa wre I (ix. qvemoT). Tumca sxva SexedulebiT, èTerianis eposis birTvi prozaulia~ [qurdovaniZe 1975:115] da, ufro metic: eposi zRapris niadagzea Camoyalibebuli, anu misi pirvelwyaro aris zRapari [qurdovaniZe 1975:114. 113]. Znelia am Tvalsazrisis miReba, ramdenadac zRaparSi, rogorc aseTSi, ver aRmovaCenT iseT `birTvs~, romelic misi siuJetis tragikul ganviTarebas gamoiwvevda. zRapris principuli optimizmi ar iZleva amis SesaZleblobas.

èTerianis~ arazRaprul warmoSobas isic mowmobs, rom misi sxeulis mdgradi fena _ leqsiTi nawili ZiriTadad dialoguria, rac SeiZleba niSnavdes imas, rom èTerianis~ arqetipuli teqsti romantiuli drama iyo. dialoguroba SeiZleba mis Tavdapirvel antifonur Sesrulebasac mowmobdes [qurdovaniZe 1975:119]. es dialogebia: dialogi abesalomsa da eTers Soris, romelic mTavrdeba abesalomis ficiT eTerisadmi; dialogi abesalomsa da murmans Soris; dialogi marexsa da eTers Soris; ukanaskneli dialogi abesalomsa da eTers Soris. dialogebSi Cabmulia eposis yvela personaJi, vinc ki individualur saxes atarebs. mTavari personaJebis dialogebi iwyebs da amTavrebs nawarmoebs. leqsiTi variantebi eposis mTels Sinaarss moicavs dawyebuli striqonebiT àbesalom da eTeri RmerTma Segvyara erTferi~ da damTavrebuli striqonebiT `Sen, Cemo moyvris danao, ubes midevxar ganao, amogiReb da davicem marjvena ZuZusTanao~ [eTeriani 1954:# 44].

aSkaraa, rom èTeriani~ ar aris im xasiaTis nawarmoebi, romlis siuJets zRaparSi unda epova xorcSesxma. arsebobs variantTa sxva wre, sadac eTeris warmoSoba ar ukavSirdeba zRapris siuJets da ambavSic ar monawileoben zRapris tradiciuli (kanonikuri) personaJebi (avi dedinacvali, geri, keTili dedaberi). variantebis gansxvavebul wreTa arseboba sakmaod abundovanebs èTerianis~ warmomavlobas da, kerZod, eTeris, rogorc personaJis, vinaobis sakiTxs. romelia pirveladi – èTeri-geri~ Tu èTeri-tyiuri~? xom ar SeiZleba warmovidginoT, rom misi arqetipi saerTod ar arsebula da èTerianis~ dRemde SemorCenili variantebi ori erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli wyarodan momdinareobs? aseve daismis kiTxva èTerianis~ dawyebis Taobaze. variantTa umetesobaSi ambavi eTeriT iwyeba (aqedan dakanonebuli saxelwodeba èTeriani~). magram ipoveba variantebi, arcTu mcirericxovani, sadac ambavi abesalomis sanadirod gasvliT iwyeba. romelia pirveladi? aqve unda SeiniSnos, rom xalxuri Txroba, Cveulebriv, iwyeba im personaJiT, romelic mTavaria TxrobaSi, anu romlis ambavic aris mosaTxrobi.

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amgvarad ismis kiTxvebi: romelia èTerianSi~ mTavari gmiri? an rogor poulobs abesalomi eTers _ ZebniT, rogorc gazRaprebul variantebSia (wre I-II), Tu _ tyeSi SexvedriT (wre III)? gaCnda arcTu usafuZvlo eWvi, rom èTeriani~ wignuri warmoSobisaa. p. ingoroyva èTerians~ CamoTvlis im literaturul nawarmoebTa Soris, romelTagan an fragmentebia SemorCenili an mxolod saxelebi. `rogorc Tavis droze gamorkveuli gveqneba, _ am romanidan aris warmoSobili dRemde Senaxuli xalxuri Tqmuleba àbesalom da eTeri~, _ iseve, rogorc SoTas vefxis-tyaosnidan Semdeg warmoiSva xalxuri vefxis-tyaosani~ [ingoroyva 1924:486]. mkvlevari Seecada ucxour sakuTar saxelTa safuZvelze emtkicebina Tavisi varaudi [ingoroyva 1938:37-9].

CamovTvaloT wyeba im niSnebisa, romlebic, SesaZloa, amxeldes mis wignur warmoSobas: − xalxuri epikuri _ zRapruli Tu arazRapruli _ Txroba ar

aRiniSneba mravalpersonaJianobiT. arsebobs erTi, mxolod erTi mTavari gmiri, romelic atarebs eposis ideas, yvela danarCeni personaJi damxmareni arian da ara TavisTavadni. zRaparSi maT Tav-Tavisi funqciebi aqvT, romelTac isini mTavari gmiris mimarT asruleben da funqciis amowurvasTan erTad uCinardebian. rom ar vilaparakoT zRaparze, àmiranianis~ personaJebic aseve damokidebulni arian mTavar gmirze, maT, kerZod, amiranis Zmebs, TavisTavadi arseboba (egzistencia) ar gaaCniaT. isini uCinardebian, rogorc ki maTi funqcia amoiwureba. èTerianSi~ sami damoukidebeli, TavisTavadi personaJia (ro-gorc `vefxistyaosanSi~, rogorc `visramianSi~).

− èTerianis~ personaJebi, gansxvavebiT folkloruli warmomavlobis personaJebisgan, aratipurni, individualurni da unikalurni arian. maTi saxeebi arsad sxvagan ar meordeba. xalxuri poetikisTvis ki mxolod tipuri, ganmeorebadi Tvisebebia yuradRebis Rirsi.

− moqmedebis motivireba, razec agebulia èTerianis~ drama, principulad ucxoa folklorisTvis. folkloruli gmiris moqmedebas ara aqvs motivacia. Tu folkloris gmiri sCadis borotebas, is sCadis mas, rogorc borotebis gansaxiereba _ sxvanairad mas moqceva ar SeuZlia. aseTi ar aris murmani: igi sCadis borotebas ara imitom, rom borotia, aramed imitom, rom sxva gamosavals ver xedavs [bardaveliZe:202-203].

_ folklorisTvis ucxoa gmiris feriscvaleba, rogorsac ganicdian jer murmani, mere abesalomi. ver vifiqrebT, _ aseTia nawarmoebis logika, _ rom murmani Tavidanve, eTeris gamoCenamde, abesalomis orguli yma yofiliyo. − Rrma emociebis, Cvens SemTxvevaSi, siyvarulis dinamikuri

gamomJaRvneba, maSin roca `xalxur eposSi siyvaruli, Cveulebriv, statikur formaSia mocemuli~ [bardaveliZe:197]. Tu SevadarebT, erTi mxriv, amiran-yamarisa da, meore mxriv, abesalom-eTeris urTierTobas da murmanis damokidebulebas eTerisadmi, maT Soris fundamentur sxvaobas

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davinaxavT. amiranisaTvis yamaris mopoveba sagmiro saqmea, misi, rogorc safalavno an miTologiuri eposis an gmiris, gardauvali valdebulebaa. amiranis mizani ufro gamoxsnaa koSkSi gamoketili mzeTunaxavisa, vidre misi, rogorc qalis, daufleba. amiranis Semdgom TavgadasavalSi, mis morig zRurblebze yamari aRar Cans. xolo rac abesaloms da murmans amoZravebT eTeris mimarT, mxolod da mxolod Rrma adamianuri siyvarulis grZnobaa. zRapris gmirs siyvaruli ar amoZravebs. sacolis motaceba Tu gamoxsna wmidawylis formaluri qmedebaa. aq Tqmuli ar exeba lirikas, romelic

− dabolos, analogia kvlav `vefxistyaosanTan~ (p. ingoroyvas ZiriTadi argumenti): rom ar SemorCeniliyo rusTavelis poema, xalxuri `vefxistyaosani~ anu `tarieliani~, isic, msgavsad èTerianisa~, zepirsityvieri warmoSobis nawarmoebad iqneboda miCneuli. es iribi argumentia, magram angariSi unda gaewios. es argumentebi saSualebas gvaZlevs vifiqroT èTerianis~ elitarul

warmoSobaze, anu CavTvaloT is e.w. daZiruli kulturis dovlaTis (Gesunkenes Kulturgut) erT kerZo gamovlinebad xalxur sityvierebaSi

[bauzingeri:44-5; kokiara:556-7]. qarTul folklorSi aseTebia: `tarieliani~, Sahnames xalxuri versiebi `beJaniani~, `rostomiani~, `rusudaniani~ da sxvani, romelTac Tav-TavianTi wignuri wyaroebi eZebnebaT.

dResdReobiT metnaklebad sruli (ramdenadac SeiZleba hqondes sisrulis pretenzia xalxuri Canawerebis korpuss) gamocema èTerianis~ variantebisa ekuTvnis m. Ciqovans [eTeriani 1954]. aq Tavmoyrilia 42 folkloruli Canaweri saqarTvelos aTamde kuTxidan.

variantebi qvemoT yvelgan am gamocemaSi miCenili nomriT aris miTiTebuli.

teqstis morfologia

èTeriani~ ori nawilisagan Sedgeba: 1. eTeris ambavi abesalomTan qorwilamde. 2. ambavi abesalomisa da eTerisa da murmanisa qorwilis Semdeg. arsebobs èTerianis~ variantTa oTxi wre, romlebic erTmaneTisgan

arsebiTad sxvaoben ambis mxolod pirvel nawilSi, sadac Txroba abesalomisa da eTeris qorwilamde aRwevs. es nawili ZiriTadi ambis (tragediis) eqspozicias warmoadgens. wreebi erTmaneTisgan eTeris warmomavlobiT gansxvavdebian. variantTa erT wreSi eTeri geria (dediT oboli, dedinacvliT), meoreSi – dediT oboli (udedinacvlod), mesameSi – tyiuri, arwivisa (an daTvis) gazrdili (udedmamod). meoTxe wre Txro-bis dasawyisis mixedviT aris gamoyofili: aq ambavi abesalomis gamoCeniT iwyeba.

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nawili 1. eqspozicia

(ambavi qorwilamde)

aq wamoiWreba problema: romelia Tavdapirveli eqspozicia eposisa? – variantTa is wre, sadac eTeri geria? – Tu is, sadac eTeri udedinacvlo obolia? – Tu is, sadac eTeri arwivis (daTvis) gazrdilia? romeli wridan aris namdvili eTeri? ganvixiloT variantTa es wreebi – ra epizodebisgan Sedgeba TiToeuli

maTgani (vimeorebT, rom erTmaneTisgan maT mxolod eTeris warmomavloba ganasxvavebs).

wre I. eTeri-geri

variantTa am wreSi èTeri-geris~ mTeli Tavgadasavali qorwilamde jadosnuri zRapris Sinaarss Seadgens.

unda aRiniSnos, rom am wris variantebis erTi mniSvnelovani niSani poeturi nawilebis ararsebobaa. is mTlianad TxrobiTia, anu, p.umikaSvilis termins Tu gamoviyenebT, `naTqvamobisgan~ Sedgeba. es imas niSnavs, rom igi mTlianad moucavs zRapris stiqias.

ZiriTadi epizodebi

I. dediT oboli eTeri dedinacvlis mier devnili geria; mas hyavs antagonisti (`crugmiri~) dedinacvlis asulis saxiT, romelic misi sruli (fizikurad da sulier-zneobrivad) antipodia. igi mxolod pasiuri iaraRia dedis xelSi eTeris winaaRmdeg. zog variantSi dedinacvlis asuli arc monawileobs TxrobaSi. eTers hyavs Zroxa, romlis saSualebiTac dedis suli Semweobas uwevs misi cxovrebis gadamwyvet Jams.

II. eTeri gareT, kerZod, tyeSi unda aRmoCndes, rom beds ewios, romelsac gangeba umzadebs mas. dedinacvali mas samwyesurSi gzavnis, magram am gastumrebas gagdebis saxe aqvs. eTer-gers dedinacvali TiTqos agzavnis tradiciuli Zneli davalebiT, romelsac eTeri Semwis meSveobiT asrulebs.

III. Sexvedra SemwesTan (dedaberi). es aris misi mCuqebelic da mwyalobelic. es Sexvedra gansacdelia, romlis Semdeg eTeri feriscva-lebas ganicdis. oqrosferi Tma, romelsac Tavisi sikeTis wil moipovebs, misi momavali didebulebis pirveli niSania. dedinacvlis gogo ver uZlebs am gansacdels da kidev ufro maxinji brundeba Sin. es motivi

dadasturebuli msoflio zRaprebis katalogSi [qurdovaniZe 2000:#480]. IV. dedis wyaloba. dedabris wyalobas dedis wyaloba mohyveba. furi,

romelSic dedis sulia Casaxlebuli, daikvlis, misi Zvlebi Caimarxeba saidumlo adgilas, sadac eTers daxvdeba Zvirfasi samoseli, oqros qoSi

da raSi [qurdovaniZe 2000:#510A].

V. eklesiaSi. sadedoflod gamowyobili eTeri ucxo asulad gamoCndeba xalxSi, romelTa Soris dedinacvalic aris Tavisi qaliSviliTurT.

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VI. qoSi ikargeba. ukana gzaze eTers cali qoSi wyalSi uvardeba.

VII. mTeli samefo eZebs qoSis patrons.

IX. dedinacvali cdilobs, Tavisi qaliSvili Seatyuos abesaloms.

X. qoSis namdvili patronis gamoCena da cru-eTeris mxileba. am dros xvdebian pirvelad erTmaneTs abesalomi da eTeri. [erT mesxur variantSi es epizodi retardaciulia: rogorc ki abesalomi droebiT datovebs sadedoflod gamzadebul eTers, dedinacvali gaxdis mas samosels, moaWris oqrosfer Tmebs da Tavis Svils gamoawyobs abesalomisTvis, eTers ki ToneSi Caagdebs. eTeris wasayvanad ukan mobrunebuli abesalomi Tonidan amoiyvans eTers, kvlav Semosavs da waiyvans].

XI. fici abesalomisa.

XII. qorwili. aq mTavrdeba zRapari. magram sadac zRapari mTavrdeba, iq iwyeba abesalomisa da eTeris ambavi. qorwilis dros Semodis axali personaJi – murmani. droebiT SevwyvitoT Sinaarsis gadmocema am epizodze da vnaxoT ra epizodebisagan Sedgeba variantTa meore wre.

wre II . eTeri-oboli (udedinacvlod)

(eTeriani 1954:# 9, 28, 29, 33, 42)

ZiriTadi epizodebi

I. ìyo da ara iyo ra, iyvnen Raribi col-qmari~, eTeris mSoblebi, romlebic daixocnen.

II. ded-mamiT oboli eTeri Saragzaze gamvlel-gamomvlels Tavs uxilavs mSoblebis sulis saoxad (Tanaxmad RvTisTvis micemuli ficisa). zogierT variantSi eTeri Tmas dedabers uxilavs, romelic amis sanacvlod asaCuqrebs mas.

III. sanadirod gamosuli abesalomi eTers xis Ziras Sexvdeba, an Saragzaze, sadac eTeri gamvlel-gamomvlels Tavs uxilavs.

IV. eTeri Tavs uxilavs abesaloms RvTisadmi micemuli aRTqmis Tanaxmad.

V. CaZinebulT qriste RmerTi daagvirgvinebs maT.

VI. abesalomis fici.

VII. qorwili. wre II-a. eTeri-oboli (mamiT, udedinacvlod)

(eTeriani 1954:#4)

ZiriTadi epizodebi

I. eTeris mama `Zalian Raribi moxuci kacia~. deda ar Cans.

II. eTeri gadis samwyesurSi. eTeri Tavad sTxovs mamas – menaxired gauSvas. `dedinacvliani~ variantebis gagdebas aq nebayoflobiTi gasvla enacvleba.

III. Sexvedra tyeSi. abesalomi gahyveba Suqs, romlis wyaroa muxis fuRuroSi CaZinebuli eTeri. eTeri grZelTmiani mzeTunaxavia.

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IV. abesalomis fici.

V. qorwili.

wre III . eTeri – arwivis (daTvis) gazrdili

(eTeriani 1954:#13)

dasawyisi aq zRaprulia: ìyo da ara iyo ra...~ magram eTeri ara hgavs zRapris personaJs: is arc geria, arc oboli. is uCveulod naSobia da tyeSia gazrdili. frinveli an cxoveli zrdis mas.

ZiriTadi epizodebi

I. uSvilo col-qmari.

II. qmari midis mkiTxavTan.

III. kaci Wams colisTvis gankuTvnil sam vaSls.

IV. eTeri Caisaxeba kacis kanWSi. V. moWril da gadagdebul kanWs arwivi Tu orbi (an daTvi) waiRebs Tavis budeSi (bunagSi), kanWidan daibadeba eTeri.

VII. sanadirod gamosuli abesalomi Suqze miagnebs eTers.

VIII. Sexvedra da abesalomis fici.

IX. abesalomi saqorwilo (sadedoflo) samoseliT Semosavs eTers da waiyvans sasaxleSi.

X. qorwili.

wre IV. ambavi abesalomiT iwyeba

(eTeriani 1954:# 2, 15)

ZiriTadi epizodebi

I. àbesalomi mefe iyo~. abesaloms esizmreba eTeri. suraTiT eZebs dasizmrebul eTers. eTeris warmomavloba ucnobia.

II. abesalomi sanadirod gadis.

III. Sexvedra abesalomisa da eTerisa àmur-wyalze~ an `soflis bolos, wylis piras~.

IV. fici abesalomisa.

V. abesalomi Semosavs eTers.

VI. qorwili (`Svidi dRe-Rame~).

rogorc vxedavT, eqspoziciis (qorwilamdeli ambis) variantebSi mTavari personaJi eTeri sxvadasxva warmoSobisaa: sxvaa eTeri, rogorc dedinacvlis geri; sxvaa eTeri, rogorc udedinacvlo oboli; sxvaa eTeri, rogorc tyeSi gazrdili (Tumca aq Semotanilia oblobis axali saxe, substanciuri udedmamobiT gaZlierebuli). aseve gansxvavebulia am variantebSi abesalomisa da eTeris Sexvedris pirobebi

nawili 2. ambavi qorwilis Semdeg

jvriswerisa Tu qorwilis Semdeg ambis gadmocemaSi yvela variantSi epizodebi erTmaneTs arsebiTad emTxveva. abesalomisa da eTeris ambis

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sakuTrivi nawili swored es aris. Tu zRapari qorwiliT mTavrdeba, abesalomisa da eTeris ambavi qorwilidan iwyeba, riTac isini emijnebian zRapris personaJebs. sadac mTavrdeba zRapari, iq iwyeba tragikuli ambavi, romelic Semdegi epizodebisagan Sedgeba:

I. murmans Seuyvardeba eTeri, romlis xelSi CagdebisaTvis eSmaks mihyidis suls. variantTa umravlesobis Tanaxmad, murmani jvriswerisa Tu qorwilis dros Semodis TxrobaSi.

II. xelSekruleba eSmakTan. sulis miyidva (murmani eSmakisgan Seityobs eTeris xelSi Cagdebis xerxs da qorwilis an jvrisweris dros gamoiyenebs mas). zogierT variantSi deda gaiRebs Tavis suls (eTeriani 1954:#16).

III. saxeze fetvis Seyra da eTeris dasneuleba. erT mesxur variantSi (#26) eTers fetvs dedinacvali (zRapari am nawilSic aris SemoWrili!) ayris da ara – Tavad eSmaki an murmani. ase rom, aq murmani Tavisufalia codvisagan. murmanis saxe (is ar aris eSmakTan wilnayari) gafermkrTalebulia.

IV. eTeris sneuleba – ras niSnavs igi? zogierTi variantis mixedviT, eTeris sneuleba moCvenebiTia. (#33).

V. abesalomi gadascems eTers murmans, romlis xelSi eTeri ganikurneba. es ori aqti erTdroulia. sad xdeba gadacema? – jvarisweris dros, qorwilis dros, bednierebis kulminaciaSi.

VI. abesalomisa da murmanis dialogi. abesaloms surs, gaigos eTeris ambavi. es dialogi (erT-erTi saukeTeso adgili mTels èTerianSi~, romelic TiTqmis yvela CanawerSia Semonaxuli) leqsis saxiT aris gadmocemuli: `murman, murman, Sensa mzesa, Cemi eTer ra dReSia?~ (var. `Seni coli ra rigia?~). kiTxvas mosdevs murmanis vrceli pasuxi: `ras kiTxulob, caTa sworo, colis qeba augia...~ murmani aRuwers abesaloms `brolis cixeSi~ gamoketili eTeris silamazes, romelic amieridan miuwv-domelia abesalomisTvis.

VII. abesalomi ueTerod – sneuli.

VIII. murmanis gagzavna ukvdavebis wylis mosatanad an salaSqrod (Zneli davaleba). murmanis gagzavnis mizani abesalomisa da eTeris kvlav Seyraa. erT variantSi murmans dasneulebuli eTeri agzavnis ukvdavebis vaSlis mosatanad faruli motiviT, rom didixniT (an sabolood) moaridos `brolis cixes~, Tavad ki abesalomis sanaxavad wavides (#16, kaxeTi).

IX. asparezze gamodis abesalomis da marixi rogorc elCi sneul abesalomsa da datyvevebul eTers Soris. zogierT variantSi sneuli abesalomis mesaidumle dedaa. fSaur versiaSi is kiTxulobs Svilis sneulobis mizezs:

`Svilo, visi gklavs survili, Zils ar gaZinebs mZinarsa, waval da imas gipovni, wyals Caudgebi mdinarsa~. (#28)

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abesalomis deda, iseve rogorc deda murmanisa, yvelafrisTvis mzad aris. abesalomi agzavnis marexs am davalebiT: àdeqi, marex-marskvlavo, eTersa karsa uare, Tu gkiTxos Cemi ambavi, dajed da wvrilad uambe~. variantebs meore dac – `mariam-marskvlavi~ an `varex-marskvlavi~ – Semoh-yavT. xalxuri Txrobis kanonis Tanaxmad, eTeri mesame misvlaze unda wamoyves elCs. es sami cda amgvarad SeiZleba ganawilebuliyo, risi kvalic SemorCenilia variantebSi: a. `marex-marskvlavi~ midis samjer, mesa-me misvlaze wamoyveba eTeri. kaxur variantSi (#14) marexs orjer uxdeba eTerTan misvla. b. eTerTan midis jer deda, mere debi saTiTaod. bolo mimsvlels unda wamohyves eTeri. srulad arc erTi SesaZlebloba ar aris realizebuli.

aRsaniSnavia eTeris sayveduri, romelic yvela variantSi Tanabari mxatvruli mTlianobiT ar aris SemorCenili. eTeri ase mimarTavs abesalomis gamogzavnils: `marex-marskvlavo, ras brZaneb mag Senis tkbili eniTa, Tavs gvirgvini aixada, sxvas daadga xeliTa~ (#14, kaxeTi); `RvTisgan dadgmuli gvirgvini ZaliT gadigdo xeliTa~ (#9, qarTli). sxva variantis mixedviT, am sityvebs eTeri abesalomis meore das, maris mimarTavs: `mari-qalo, iqiT wadi, nu damferfle eniTao, Tav gvirgvini aixada, sxvas daadga xeliTao~ (#10). am variantSi eTeri uaryofs marex-marskvlavis elCobas da mari-qals mihyveba abesalomTan.

X. eTeri midis abesalomTan. zogierTi variantis mixedviT, mas martokas ar uSveben `brolis koSkidan~ – mazlebi gamohyvebian (#16), an yvelani – `sul Tan gahyvnen~ (#2). is namdvili patimaria.

XI. ukanaskneli Sexvedra. is, rac abesalomsa da eTers Soris iTqmis maTi Sexvedrisas, ar aris adeqvaturi imisa, rasac igi unda iwvevdes. TiTqmis yvela variantSi momakvdavi abesalomi sTavazobs eTers `gar-jisaTvis~ (`Cemi naxvisTvina~, #19) oqro-vercxls, margalitebs, raSs, moaxleebs, anu mefur ZRvens (#2), zogan – mxolod cxens: èTersa cxeni miarTviT, gava sqeli da maRali!~ (#14). saCuqari SeTavazebulia, TiTqos mxolod im mizniT, rom eTers SesaZlebloba mieces ganacxados: èTersa cxeni ar unda, dana uboZeT almasi~ (#14). amas ambobs, Tumca mas Tana aqvs abesalomis naCuqari dana: èTersa cxeni rad unda, dana uboZe Savtari. abesalomis danao, ubeSi devxar ganao, amogiReb da dagikram marcxena ZuZusTanao~ (#2).

XII. abesalomis sikvdili da eTeris TviTmkvleloba. bevri variantis mixedviT, abesalomi kvdeba eTeris mosvlisTanave: abesaloms eTeris fexis xma esmis mxolod – èTeri banze Semodga, kari da bani daiZra~ (#8, qarTli), erT CanawerSi vkiTxulobT: àbesalomma icno eTeris fexis xma~ (#9, qarTli). eTers esmis misi naTqvami, magram abesalomis yuramde veRar midis eTeris pasuxi.

XIII. ori saflavi. vardi (da ia) da Tasi oqrosi. ambavi saflavze leq-sad aris Semonaxuli da am leqss Tavad eTeri warmoTqvams, sanam gulze danas daicemdes. eTeri Tavad Txzavs Tavis da abesalomis epitafias.

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zogi variantis mixedviT, murmanis bedic nawinaswarmetyvelevia (#2, qarTli).

XIV. murmanis dabruneba da TviTmkvleloba.

XV. mesame saflavi. murmani Tavis saflavs abesalomisa da eTeris saflavs Soris gaiTxris. masze ekali amodis da ia-vardis gadaxvevas uSlis xels. ekali codvis simboloa (adamis codvis daRi mcenareze), vardi – netarebis. ekali imasac gvaxsenebs, rac jvarisweris dros moxda – eSmakeulis SeWra axaldagvirgvinebulTa Soris sikvdilSic meordeba. ekali _ arimanis (eSmakTa Tavadis) Suria ormuzdisadmi. murmanis siyvaruli eklad gadaiqca.

XVI. esqatologiuri epilogi. èrTi kaci~ (mwyemsi, gamvleli, soflis xalxi) amoZirkvavs ekals (arimanis Surs, murmanis damangrevel siyvaruls), romelsac murmanis Zvlebic amohyveba. ia da vardi kvlav Caexvevian erTmaneTs.

ambavi eTerisa, abesalomisa da murmanisa

I. eTeri-geri

èTerianSi~ sami mTavari personaJia. ukve es `sameba~ mowmobs, Tu raoden ucxo unda iyos es xalxuri nawarmoebi jadosnuri zRaprisTvis, romelic SeWrila mis sxeulSi, Sezrdia mas da TiTqmis mis sxeulad qceula. ambavi abesalom da eTerisa Tavisi tragikuli dasasruliT safuZvlianad gansxvavdeba jadosnuri zRaprisgan, romelsac gmirTaTvis sasikeTo dasasruli aqvs. da mainc, èTerianis~ dRemde SemorCenil ZiriTad variantebSi misi erT-erTi mTavari gmiri – eTeri jadosnuri zRapris personaJis biografiiT aris warmodgenili. misi pirveli nawili (àmbavi abesalom da eTerisa qorwilamde~) mTlianad, yvela misi epizodiTurT, farTod gavrcelebuli sazRapro siuJetis erTi variantia

Курдованидзе 2000:## 480, 510A]. èTerianis~ eTeris vinaobis gacnobisas da gadmocemisas Cven

imavdroulad vecnobiT da gadmovcemT jadosnuri zRapris personaJis _ geris vinaobas da mis Tavgadasavals. am zRapris gmiri _ dedinacvlisgan moZulebuli geri _ da romantiuli eposis gmiri eTeri erTi da igive pirovnebaa.

abesalomTan Sexvedramde da qorwilamde maT erTi cxovreba aqvT gavlili.

eposis xalxur mTqmelebs daebadaT survili, abesalomis rCeuli eTeri geris statusSi warmoedginaT.

ra aris gerobaSi iseTi, rasac eTeris bunebis gamoxatva unda dakisreboda?

vin aris geri?

arsebobs wuTisoflis bavSvi, wers erTgan n. berdiaevi, da arsebobs RvTis bavSvi, romelsac `bedi swyalobs~ da dasabamieri TavisuflebiT aris dajildoebuli. Cven davsZenT, rom deda gamoxatavs RvTis samefos, xolo dedinacvali _ am wuTisofels. Sesabamisad: oboli da geri,

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rogorc RvTis bavSvebi, ar ekuTvnian am wuTisofels – isini ar arian misi mkvidrni. obloba da geroba aq tovebs socialur sferos da sxva ganzomilebaSi gadadis. dedinacvali cdilobs, Tavisi RviZli Svili, asuli wuTisoflisa, Seunacvlos wuTisoflis gers. da sakvirvelia, rom mama Cumi dasturiT monawileobs am boroteul SenacvlebaSi. geri, marTalia, daibada am qoxSi, magram es qoxi ar aris misi namdvili saxli, misi saxli sxvagan dgas, is sasaxlea. ase, sadedoflo geri, magram dedinacvlisgan devnili, ufliswuls wisqvilSi Sobs bavSvs

[Курдованидзе:# 403], romlis namdvili samSoblo mefis sasaxlea. geris oqrosferi Tma, romelsac is dedabrisaTvis gaweuli sikeTis wil moipovebs, amis dasturi da niSania. oqroa misi namdvili feri, romelic garkveul dromde dafaruli unda iyos, raTa Tavis Jams gamobrwyindes. dedis gamogzavnili Zvirfasi Sesamoseli, oqros qoSi, sadedoflo Sesamoselia, romliTac is Sedis eklesiaSi momavali qorwilis dRis winaswarsauwyeblad.

gers gzaSi ekargeba qoSi, radgan is Cqarobs Sin dabrunebas, rom ar gacxaddes misi saidumlo, radgan dedinacvali Casafrebulia saxlSi. magram qoSis dakargva is aucilebeli dabrkolebaa, romelmac mas sikeTe unda moutanos, iseve, rogorc dedinacvlis davalebebma. ase rom: dedinacvali Tavisi Zneli davalebiT, magram iseTive Semwea misi, rogorc dedis suli da keTili dedaberi, romelic, SesaZloa, misi dedis ganxorcieleba iyos. yoveli misi metoqe ganwirulia dasamarcxeblad, radgan oqros qoSi mxolod mas ekuTvnis da sxvas aravis dedamiwis zurgze. mTels wuTisofelSi ar moiZebneba asuli, romelsac moergeboda es qoSi. qoSi da eTeri erTad daibadnen. mis fexs dahyva rCeulobis dideba. eTerisaTvis gankuTvnilma oqros qoSma SeiZleba moiaros qveyniereba, magram is kvlav eTers daubrundeba, radgan misi cali masTan aris, rogorc dasabamieri jildo. yovelive amas moklebulia dedinacvlis asuli, mas ara aqvs bedi, is ver uZlebs gamocdas; mas imsxverplebs gansacdeli, radgan is ar aris RvTis bavSvi, is wuTisoflis RviZli da mkvidri Svilia.

pirveli konturebi geris bedisa maSin isaxeba, roca dedinacvlisgan devnili tyeSi dedaberTan erTaderTi swori urTierTobis (sityva-pasuxisa da saqcielis) gamocdas, rogorc gansacdels, gaivlis. saidana aqvs obolsa da gers amgvari qcevis gamocdileba? cxadia, is Tandayolilia. keTilSobileba, WeSmaritad dedofluri, usazRvro sikeTe dedis saSoTganve dahyva mas. is saCuqari, romelsac geri dedabrisgan iRebs, mas damsaxurebuli aqvs Tavisi maRali warmoSobiT _ igi sruliad bunebrivad, yovelgvari yoymanis gareSe ipovebs mas. es misi bedia.

geri gogona zRapris mTavari personaJia. vaJi, romelic moZebnis da airCevs mas, moklebulia TavisTavadobas – masze ar aris SeCerebuli mTxrobelis yuradReba. is mxolod saSualebaa imisaTvis, raTa geri ewios Tavis beds, daxsnil iqnas am damcirebuli mdgomareobidan. ufliswuli (misi mxsneli, rogorc wesi, ufliswulia) aucileblobiT

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aris movlinebuli geris gadasarCenad _ misi gadarCena caSia ga-dawyvetili. geri, cocxalTagan moZulebuli, TviT mSobeli mamisganac ki mitovebuli, dedoflis Rirsebamde aRwevs.

aqa aqvs gamarTleba da sazrisi gerebis zRapars, romelic gvimxels imaze mets, rasac geris socialuri Sinaarsi inaxavs.

im variantebSic ki, sadac gogona ar aris geri, aramed mxolod oboli da aravin aiZulebs mas Rirsebis `damamcirebeli~ samsaxuris gawevas, igi Tavisi aRTqmiT asrulebs aseT samsaxurs. is Tavisi nebiT gadis Saragzaze da gamvlel-gamomvlels Tmas uxilavs ded-mamis sulis saoxad RvTisadmi micemuli aRTqmisamebr. aseTi nebayoflobiTi samsaxuri araso-des rCeba sazRauris gareSe, Tumca Tavad msaxuri arafers moiTxovs sanacvlod. es iseTi samsaxuria, romlisganac arafers gamoelian. dedofali, rogorc mefe, Camodis taxtidan da emsaxureba Tavis qveSevrdomT. es aris yvelaze maRali samsaxuri, roca uzenaesi udablesis msaxuri xdeba (amis arqetipi gankacebis saidumloSia). zRaparSi oblis Sesrulebuli samsaxuri ar aris ganpirobebuli misi dabali socialuri mdgomareobiT. misi msaxureba araCveulebrivi warmoSobisaa.

eTerisTvis ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi geris statusi. unda vifiqroT, rom wignuri eTeris epikur vinaobaSi iqneboda raRac iseTi niSani, romelic swored gerobas unda gamoexata. Cven amis mxolod varaudi SeiZleba gvqondes.

II. eTeri-tyiuri

sul sxvaa es eTeri. igi araCveulkebrivi warmoSobisaa. igi udedod aris Sobili da gazrdili. mas deda ar hyolia.

visi Svilia igi? aravisi. is ibadeba saswaulebrivad, rogorc dionise zevsis barZayidan. amgvarad Sobili eTeri gansxvavdeba dedinacvlis xeliT devnili da Seviwroebuli geri gogonasagan. geri da oboli qoxSi arian dabadebulni da qoxSi izrdebian (Tumca farul brwyinvalebas atareben), qoxSive aRmoaCens mas abesalomi. arwivis (Tu daTvis) gazrdili eTeri ki araTu ar Sobila qoxSi, misTvis ucxoa adamianTa sazogadoeba. mas arc ucnaurad mopovebuli brwyinvale samoseli da oqros qoSi aqvs. misi didebulebis erTaderTi niSani misi bunebrivi Tmaa. eTeri tyeSia gazrdili da tyeSive waawydeba mas sanadirod gamosuli abesalomi. amrigad, es varianti sagrZnoblad SekumSulia. gza eTerisa Tavisi adgilsamyoflidan mefis sasaxlemde ukiduresad Semoklebulia. magram raoden grZelia gza imisaTvis, visac arasodes unaxavs adamianTa sazogadoeba! man unda daZlios is manZili, romelic Zevs tyidan sasaxlemde.

am eTeris silamaze pirvelqmnili, bunebrivi silamazea, risi niSani grZeli Tmebia, eTeris erTaderTi Sesamoseli. mas esaWiroeba sxvagvari Semosva da abesalomi Semosavs kidec mas, Semosavs, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes misi sasaxleSi Seyvana. amave dros Sesamoseli abesalomis ZRvenia, sasZlosaTvis, saqorwino niSnad mirTmeuli, analogiurad dedisagan nawyalobevi saCuqrisa, rogorc mziTvisa.

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socialur dapirispirebas, romelsac gazRaprebul variantebSi qmnis eTeris warmoSoba, anu dapirispirebas qoxsa da sasaxles Soris, variantTa am wreSi enacvleba dapirispireba tyesa da sasaxles Soris. TavisTavad es aris kerZo SemTxveva fundamenturi dapirispirebisa bunebasa da kulturas Soris, rac SeiZleba RvTis qmnilebasa da adamianis qmnilebas Soris dapirispirebaSi gadaizardos. aq erTmaneTis pirispir dganan ara mxolod vaJi da qali, aramed arsebani, romlebic yofierebis or gansxvavebul sferos ekuTvnian.

aq iseTive dapirispirebaa abesalomsa da eTers Soris, rogorc `gilgameSianis~ SamxaTsa da enqidus Soris [gilgameSiani:42-44], oRond rolebi Secvlili aqvs qal-vaJs: Tu `gilgameSianSi~ enqidu-vaJi bunebas ganasaxierebs, SamxaTi-qali kulturaa, romelic urbanistul centrs warmoadgens, èTerianSi~ – qalia buneba, vaJi _ kultura. sagulisxmoa, rom Sexvedra qal-vaJs Soris sanadiro adgilebSi xdeba, rogorc Cvens, ise aqadur eposSi. rogorc `gilgameSianSi~ usaxelo monadire gadis sanadirod udabnoSi da mihyavs qali SamxaTi, uruqis kulturis gamomxatveli da matarebeli, raTa veluri enqidu Seityuos uruqSi, aziaros mis sazogadoebas, kulturas, aseve iqceva abesalomi.

gauxedneli da gaxednili – es dapirispirebac erTi kerZo SemTxvevaa im Zireuli dapirispirebisa, bunebasa da kulturas Soris rom arsebobs. homerosi gauxednels uwodebs qalwuls, romelic ar Sebmula saqorwino uRelSi. niSandoblivia, rom sacolis mopoveba tyeSi xdeba: abesaloms eTeri mihyavs sasaxleSi, rogorc nanadirevi, monadirebuli. bunebrivad JRers saqorwino simRera:

movdivarT, mogvixaria, mogvyavs dedali xoxobi...

es, SesaZlebelia, abesalomis simRera yofiliyo, rogorc monadirisa – masSi erTiandeba mefe da monadire. monadire xom, Cveulebriv, imaze mniSvnelovans moinadirebs, risTvisac sanadirod gadis (gavixsenoT farnavazis aRmoCena tfilisis RirRalebSi, mirian mefis gansacdeli TxoTis mTaze).

murmani

èTerianis~ specifikas, mis individualobas, rogorc Tqmulebisa, qmnis murmani. mis gareSe abesalomisa da eTeris ambavi zRaprad darCeboda. mas gahyavs zRapris sivrcidan eTeri da abesalomi. igi uxsnis maT gzas sxva dasasrulisken. murmania, romelic eSmakis manqanebiT gardaiqmnis Tavs Cvens Tvalwin da gardaqmnis abesalomsac, Seucvlis adgils eTersac. murmanis tipi unikaluria qarTul folklorSi, mis gamo eTeric da abesalomic iZenen unikalobas da isini axali, moulodneli saxiT warmogvidgebian. maTi namdvili, sakuTrivi cxovreba murmanis gamoCeniT iwyeba. murmani ar aris ubralo antagonisti, romelic jadosnur zRaparSi gamoCndeba xolme mTavari gmiris gzaze. mas Tavisi mkveTri individualoba, Tavisi Sinagani samyaro, Tavisi cxovreba, Tavisi mizani aqvs. is damoukidebeli personaJia, is TiTqos abesalomis ymaa, magram

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eTeris `mopovebis~ Semdeg arc ymas hgavs – is sruliad avtonomiuri xdeba Tavis samflobeloSi, sadac abesaloms verc ki miesvleba.

murmani, Tu zRapris eTosidan gamovalT, dedinacvlis asulis erTgvari analogiaa: Tu eTeris gverdiT arsebobs crugmiri (crueTeri), romelsac eTerobas akisreben, abesalomsac aRmoaCndeba crugmiri (cruabesalomi) murmanis saxiT. murmanis siyvaruli `Zlieria sikvdiliviT~, da Suri misi `sastikia jojoxeTiviT~ (`qebaTa qeba~). aseTi siyvaruli uCveuloa zRaprisTvis da, sazogadod, folkloruli prozi-saTvis. is gulisxmobs pirovnebas, individualobas, rac aseve ucxoa folklorisTvis. murmani siyvarulisaTvis suls mihyidis eSmaks, mihyidis imas, rac misi erTaderTi ganuyofeli sakuTrebaa. suls gascems imis sanacvlod, rac mas ar ekuTvnis da kanonierad ver moipovebs. aq problema imdenad zneobrivi ar aris, ramdenadac egzistencialuri. siyvarulis sagnis mosapoveblad murmani mzad aris `sxvad~ iqces, `gardasxvavdes~, radgan iseTi, rogoric is àmJamad~ aris, ver daeufleba eTers. is usaTuod eSmakTan unda iyos wilnayari, rom SeuZlebeli SeZlos: daepatronos imas, rac mas ar ekuTvnis. aq SeiZleba gavixsenoT wmida saganZuris miTosi: rogorc ganZis mparavi Savi magiis moxmobiT xdeba àntimsxverplis~ Semwirveli – usurmagi cxovelis sisxls miasxurebs ganZs, raTa waarTvas mas misi mfarveli siwmide da uvnebelhyos xelyofisaTvis [kiknaZe 1996: 253], ase iqceva murmanic: fetvi mis xelSi is magiuri saSualebaa, romliTac igi saxes ucvlis eTers, raTa TavisTvis, rogorc aw ukve eSmakeulisTvis, xelmisawvdomi gaxados.

murmani-yma eTeris xelSi CagdebiT ar SeiZleba, ar ganicdides upiratesobas ueTerod darCenili abesalomis mimarT, ueTerod, romelic misi sicocxlis mizani iyo. es upiratesoba magram es upiratesoba

efemerulia. suli anima, romliTac is eTeris siyvaruls moipovebda, gayiduli aqvs da veRarasodes daibrunebs. mas aRar gaaCnia is unari, romliTac SesaZlebelia siyvaruli. rogorc abesalomia RvTis ficiT samudamod Sekruli eTerTan, ase murmania samudamod Sekruli eSmakis ficiT. amis Semdeg mas ar unda ukvirdes, rom eTeris daufleba mas ar SeeZleba. `Seni bralia, eTero, mzis qoniT CrdilSi bereba, Sen amikrZale is wesi, rac col-qmarT Seefereba~, wuxs murmani. eTeri misTvis kvlav miuwvdomelia. murmani cocxliv jojoxeTSia: wvavs survili, magram ver isrulebs sawadels. flobs ganZs da verc flobs, ver tkbeba misi qonebiT, radgan suli dakarguli aqvs.

ra SerCa murmans? hubrisi, siampartavne. ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom abesalom-murmanis dialogSi abesalomi `caTasworad~ iwodeba ymis mier. `ras hkiTxulob, caTasworo...~ es mefuri, abesalomis Rirsebis gamomxatveli niSania, rasac murmani ver miitacebs rogorc eSmaki ver Seswvdeba cas. arsebobs Canaweri, sadac abesalomis sakuTari saxeli `caTasworia~. murmanma icis, rom caTaswors ver gauswordeba da es aris misi bediswera.

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Tumca igi sxva gziT cdilobs caTasworTan gatolebas. murmanis `brolis cixis~ aRweriloba amaze migvaniSnebs, magram eTeris dauflebis gareSe is mefobis maradi maZiebeli an uzurpatori iqneba (amitom ver eufleba indoeTis taxts unestanod darCenili tarieli). mas aqvs cixe, magram ar hyavs dedofali, romelmac es cixe samefo sasaxled unda aqcios. Tumca taxtis daufleba ar aris murmanis mizani _ is mijnuria anu siyvaruliT Sepyrobili, rogorc tarieli, romelsac nestanis gada-kargvis Semdeg aRar gaxsenebia Tavisi kanonieri ufleba samefoze.

`brolis cixis~ arseboba hubrisis ukiduresi saxe, uaresi, vidre amqveyniuri siuzerenis mimarT ampartavnoba da janyis samzadisia.

`kargad ici, brolis cixe rogor camdi maRalia...~

`brolis cixis~ daxasiaTeba – `camdis maRali~, `cas wveri miubjenia~, `wveri camdis maRalia~, `cis wveramdi amigia~ – mowmobs misi amSeneblis ampartavnobas ara mxolod Tavisi siuzerenis mimarT, aramed janysac cis winaaRmdeg. `babilonis godlis~ am miTologemas qarTul folklorSi gamoZaxili aqvs: `camdis maRali~ cixisa Tu koSkis maSenebelni RvTis risxvas daiTeven~ [kiknaZe 1996:176].

abesalomi im dialogis Semdeg, mas mere, rac murmanisgan abesalomma eTerze

moismina – mis simrTeleze, silamazeze da miuwvdomlobaze, rom eTers brolis koSkSi daubrunda Tavisi silamaze, romelic saqorwilo taxtze mjdomares fetvma daufara, rogorc adre konkebi faravda, – abesalomi sneuldeba. is ar hgavs im abesaloms, galaRebuls, sanadirod gasuls, eTeris momnadirebels. `gaficebT Tqven, asulno ierusalimisa, Tu hpovoT metrfe Cemi, ras etyviT mas? uTxariT, davsneuldi siyvarulisgan~, vkiTxulobT solomonis `qebaTa qebaSi~ (5:8). abesalomic aseve atans ambavs eTerTan: uTxariT, davsneuldi siyvarulisgan. axla is sneulia mijnurobiT, sawadelis miuwvdomlobiT, sasurvelis `ver-mixvdomisa wyeniTa~. sad aris gamosavali, xsna, gankurneba? erTaderTi, rasac am dros tradiciuli eposi da cxovreba sTavazobs sasomixdil mijnurs, sasurvelis motacebaa. magram èTerianSi~ es ar xerxdeba. eposi sabolood emijneba zRapars, sadac gasaWirSi Cavardnil gmirs meyseulad evlineba Semwe. abesaloms ar gamouCnda Semwe, romelic mas moatacebinebda an Tavad moutacebda eTers.

wuTisoflis tyeSi abesalomma hpova Tavisi cali – anima, magram dakarga igi. da misi es mdgomareoba tragikulia: sjobda, yvelaferi sizmari yofiliyo! abesalomi gviCvenebs anima-dakarguli adamianis saxes. is ganaxevrebulia, is calia mxolod da, rogorc mxolod cali, ganwirulia dasaRupavad. is tarielis mdgomareobaSia. tarielma icis, rom arsebobs satrfo, magram ar icis misi adgilsamyofeli, misi mopovebis gzebi da itanjeba. abesalomma Tumca icis eTeris samyofeli, magram mas ara aqvs misi dabrunebis saxsari da kvdeba. nestani da eTeri – oriveni miudgomel koSkSi arian sasiZos molodinSi gamoketilni. oriveni

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moelian mxsnels. marTalia, nestanis werili iuwyeba, rom mas imedi ara aqvs am wuTisofelSi tarielTan Sexvedrisa, magram eposis logikiT, igi tarielma unda ixsnas. es mis bedSia Cawerili. magram ra dReSia eTeri? eTeric elis mxsnels, magram mas, vinc mxsneli unda iyos, ar ZaluZs misi gamoxsna `gardaqajuli~ murmanis koSkidan. is Tumca ar mdebareobs sadRac dasakargavSi, aramed aqvea, misi sasaxlis mezoblad, magram es mezobloba, es siaxlovea swored, rom aaskecebs abesalomis mwuxarebas, TvalnaTliv aCvenebs ra mis umweobas.

aseTi uZluri iyo didxans tarieli da dasasruli ar uCanda mis urvas. is daRupuli iyo am usasrulo wuxilSi. am udabnom, am kideganobam, am sulierma depresiam – mis yoveldRiur yofaSi daisadgura, Seiqna misi wesi cxovrebisa, romelic misi buneba xdeboda, rom avTandils ar moeswro.

tariels gamouCndeba Semwe, romelic mis nacvlad eZebs mis dakargul satrfos. is akeTebs imas, risi gakeTebac tariels Tavis mdgomareobaSi ar SeuZlia.

erTaderTi Semwe, vinc unda Seweoda abesaloms dakarguli eTeris dasabruneblad (warmovidginoT, rom is qajebs hyavs motacebuli), sxva vin SeiZleba yofiliyo, Tu ara murmani. is aris misi yma, qveSevrdomi, veziri. vezirma unda uSvelos mas siyvarulSi, radgan mefis siyvaruli da yvelaferi, rac mas mosdevs, rogorc Sedegi (qorwili, Zeoba), saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis movlenebia da maRla dgas veziris piradul bednierebaze.

magram veziri abesalomisa aris misi ubedurebis wyaro. Tu zRapris eniT vilaparakebT, murmani abesalomisTvis crugmiria, romelic itacebs mTavari gmiris monapovars da surs, misi pirovnebac miiTvisos. murmani antigmiria: tradiciuli eposis kuTxidan Tu SevxedavT mis saqciels, is sCadis imis sawinaaRmdegos, rasac gmiri unda sCadiodes. gmiri unda aTavisuflebdes koSkidan mzeTunaxavs, murmani ki amwyvdevs mas. tyve moelis mxsnels da mxsnelic Tavis droze moevlineba mas. es gardauvali wesia. magram èTeriani~ imiT aris gansakuTrebuli, rom is arRvevs am wess: datyvevebul eTers ar hyavs gamomxsneli, metic: is namdvilad ar moelis mas. iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom murmanma eSmakis SemweobiT ara mxolod eTeri daaziana, aramed abesalomic. eTerTan erTad abesaloms waerTva mxneobac, waerTva is, rasac rusTaveli erT-erT pirobad uyenebs WeSmarit mijnurs: `daTmoba, mZleTa mebrZolTa mZleoba~. abesalomi aRarc is mijnuri ar aris, romelsac siyvarulis Zala aZlevs sagmiro aqtis Cadenis stimuls. is daZabunebulia xorcielad da sulierad. es siZabune, SeiZleba vifiqroT, eSmauri qmedebis Sedegia.

ratom moxda ase? ase moxda, radgan abesalomi dahyva, Tumca Tavisda uneburad, eSmakis

nebas. Tavisi arCevaniT saSualeba misca eSmaks misi jojoxeTuri gegmis gansaxorcieleblad. `vis gindaT qali eTeri?~ – swored am sityvebs, romlebic abaTileben tyeSi micemul saSinel fics, moeloda misgan

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eSmaki. abesalomi ar aris eSmakis tyve, rogorc murmani, magram is dasjilia imisaTvis, rom ar eyo Tmena eSmakis ganzraxvis CasafuSavad. es iyo Cavardna abesalomis nebaSi. murmanis xeliT Semodis gansacdeli abesalomisTvis. gansacdelis winaSe dgas ara mxolod murmani, romelsac, rogorc Tavisufali nebis matarebels, SeeZlo uari eTqva eSmakis rCevaze, aramed abesalomic, romelsac aseve SeeZlo ar daeTmo eTeri. mag-ram abesalomi Tmobs eTers, gansacdelSi marcxdeba igi da amis gamo tyeSi warmoTqmuli is fici damokles maxviliviT daRirebulia mis Tavze. abesaloms ara hyavs avTandili, magram mas hyavs marexi, romelic asmaTobas uwevs mas. magram asmaTi uZluria avTandilis gareSe. aseve uZluria marexic, magram mas ar SeiZleba hqondes vinmes imedi. ra SeuZlia marexs? mas mxolod is SeuZlia, rasac igi sCadis abesalomisTvis: mas mxolod miaqvs misi siyvarulis ambavi eTerTan. marexi Suamavalia animus-sa da animas Soris.

esqatologiuri Sexvedra

abesalomi da eTeri Sexvdnen erTmaneTs, magram es Sexvedra ar hgavs samijnuro Sexvedras. abesalomi ganwirulia, eTeris naxva ver gankurnavs mas. ratom xdeba ase? mxolod imitom, rom eTers daugvianebia? `Zmao, movida eTeri, TuRa gaq TvalSi naTeli!~ momakvdavi pasuxobs: `movides, TuRa movida, ara maqvs TvalSi naTeli~ (eTeriani 1954:#5). Cans, eTeris Suqmac, erT dros muxis fuRurodan rom anaTebda, ver ixsna igi. isic Cans, rom xsnas abesalomi saWiroebs, ara eTeri. ra SeiZleba iTqvas am damasrulebel epizodze? eTeri brundeba abesalomTan, magram abesalomi kvdeba. sicocxleSi Seuyrelni sikvdilSi Seeyrebian erTmaneTs. ratom xdeba es? nuTu ise Rrmad SeaRwia eSmakis manqanebam adamianis yofaSi, rom siyvaruli uZluri aRmoCnda mis winaSe da ver mkvidrdeba wuTisofelSi? es TiTqos asec unda momxdariyo – radgan `yoveli sofeli borotsa zeda dgas~ (1 ioan. 5:19). ase xdeba wuTisoflis sazRvrebSi. eTeris dabruneba, romelic mxolod Senacvlebaa misi xsnisa, arafers cvlis abesalomis tragikul bedSi. eTeri ki ar unda dabrunebuliyo, aramed unda gamoxsniliyo, unda gamoCeniliyo gmiri, pirovneba, romelic Caidenda am aqts, daamxobda borotebas, rogorc naTqvamia, rom `borotsa sZlia keTilman, arseba misi grZelia~. mxolod es aqti xsnisa, nebelobiTi aqti, gaarRvevda wuTisoflis sazRvrebs da gaiyvanda yofierebas absolutur dasasrulSi. is esqatologiuri Jamis gmiri, romlisganac moelis xsnas ara mxolod wuTisoflis tyve eTeri, aramed mTeli yofiereba, aklia èTerians~. is, visac unda ekisra es amocana, sneulia da misi sneuleba, pirvel rigSi, nebis sneulebaa. xsna ar arsebobs Tavisufali nebis gareSe. marTalia, tarieli uavTandilod ver miaRwevda sawadels, magram avTandilic uZluri iqneboda utarielod, Tu rom tarielis neba ar gaTavisuflebuliyo satanis sakvrelTagan. amaod ar aris naTqvami poemis prologSi: `Sen damifare, Zleva mec daTrgunvad me satanisa, momec mijnurTa survili, sikvdimde gasatanisa~.

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avTandils ar SeeZlo tarielisTvis qvabSi miegvara nestani, es ar iqneboda xsna. nestanis gamoxsnaSi tarielis neba da xeli aucilebeli iyo. tarielis xsna da nestanis gamoxsna erTdroulad unda momxdariyo. isini paraleluri aqtebia.

TiTqos èTerianis~ dasasruli tragikulia. siyvaruli amqveynad marcxdeba. magram misi meufeba gaaRwevs am wuTisoflis miRma, sadac xdeba gayrilTa SeerTeba. amis niSani maT saflavebze amosuli ia da vardia. amodis maT Soris ekalic, eSmakis moqmedebis niSnad, magram gaivlis vinme gamvleli da amoZirkvavs ekals. gana es ar niSnavs imas, rom eSmakis manqaneba CafuSulia? jadosnur zRaparSi, romelic èTerianis~ mxolod eqspozicias warmoadgens, moqmedeba im zRurblamde midis, romlis Semdeg iwyeba axali era, uboroto da ueSmako, radgan zRapris gmirma ar datova pirobebi borotebisa da eSmakis manqanebaTa asaRorZineblad. gayrilTa bednieri Sexvedra am wuTisofelSive xdeba zRurblTan da isini gadadian axal eonSi.

xolo rac xdeba èTerianSi~, zRapris uaryofaa. asec SeiZleba gaviazroT masSi gaTamaSebuli drama. èTerianis~ sakuTrivi ambavi qorwilidan iwyeba, rac zRaprisTvis dasasrulia. magram rac zRapris dasasrulia, is dramis dasawyisia, romelic mTavrdeba sikvdiliT anu wuTisoflis wesiT. zRaparSi ki wuTisoflis wesi gauqmebulia. ra xdeba èTerianis~ qorwilze, romelic zRapris esqatologiuri qorwilis yofiTi saxea? murmanis saxiT zRapris crugmiri aRdga TiTqos sasjelidan da kvlav daisakuTra namdvili gmiris monapovari. aq imarjvebs, magram droebiT, is, vinc zRapris bolos mxilebulia, rogorc antigmiri. is CafuSavs namdvil qorwils da eklis saxiT Cadgeba mefesa da rZals Soris. eSmaki, kacobriobis mteri, angrevs aSenebuls isev da isev adamianis xeliT. is gamoCndeba zRapris bolos da ukan daatrialebs yvelafers. kvlav wvaleba, wuxili, sinaklule, rac, rogorc viciT, iwvevs gmiris gasvlas saxlidan, mis gadakargvas. eTeri kvlav mosapovebelia, is kvlav am wuTisoflis eSmakeul koSkSia gamoketili. eSmaki, romelTanac murmanma xelSekruleba dado, esqatologiuri qorwilis mteria. is xels uSlis axali cisa da axali miwis Seqmnas, mas surs samaradisod gagrZeldes dacemuli soflis JamTa dineba. wuTisofelSi is udarajebs yovel murmans da ucdis Sesafer Jams, rom gamoiyenos igi Tavisi miznis misaRwevad. eSmaks surs adamianis sulis xelSi Cagdeba, magram ufro metad mas surs, rom CaifuSos saboloo qorwili da samudamod gayaros erTmaneTs mefe da sZali. magram sabolood eSmaki uZluri gamodga. man mxolod murmanis suli Caigdo xelSi, qorwili ki ver CafuSa. qorwili dausxlta mas xelidan da im samefoSi gadainacvla, sadac eSmaks aRar ZaluZs SeRweva. im samefos niSnebi ia da vardia, sxvadasxva Jamis yvavilni, amieridan maradisobaSi ganuyofelni (ekali maT Soris efemerulia, mas aqve amoZirkvavs yoveli gamvleli), da wyaro oqros TasiTurT simbolod maTi Sendobisa.

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P.S. Tavis dasawyisSi naxsenebi iyo hipoTeza èTerianis~ li-teraturuli warmoSobis Sesaxeb. moyvanili iyo argumentebic. narkvevSi gatarebuli iyo paralelebi `vefxistyaosanTan~. axla SeiZleba iTqvas, rom èTeriani~, Tuki is marTlac literaturuli warmomavlobisaa, `vefxistyaosans~ win unda uswrebdes, Tumca imave epoqaSi unda iyos Seqmnili. `vefxistyaosani~ mesaxeba èTerianis~ replikad, imis saCveneb-lad, rom arsebobs xsna, rom araTu brolis koSki, aramed qajeTis cixis Zlevac SesaZlebelia, radgan arsebobs amqveynad, am dacemul wuTisofelSi, megobroba, siyvaruli, erTguleba. èTerianis~ sami personaJi da erTi toposi `vefxistyaosanSi~ pouloben TavianT Sesatyvisebs: abesalomi – tarielSi, eTeri – nestanSi, marexi – asmaTSi, brolis cixe – qajeTis cixeSi. avTandilis adgili èTerianSi~ carielia. da es aris swored èTerianis~ tragediis mizezi. `vefxistyaosani~ avTandilis gamoCeniT Zlevs am tragediis SesaZleblobas.

abesalomi eTeri marexi brolis cixe

eSmaki murmani _

tarieli nestani asmaTi qajeTis cixe

qaji _ avTandili

literatura

bardaveliZe: bardaveliZe j., individualuri xasiaTis problema folklorSi, qarTuli folklori III, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1969.

gilgameSiani, Zveli Suamdinaruli eposi, `ganaTleba~, Tb., 1984. eTeriani 1875: eTeriani ambavi abesalom da eTerisa. Sedgenili saxalxo

leqsebisa da naTqvamebisagan petre umikaSvilis mier. dabeWdili eqvTime xelaZisagan. tf., 1875.

eTeriani 1954: eTeriani, xalxuri sityviereba IV, meore seria, redaqcia, Sesavali statia da SeniSvnebi m. Ciqovanisa, `saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba~, Tb., 1954.

ingoroyva: ingoroyva p., CaxruxaZe poeti. mogzauri., `kavkasioni~ 1-2, tf., 1924.

ingoroyva: ingoroyva p., rusTavelis epoqis saliteraturo memkvidreoba, `rusTavelis krebuli~, 1938.

kiknaZe: kiknaZe z., qarTuli miTologia I, jvari da saymo, quTaisi, 1996. qurdovaniZe 1974: qurdovaniZe T., eTeriani, Tsu, Tb., 1974.

kokiara: Коккьяра Дж., История фольклористики в Европе, М., 1960.

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qurdovaniZe 2000: Курдованидзе Т., Указатель сюжетов грузинской народной сказки, “Мерани”, Тб., 2000.

Bausinger H., Formen der “Volkpoesie”, Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin, 1980.

arsenas leqsi

(poezia da sinamdvile)

àrsenas leqsi~ qarTuli xalxuri epikuri Semoqmedebis gviani nayofia. igi XIX s-is me-2 naxevarSia Seqmnili. misi mTavari gmiri realuri pirovnebaa, TiTqos cnobilia misi dabadebis (1797), gavardnisa (1823) da sikvdilis (1842) TariRebi. miuxedavad amisa, àrsenas leqsis~ gmiri tradiciuli epikuri gmiris yvela niSans atarebs. `leqsi~ anonimuria. cnobilni arian mxolod is xalxuri mTqmelebi – moxetiale mestvireebi, romlebic mTel saqarTveloSi avrcelebdnen `Sairsityvas~ ukve legendad qceul keTilSobil yaCaRze, ase tragikulad rom daasrula Tavisi cxovreba. àrsenas leqsi~ mestvireTa repertuaris aucilebel nawils Seadgenda. asrulebdnen mas religiur Tu saxalxo dResaswaulebze, Tavyrilobebze, soflad Tu qalaqad.

rogorc Cans, `Sairsityvebi~ arsena oZelaSvilze missave sicocxleSi yofila SeTxzuli da gavrcelebuli. rusuli gazeTis `kavkazis~ (1846 #7) cnoba mowmobs am leqsebis popularobas xalxSi. germaneli mogzaurisa da eTnografis a. haqsthauzenis (1792-1866) wignSi (rusuli Targmani

“Закавказский край” gamoqveynda 1857 w.) moxvda arsenas ambavi, romelic mas germaneli kolonistebisgan hqonia gagebuli TbilisSi jer kidev 1843 wels. arsenas `Sairsityvas~ germanelTa wreSic SeuRwevia. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom a. haqsthauzenisTvis Tbilisel germanelebs arsenas Tavgadasavali swored xalxuri leqsebis mixedviT eambaT, ramdenadac am monaTxrobis detalebi emTxveva àrsenas leqsis~ zogierT epizods, Tumca

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arsebiTi gansxvavebebic arsebobs (ix. damateba 1). rogorc garkveulia, leqsi Tu leqsebi arsenaze 1841-1846 wlebSi unda Seqmniliyo [kakiaSvili].

pirveli publikacia àrsenas leqsisa~ ekuTvnis nikoloz yifians (1847-1905), romelmac sxvadasxva variantis safuZvelze Seadgina erTi Serwymuli teqsti da ilias `kako yaCaRTan~ erTad dabeWda calke wignad (1872 w.).

is teqsti àrsenas leqsisa~, romelic dRemde ibeWdeba, p. umikaSvilis xelidan aris gamosuli (pirvelad gamoqveynda 1874 w.). àrsenas teqstis~ dadgenaSi p. umikaSvilis Rvawlis Sesaxeb ix. [gvaramaZe: 45-46]. man gamokveTa eposis saboloo saxe, erT Zafze aago mis xelT arsebuli calkeuli epizodi, romlebic erTmaneTTan daukavSireblad sruldeboda mestvireTa mier. umikaSvilis arqivSi daculia epizodebi, romlebic mas ar gamouyenebia àrsenas leqsis~ asagebad. da mainc umikaSviliseuli gamTlianeba arsena yaCaRis garSemo arsebuli `Sairsityvebisa~ metnaklebad amomwuravia da dRemde inarCunebs rogorc mxatvrul, ise informaciul mniSvnelobas. mis Semdeg aravis ucdia Sevseba àrsenas leqsisa~ sxva epizodebiT, an p. umikaSvilis mier gamoyenebuli masalis sxvagvarad ganlageba. p. umikaSviliseuli teqsti optimaluria: TiToeuli epizodi masSi poulobs Tavis erTaderT kuTvnil adgils. marTalia, mestvireTa repertuari arasodes moicavda yvela arsebuli epizodisgan Semdgar erT mTlian teqsts, unda vifiqroT, rom maT cnobierebaSi virtualurad arsebobda calkeul epizodTa Tavdapirveli erTianobis gancda. savsebiT gasaziarebelia amasTan dakavSirebiT g. barnovis Tvalsazrisi, romelic man amgvarad gamoTqva: àrsenas leqsi~ ar warmoadgens sxvadasxva epizodebis meqanikur gadabmas. igi Tavidanve gaazrebuli unda yofiliyo rogorc epikuri tilo, mTliani istoria saxalxo gmirisa. vfiqrob, swored aman ganapiroba rekonstruqciis warmateba~ [barnovi 1989:24]. saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis literaturis institutis folklorul arqivSi, p. umikaSvilis koleqciaSi, daculia àrsenas leqsis~ erTi teqsti, rogorc Cans, pirveli (an erT-erTi) cda arsebuli variantebis gamTlianebisa, romelic p. umikaSvils ar gamouqveynebia (SoTa rusTavelis sax. qarTuli

literaturis institutis folkloruli arqivi = fa. umik. 15/2). àrsenas leqsis~ gmiri arsena oZelaSvili realuri piria. Tavisi

epoqisa da sazogadoebis Svili. misi samoqmedo asparezic, cxadia, savsebiT realur sivrceSia gaSlili – es aris aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo, misi TiTqmis yoveli mxare. àrsenas leqsi~ sxva xalxur qmnilebaTagan toponimebis uCveulo siuxviT gamoirCeva. misi gmiris saasparezo are vrcelia: TrialeTi, marabda, koda, TeleTi, kumisi, somxiTi (sofeli), Tbilisi (`qalaqi~), almasis wyali, Siraqi, Tavfaravnis tba, gomareTi, qiziyi – bodbisxevi, martyofi, diRomi, mcxeTa, muxaTgverdi, zemo qarTli, axalcixe. saqarTvelos farglebs gareT: yazaxi (azerbaijanSi). arsenas ambavSi monawileoben da ubralod naxsenebi arian sxvadasxva

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erovnebis warmomadgenlebi, rac kargad asaxavs istoriuli saqarTvelos eTnikur-demografiul suraTs.

visi Semqmnelic unda iyos àrsenas leqsi~ – qarCoxeli mecxvarisa Tu raWveli mestvirisa, igi xalasi xalxuri geniis Semoqmedebis nayofia, masSi sWvivis qristianuli suli, gamgebi da mimtevebeli yoveli adamianuri codvisa. xSiri xseneba RvTis saxelisa, mironis madlisa, pirjvrisa, dalocvis sityvebisa àrsenas leqsSi~ arc SemTxveviTia, arc ubralod sityvis masalaa, arc mxolod Cveuleba an tradiciaa, arc e.w. xarkia epoqisadmi. es realiebi leqsis organuli nawilia, romelic gansazRvravs mTavari gmiris xasiaTs, rogoradac surs, igi dainaxos mestvirem, romelic Tavis simReras, Zveli rafsodebis msgavsad, uzenaesis xsenebiT iwyebs: `SairsityviTa mestvirem RmerTi maRali axsena~... RvTis saxelis xsenebiT iwyeba da sasufevlis naTlis xsenebiT mTavrdeba àrsenas leqsi~ (ìq naTeli dadgesa~). es, pirvel rigSi, mestvireTa religiurobis, maTi qristianuli mrwamsis gamoxatulebaa. Znelia moiZebnos xalxuri nawarmoebi, romelic ise mdidari iyos qristianuli leqsikiT, rogorc àrsenas leqsia~. esoden mcire sivrceze RmerTisa da sxva wmida saxelTa (siwmideTa, rogoric aris: mironi, naTloba, sefiskveri, wirva, pirjvari, madli, aRdgoma, RvTismSobeli...) da gamoTqmaTa xseneba (yovel meTxuTmete striqonSi!) gansakuTrebul naTels afens teqsts, romlis mTavari Tema TviT mis SemqmnelTaTvis srulebiTac ar aris religiuri – is arsenas sagmiro saqmeebs gadmogvcems. gansxvavebiT sxva sagmiro leqsebisagan, Tundac amiranis miTologiuri eposisagan, àrsenas leqsSi~ datrialebuli suli gvagrZnobinebs mis mkiTxvelT, rom qristianul qveyanaSi vimyofebiT (mestvire yovelnairad aZlierebs am gancdas) da ara sadRac religiurad gaurkvevel samyaroSi.

da mainc, arsena, cxadia, epikuri gmiria. amitomac misi gmiruli biografia tradiciuli epikuri gmiris Tavgadasavlis kalapotSi miedineba. aq Cven gvecnaureba tipurad igive epizodebi, igive `zRurblebi~, romlebic gaiara da gadalaxa amiranma. arsena gardauvali aucileblobiT gaivlis maT. arsena amas ver ascdeba, Tumca igi istoriul droSi cxovrobs da moqmedebs.

àmiraniansa~ da àrsenas leqss~ Soris siaxlove pirvelad anton xinTibiZem aRniSna: `Cven zemoTmoyvanili adgilebis mxolod formaluri damTxveva aRvniSneT. unda vivaraudoT, rom mas Sinaarsobrivi safuZvlebi eqneboda. es, erTi SexedviT, TiTqos ar Cans, magram amiranisa da arsenas mxatvruli saxeebis guldasmiTi analiziT aSkara xdeba. marTlac, am ori gmiris cxovrebis epizodebi erTmaneTs emTxveva~ [xinTibiZe:89]. Tumca avtori ar akonkretebs am epizodebs. igi avlebs mxolod zogad paralels maT brZolebSi, erTi mxriv, borotebisa da, meore mxriv, usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg. sagulisxmoa daskvna: àrsenas leqsi~ Sorsaa miTiuri garemosagan, amitom gmiris cxovreba realisturad aris asaxuli, magram àmiranisa~ da àrsenas leqsis~ am adgilebis plastikur-poeturi

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Strixebi mainc erTimeores emTxveva. aqac aSkarad Cans àmiranis~ gavlena àrsenas leqsze~ [xinTibiZe:89].

msgavseba am or eposs Soris ufro metia da Rrma, vidre plastikur-poeturi. is siRrmiseulia, rasac maTi struqtura aaSkaravebs. saerTo agebuleba (epizodTa Tanamimdevrobis saxiT) amxels maT siRrmiseul identurobas, romelic tipologiuric aris da geneturic, ramdenadac isini erTi saerTo tradiciis kuTvnilebaa. àrsenas leqsze~ gacilebiT adrindeli, SeiZleba iTqvas, misTvis arqetipuli àmiranianis~ gavlena mxolod amgvarad unda iqnas gagebuli. àrsenas leqsi~ da àmiraniani~ erT epikur kalapotSi (tradiciaSi), Tumca radikalurad gansxvavebul socialur SreebSi miedinebian.

zemoTqmuli gvaZlevs saSualebas, rom àrsenas leqsSi~ àmiranianis~ analogiuri epizodebi gamovyoT.

àrsenas leqsSi~ erTmaneTs erwymis da emsWvaleba sami Sre: 1. miTologiuri, romelic SeiZleba saTaves iRebdes uSualod arqetipidan an uaxloesi wyarodan – àmiranianidan~. gmiris aRzeveba da dacema. janyi, hubrisi. 2. socialuri Sre: samarTali-usamarTloba. winaaRmdegoba, Seurigebloba, krizisi socialur niadagze. 3. egzistencialuri plani. pirovnebis bedi. krizisi pirovnul niadagze. samive Sre met-naklebad `leqsis~ yvela ZiriTad epizodSi ikiTxeba.

gamovyoT da gavaanalizoT àrsenas leqsis~ ZiriTadi epizodebi. I. epikuri gmiris warmoSoba saswaulebrivi unda iyos. arsenas

`Sairsityvis~ variantebs Soris ar ipoveba teqsti, romelic gvamcnobdes misi araTu saswaulebrivi, aramed saerTod dabadebis ambavs. magram arsenas warmoSoba mainc araCveulebrivia. ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom mestvireebi ar gadmogvcemen misi mSoblebis vinaobas, TiTqos isini arc arsebulan. Tumca SeuZlebelia, maTi saxelebi drois esoden mcire manZilze daviwyebas miscemoda. aq saqme unda gvqondes mSobelTa vinaobis principul ucnobobasTan. gmiri amozrdilia, rogorc aisbergi – Tavis wreSi, Tavis socialur garemocvaSi. is aris udedmamo, unaTesao, uojaxo. mSobelTa uxsenebloba miT ufro niSandoblivia, rom àrsenas leqsSi~ monawile pirebi savsebiT realurni arian da TavianTi namdvili gvar-saxelebiT ixseniebian (zaal baraTaSvili, sumbaTovi, makarovi...). arsenas obloba arsebiTia, es misi, rogorc epikuri gmiris, dasabamieri gansazRvrulobaa. obloba niSania misi gamorCeulobisa sazogadoebaSi, sadac is TiTqos RvTiT aris movlenili. erT-erTi varianti gvamcnobs:

`rom daibada arsena, pirvelad RmerTi axsena...~

es lakoniuri `Sairsityva~ amave dros gmiris maRal warmoSobaze miuTiTebs, mis saswaulebriv Sobazec da imazec, rom misi naTlia ufalia, romlis saxeli Sobidanve dahyva mis bageebs, rogorc amirans – oqros kbili da fizikuri Zala. magram sinamdvile, rasac zemoTnaxsenebi haksthauzeni gadmogvcems arsenas Sesaxeb, sruliad sawinaaRmdegos metyvelebs: àrsena meduqne iyo, e.i. daxlis mepatrone tfilisSi~ (ix. damateba 1). ar gvaqvs safuZveli, rom am cnobas eWviT movekidoT, Tumca

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igi ver egueba jer mestvireTa da mere Cvens warmodgenas mis heroikul pirovnebaze.

II. baRaTuruli zrda (boboqari bavSvoba). gmiris fizikuri Zalis amofrqveva adreuli asakidanve iwyeba: amirani akvanSive iCens Tavis Tandayolil Zalas, romelic naTliam daanaTla mas. magram es ar aris sakuTriv gmirobis aqti, aramed Zalis mxolod pirvelCena. p. umikaSvilis `leqsSi~ arsena amgvarad iCens Tavs:

`rom Seiqna Teqvsmeti wlis, mTa da bari Seajera...~

magram sxva variantebSi, romlebic p. umikaSvils ar gamouyenebia, asaki sagrZnoblad daweulia:

`Tormeti wlis rom Seiqna, ulvaSebma daamSvena...~

sxva fragmentSi kidev ufro daiwevs misi gamoCenis asaki da zRaprul-miTosurSi gadadis:

`Svidi wlisa rom Seiqna, cxenxedna dauwesesa, ise fantams Tavadebsa, viTa bora wiwilebsa...~

arsenas gamoCena saswaulebriv-moulodnelia, auxsnelia misi baRaTuruli zrdis, saxecvlilebis mizezi:

`mTeli qveyana gahkvirda: arsena ram daasqela. saca cxeni gaaWena, kldeze mtveri aayena...~

es is zRurblia, saidanac iwyeba misi baRaTuruli saqmianoba; igrZnoba, rom ùerTod ar daixarjvis~ misi energia, romelic awveba mas, raTa gaiyvanos igi gareT – asparezze. masSi zambarasaviT Cawnexili Zala aiZulebs amas.

III. qalis motaceba. tradiciul eposSi am qmedebas win uswrebs gmiris ZiriTadi Rvawli, romliTac is gmirobs – es aris brZola borot ZalebTan. àrsenas leqsSi~ ki qalis motacebiT iwyeba gmiris saqmeni sagmironi. Tumca wina epizodi (fizikuri Zalis pirvelCena) dasturia imisa, rom mas ZaluZs am Rvawlis aRsruleba, rasac eposSi baRaTuruli niSnoba gulisxmobs.

qalis motaceba TiTqos Tavsdeba batonymur yofaSi: motacebuli moaxlea, momtacebeli – yma, arc erTi ar aris Tavisufali. batonis moaxlis momtacebeli yma am aqtiT arad agdebs batonis nebas, eurCeba da, sabolood, ujanydeba mas. is garbis moaxlesTan erTad, riTac Tavisi xeliT iWris gzas ukan dasabruneblad. misi es gaWra imis niSania, rom is ver Tavsdeba Tavis socialur garemoSi, im statusSi, romliTac daibada. am motacebiT, am gaWriT is icvlis statuss, rogorc ardaSir papakani, romelmac Tavis patrons, mefes mxevali da Tasi mostaca, riTac Tavi gaiTavisufla ymobisgan, raTa dabadebiT momadlebuli mefoba moepovebina [ardaSiri:46]. niSandoblivia, rom sinamdvile (anu is, rac sinamdvileSi moxda) ufro axlos aris ardaSiris epizodTan, vidre `leqsi~: `maSin arsenam RamiT gamoiyvana Tavadis saukeTeso cxeni, moitaca qali da mTebSi gaixizna~ (damateba 1). ajanyebuli arsena, ardaSiris msgavsad, Tavisi batonis moaxles mis cxenTan erTad itacebs.

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aq unda SeiniSnos, rom motacebis mizezi arsebobs – mowoneba: `batons ro erTi gogo hyavs, arsenas moewoneba~, magram ar Cans Sedegi motacebisa. motaceba motacebadve rCeba, rogorc sabediswero saqcieli, rogorc garkveuli zRurblis gadalaxva, romelic mTlianad cvlis gmiris mdgomareobas, mTel mis cxovrebas. moaxlis motacebas TviTkmari Rirebuleba aqvs gmiris biografiaSi. amitom aris, rom ucnobia araTu saxeli motacebulisa, aramed misi asaval-dasavalic motacebis Semdeg. igi iseve uCinardeba, rogorc amiranis yamari, romelmac Seasrula Tavisi funqcia gmiris gzaze da ukvalod gauCinarda. mestvireTa arsena amas sCadis, rogorc epikuri gmirisTvis savaldebulo aqts. am epizodSi mestvire ugulebelyofs sinamdviles, romelic Tumca tragikulia, magram ar scildeba yofiT realobas (ix. damateba 1 da 2). sinamdvileSi ki, cnobilia, rom arsenas TamaraSvilebis xelSewyobiT axalcixeSi uTxovia qali [WiWinaZe:127].

is unda gasuliyo Tavisi wridan, saxlidan, sadac daibada, zRapris gmiriviT da am gasvlis motivi qalis motacebaa – akrZalulis xelyofa. magram am aqts faruli motivi aRZravs, ris ganxorcielebasac arsena mTel Tavis cxovrebas miuZRvnis: is daupirispirdeba batons, raTa Tavad gaxdes batoni da Taviseburad gagebuli samarTali daamyaros (`mdidars arTmevs, Raribs aZlevs...~). àrdaSir papakis Zis saqmeTa wignSi~ naTqvamia: `kaci, romelic Tavis batons gaeqceva, didebasa da mefobas miaRwevs~ [ardaSiri:46].

ymaSi iRviZebs pirovneba. mestvire grZnobs am gaRviZebas. Tumca man icis (unda icodes), rom arsena arasodes yma ar yofila, misi ojaxi saeklesio glexebi iyvnen [kakiaSvili:17,33]. `biWo, arsenav, ra miyav, yma iyav magisTanao!~ zaal baraTaSvilis sinanuliT naTqvam am sityvebSi `yma~, SesaZloa, arc niSnavdes mainc da mainc batonis ymas. `biWo~ ki namdvilad mis yoCaRobaze miuTiTebs [abaSiZe:9]. baraTaSvili aSkarad keTilganwyobi-lic ki aris mis mimarT, rac dokumenturadac dasturdeba (ix. damateba 5). arsena axalcixeSi miatovebs Tavis motacebuls da iwyebs gasvlas.

IV. brZola usamarTlobasTan. mteri `leqsSi~ rus-yazaxebis saxiT aris warmodgenili. anu miTosuri mteri (devi) yofiT-istoriuli mtris konkretul saxeSia ganxorcielebuli, amave dros es saxe groteskuli unda iyos, rogorc berikaobis Tu yeenobis personaJebisa.

aq unda SeiniSnos, rom yazaxebTan Setakeba qalis motacebis faqtiT aris ganpirobebul-motivirebuli: batonma unda daibrunos motacebuli da gauswordes ajanyebul ymas. magram is umweoa – is `qoSs ukuRma hyris~, garbis, òrTav TvaliT~ icremleba, `saCivars wers~... àTi-Tormeti yazaxi~ arsenas Sesapyrobad igzavneba. swored es àTi-Tormeti yazaxia~ arsenas namdvili da erTaderTi mteri. arsena Seebmis maT, rogorc amirani – devebs. brZolis aRweraSi aSkarad ismis, Tumca groteskamde CamoqveiTebuli, amiranuli brZolis eqo:

àTi-Tormeti yazaxi sul cxvariviT gadmodena. TeleTis bolomde mohyva, somxiTSi ar gaaCera.

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im sawyali yazaxebis zurgze boli aayena~.

damarcxebuli yazaxebic amiranul ganzomilebaSi aRiqvamen arsenas pirovnebas:

àn aris devi, lomgmiri, an aris rkinis mkvnetela...~

epikuri gmiri erTxel unda amarcxebdes borot Zalas, rogorc iTqva, mas erTaderTi mowinaaRmdege unda hyavdes. amiranis brZola devebTan erTjeradia, is erTaderTjer ebrZvis devebs, roca iamanis mitacebuli Tvalia dasabrunebeli, an adamianTa miwa-wylidan arian gasarekni. danarCeni brZolebi mxolod ganmeorebaa, mxolod siWarbea da axals da arsebiTs arafers sZens gmiris biografias (rogorc àmirandarejanianis~ Wabukebs dausrulebeli sagmiro Tavgadasavalni).

arsenas yoveli Setakeba Tavis arqetips yazax-rusebTan im pirvel SetakebaSi poulobs. aqedan eZleva dasabami mis brZolas socialuri usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg, romelic xorcieldeba deviziT `mdidars arTmevs, Raribs aZlevs~. brZola borotebis winaaRmdeg socialur sferoSia gadanacvlebuli.

V. Ralati. Ralati ar aris gamoricxuli epikuri gmiris biografiaSi (miTosSi mas ar eZleva zneobrivi Sefaseba). SeiZleba is davadasturoT àmiranianSic~ – im epizodSi, roca Zmebi amirans sami veSapis pirispir miatoveben. zRaparSi Ralatis msxverplia umcrosi Zma, anu mTavari gmiri, romelic asrulebs mTavar saqmes.

àrsenas leqsSi~ Ralats ormagi funqcia ekisreba: Cveneba wuTisoflis muxanaTobisa arsenas keTilSobilebasTan dapirispirebiT (raTa gamoikveTos arsenas zneobrivi upiratesoba im garemocvaSi, sadac mas uxdeba urTierToba). misTvis sabedisweroa, xolo arsebuli sinamdvilisTvis niSandoblivi, rom Ralati `naTel-mironis~ mier aris Cadenili. es mowmobs wuTisoflis uaRresad dacemul mdgomareobas. Sendoba RalatisTvis Zlieri qristianuli niSania àrsenas leqsSi~. tradiciul eposebSi, aseve zRaparSi, romelTa finali esqatologiuria, muxanaTobisTvis iSviaTia patieba. avismoqmedi sabolood dausjeli ar unda gadarCes. es gadaxveva epikuri tradiciidan (kanonidan) sinamdviliseulia. am epizods realurad momxdari faqti udevs safuZv-lad. is momxdara 1837 wels. Semonaxulia dokumenti (gubernatoris werili), sadac laparakia 13 bodbisxevelis oTxmocdaaTi maneTiT dajildovebaze arsenas gacemisTvis [kakiaSvili:20].

amave dros, kompoziciurad da arsobrivad Ralatis epizodi ganapirobebs momdevno mniSvnelovan epizods, romelsac ver ascdeba vercerTi epikuri gmiri.

VI. cixe-abano. am epizodSi gveleSapis motivis yvela elementia mocemuli. arsena STanTqmulia cixis mier, saidanac TiTqos araviTari saxsari ar arsebobs misi Tavdaxsnisa. mas gardauvali daRupva elis, ris ueWvel niSansac es Zunwi protokoluri, Tumca amave dros simboluric, sityvebi iZleva:

`sacimbirod gaamweses, cali wveri moparsesa...~

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ra Zalam unda moabrunos Tavisuflebisaken `calwvermoparsuli~ adamiani? magram aRmoCndeba saswaulebrivi saxsari – èrTi sawyali manaTi~, romelic straJnikebis dasaTrobad gamodga, da is qlibi, romelic keTilad ganwyobilma mikitnebma Caudes jibeSi. am qlibma sxva ra unda gagvaxsenos, Tu ara is almasis dana, romelic amirans dahyva SobiTgan da romlis meSveobiTac man daaRwia Tavi gveleSapis mucels?

amiranis gamosvla gveleSapis wiaRidan mis meore Sobad davsaxeT. arsenasaTvis es abanoa. Znelia Tqma, gulisxmobda Tu ara p. umikaSvili meored Sobis miTologemas, roca abanodan mis gamosvlaze werda: àrsena meored ibadeba!~ [xinTibiZe:212]. yofiTi abano iseTive wylis stiqiaa, rogorc miTosuri gveleSapis muceli, saidanac amirani xelaxla iSva. abanos, am sayofacxovrebo dawesebulebas, mniSvnelovani miTologiuri datvirTva aqvs miTossa da Zvel eposebSi. abanosTan dakavSirebulia marcxic da gamarjvebac (aRorZineba): Sumeris RmerTs enlils abanoSi mostaces `bedisweris dafebi~; gilgameSma, sabanaod wyalSi Casulma, dakarga `siWabukis balaxi~... abanoSi mokles troadan dabrunebuli agamemnoni... abano is saSoa, sadac SeiZleba daiRupos nayofi da saidanac ibadeba axali sicocxle. abanoSi Sesuli an veRar gamova iqidan cocxali, an gamova aRorZinebuli da Zalaganaxlebuli, meored Sobili. Tbilisis sinamdvilis uaRresad yofiTi realia – abano bunebrivad Semodis `leqsSi~ da imkvidrebs iq Tavis kuTvnil adgils tradiciuli gmiris TavgadasavalSi.

abanodan TavdaRweuli arsenas meored Soba groteskulad aris warmodgenili: is ùfrosis~ SinelSi, rusul CeqmaSi da `SlapaSi~ gamowyobili gamodis gareT Seucnoblad – ìmaT batoni egonaT, es arsena gamoZvresa~, sul es aris misi saxecvlileba, meored dabadeba. is gamodis rogorc miTologiuri striqteri (oinbazi), romlis gmirobis, Cveulebriv, kulturuli Rvawlis aRsrulebis erTaderTi xerxi eSmakoba da oinbazobaa. oRond arsena savsebiT acnobierebs am komikur situacias, romlis wyalobiTac man ixsna Tavi: `patara gamoiara, Tan sicili autydesa~.

àmiranianSi~ gveleSapis (meored Sobis) epizods yamaris motaceba mosdevs. àrsenas leqsSi~ es Tanamimdevroba, rogorc davinaxeT, Secvlilia (rom ar vTqvaT: darRveulia). arsenas ukve motacebuli hyavs Tavisi `yamari~. ra elis win arsenas? ra Rvawli aqvs aRsasrulebeli abanodan gamosvlis Semdeg? abano xom is zRurbli unda iyos, romlis gadalaxvis Semdeg gmiris moqmedebam axal safexurze unda iCinos Tavi?

abanodan arsena galaRebuli gamodis, is yovlisSemZlea. ra dabrkoleba unda Sexvdes mas Tavis gzaze, rom ver gadalaxos? SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arsena misma davlaTma TavisuflebaSi gaiyvana. ganmeorda is pirveli gasvla, roca yma motacebul moaxlesTan erTad Tavis batons gaeqca. magram aris gansxvaveba am or gamosvlas Soris: pirveli gzis dasawyisi iyo, meore ki is mwvervalia, saidanac iwyeba dacema, am dacemis niSani ki gabudayebaa (hubrisi).

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VII. gabudayeba. martyofis monastris epizodi gardamtexi momentia arsenas cxovrebaSi. aqedan iwyeba misi gaampartavneba. hubrisi, romelic farulad izrdeboda masSi, aq iCens Tavs pirvelad. aq Cven TiTqos sxva arsenas vxedavT – ver vcnobT mas. marTlac, arsena, romlis bageTagan arasodes gamosula RvTis mgmobi sityva (mestvire gansakuTrebiT zrunavs mis sametyvelo leqsikaze), saqmiTac qristianuli zneobis magaliTi uCvenebia (Ralatis patieba farsadanisTvis), axla am wmida adgilze, saRvTo dResaswaulis dRes, SurisZiebis JiniT aris aRZruli da angariSsworebisa da Seuracxyofis mizniT ganaiaraRebs eklesiidan gamosul sumbaTovsa da makarovs mandilosnebis Tvalwin. mestvire sagangebod, ara SemTxveviT, arc sityvis masalisaTvis, aRniSnavs adgilisa da drois siwmindes:

`RvTaebobis madli gywalobT, martyofis TavSi svenia, iq iyo misi dReoba, TiTonac giaxelia... roca wirva gamovida, imisi madli Senia...~

Zneli warmosadgenia, am epizodis avtors, romelic iqneb marTlac eswreboda wirvas martyofis taZarSi, efiqra, rom taZris midamoSi myofTa (vinc ar unda yofiliyvnen isini), Seuracxmyofel arsenasTan RvTis madli iqneboda. unda iTqvas, rom sinamdvileSi makarovisa da sumbaTovis Seuracxyofa moxda ara martyofis monastris galavanSi, aramed misken mimaval gzaze, tyis piras, anu ara wmida adgilze, aramed arsenas, rogorc `tyeSi gavardnili kacis~ teritoriaze. da moxda ara iseTi mwvave, damamcirebeli saxiT, rogorc mestvire aRwers (ix. damateba 4). mestvire am gamonagoniT Segnebulad amZimebs arsenas codvas misi cxovrebis tragikul periodSi, miawers ra misTvis, rogorc `tyeSi gavardnili kacisTvis~, Cveul Zaladobas Seuferebel adgilze. Tavisi antagonistebi rom dainaxa arsenam, `pirjvari dauweria...~

cxadia Seusabamoba am pirjvris gadawerasa da im saqciels Soris, romelic uSualod mosdevs mas. es pirjvris gadawera gamiznulad aris Semotanili TxrobaSi. es epizodi rom sabediswero, avbediTi Setrialebaa arsenas cxovrebaSi, iqidanac Cans, rom arsena, aqamde devnili yaCaRi, romelic imaleba da tyes afarebs Tavs, martyofis dReobis Semdeg ori kviris naqeifari, sruliad axdilad Sedis qalaqSi (anu TbilisSi), rogorc triumfatori. sabedisweroa misi Semdgomi nabijebi, rac martyofis epizodis bolos savsebiT gacnobierebulia:

òri kvira ToneTSia qeifebsa bevrsa swevsa, gamvlelsa da gamomvlelsa suyvelas Rvinos asmevsa. meore kvira gaTavda, qalaqisken gamoswevsa, mTeli qalaqis biWebi mtredis gundiviT dasdevsa~.

arsenam sasworze Seagdo Tavisi bedi – TiTqos gamoiwvia naTlia, an sakuTar davlaTs mindobili scdis RmerTs. da RmerTi amjerad ar gaswiravs mas:

`RmerTs uSvelia, arsena, amieriT gansacdelsa...~

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RmerTi jer kidev masTan aris, jer kidev scdis mas, aZlevs vadas am gansacdelSi, romelSic arsenam Tavisi nebiT Caigdo Tavi. magram rogor iqceva is? mas kvlav mikitnebTan vxedavT, romlebic macTunebeli sirinozebiviT ityueben:

`saca miva mikitnebTan, yvela mas dauqnevs xelsa~.

sabedisweroa es xelis daqneva. es yofiTi Jesti mawvevarisa tragikul niSnad iqceva. `yvela mas dauqnevs xelsa~ – TiTqos yvela SeTanxmebula mis dasaRupavad. ar arsebobs Zala, romelic gauZlebda am xelis daqnevas.

Rirs oriode sityva iTqvas mikitnebze, am tipiur qalaqur personaJebze. Tumca Rvinis mimwodebeli iseve Zvelia (noes Jamidan), rogorc Tavad cTuneba, romelic sulmudam sdarajobs adamians. Rvinis mimwodebeli iyo sirinozi qali siduri, romelic gilgameSs akavebda mis gzaze da WeSmaritebis maZiebels ukan, yoveldRiurobisken abrunebda [gilgameSiani:86]. arsenas mikitnebi neitraluri xalxia: isini yvelas miawodeben sasmels – es maTi mowodebaa – miT ufro iseT martosuls, rogoric arsenaa, visTvisac Rvino, SesaZlebelia, monatrebul Wers cvlides, an misi erTaderTi axlobeli iyos. avbediTad gaismis: `daxede, is mikitnebi megobraTac gauCndesa!~ Tu erTxel mikitnebis sasmelma ixsna arsena (straJnikebis daTrobis epizodi), axla maTi RviniT savse tiki misTvis aSkarad damRupvelia. tiki gatanebulia, is unda daicalos, man Tavisi saqme unda gaakeTos, mas ukan veraferi daabrunebs. am dros ar-senas ukve nanaxi aqvs is sizmari, romelSic Tavisi gardauvali aRsasruli amoikiTxa: `nebiT gamoviWri yelsa~. es sityvebi, rogorc Tavadve daaskvna, ara mxolod misi aRsasrulis gardauvlobaze mianiSnebs, aramed im codvazec, romlis Cadenac mas, rogorc bediswera, uZevs win, Tumca TviTmkvlelobaze fiqric ukve codvis dasabamia. amitomac am duqanSi is ukanasknelad gascems Tavis nayaCaRars SesandobarisaTvis (`Sesandobari dalieT, roca arsena mokvdesa~). sagulisxmoa, rom erTi Canaweris mixedviT, am sizmars, rogorc saidumlos, arsena kuWatnelTan SebrZolamde aRsarebis saxiT Caabarebs mRvdels: `sveticxovelSi Sevida, aRsareba uTxra mRvdelsa, wuxeli vnaxe sizmari~... [fa umik.: 15/2]. es epizodi realobas efuZneba. vasil barnovi mogviTxrobs arsenas momswreTa mogonebas: àrsena morwmune kaci iyo. yovel didmarxvaSi movidoda SerCeul dRes, dRisiT, moiTxovda aRsarebas da ziarebas Rvdlisagan. aRsarebis dros cxenidan erT fexs Camosdgamda. erTi isev uzangSi edga. etyoda: – umTavresi codva, kacis kvla ar Camideniao. Tu mamiklavs, roca SemebrZoleboda, maSin~ (damateba 3). ziarebis moTxovnileba, rac mudam Tan sdevs mas mis arCeul gzaze, iseve rogorc misi RvTismosavuri metyveleba, bunebrivia saeklesio (kerZod, Tbilisis ierusalimis eklesiis) glexis ojaxidan gamosu-lisTvis [kakiaSvili:33].

sizmridan Cans, rom axlovdeba aRdgoma, win aris dReebi vnebis kvirisa – da es Svideuli, rogorc gansacdeli, elis mas. im sizmris Tema –

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erTaderTi Sinaarsi `sisxlSi viRebavdi wversa~ – tragikulad exmianeba saaRdgomo kvercxs, romlis xelSi daWeris imedi arsenas aRara aqvs.

VIII. wiTeli paraskevi (naTliis gamowveva). es sabediswero Sexvedra giorgi kuWatnelTan, Tuki odesme sxva dros gadayria am kacs, romelsac wyevlas uTvlis meleqse, ara imdenad mis pirovnebas, aramed am SemTxveviTobas, swored am dros kaxeTidan imereTSi rom waiyvana da udroo dros moqeife arsenas Sehyara [misi Sairsityva `gzebze sufris gadafenis~ xsenebiT iwyeba da miTve mTavrdeba], SesaZloa, wiTel paraskevs arc momxdara. esec arsenas bediswera yofila, – ase fiqrobs meleqse, roca aRniSnavs kuWatnelis gamoCenas muxaTgverdTan:

ìm giorgi kuWatnelsa gamCeneli gauwyresa, wamosula kaxeTidan, imereTSi gamoswevsa~.

anu: raRa swored am dros gamoiara kuWatnelma – sinanuli Cans mestviris sityvebSi. magram kuWatneli Tavis gzaze gaswevs. adamiani midis Tavisi gziT, Tavis saqmeze midis. magram mas, SesaZloa, RmerTi gzavnides, rac ar ewinaaRmdegeba Tavad adamianis nebas, gaswios Tavis gzaze, Tavis saWiroebaze. RmerTs SeuZlia Tavisi miznisTvis gamoiyenos misi svla. aTasidan erTi SesaZlebloba gamoarCios da Tavis samsaxurSi Caayenos. `gamCeneli gauwyresa~, ambobs mestvire (TiTqos arsenas eTqvas: es xom arsenas Cveuli sityvebia, yovelTvis mzad rom aqvs mas sabediswero wuTebSi), romelic adamianuri TvalTaxedviT afasebs movlenaTa mdinarebas. Sairmesityves arsenas mxari uWiravs. raRa swored am dros, am dRes, wiTel paraskevs, roca arsena, martodmarto, yvelasgan gariyuli, muxaTgverdSi qeifobs, ufiqria kuWatnels Tavisi mgzavroba kaxeTidan imereTisken? – fiqrobs Sairmesityve. magram kuWatnelis gamoCenaSi swored am dros gana RvTis xeli ar urevia? gana arsena mowyvetilia mTel samyaros? gana es Sexvedra misi gansacdeli ar aris? misi bedis nawili ar aris? gana kuWatneli misi ambri-arabi ar aris, is mkvdari bumberazi, amirans rom daxvdeba gzaze gamosacdelad? mestvirem icis, rom sabedisweroa arsenas `nabdis gaSla~ muxaTgverdTan da es dRe swored wiTeli paraskevi unda iyos, rom arsena daisajos – gamoCndes vinme, vinc aRasrulebs RvTis sasjels. sasjeli unda aRsruldes, magram wyevla-krulva mas, visi xeliTac aRsruldeba. ase fiqrobs mestvire. kuWatneli yvelaze arasasurveli mgzavria am dros im kacisaTvis, vin mTel qveynierebas gaeriya. aq aseT dros viRac usaTuod Caivlida, magram vinc Caiara, mosalodnel CamvlelTa Soris yvelaze utyuari iyo. es Cavla Tavisi simarTliT yvelaze mkacri da sastiki Cavla iyo. es iyo sabediswero Cavla. swored amitom aris, `rom mTqmelebi giorgi ku-Watnels iseTi muqi saRebavebiT ar xataven, rogorc es mosalodneli iyo usayvarlesi gmiris mkvlelis daxatvisas~ [barnovi 1976:9].

vnebis kviraa, dRe wiTeli paraskevisa. am dros arsenas vxedavT gzaze `mcxeTis pirdapir~, saidanac jvari da, albaT, sveticxovlis saydaric Canda, puris saWmelad damjdars, qristianisTvis Seuferebel viTarebaSi, xolo arsena qristiania, qristes mcnebaTa Semnaxvelia

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sityviTa da saqmiT, amas `leqsis~ bevri epizodi adasturebs. martyofis Semdeg, roca arsena `SiSvlad~, davlaTis amara, gacxadebulad Sedis xalxmraval qalaqSi, mestvire ambobs: `RmerTs uSvelia, arsenao~. maSin jer kidev masTan iyo RmerTi, romlis saxels is mudam axsenebda.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT kuWatnelis pirovnebas, rom is Cveuli ar unda yofiliyo adamianis ferebas da tkbili sityvac arcTu xSirad, SesaZloa, sulac ar dascdenia mis bages. mis pasuxs moqeife yaCaRis mopatiJebaze stumarmaspinZlobis wesis Selaxvad an mopatiJis Seuracxyofad ver miviCnevT. ras eubneba gzad Cavlili arsenas? ras Seaxsenebs mas? imas xom ara, rac mas, rogorc qristians, unda xsomeboda? yoveli qristianisTvis cxad WeSmaritebas xom ara, romelic arsenas daviwynia? Seaxsenebs ara dayvavebiT, aramed kicxviT da ginebiT (aseTia, arsenasgan gansxvavebiT, kuWatnelis leqsika) da es ar cvlis saqmis arss:

`giorgi Semoaginebs dedisa da mamis yelsa:

va, Se sawyalo arsena, rada xar WkuaTxelia? me dRes Rvinos rogor davlev, wiTeli paraskevia!~

es iyo da es. ai, es sityvebi warmoiTqva arsenas gasagonad da manac gaigona es sityvebi. da wavida Tavisi gziT am sityvebis mTqmeli. datova sityva da wavida. sityvis gamgonma ki sityva ar Seismina. gana es yaCaRi, muxaTgverdTan wiTel paraskevs moqeife, marTla sawyali, Sesacodebeli, rogorc codvis Camdeni, da WkuaTxeli ar iyo? sxva dros amgvarad Semkoba `tyeSi gavardnili kacisa~ da SemoTavazebul pur-marilze uaris Tqma – `Tu egre Rvino mindodes, jibeSi fuli bevria~, – aSkarad Seuracxmyofeli iqneboda. magram wiTel paraskevs, vnebis kviris yvelaze mZime dRes? `kacad rodiRa Camagdo, raRa biWoba Cemiao~, – mZvinvarebs igi, `kacad!~ – ai, hubrisi. aRar axsovs qriste, arc jvarcma, arc... axsovs Tavisi Tavi – kaci, Tavisi warmavali RirsebiT (`biWobiT~), romelic adamianis, rogorc qristianis, Rirsebas aris Senacvlebuli da masze maRlaa dayenebuli. mgzavrma pur-marilze fexi ukra, magram man Tavad? Tavad xom am dRes hkra wixli, gaTela es dRe? `kacad rodiRa Camagdo, raRa biWoba Cemia~, ambobs is, rogorc farsadanze SurisZiebiT aRZruli ambobda: `Tu naTlimamas SevarCine, kacad vinRa Camagdebsa~ [fa umik.: 15/2]. maSin man sZlia Surisgebis cdunebas.

nacvlad imisa, rom mikitnebisgan cdunebuli arsena gonze moeyvana wiTeli paraskevis xsenebas (visganac unda moesmina es sityvebi da ra mkvaxedac unda Tqmuliyo, isini WeSmaritebas RaRadebdnen), is Selaxuli Tavmoyvareobis aRdgenas cdilobs. da mere rogor? is unda daedevnos garidebul kuWatnels Seuracxsayofad, radgan gaZarcvis mizani amjerad damcirebaa:

àn unda momce fulebi, an Seni cxeni damrCesa!~

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wiTeli paraskevis siwmide erTxel kidev ibRaleba. SeeZlo Tu ara arsenas pativmoyvareobis daokeba, daZleva angariSis sworebis, SurisZiebis grZnobisa? arsenas, rogorc Cven mas vicnobT `leqsis~ mixedviT, SeeZlo es. man xom ibatona SurisZiebis grZnobaze, roca Ralati apatia farsadans. es iyo misi maRalzneobrivi, WeSmaritad qristianuli saqcieli. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am dros Sejamda mTeli misi cxovreba, gasxivosnda mironisa da RvTis winaSe, rogorc paradoqsuli pasuxi TxuTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi sakuTar Tavze nawvnevi umadurobisa. SurisZiebis grZnobiT atanils – javriT Semuruli misi gulis siRrmes xom mainc miswvda mitevebis RvTiuri naperwkali. man, TiTqos rogorc macxovarma, ormodan amoiyvana farsadanis codvili suli. magram am zneobriv mwvervalze amaRlebuls ram ubiZga daRmasvlisken? mestvire aRwers mis dacemas muxaTgverdTan, magram misTvis dafarulia dacemis motivi. es Tavad arsenas Rrmadpirovnul saidumlod rCeba, romlis mxolod niSania is Semzaravi sizmari, sadac sruli sicxadiT aris nawinaswarmetyvelebi misi bolo. raRac Catyda mis arsebaSi, azri gamoecala mis arsebobas. kerZod, ra naxa man sizmarSi? mxolod is, rom sisxlSi iRebavda wvers, meti araferi? magram am sizmareul moqmedebaSi man sakuTari ganaCeni amoikiTxa; ara mxolod ganaCeni, aramed zusti droc ki misi aRsrulebisa. wiTeli kvercxi mis sizmarSi mxolod vnebis kviris dReebSi unda amotivtivebuliyo. wiTeli kvercxis gaxseneba Tu moaxloebulma paseqma moitana, sakuTar sisxlSi wveris Rebva gardauval daRupvas – sisxlian dRes uqadda mas:

`ver daveswrebi aRdgomas, ver daviWer wiTel kvercxsa. Tu Zalad aravin momkla, nebiT gamoviWri yelsa~.

`ver daviWer wiTel kvercxsa~ – is grZnobs, rom araTu ver moeswreba aRdgomas, aramed Rirsic ar iqneba aRdgomis simbolos xeliT Sexebisa. sizmari yovelTvis simboluria. am sizmarSi kvercxis wiTeli – qristes sisxli da Tavad is wiTeli, romliTac igi wvers iRebavs, sabediswerod xvdeba erTmaneTs.

es ambavi, kuWatnelTan Setakeba, SesaZlebelia, sulac ar momxdara wiTel paraskevs. haksthauzenis CanaweriT, ar Cans, rom es dRe maincdamainc wiTeli paraskevi yofiliyos (arc 1872 wlis gamocemaSia wiTeli paraskevi naxsenebi). da sababic kuWatnelisgan pur-marilis miuReblobisa sxvaa: moucleloba (ix. damateba 1). aSkaraa mestviris tendencia: is sabediswero konteqstSi xedavs arsenas sikvdils, rogorc misi cxovrebis kanonzomier aRsasruls. es ar darCenila SeumCneveli p. umikaSvilisTvis. ai, ras wers igi arsenas aRsasrulze:

ès arsenas sikvdili gegoneba TiTqos SemTxveviTi sikvdili iyoso, magram kargaT ro davakvirdeT, meore mxaresac davinaxavT. giorgi sulieri kacia da adaTis amsrulebeli. salocavad miemgzavreba. arsenas adaTi araT miaCnia, Tunda paraskevic iyos, Taviseburad Seeqceva. giorgi miwvevaze aginebs wiTel paraskevs Rvinos smisaTvis da xalxisaTvis pativcemul da miRebul adaTis gatexisaTvis da, ai arsena, xalxis

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moyvare da xalxisagan Seyvarebuli, rodesac xalxis adaTis aRsrulebas uarsa hyofs, da aqac Tavisufleba unda, rogorc yovelTvisa hqonia – am dros TiTqos bedic xels iRebs da sikvdiliT sjis~ [umikaSvili:217].

arsena Tavisi sisxliT gamoisyidis danaSauls (sxvisi sisxliT arc axla, arc am ukanasknel orTabrZolaSic, Tavdacvis drosac, ar mZimdeba misi suli) da savsebiT amarTlebs im sityvebs, romlebic, mestviris TqmiT, wauweria mcxeTis xalxs misi saflavis qvaze:

àqac kai kaci iyo, iq naTeli daadgesa~.

TiTqos misi ukanaskneli saidumlos gamJRavnebaa sikvdiliswina sityvebi:

`Cemi Svidasi Tumani kaspSi erT dids kldeSi devsa; Raribsa, aras mqonesa, mieces da moxmardesa~.

es `Svidasi Tumani~, kldeSi damarxuli, rogorc saarako ram ganZi, misi sikeTis, rogorc es mestvires esmis, nivTieri gamoxatuleba, TiTqos sasufevlis mosapoveblad Cadebuli windia.

finalSi isic sagulisxmoa, rom ganZis saidumlos is Tavis mkvlels umxels da am faqts momakvdavis piridan aRmomxdar SeZaxilTan `ver gagimete, giorgio~ erTad msmeneli ar SeiZleba ar aRiqvamdes rogorc mtris Sendobis qristianul aqts, riTac mas, wiTeli paraskevis gamtexs, gza gaexsna sasufevlisaken.

daskvna

arsenas hubrisi ar amoiwureba religiuri momentiT. es mxolod zedapirze Zevs. mis hubriss Rrmad pirovnuli motivebi aqvs.

misi cxovrebis dramaSi arc socialuri problemaa mTavari. is mxolod iwyeba socialuriT, magram mTavrdeba pirovnuli eksistencialuri tragizmiT.

siRrmiseulad, rogorc pirovneba, is ar ekuTvnis im wres, saidanac gamovida, romlis `Svilic~ unda yofiliyo. ver mivida im wremde, romelsac daupirispirda. erTs gaeqca, meores ver eziara. daiwyo ki imgvarad, rogorc maRali wris Svilebi iqcevian: `batons rom erTi gogo hyavs, arsenas moewoneba~. mestviris am SairSi Zlieria kategoriuloba adamianisa, romelsac viRac moswons. is avlens gardauval nebas. gana yma-glexis arCevania mowoneba da am grZnobaze mTeli Tavisi bedis Segdeba?

is, xelgaSlili, udardeli, uangariSo, araviTar kanons ar dagidevs, garda Sinagani Zaxilisa – moiqces ase da ara – ise. es TviTneboba misi konstituciaa. moiqces ara ise, rogorc socialurad misi tolebi iqcevian. àrsena gamonaklisia. mis xasiaTs da cxovrebis wess Rrmad damCnevia erTaderTobis daRi~ [asaTiani:77]. Cven SegviZlia vilaparakoT realur arsenaze, romlis saxe daWerili aqvs mestviris

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Sairsityvas. Tumca Sairsityvis gareSe darCa bevri moaruli ambavi mis òriginalur da amay xasiaTze~ (damateba 1). mestvires ar SeeZlo aReqva misi saqcieli da qceva martyofis dReobaze, rom gaexada igi Sairsityvis masalad, radgan is sruliad ucxo iyo misi warmoSobis adamianisTvis. misi qceva Tavadis winaSe spontanurad avlens Tavisuflebas da Tanasworobas, Tandayolil aristokratizms: sTxovs saCuqrad dambaCas da, roca dambaCis patroni mimarTavs misken iaraRs, is uSiSrad uaxlovdeba damiznebul lulas asaRebad. mere, situaciis gantvirTvis Semdeg, sTxovs Tavaduri JestiT mis qaliSvils, romelmac is sikvdilisgan ixsna: `neba miboZeT, kabaze da xelze gemTxvioT~ (damateba 1). es ar SeiZleboda yofiliyo mestvireTa Tema. aseTi arsena ar aris maTi gmiri, Tumca mestvire mainc grZnobs, rom arsenaSi aris raRac iseTi, rac ganasxvavebs mas im wrisagan, sadac is daibada.

es `silaRe sulisa~, romelic gansakuTrebiT `gzebze sufris gadafenaSi~ [asaTiani:77] da sxva qcevebSi vlindeba, anomaliad Cans yoveldRiurobis WapanSi gabmuli glexobis wreSi. arsena `Taviseburi gadaxraa normidan, vinaidan Tavisi mdgomareobiT mkveTrad gansxvavdeba umravlesobisagan: arc xnavs, arc Tesavs~... [asaTiani:77]. es namdvili rusTveluri mocaleobaa, rac kidev sxva mowodebebs uxsnis gzas. `mdidars arTmevs, Raribs aZlevs~ rusTveluri `Sen daamdidre yovelis~ Taviseburi paradigmaa. arsena iqceva, rogorc uflebamosili da es ufleba, gamoWedos axali sazomi (adli), man TviTve mianiWa Tavis Tavs. Tumca es TviTmarqvioba masve Semoubrundeba – aRdgebian cruarsenebi da misi saxeliT borotad amoqmeddebian.

Znelad moiZebneba, SesaZloa, verc ki moiZebnos qarTul mwerlobasa da yofaSi iseTi tragikuli piri da personaJi, rogoric arsena iyo da aris. iyo erTxel Tavis sisxliT da xorciT Tavis kuTvnil droSi da sivrceSi da aris samudamod darCenili SairsityvaSi. misi saxe moZraobs sinamdvilesa da poezias Soris. Sairsityvam aitaca igi sinamdvilidan, masSi iseTi ram dainaxa, rac mas eposis tragikul gmirad aqcevda. Tu elinuri dramis mTavari mamoZravebeli zambara hubrisia, amasve vityviT àrsenas leqsze~ da misi gmiris mimarT gamoviyenebT qarTul sityva-cnebas silaRes. àrsena laRi iyo. silaRe simpartavne ar aris. arsenas kacoba silaRiT ikafavda gzas~ [abaSiZe:6]. kargi naTqvamia. magram silaRes, romelic namdvilad ar aris ampartavnoba, axlavs ampartavnebaSi, dauokebel silaReSi gadazrdis xifaTi. arsenas mTeli gza Tavisi aRsasruliT amas emowmeba.

damateba I

epizodebi arsenas cxovrebidan

arsena meduqne iyo, e.i. savaWros patroni tfilisSi. mas Seuyvarda Tavad baraTovis ymis qaliSvili, romlisTvisac igi arsenas gamosasyids sTxovda. arsenam mTeli weli bejiTad imuSava da, bolos, saWiro Tanxac daagrova, magram baraTovma piri uSala da axali pirobebi wauyena. maSin arsenam RamiT gamoiyvana Tavadis saukeTeso cxeni, moitaca qali da mTebSi gaixizna; magram daiWires da

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cixeSi Casves. ramdenime wlis Semdeg gaaTavisufles. amasobaSi misi Seyvarebuli Tavadma sxvaze gaaTxova. maSin arsenam dastova qalaqi, wavida mTebSi da yaCaRo-ba daiwyo. martodmarto, bevri wlis manZilze awuxebda Tbilisis Semogarens. bevrs yvebian misi originaluri da amayi xasiaTis Sesaxeb. igi aerTebda gabedulebasa da jiut vaJkacobas araCveulebriv RonesTan, ise rom veravin bedavda misTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevas, igi mxolod aucilebels iRebda. erTxel vaWari gauCerebia, romelsac Tan uzomo fuli hqonia, Sexvewnia damindeo, arsenas is sadRac gaugzavnia Tavis nacvlad 4 maneTi valis gasastumreblad.

mis dasaWerad didi Tanxa iyo gamocxadebuli, magram veravin bedavda am Tanxis damsaxurebas. bolos mis naTlimamas gauCnda es survili. saojaxo saqmeebze molaparakebis sababiT, man saxlSi dapatiJa igi. misi xmali kedelze dakides, maspinZeli ki yovel Rones xmarobda mis dasaTrobad. `vin arian, Seni saxlis garSemo rom darbiano?~ maspinZels feri ecvala. arsenam daiyvira, Ralatiao, da uxmlod gavarda oTaxidan, Seaxta WiSkarTan dabmul cxens da gaqusla. tyviebi daadevnes, dauWres cxeni, magram Tavad gadarCa da miimala. naTlimama amis Semdeg mudmiv SiSSi iyo, sul imaleboda da marto arasodes wveboda dasaZineblad. mcire xnis Semdeg martyofSi saeklesio dResaswaulze gamoCnda arsena uamrav xalxSi, romelTagan naxevarze meti scnobda mas. magram TiTqos veravin amCnevda. igi mivida Tavad orbelianTan, romelic iq Tavis ojaxTan erTad iyo mosuli, da erTi Wiqa Rvino mosTxova. Tavadma daakmayofila misi Txovna. `mcnob me?~ – hkiTxa arsenam. `gcnob. arsena xar~. – `maSin sTxove im kacs, – miuTiTa Soriaxlo myof Cinovnikze, – rom maCuqos Tavisi xmali~. – `Sen Tavad sTxove~. arsena mivida CinovnikTan, magram man, aRSfoTebulma, uari uTxra Txovnaze. maSin Tavadma mas ori sityva wasCurCula da Cinovnikmac misca xmali arsenas.

ramdenime xnis Semdeg SemTvrali arsena isev mivida TavadTan da uTxra: `Seni dambaCa momwons, maCuqe~. Tavadma Caxmaxi Seayena, daumizna da uTxra: `modi, waiRe!~ arsena uaxlovdeboda, rom am dros axalgazrda Tavadisqali mivarda mamas da daiyvira: àm wmida dResaswaulis gulisaTvis, nu daRvriT sisxls!~ arsena mivida TavadisqalTan: `Tqven sikvdilisgan mixseniT. neba miboZeT, kabaze da xelze gemTxvioT~, da Seeria xalxs. meore dRes man ukan daabruna xmali, ar undoda, codva dasdeboda aseT dResaswaulze.

roca yazarmaSi mimaval oficrebs Seeyreboda, arafers uSavebda maT, pur-marilze hpatiJebda, isinic siamovnebiT Tanxmdebodnen.

bolos arsena orTabrZolaSi daiRupa. erTxel igi amxanagebTan erTad ijda tfilisis maxloblad gzaze. am dros gamoiara imerelma aznaurma msaxurTan erTad. arsenam miipatiJa igi pur-marilze, magram man uari uTxra im mizeziT, rom gadaudebel saqmeze midioda. roca is wavida, megobrebma arsenas uTxres: `marTla daijere, rac giTxra? SenTan puris Wama ercxvineba~. – àse fiqrobT?~ – àba ra!~ arsena Seaxta cxens da meored dapatiJa aznauri. – `Tu mibrZaneb da memuqrebi, gangeb ar wamoval~. orTavem iSiSvles xmlebi da daiwyo sastiki brZola. aznauris msaxuri mSvidad adevnebda Tvalyurs. aznauri orjer daiWra, arsenas ki jer erTi Wrilobac ar hqonda. bolos, aznaurma uyvira msaxurs: ùnda moakvlevino Seni batoni!~ msaxurma gulcivad daumizna da adgilzeve mokla arsena.

[haksthauzeni:85-88]

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damateba II

arsena oZelaSvilis ambavi

roca arsenas moutacia moaxle, maSin mamaCemi estate 15 wlisa yofila da algeTze xborebi hyolia da SaSinebia, qali ro mohyamdaT wiokobiTa da arsenas uTqom: estateo, Sen nu geSiniao, me Sen arafers gerCio. arsenas ro qali moutacnia, gomareTs wauyvania, iq dautovebia, TiTon wamosula, albaT iq mokeTe eyoleboda, da saridali (`tifi~) Saxvedria. lekianoba ro yofila da xalxi ro gaqceulan, iq dasamali alagebi yofila feiqarTubanSi, – kldeebia, ro xami kacma naxos, ityvis, es ra sakurveli rame yofila. iq Wala iyo da iq ucxovria arsenas. cxeni hyolia da gauSvia WalaSi xurjingadakidebuli. purica hqonia, Rvinoca, xorcica da ise avaT yofila im saridoTi, ro Tavi ara hqonia, roma misuliyo, xurjini CamoeRo da puri eWama. roca morCenila, memre dauZaxnia im cxenisaTvis, lurja, modio. ise gawurTnuli hyolia cxeni, ro dauZaxebda, movidoda maSveTi. ro mosula cxeni, yvelaferi ayrolebuli yofila. mere Camosula ninikas binaSi. saca Rori hyvanda da maSveTi ro misula, gaqceula ninika, ro Rori daklas da, ar dakla Rorio, ninikao, Roris xorci ar minda meo da mand jorjiaSvileb ro amboben, bogvSia. jorjiaSvilebis bina yofila iqve axlo ninikasTan da uTqom, ninikoo, wadio jorjiaSvilebis binaSio da uTxario, cxvari gamamigzavnono. rogor ar gamougzavnidnen, arsenas saxeli ro gaiges. gamougzavnes erTi kai Wedila da is dakles. memre kai puri Wames erTaT da ninikamaca da arsenamaca da mere arsenam uTxra, ro ninikoo, erTi rame unda giTxrao da ar damzardeo. aba uar rogor etyoda da uTxra: ai es Cemi cxenio da Sajeqio da wadio. Rame gaugzavnia marabdaSi, ro aravin naxos. arsenas cxenze Samjdara da uTqom, roma Cem saxSi ar mixvideo. – iq naTlideda hyolia. gamaacxoso da Rvinoc, tiki gagimsoso da ise midio da wamodio, ro aravin ara gnaxoso. ise, ro Tel marabdas xeli hqonda mowerili, ro Tu arsena gamoCn-deboda sadme, Tel marabdas gadaasaxlebdnen. (sof. tbisi).

[salariZe:190-1]

damateba III

oZelaSvili da iakob mRvdeli

kodaSi, Sua sofelSi mozrdili saxli, didi derefani muxis koWebze, SuaSi veeba boZi. Sesavali kedeli Ria, gelazebiT SezRuduli, kibec – sami gelazi. marjvniv – patara oTaxi. imis gverdze marcxniv kedelSi didi karebi garanduli. es iyo didi oTaxis kari sastumrosi. urdulTan kars rom gaaRebdi, ori kibe iyo qvisa, Caxvidodi Sin saxlSi. samzareulo, sakuWnao, kidobani aq iyo gamarTuli. marcxniv Sesavali saToneSi, Sin saxlidan pirdapir marnis kari – sufTa oTaxi, qvevrebmomwkrivebuli, baRis iaraRi, jagnebi. am patara oTaxSi mu-dam mwife xilis suni idga. es iyo arsenas oTaxi. egre veZaxdiT.

iakobma gvian Seimosa mRvdloba. manamdisin moqeife axalgazrdobaSi reuliyo. axovani vaJkaci, TeTr-wiTeli, mZlavri marjvenis meqone. kargi mTqmeli, cota damcinveli. daaxlovebiyo arsenas da bolomdis SerCa megobrad. gaWirebaSi arsena Seefareboda Rvdlis saxls. imisTvis mzad iyo yvelaferi maranSi. marans erTi fanjaraca hqonda SemTxvevaSi gamosayeneblad.

arsena morwmune kaci iyo. yovel didmarxvaSi movidoda SerCeul dRes, dRisiT, moiTxovda aRsarebas da ziarebas Rvdlisagan. aRsarebis dros cxenidan erT fexs Camosdgamda, erTi isev uzangSi edga. etyoda: – umTavresi codva, kacis

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kvla ar Camideniao. Tu mamiklavs, roca SemebrZoleboda, maSin. gasacarcvad ki aravis vindob: mec miWirs da gaWirebuli megobrebic bevri myavs. eziareboda, xelze emTxveoda.

gamigia, roca arsena iakobTan iyo saziareblad Tu mosasveneblad, sofeli misaval gzebze yarauls daayenebda, rom droze ecnobebina mZebnelis misvla. isic uTqvamT, vinme soflidan mosakiTxsac miarTmevdao.

amaTac, Rvdels da arsenas, erTxel Sejaxeba mohxdeniaT: kodidan patarZali mihyvandaT marabdas. meqorwineebs ambavi mihsvliaT: arsena gdarajobT, patarZlis motaceba undao. SeSinebulan, misulan da uTxovniaT iakobisaTvis: wamogvyevi, Seni xaTri aqvs da gamklavebac SegiZliano.

SezarxoSebul Rvdels xalxis Txovna ar gaetexa, CamoeRo xmali da gahyoloda mayrebs.

Rame sironikaanT orRobeSi, bogirTan, marTla dahxvedriyo arsena da Seetia.

yvelani ganabuliyvnen. iakobi wamdgariyo wina da daeZaxa: gza daagdeo! wamosuliyo arsena misken dambaCiT xelSi. gansacdelSi Rvdels daeqnia xmali. daWriliyo arsenas cxeni.

– arsen! – daeZaxa Rvdels.

– iakob, Sen? Cqara cxeni, Cemi daWrilia.

Rvdeli maSinve gadmosuliyo Zirs da mieca Tavisi cxeni. patarZali mainc gadaerCina.

ramdenime dRis Semdeg cxeni isev mihsvlia Rvdels.

arsenas bina kumisis mRvimeebSic hqonda da, Tu nuzla Semoakldeboda, Rvdeli gaatanda imasTan ulufas, viTom diakvans samebaSi gzavnida.

is Zveli saxli kodaze daqceulia. axliT aris Secvlili.

arsenas erTi xmalTagani SeCenoda marans. iq ekida taxtis kedelze. Cem dros ukve Jangmokidebuli iyo. memre xanjlad gadaakeTa solom.

[barnovi 1964:336-7].

damateba IV

Sexvedra makarovTan martyofis gzaze, 15. VIII. 1839 w.

`guSindel dRes, naSuadRevis xuT saaTze me Cemi ojaxiT mivemgzavrebodi sof. noriodan salocavSi martyofis mama antonis uZvelesi drois RvTaebis taZarSi. Cveulebriv, 15 agvistos aq mravali xalxi iyris xolme Tavs. is iyo, mivaRwieT mTis Zirs norixevze, rom uecrad viRac cxenosani SemefeTa. manamde me mas ar vicnobdi, arsad minaxavs. igi momiaxlovda cxendacxen da momTxova puri da Rvino, razec me uari vuTxari. maSin man gamomicxada: `me arsena oZelaSvili var da, Tu Cems moTxovnas ar SeasrulebT, Cvens Soris usiamovneba datrialdebao~. am sityvebis wamosrola da misi cxenidan Camoxtoma erTi iyo. Tvalis daxam-xamebaSi Cerqezuli xmali Camomaglija, magram, rom gaigo, vinca var, or-sam wuTSi isev damibruna. Cems maxloblad mimavals ki [Tavad sumbaTaSvils] ZaliT aarTva spilosZvlistariani Cerqezuli xmali da oqroTi movarayebuli dambaCa. me ramdenjerme vTxove arsenas, daebrunebina misTvis warTmeuli Zvirfasad Semkuli iaraRi, magram igi civ uarze iyo da daemuqra kidec. me meti aRar

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Cavreulvar am saqmeSi. davbrundi Tavzardacemul da SeSinebul Cem ojaxTan da monastrisken ganvagrZeT gza.

am SemTxvevis dros Cems garda iq sxva xalxic iyo da maT Soris sofel noriodan glexi zaqaria ZiZikaSvili, mgram arsenas SiSiT man krintic ver daZra.

es yaCaRi zorba, lurj ulayze ijda; SeiaraRebuli iyo osmaluri dambaCiT, TofiT, xmal-xanjliT da mkerdze gardigardmo patrontaSebiT. CemTan Sexvedramde arsena viRac mgzavrebs misdevda da xmamaRla emusaifeboda, magram me rom daminaxa, imaT Tavi gaaneba da gaCerda. monastrisken mimavalni laparakobdnen, rom arsena oZelaSvili muqaraze mets aravis arafers erCoda, araviTar borotebas aravis mimarT ar Cadioda, aravisTvis uwyeninebiao...~

es aris sinodaluri kantoris Cinovnikis ivane arjevaniZe-makarovis xeliT rusul enaze dawerili axsna-ganmarteba Tavad sumbaTaSvilis moxsenebiTi baraTis gamo martyofis incidentis Sesaxeb. [arjevaniZe]

damateba V

(zaal baraTaSvili arsena oZelaSvilze)

me arsena damaviwyda kidec, masTan sadao ara maqvs ra. Sevityve kargad, rom me igi ara mmtrobs da Cemi waxdena mas ar unda. Tanaxma var, Zalian kargi. saqme mxolod mTavroba aris. me aras verCi, Tu mTavrobac aras etyvis da apativebs. mTavrobas mis Sesaxeb ara aqvs kargi Sexeduleba. mTavroba mas uyurebs, rogorc Tavis mters da xalxis amjanyebels. mec ki vecdebodi, rom mTavrobamac Seiwynaros igi da apativos, magram ubedureba imaSi aris, rom mas bevri mteri hyavs da amitom mas bevr rames swameben, bevrs danaSaulobas, ymebis ajanyebas, aramc Tu marto batonebis winaaRmdeg, aramed mTavrobis winaaRmdegac.

[WiWinaZe: 133-134].

literatura

abaSiZe: abaSiZe b., erovnuli fenomeni da arsenas leqsi, Tb., `merani~, 1991.

ardaSiri: ardaSir papakisZis saqmeTa wigni, falauridan Targmna, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo Teo CxeiZem, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1975.

arjevaniZe: arjevaniZe i. ivane makarovi da arsena oZelaSvili (`literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 1967, #47).

asaTiani: asaTiani g., saTaveebTan, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tb., 1982.

barnovi 1964: barnovi v. samwuxro Rimi: Txzulebani, tomi 10, `literatura da xelovneba~, 1964, gv

barnovi 1976: barnovi g., adamianis Sinasamyaros gamoxatva qarTul xalxur poeziaSi, `qarTuli folklori~ VI, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1976.

barnovi 1989: barnovi g., werilebi, `merani~, Tb., 1989. gvaramaZe: gvaramaZe l., petre umikaSvili – redaqtor-gamomcemeli,

`macne~, enisa da literaturis seria, 1971, # 2.

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gilgameSiani: gilgameSiani, Zveli Suamdinaruli eposi, `ganaTleba~, Tb., 1984.

kakiaSvili: kakiaSvili g., arsena qarTul literaturaSi, Tb., `xelovneba~, 1955.

salariZe: salariZe T. algeTis xeobis qarTluri, `mecniereba~, 1978,.

umikaSvili 1938: umikaSvili p. xalxuri sityviereba, nawili pirveli,

tfilisi, 1937. umikaSvili: umikaSvili p., xalxuri sityviereba IV, Tb., `literatura da

xelovneba~, 1964. fa umik.: SoTa rusTavelis sax. literaturis institutis

folkloruli arqivi, p.. umikaSvilis fondi, WiWinaZe: WiWinaZe z., saqarTvelos batonymobis faqtiuri masalebi, t. 2-3,

1924. xinTibiZe: xinTibiZe ant., folkloruli masalebi arsena oZelaSvilze,

Tb., 1968.

haksthauzeni: Гакстгаузен Август, фон, Закавказский край, ч. 1, Санкт-Петербург, 1857.

poezia

a) sakulto poezia rodesac sakulto poeziaze vlaparakobT, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis zepirsityvieri masala da ara saerTo qarTuli. amave dros, isic unda iTqvas, rom poezia pirobiTi terminia am xasiaTis teqstebisaTvis. maTi amaRlebuli Sinaarsi, sazeimo pirobebi Sesrulebisa, erTgvari ritmi maTi Sesrulebisa, da bolos, myari struqtura TiTqos safuZvels iZleva imisaTvis, rom es teqstebi poetur Semoqmedebad CavTvaloT. sakulto teqstebi Seiqmna aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis saymoebSi (TemebSi, sazogadoebebSi) socialur-religiuri saWiroebisaTvis. rogorc cnobilia, am regionSi mosaxleoba tradiciulad salocavebis garSemo iyo (da ramdenadme, aris dResac) Semokrebili. mTiuleTisa da fSav-xevsureTis aragvis xeobebSi moqceuli mTeli teritoria danawilebulia sazogadoebebad, romlebic romelime RvTisSvilis Tu jvaris saymod iTvleba. RvTisSvili (RvTisnasaxi, RvTisnabadebi) an jvari zogadi saxelia wmidanisa (wm. giorgi, RvTismSobeli, wm. petre mociquli da sxva) Tu angelozisa (miqaeli,

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gabrieli), romelic mfarvelobs ama Tu im, saymod wodebul sazogadoebas. saymo da misi teritoria iTvleba winaistoriul xanaSi (“mas Jamsa Sina”) romelime jvarisa Tu RvTisSvilis mopovebulad da daarsebulad da ganagrZobs cxovrebas misi mfarvelobis qveS istoriul xanaSi. yoveli saymos, rogorc yovelTa miwierTa gangeba RvTis (“morige RmerTis”) xelSia, magram adamianebs, saymos uSualo (Tumca xucesis meSveobiT, romelic saymos warmomadgenelia) urTierToba jvarTan aqvs, morige RmerTis kari Sors aris, jvaris kari ki iqvea, sofelSi. saymo xucesis piriT elaparakeba jvars, xolo jvari qadagis piriT _ saymos, roca RvTis gangebas ucxadebs mas. es ormxrivi mimarTuleba _ saymodan morige RmerTisaken da morige RmerTidan saymosaken qmnis ori saxis sakulto teqstebis arsebobis pirobas. pirvelia saxuco anu xucesis warmosaTqmeli teqstebi, meore _ naqadagarni, qadagis mier warmoTqmuli teqstebi.

I. saxuco teqstebi. am regionis sakulto teqstebs Soris gansakuTrebuli kanonikurobiT gamoirCeva xevsuruli xucobani. es is teqstebia, romelTac warmoTqvams xucesi sxvadasxva SemTxvevebis gamo jvaris karze. maTi adresati yovelTvis aris konkretuli jvari (RvTisSvili) an mTeli "panTeoni", mTeli erToblioba jvarTa morige RmerTis ufrosobiT. es teqstebi, rogorc wesi, Sedgeba garkveuli raodenobis stereotipuli sintagmisagan, romlebic mcireodeni saxecvlilebiT gadadis erTi teqstidan meore teqstSi. es cvlilebebi sruliad umniSvneloa, isini exeba sintaqsur mxares. mosalodneli unda yofiliyo stereotipul sintagmaTa gansazRvruli, kanonikurad dadgenili (tradiciiT ganmtkicebuli) Tanamimdevroba, rac arsebiTad dasturdeba kidec, magram es Tanamimdevroba yvelgan ar xorcieldeba. aseve, cxadia, ar aris aucilebeli erT romelime konkretul teqstSi realizebuli iyos yvela stereotipuli formula, maTi raodenoba SeiZleba minimumamde iqnas dayvanili, rac albaT unda aixsnebodes tradiciis SesustebiT romelime saymoSi, an romelime xucesis xarveziani praqtikiT. arsebuli Canawerebis mixedviT Znelia msjeloba romelime teqstis maqsimalur sisruleze, magram mainc aris iseTi teqstebi, romlebic am sisrulis STabeWdilebas stoveben, imdenad amomwuravad scemen pasuxs maxvewaris yoveldRiur interesebs. ase rom, xucobaTa gamoyenebis diapazoni metad vrcelia, igi yofa-cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela sferos moicavs. yoveli met-naklebad mniSvnelovani saqmianoba Tu xdomileba adamianis cxovrebaSi ritualizebulia da aucileblobiT moiTxovs xucesis Carevas konkretuli garemoebisTvis dawesebuli sityviTa da qmedebiT. xucobis teqstebi gaismis msxverplis Sewirvisas (saklavis dakvlisas) jvarSi Tu jvaris ymis ojaxSi; sufris dalocvisas; sanadirod wasvlis win; Temidan mokveTisas; mtris darisxebisas; jvaris msaxurTa (dasturTa, mesafuvreTa da sxvaTa) ganaTvlisas; wyalSi Tu zvavSi daRupulis sulis Ziebisas (e.w. suliT xucoba, romelsac wamoTqvams sulis xucesi); saxelis dadebisas; sulis wyaros (daRupulis saxelze), mkvdris cxenis, jvarSi Sewiruli nivTebis (Tasis da sxvaTa), axalwulTa (jvarSi gasayvanTa),

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mekvleTa, doRis dalocvisas; jvarSi mitanili qada-purebis gaservisas, ludis kodis gaxsnisas, samanis Cadgmisas, samkalSi pirvelad gasvlisas, stumris gastumrebisas da sxva da sxva SemTxvevisaTvis. cxadia, yovel rituals Tavisi sakuTrivi teqsti Seesatyviseba. mogvyavs xevsuruli xucobis teqsti, romelic warmoTqmuli iqna gudanSi 1994 wels aTengenobas saklavis dakvlisas gudanis jvris xucesis gaga WinWaraulis piriT:

àaa, dideeba RmerTsa, madli RmerTsa, dideba dRes dResindelsa, rjul qristianTa, mzesa-d’ mzis myol angelozTa. dideba-d’ gamarjveba Senda, batono xTiSobelo, naÃarela zRurblis damteo, zar eklesiis damWero, Sen gadidas RmerTma, Sen gagimarjvas, Seni gamCeni morige RmerTi gadidebs, gaZrielebs, ar magiwyens, ar magiZulebs, Sens samsaxuris mamxseneebs nu maiwyen, nu maiZuleb. rasa mÃarze da gulze gexvewebodas, imazed gaugonidi. Sen morige RmerTs gamauTxovidi, did kviraes Saaxvewnidi. xcevdi xfarevdi, Svelidi swyalobdi, avis dRisa, laRis mtrisa, mwaris dRisa, mwaris sikvdilisa, mavnisa, marÃisa, Sen kalTa daufaridi. es moxrili Coqiv, maTxoiliv madliv, maxsenebulsa samsaxursa, Sen samsaxuris mamxsenisa, magaT Tav-yudro jalafobisa orfeÃ-oTxfeÃisa, qudosan mandilosnisa, naSvral-namuSavrisa da bedisa-d’ bolosa yurTamsmeneli, mlxeneli, mxoiSnebelimc iqnebi, agremc gagemarjvebis...~

[sadideblebi:15].

es aris e. w. xucobis teqstis is nawili, romelic sadideblisa Tu damwyalobnebis saxeliT aris cnobili. misi Sinaarsi stereotipebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic umniSvnelo variaciebiT meordeba sxvadasxva saymoebSi warmoTqmul teqstebSi. xevsuri xucesi arasodes aZlevs Tavs uflebas Tundac umniSvnelo cvlileba Seitanos teqstSi. gansxvavebebi mxolod saymoTa adgilobriv tradicias gamoxatavs da ar aris gamowveuli misi warmomTqmelis nebaze da gemovnebaze. Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom erTi da igive xucesi arasodes warmoTqvams savsebiT identur teqsts _ mis arsenalSi arsebobs vrceli da SekumSuli versiebi. magaliTisTvis, gaga WinWaraulis mier imave dRis sxva monakveTSi, xatis sxva adgilas warmoTqmul damwyalobnebaSi dasawyisic gansxvavebulia da sxva stereotipebic iCens Tavs:

“batono xTiSobelo, xTiSoblis laSqarno, gza-Saras

yaraulno, Tqven gadidnasT RmerTma, Tqven gagimarjvasT damadlebulze TeTreulzed, sanTelzed... Tqven sefe-sanTelsa, Wiqa-barZimsa, TeTreulis dammadleebs nu maiwyenT, nu maiZulebT...me rasac maxsenebas davakleb Tqven Wiqa-barzimTa, sefe-sanTelsa, damadlebul TeTreulsa, Tqven Tqven wyalobas nu daaklebT, agremc gagemarjvebisT. ikadreT, aitaneT da xTis karze maiÃmareT, magcasT wyaloba, mezRvne-mesanTleebo, sawaRmarTod magiarasT, davlaT dagaxmarasT, zRvnoba-sanTloba, sefe-sanTlis Ãseneba, TeTreulis

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damadleba sasixarulo gagixadasT, saklood dagixaliznasT, waRm magegebasT, waRm gamagyvasT, mowaRmarTe angelozi gagayolasT gzaSia, mgzavrobaSi da Tqven gwyalobdasT, xTiSoblis karis mlocavT...”

[sadideblebi:15]. damwyalobnebas xucobis teqstSi mosdevs kurTxeva (kurTxeba),

romelic sruliad gansakuTrebuli Sedgenilobisaa. igi warmoadgens qristianuli literaturidan _ saxarebidan, locvebidan da liturgiuli sakiTxavebidan amokrefili damaxinjebuli sintagmebisa da gaugebari warmoSobis frazebisa Tu sityvebis amalgamas, Senadnobs, da TiTqos erTi amosunTqviT, gansakuTrebuli, damwyalobnebisgan gansxvavebuli intonaciiT warmoiTqmis:

“saxeliTa xTisaTa sarxielisaTa, Tavsa dagadges yovliTa da

yovlebiTa, sityviTa damravlebiTa. wmida arsebulo, arsebi amaRlebulo, wmidad iyo sakiTxavi, vinaa sakiTxavi, pavleia sakiTxavi. abrieli oxiTa mravliTa, bevriTa bevreuliTa maSi mavida ufali aTasiTa gundiTa, aTasiTa angelozebiTa, mware axsna suli Cvenni, autivna tiloni an xilo an Satoloebao. satyuilebiTa gvelisiTa, sacdeniTa eSmakisiTa, ara dedakacisiTa, ara mamakacisiTa, ara piriTa bagozelisiTa, RmerTo xTobao, galobao, sarwmunoebao, mzei gamarwyvilebela, egia jojoxeTi urZeo urRveveli, didia zRudeba Cveni. casa mtredi gadmanaxda, sixarulsa moiTxovda, Cvenno Zmano sionisao, mtkiceno, mtkiced iyveniT, saqmisa Cvensa RmatebdiT, gana cudi Sroma iyo, romeni iwva, eZina, Cvenisa oxisa kviraisaTa. adges, wavides, maaÃsenes xTis mowafeTa, angelozTa, ade, ganiRviZe. adga, ganiRviZa dilisnia fria, daZRves egen ufro, sayidelnia caTaCia, Tqo ufalma, yovelma erma sityva uflisa, mamisa, Zisa, Cven jvarisa Cvenisa wmidisa. maSin Seswaldes ufalsa obolni...”

[sadideblebi:41].

es teqstebi warmoiTqmis xatSi saklavis dakvlis win. saxuco teqstebidan Cans, rom Suamavlis funqcias asrulebs jvari _ damakavSirebeli saymosi morige RmerTTan, romlis kars adamiani ver wvdeba, jvari ki ufro misawvdomia. Tu morige RmerTs manifestaciis araviTari forma ara aqvs (igi usaxoa); Tavad uxilavi arseba jvari adamians sxvadasxva niSnebis (mtredi, jvaris niSani, Rrublis fTila, cecxlis `burjRumi” da sxva) meSveobiT ucxadebs Tavs. da Tu saymosa da morige RmerTs Soris Suamavali jvaria, Tavad jvarsa da saymos Soris Suamavlis rolSi xucesi gamodis, romelic akavSirebs saymos jvarTan, xucess jvarTan miaqvs saymos msxverpli da Txovna, raTa man es msxverpli da Txovna aitanos morige RmerTamde _ msxverpli, cxadia, sublimuri saxiT; ufro sworad, msxverpli aris samsaxuri, romelic unda gamoiyenos xucesma jvaris mosamadliereblad jvaris karze, xolo jvarma, Tavis mxridan, morige RmerTis mosamadliereblad RvTis karze.

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xucesis, rogorc Suamavlis roli, kargad Cans stereotipuli formulis erT-erT saxesxvaobaSi:

`geZax-gexvewebian es mama-Svili, me Send Samamixvewebian, Sen Sens gamCensa,

morigesa damriges Saaxvewnio~ (axieli). ase safexurebriv, ierarqiulad adis xvewna saymodan xucesisa da

jvaris gavliT morige RmerTis karamde. magram es konkretuli jvari, romlis mimarTac aris Txovna

naTqvami, SuamavliTa ara mxolod ymasa da morige RmerTs Soris, aramed ymasa da sxva jvars Soris, es amgvarad aris gamoTqmuli:

`sxva xTisnabadeb Tu ras uwyrebodas, umruddebodas, madli dauTxovidi, sxvasTan uSuidi~ (arxoti, miqael mTavarangelozis jvari).

`sxvagan xTisnabadebn Tu razed uwyrebodan, madli-d xoiSan dauTxoidiT~ (barisaxo, kvirias xati).

`did kviraes sxvan xTisnasaxn Tu ras uCiodan, ukuRm dgebodan madli, xoiSan, dauTxoidi~ (lebaiskari, kistani).

kidev ras sTxovs saymo jvars? yvela saTxovars Tavisi stereotipuli formula aqvs. am saTxovarebSi ixateba ymis mTeli cxovreba _ misi saojaxo, sameurneo yofa, misi zneobrivi saxe, misi gare da Sida. kacis Semateba ojaxSi, saqonlis simravle, janmrTeloba, mteri, sikvdili, Svela xifaTSi, davlaTis SeSveleba, mSvidobiT dabruneba, mosavali (`sTvel Ralian-baraqian amauyenidiT~), Segnebuli da uneburi Secodeba, Sromis kurTxeva (`xarisa-d’ mxris naoflars jvar dauwerdiT~), ZRvenis kurTxeva (`qristem dagiwerasT jvar Tqven zRvenTa-d’ samsaxur~), codvebis moteveba sinanulisas (`sinanuls Tu geZaxdan, ulxindiTa~) im SegnebiT, rom `yma SauwyenT, baton Saundobar ar iqnebis".

sxadasxva SemTxvevebi: garda uSualod saklavis dakvlis win, misi legitimaciis

(msxverplis kanonierebis) mizniT warmosaTqmeli teqstebisa anu damwyalobnebaTa, xucesTa sityvier maragSi unda gamovyoT sakuTriv sadideblebi, romlebic jvarisa Tu kerZo sufris dasalocad warmoiTqmis. aq xsendebian sxvadasxva saymoTa RvTisSvilebi _ TiToeul maTganze TiTo sanTeli da TiTo sasmisia (Wiqa-barZimi) gapirovnebuli. ai, es sadidebelic (Cawerili barisaxoSi, kviria xatSi, XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi):

`wina sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas, gagimarjos, maRalo RmerTo! aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas, gagimarjos, kviraev, xTis karze karaviano! aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas. gagimarjos RubisTav svetis angelozo! aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas, gagimarjos, xTisSobelo! aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas, gagimarjos saxmTo-saxates mdgomo angelozo! aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas, gagimarjos pirquSo, cecxlisaliano! aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas, gagimarjos gmiro kopalav, laRo laxtiano! aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas, gagimarjos Tavado mTavarangelozo! aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas, gagimarjos xTiSobelo, adgilis dedao! aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas, gagimarjos

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kviraev Telis angelozo! aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas, gagimarjos sanebao axoswverisao! aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas, gagimarjos giorgiv wyarosTavisao! aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas, gagimarjos laSqarno xTisSoblisano! aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas, gagimarjos giorgiv naRvrispirisao!~

[sadideblebi:17-18].

II . naqadagarni. xucobis teqstebSi adresati jvaria, raki es teqstebi vedrebas gamoxataven. magram aris sakulto teqstebi, sadac saymoa adresati. amitomac, Tu damwyalobnebaSi an sadidebelSi sityva miemarTeba qvemodan zeviT, naqadagarSi zemodan qveviT miemarTeba. Tu pirvel SemTxvevaSi xucesi jvaris mimarT agzavnis sityvas, aq qadagi laparakobs jvaris piriT saymos gasagonad, mas jvaris sityva moaqvs adamianebamde. aq mimarTuleba zemodan qvemoT aris: morige RmerTis neba jvars Camoaqvs dedamiwaze da qadagi is piria, romelsac jvari ucxadebs am neba-gadawyvetilebas da romlis bageebiT cxaddeba es neba. damwyalobnebaSi xucesi "agzavnis" jvars morige RmerTis karze madlisa da wyalobis gamosaTxovnad, naqadagarSi ki morige RmerTis karze namyofi jvari brundeba ukan da qadagis piriT mTels saymos ucxadebs morigis nebas da momavalsac uwinaswarmetyvelebs. naqadagaris enac Sesabamisad simboluria da "iracionaluri", rac e. w. "jvarTenis" leqsikaSi cxaddeba. "jvarTenis" uxvi gamoyeneba imiTac aris ganpirobebuli, rom naqadagarSi metyvelebs ara adamiani, aramed jvari. mogvyavs naqadagaris nimuSi:

`hai, hai, me or mTavarangelozi, me maqvs Zali-d’ SaZlebai. CemT ymaT aRaraad gavaCnior. mÃar mÃars gamisworesa-d’ kiser _ kisers. maTreven simurSia-d’ rioSianSi. aRaraad vis gavaCnior, magram me aisiv mTavarangelozi or, me aisiv Zali-d’ SaZlebai maqv. Cem ymaT urCev, ro WkviT iyvnan. me nu gadamagdeben, Tore vanan. Cems wess me ar daviyri, raic xTisgan maqv malocvili. Cem dastur-msaxurn daZveldes, gaTamamdes. aRarcraad me mivaCnior , me miTqvamis Cemis meenis piriTa-d’ gamocxadebavis. amirCevian Cemda samsaxurebelad orni dasturni ori wliT...~

[sadideblebi:179]. am naqadagarSi arxotis jvari, miqiel mTavarangelozi, sayvedurobs

Tavis saymos rwmenis daklebas, amxels siwmideTa profanaciaSi (`maTreven simurSi da rioSianSi~) da afrTxilebs mas, nu daagdeben mis samsaxurs. naqadagari, rogorc mis boloSi Cans, jvaris msaxurTa _ dasturTa dasayeneblad aris warmoTqmuli (zogierT jvarSi dasturebs qadagis piriT irCeven, zogierTSi _ qadagis gareSe, ubralo kenWisyriT).

gansakuTrebiT mdidaria informaciiT da gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebiT RulSi (xevsureTi) iaxsris jvarSi warmoTqmuli naqadagari:

`sadaR maqv Zali-d’ SaZlebai, sadaR maqv! Camameyar suyvelaferi _ qer-oqronic, Wiqa-didebanic, zRven-ulufanic, Ãar-

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kuretni. maSin mqond Zali-d’ SaZleba, rosac dev-dedaberT vlagmevdi, vlaxtevdi, cxra adl miwa-myars vaxeviebdi. magram eexlad ymaT saSvelada saxoiSnod iqav xTis karze davdior, imiT ro mimiZvirdes ymani. qer-oqron ver gadmaviRen srulad. mzeqal Sagvijd maRalzed, magvayoln cis xorxoSni, gaminadgurn Cem xodaburni, Cem ymiT qer-oqronic. merige RmerTm damiZr bageni da jixvis Tav-rqani gadmamayoln sam pirad. umTxildiT Tavs, ageb gadavicil. xTis karze daol. maqv ki imed, ro gadavicil Cemma gamarjvebamamc da meriges RmerTisamc Savesrev Ãar-maniST, ageb gadavicilav, davimÃrob kviraes. davxqrTamav bnel-siskris TeviT, zRven-samsaxurT SasroliT. giorgis Savexvewebi, giorgis mode yelRilianT, daÃmareba gamiwieTav, eniT xarTav laqardianniv. giorgim ÃaÃmatis jvarm Saxkazm Tavis nislisferi, cis gidel-gidel daawyvita, gaSal wyalobis maskvlavni. nuRae geSinisT, imedianad iyveniT~.

[sadideblebi:180].

iaxsari, Rulis jvari, ixsenebs devebTan brZolis xanas (“rosac dev-dedaberT vlagmevdi, vlaxtevdi”) Zveleburi Zalisa da avtoritetis moSlas uCivis. Civis, rom misTvis msxverpli (“qer-oqroni, Wiqa-didebani, zRven-ulufani, Ãar-kuretni”) aRar iwireba magram mainc ixtibars ar itexs da ganagrZobs Suamavlobas Tavis saymosa da morige RmerTs Soris, Cveulebisamebr, dadis mis karze madlis gamosaTxovnad. naqadagarSi metaforuli enaa gamoyenebuli, rac adgilobriv, xevsurul dialeqtze, “jvarTenis” saxeliT aris cnobili. ganvmartoT `jvarTenis” sityvebi: qer-oqroni _ macvleluli, ZiriTadad qeri; gamoTqma mzeqal Sagvijd maRalzed niSnavs gvalvianobas (mzeqal _ mze); xodaburni – jvaris yanebi; Ãar-maniSni _ jvarSi dasaklavi pirutyvi; bnel-siskris Teva _ Ramis Teva; zRven-samsaxurT _ Sesawiravi: zRveni _ qada-purebi, samsaxuri _ saklavi; yelRiliani _ xaxmatis jvaris modes, samZimaris (ix. qvemoT) epiTeti: cis gidel-gidel _ ciskiduri. zogi naqadagari e. w. mTibluri sazomiT aris gawyobili:

`gexvewebio miqielio, apativeo, autieo,

uti asa da umecario, Sen gexveweba Ãorcielio,

Sen apative umecarsao, me gamoviTxov buRaursao,

Tu gamigoneb miqielsao, nu CauÃureb sagebelTao,

ros dagWirdebis miqielio, rosac SavÃdebiT xTis karzedao,

iq me maqv Zali-d’ SaZlebaio, iq me maqv xTiSvilT metobaio”. [sadideblebi:181].

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es naqadari warmoadgens Tavis saymosadmi jvaris meoxebis saukeTeso nimuSs. miqiel mTavarangelozi _ arxotis jvari am naqadagarSi emudareba romeliRac RvTisSvils, Camoexsnas mis ymas, apatios Secodeba, rogorc ùtsa da umecars”, mzad aris RvTis karze RvTisSvilTa Sekrebisas, Tu gasWirda, meoxeba (Suamdgomloba) gauwios mas morige RmerTis winaSe, radgan Tavs yvela RvTisSvilze upiratesad Tvlis.

`jvarTenis” sityvebis ganmarteba: buRauri _ jvarSi dasaklavad misayvani pirutyvi; nu CauÃureb sagebelTao _ nu gaxdi avad, sawolSi xangrZliv mwoliared.

II-a. samZimaris naqadagarni. samZimaris naqadagrebi, ramdenadac

maTi àvtori” anu pirveli piri miTosuri personaJia, SegveZlo andrezebis nakveTSi gangvexila, magram isini ufro saweso sityvierebas ganekuTvnebian, amave dros es teqstebi originaluri da Taviseburi poeturi Semoqmedebis brwyinvale nimuSebia. samZimari xaxmatis wmida giorgis mier qajaveTidan aris wamoyvanili. gadmocemebSi ar aris erTsulovneba mis statusze qajaveTSi: erTni Tu mas motacebulad Tvlian, meoris Tanaxmad igi ganTavisuflebulia qajaveTis tyveobidan. kidev sxva andreziT, samZimaris Tavgadasavali imeorebs wmida giorgis mier gveleSapis xaxidan daxsnili mefis asulis ambavs. asea Tu ise, xaxmatis giorgi qristianulad naTlavs samZimars da wils udebs Tavis jvarSi, salocavSi. mas Semdeg xaxmatis jvari ar gulisxmobs mxolod wm. giorgis, aramed samZimars masTan erTad. amrigad, xaxmatis jvari orsaxiania: igi Tavis saymos ecxadeba rogorc mxedris saxiT, ise ulamazesi, samkaulebiT morTuli qalis saxiT, _ es aris “yelRiliani” an xeli samZimari. yelRiliani niSnavs farRuliT morTul-mokazmuls, xeli ki gamoxatavs mis araordiunalur, TiTqos SeSlilis qcevas, rac Seadgens swored misi naqadagrebis Sinaarss. naqadagrebSi igi gvevlineba erT-erTi funqciiT, rac xaxmatis jvaris ymis gamocdaSi mdgomareobs. samZimari nacnobi qalis saxiT ecxadeba moymes, daniSnuliviT cxovrobs mis saxlSi, trialebs karmidamoSi, akeTebs qalis yovelgvar saqmes, “Wima-laxtara”, anu sakvebi mxaleuli moaqvs mTidan, asufTavebs saxl-kars (abuleTaurT cixeSi), acxobs da, bolos, loginSic ki uwveba moymes (abuleTaurT xoligas, saRiras, imedas an megrelaurT gaxuas), magram rogorc ki moyme mis mimarT vaJurad mopyrobas moindomebs, samZimari dauyonebliv stovebs vaJis saxls, samagierod ki raRac sasikeTo niSans utovebs ojaxs. samZimari gamoscdis yvelas, vis gamocdasac moisurvebs, magram veravin uZlebs am gamocdas. gavecnoT erT-erT naqadagars:

`maSin Zliv mqonda SaZlebaio, viarebodi qaliviTao, naoWiani Cavicvidio, qoqomon gavabrialnidio. juaT elene vegonidio, gogoTurais mayvareio. abuleTaurT cixeSiao

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medges loginni CardaxSiao. abuleTaurT xoligamao qali sacoled mamindomao. im Cemsa gamonafrindomsao iqav aCnian nakoWvarnio. pur-satann mamCnes ReleSiao, xelis saponi wyaroSiao, mamyvebod SanacodrobiTao~. [sadideblebi:183].

sxva fragmentebSic Zunwad, magram STambeWdavad, macduneblad aris

warmodgenili es maqcia, romelic qalis saxiT ecxadeba vaJs, magram sruliadac ar aris qali; araTu qali ar aris, adamianuri arsebac ki ar aris. `naoWiani Cavicvidio, qoqomon gavabrialnidio”, ambobs aq Tavis Tavze samZimari, sxvagan ki: `yurze sayures videbdidio”, “qalis fafanag Cavicvidio, davigruSnidi Tav-mandilnio” _ aq naTqvamia yvelaferi, rasac ki SeeZlo TavdaWerili xevsuri moyme, xaxmatis jvaris, yma aeRelvebina. `qoqomon gavabrialnidio” _ mxolod es iqneboda sakmarisi, rom yma, rogorc vaJi, Tavdaviwyebas miscemoda. magram vaJi iTmens, vidre samZimari ukidures erotikaSi ar gaaxvevs vaJs: `Cavexvividi, Cauwvidio, ZuZu-mkerds gamavixvividio”. am kulminaciaSi “qali” stovebs vaJs da mis saxl-kars. yvelaferi ocnebaSi momxdara: mis mezobel juaT elenes, mis uimedo Seyvarebuls, misi ocnebis qalwuls, fiqradac ar gauvlia gulSi, sacoled stumreboda mas sakuTar saxlSi. literatura sadideblebi: jvar-xatTa sadideblebi, `nekeri~, Tb., 1998.

b) magiuri poezia

(Selocva)

terminisTvis. Selocva, rogorc sityvis aRnagoba _ Se-locva _

cxadyofs, locvisgan warmodgeba. ra niuanss hmatebs amosaval sityvas _ locvas windebuli Se-? Tu locva miemarTeba ierarqiulad maRla mdgom arsebas (RmerTi, angelozi, wmidani), rogorc saTxovari, romelic Seicavs vedrebasac am saTxovaris aRsasruleblad, Selocvis saSualebiT adamiani cdilobs zemoqmedeba moaxdinos arsebaTa nebaze, iZulebiT daiyolios Tavis sasikeTod. aq raime Txovna da vedreba gamoricxulia. erTi, rac saerToa locvasa da Selocvas Soris, es aris rwmena fizikuri sinamdvilis miRmuri realobis arsebobisa: locvis SemTxvevaSi, rogorc iTqva, rwmena RvTisa da misi angelosebisadmi, rogorc iseTi realobisa, romelic adamianze maRla dgas, xolo Selocvis SemTxvevaSi rwmena demoniuri arsebebisadmi, romlebic ar arian warmodgenili adamianze ierarqiulad maRla mdgomad, isini adamianis mimarT

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paralelur samyaroSi arseboben, arc mis maRla, arc dabla, SeiZleba iTqvas, Tanabrad. amis gamoa, rom Selocvis toni safuZvlianad gansxvavdeba locvis tonisgan, romelic arsebiTad ar Secvlila moyolebuli im droidan, rac locvebis pirveli Canawerebi gaCnda. locvis kilo Txovna-vedrebiTia, cremlnarevia, aRvsili sakuTari codvilianobis SegnebiT. mlocveli gamsWvalulia sasoebiT, mowiwebiTa da SiSiT uzenaesisadmi; is aRiarebs uzenaesis nebas da emorCileba mas, aRiarebs mis absolutur siwmidesa da Zlierebas, grZnobs da xedavs kidec ufskruls Tavis SezRudul arsebasa da RvTis usasrulobas Soris, ivedreba, odnavad mainc Seivsos es ufskruli. locva xidia am sinamdvilesa da zesinamdviles Soris. aseTi iyo mlocveli yovelTvis mas Semdeg, rac adamianma aRiara Tavisze maRla mdgomi RvTiuri samyaros arseboba. aseTia arsebiTad locva poliTeistur epoqebSic, rasac cxadad mowmobs Cvenamde lursmul damwerlobaSi Semonaxuli aSurul-babilonuri locvebi. locvebis gverdiT am epoqaSi Selocvebic arsebobda, romlis mTelma korpusma moaRwia Cvenamde. amitom Sexeduleba, TiTqos locva Selocvis evoluciis Sedegia (an piruku) sinamdviles ar Seesabameba. sxvaa mlocvelis da sxvaa Semlocvelis fsiqologia. isini gansxvavebuli fsiqologiuri da egzistencialuri tipebi arian, ramdenadac Tavad maTi “adresatebia” erTmaneTisgan arsebiTad gansxvavebulni. Semlocveli ar grZnobs araviTar ierarqiul damokidebulebas imaTze, vis mimarTac Selocvis teqstia gamiznuli. is maT imave horizontalur sibrtyeze an mis qvemoTac gaiazrebs, sadac Tavad aris. mlocvelis vedreba da misi locva qvemodan maRlisken miimarTeba, Semlocveli brZanebiT moiTxovs, igi an gasZaxis an CasZaxis; mlocveli gamsWvalulia braleulobisa da sinanulisa grZnobiT, SemlocvelisTvis ar arsebobs aseTi gancda, is SelocviT emuqreba im arsebebs, romlebic abrkoleben mas da xels uSlian mis keTildReobasa da sameurneo warmatebas. sabolood, Tu CavukvirdebiT, Selocvis teqsti savsea muqariT da demoniur arsebaTa daSinebas emsaxureba. dabolos, Tu locva, Tundac warmarTul xanaSi, saxeldebiT mimarTavs RmerTebs da maTTan adamians individualur-pirovnuli damokidebuleba aqvs (RmerTi cnobs adamians), Selocvis obieqtebi usaxelo arsebebia da damokidebuleba aq upirovnoa: avsuli cnobs ara adamians, aramed magiur teqsts, romelic mis winaaRmdeg badesaviT aris gadasrolili an isariviT natyorcni. erTi mkvlevaris gamoTqmiT, Selocva mtris winaaRmdeg dagebuli xafangiviTaa. kidev erTi ganmasxvavebeli niSani locvasa da Selocvas Soris. Tu locvis mxolod teqstia sakmarisi raTa man mizans miaRwios, miswvdes uzenaesis yurs, Selocva, rogorc wesi, moiTxovs rituals, romlis gareSe mas Zala ar eqneba. marTalia, rogorc ovidiusi ambobs, rom ”sityvebs wona aqvT”, magram sityvis usxeulo wonas esaWiroeba dawonva ritualis saxiT. Selocvas qmediTi Zala ritualis TanxlebiT aqvs. amitomac teqsti masTan erT mTlianobad aRiqmeba. amdenad, Selocva sinkretuli Janria da am mxriv igi klasikuri gagebis miToss enaTesaveba, romelic aseve teqstisa da qmedebis erTianobaa. arc calke teqsti, arc

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calke qmedeba _ aseTia Selocvis principi. isini erTmaneTs avseben da aZliereben. warmoSoba. marTalia, Selocva dResdReobiT xalxSia gavrcelebuli da xalxuri kulturis fonds ekuTvnis, misi xalxuri warmomavloba eWvis qveS aris dayenebuli. mansika (Mansikka), romelmac rusuli Selocvebi gamoikvlia, uaryofs Selocvebis xalxur warmoSobas. is fiqrobs, rom Selocva, rogorc aseTi, warmoadgens ara xalxis masebis Semoqmedebas, aramed sasuliero wreebis mwignobruli moRvaweobis erTgvar produqts. misi azriT, ruseTSi Selocvebi warmoiSva literaturis gavrcelebis Sedegad, qristianuli simboloebis daSlis (SeiZleba iTqvas, gadagvarebis) Tu reinterpretaciis Sedegad [veselovski:88]. am TvalsazrisSi aris WeSmaritebis marcvali, magram ar unda gamovricxoT xalxis wvlili Selocvis dRevandeli saxis (tipis) CamoyalibebaSi. marTalia, simboloebi elitaruli wris kuTvnilebaa, magram maTi daSla, maTSi raRac axlis danaxva, axleburi gageba, xalxuri specifikuri miznebis samsaxurSi Cayeneba sxvagan sad unda momxdariyo, Tu ara isev da isev xalxis wiaRSi. analogiisTvis gvaxsendeba xalxuri “tarieliani”, romlis warmomavloba “vefxistyaosnidan” ueWvelia, magram isic eWvgareSea, rom igi am ukanasknelis “xalxur qvabSi” gadaxarSvis Sedegia. “xarSva” ki Zlieri, Tu SemoqmedebiTi ara, bunebriv-aracnobieri procesia. amrigad, Tu Selocvebis masala zemodan modis, maTi Selocvad gardaqmna dabal wreebSi xdeba. ufro konkretulad Selocvis, rogorc Janris, warmoSobis problemas a. veselovski pasuxobs. misi azriT, Selocva SuasaukuneebSi axlad aRorZinebuli miTologiuri Semoqmedebis bumis Sedegia. SuasaukuneebSi dadga meore didi xana miTologiuri Semoqmedebisa da, ai, swored am dros Camoyalibda SelocvaTa teqstebi, romlebic tipologiurad msgavsia warmarTuli Selocvebisa. ase rom, a. veselovskis azriT, dRemde SemorCenili Selocvebi ara warmarTuli, aramed qristianuli epoqis produqtebia.. qristianul epoqaSi warmoqmnil SelocvebSi warmarTuli elementebis Ziebas igi gaumarTleblad miiCnevs. axlandeli Selocvebis msgavseba “Zvel warmarTul SelocvebTan gamowveulia ara axal formaSi maTi gardasaxviT, aramed qristianul niadagze miTosuri procesis damoukidebeli aRorZinebiT”, wers igi [petrovi:90]. transformirebuli qristianuli realiebisa Tu simboloebis gamoricxvis Semdeg Selocvis teqstSi arsebiTad aRaraferi rCeba. qarTuli Selocvebis magaliTze, Tundac maTi zedapiruli gacnobisas, SegviZlia amis danaxva. qristianuli realiebi Selocvebis ZiriTadi plastia. sabolood, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom Selocvebi Sedegia qristianuli realiebis imgvarive gaxalxurebisa (paganizaciisa), rogorsac qristianuli wmidanebis xalxur versiebSi vadasturebT. klasifikacia. Selocvebi SeiZleba or jgufad davyoT maTi gamoyenebis sferos mixedviT. TiToeuli jgufi mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeba. es ori sferoa: I. adamianuri sfero anu aq erTiandeba Selocvebi, romlebic adamianis janmrTelobas emsaxureba; arsebobs nebismieri sneulebis sawinaaRmdego Selocva: Tvalis, uJmuris,

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SeSinebulis, gulis tkivilis, bednieris (muwukis evfemisturi saxelwodeba xalxur medicinaSi), orsulis dasacavi da sxva. masve SeiZleba mivaTvaloT siyvarulis gamomwvevi, avi Tvalis mosageriebeli da sxva. II. sameurneo sfero, raSic gaerTianebulia ZiriTadad velze myofi saqonlis mxecisgan dasacavi teqstebi. erTi swavlulis TqmiT (e. kagarovi), am tipis Selocva imave funqcias asrulebs, rasac nadiris winaaRmdeg dagebuli xafangi. marTlac, mglis piris Sesakravi Selocva sxva araferia, Tu ara sityvieri xafangi, romelic ritualTan erTad Sin aris “dagebuli”, magram gareT moqmedebs. struqtura da realiebi. oriode sityva SelocvaTa bundovanebaze: bundovaneba Selocvis konstitutiuri elementia. warmoSobisTanave is aseTi iyo. ar aris marTebuli, TiTqos Selocvebis Tavis droze gasagebi teqsti droTa viTarebaSi gabundovanda. riT SeiZleba aixsnas SelocvaTa bunebiTi bundovaneba? mas SeiZleba moeZebnos axsna magiaSi. ramdenadac magiis obieqti iracionaluri, araadamianuri Zalebia (romlebic adamians ver cnoben da adamianic ver cnobs maT), maTTan sasaubro enac iracionaluri, gaugebari unda iyos. rac ufro bundovania da adamianis TvalsazrisiT gaugebari sityva Tu teqsti, imdenad qmediTia igi. yvelaze Zlieri Selocvebi abrakadabruli Sinaarsis teqstebia. maTi aRmniSvneli sagangebo terminebic ki arsebobs: berZnulad barbara onomata “barbarosuli (gaugebari) saxelebi”. aqvs Tu ara raime gamokveTili struqtura Selocvas? mas unda hqondes: I. Sesavali nawili, dasawyisi formula; II, Selocvis obieqtis dasaxeleba, III. daskvna (ganaCeni). I. dasawyisi formulebi. isini arcTu mravalferovania. yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia stereotipuli formula “saxeliTa mamisaTa da ZisaTa da sulisa wmidisaTa”, romelsac qristianul samyaroSi yoveli saqmis dawyebisas warmoTqvamen. sakuTriv Selocvis teqstis win misi warmoTqmiT Semlocveli teqsts legitimurobasTan erTad Zalas aniWebs. es formula aq imis niSanic aris, rom Semlocveli qristianad Tvlis Tavs, Tumca Selocvas qristianobasTan araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs, arc Sinaarsobrivad da arc sarwmunoebrivad. es formula, rogorc wesi, Semlocvelis warmoTqmaSi deformirebulia, TiTqos “gamartivebulia”. mas aseTi saxe aqvs miRebuli: `saxelo saxeliTa mamiTa ZiTa suliTa wmindiTa”. zigjer mas erTvis: amin! misi variaciebia: `saxeliTa RvTiTa mamiTa ZiTa suliTa wmindiTa”, “saxelo saxeliTa ZiTa xvTiTa da uZravi dedamiwiTa”, `saxelo saxelisao saxelo samjer RvTisao”...

garkveuli Janris (nadiris piris Sesakravi) Selocvebs win uZRvis fsevdoqristianuli dasawyisi, magaliTad: èkenia bekenia bekens xati svenebia”, romelsac variaciebi aqvs: èkenia bekenia beksa (var. bersa) xati svenebia”, èkenia bekenia bersa xati Cvenebia”, èkenia mekenia mefes xati svenebia”, ès alagi bukasia bukas xati asvenia” da sxva.

xSiria abradakabras tipis, gaugebar sityvaTa sintagmebisgan Sedgenili dasawyisebi: àlisasa malisasa”, àtiti matiti”, `movida matauri da matauri da katauri”, àdilasa madilasa”, èrosani merosani usaxlkaro xarosani”, èli elavda (var. elobda) meli melavda (melobda)”, èli elenTa melo melenTa”, àle male salandole”, “aba

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abaia Taba Tabaia ieso da lasaria”, àsamaria dasamaria zeviT da Cemi qveviT maria”. xSirad Selocvis teqsti mTlianad abradakabraa, rac aZlierebs mis qmediTobas, radgan qmediTia ara Sinaarsi sityvisa, misi racionaluri marcvali, aramed misi fonetikuri saxe. saukeTeso Selocva uazroa. Tumca uazrobaSi SeiZleba azris danaxvac, Tu Selocvis teqsts qmedebasTan erTad gaviazrebT:

`msxals vWam, msxals vsvam, msxali mifenia, msxali mafaria, msxali var! qliavsa vWam, qliavsa vsvam, qliavi mifenia, qliavi mafaria, qliavi var! WinWarsa vWam, WinWarsa vsvam, WinWari mifenia, WinWari mafaria, WinWari var!”

[SioSvili:185].

calke aRebuli es teqsti namdvili abradakabraa, magram misi sazrisis gasaRebi samkurnalo qmedebaSia. danayili cxra msxlis, cxra qliavis da cxra WinWris foTlis masas am Selocvis Semdeg usvamen morielis nakbenze. Selocvas bundovani Sinaarsi aqvs, Znelia misi siuJetis gamokveTa, iracionaluris racionalur enaze “gadmoTargmna”, magram SesaZlebelia personaJTa identifikacia mainc. vin arian isini? SelocvebSi SevxvdebiT qriste RmerTs, deda mariams (uCveulo mezoblobaSi; “gvelis deda mariami”), mociqulebs, sxva wmidanebs... magram ismis kiTxva, ramdenad arian saxecvlili qristianuli wyaroebis personaJebi, ramdenad daSordnen isini Tavis pirvelwyaros, SerCaT Tu ara maT Tavdapirveli niSnebi? ganvixiloT RvTismSoblis, rogorc SelocvebSi iwodeba, deda mariamis, saxe. igi yvela Janris Selocvebis mniSvnelovani figuraa. igi, rogorc wesi, mtiralia da es ar aris misTvis SemTxveviTi. magram igi tiris ara Tavis jvarcmul Zes, aramed moTqvams im borotebis gamo, romelic mas avsulma uyo. misi antagonisti xSirad uria qeTelad (var. qeTela, qeTeri, qeTeni, qeTereSali da sxva) aris wodebuli. aSkaraa misi warmomavloba. es is uria xeTelia, romlis coli daviT israelis mefem Seacdina, Tavad ki muxanaTurad moakvlevina (2 mef. 11). isic aSkara unda iyos, rom SelocvaSi warmodgenili boroteba, ris uvnebelsayofadac mowodebulia teqsti, daviTis STamomavlis, mariamis, mimarT uria xeTelis SurisZiebis Sedegia.

“saxeliTa RvTiTa, mamiTa, ZiTa da suliTa wmindiTa. locva Tvalymisa. vijeqi taZarsa, vqsovdi qselsa oqros kedisasa. Camoiara uria qeTelma, SemTvala, Semyvala, Semagizinzila, gawyda qseli oqros kedisa, damcvinda mxari almasisa, damayrevina Tma giSrisa. Camoiara qristema, mkiTxa: _ deda mariam, ras tiri? _ rava ras vtiri, vijeqi taZarsa,

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vqsovdi qselsa oqros kedisasa. Camoiara uria qeTelma, SemTvala, Semyvala, Semagizinzila. gamiwyda qseli oqros kedisa, damcvinda mxari almasisa, damayrevina Tma giSrisa. miTxra qristema: _ nu stiri, deda maria, nu yri cremlsa margalitisasa! adeqi, aaduRe wyali, Cakari muguzali, avi TvaliT Semxedvares TvalSi nacari, gulSi Radari! wminda giorgis laxvari da bozali moxvda yiasa, amouvida Rliavsa!” [SioSvili:53].

gavaanalizoT es teqsti analogiuri teqstebis (sadac aseve deda

mariamia mTavari personaJi) moSveliebiT. deda mariami avi Tvalis msxverplia, ufro sworad, gaTvalulia uria qeTelis avi mzeriT misi Sromis nayofi _ qseli. sxva SelocvebSi dasaxelebuli wiTel-yviTeli an mwvane abreSumis samoseli, rac cxadia, arsebiT gansxvavebas ar qmnis. deda mariami warmodgenilia, rogorc arqetipi, romelic pirvelad xdeba gaTvalvis msxverpli da pirveladve ganaqarvebs mas ritualuri qmedebiT, romelic Selocvis teqstSivea gamJRavnebuli (muguzlis Cayra mduRare wyalSi), rac arcTu xSiri SemTxvevaa. yvela gaTvaluli asrulebs deda mariamis qmedebas. SeiZleba isic vifiqroT, rom misi antagonisti uria qeTeli, rogorc aseve arqetipi, yoveli konkretuli gaTvalvis gamomwvevia.

sagulisxmoa adgili, sadac Sromobs deda mariami. es aris taZari, sadac apokrifis (iakobis protosaxareba) Tanaxmad, rva wlis mariami Seyvanili iqna da cxovrobda iq. wmida legendis Tanaxmadve, aq aris moqsovili kvarTi, romelic qristes emosa. ra Tqma unda, Selocvis teqstSi yofiT logikas ar unda veZebdeT. mTavari aq is aris, rom gaTvalvisgan daxsnis xerxi qristesgan modis, rac unda aZlierebdes Selocvis qmediTobis avtoritets.

mrCevelis rolSi zogan miqel-gabrieli gamodis, rac kidev ufro aaxloebs teqsts pirvelwyarosTan (gabrielia is mTavarangelozi, romelmac axara mariams RvTis Zis mucladReba).

rogorc vxedavT, am tipis Selocva, sadac mariamia mTavari personaJi, Tavidan bolomde _ preambulidan (“saxeliTa RvTiTa...”) dawyebuli SedegiT (`wminda giorgis laxvari da bozali”) damTavrebuli, mTlianad qristianuli elementebiTa da realiebiT aris SeZerwili.

zogan deda mariami oqros skamze zis, an samoTxis karze, an gzajvaredinze da tiris, misi cremlebi margalitebia (`rasa yri cremlsa margalitisasa”), misi saqmianoba qsovaa _ qalis saqmianobis Tavi da Tavi. is arTavda `qselsa Zoweulisasa, iSlida Tmasa broweulisasa” an `samoselsa vqsovdi wiTlisasa, yviTlisasa. rac Seexeba Tmis gaSlas, SeiZleba gavixsenoT ingilouri legenda wmida mariamze, romelic Svid weliwadSi erTxel gamodis gamoqvabulidan da misi pirveli moqmedeba is

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aris, rom oqros savarcxliT Tmas ivarcxnis. qselis qsova (Tu qselva) da Tmis varcxna, rogorc qaluri aqtebi, damaxasiaTebelia xalxuri deda mariamisTvis. Tumca, rogorc gabriel episkoposs (qiqoZes) qadagebaSi uTqvams, romeliRac Zvel eklesiaSi arsebula RvTismSoblis freska, sadac deda-mariami TiTistariT arTavs matylis Zafs (cnoba momyavs ilia WavWavaZis sityvidan, romelic man warmoTqva gelaTSi gabriel episkoposis dabadebis dRes [WavWavaZe 1987:421). mariami, rogorc qslis mbeWavi an, Tundac mqsoveli, apokrifulia. mariams xelSi TiTistari sWeria, roca mTavarangelozi gabrieli gamoecxada. gadmocemiT, am qselisgan moqsova man ukerveli kvarTi uflisa. boroti Zala Slis mis naqsovs da navarcxns.

SeniSvna. “mrTveli RvTismSoblis” saxe niSandoblivia rusuli SelocvebisTvis: igi oqros TiTistariT arTavs Zafs, rasac samkurnalo SelocvebSi sisxlis Semdedebeli «Пресвятая мать бугородица на залатую пряслицу пряла, нитку атарвала, кроу завизала», xolo samonadiroSi mxecebis damWeri Zala aqvs: «...а прядет нити ... на белых зверей, на белых зайцев, на красных лисиц...» [petrovi:105].

Selocvis teqsti iZleva deda mariamis portretsac: “Tvalni mesxa giSrisa, kbili _ margalitisa”, rasac ziani adgeba kvlav Surismgebeli uria xeTelisgan: `Semoeswro qeTela uriam, seli Cauwyvita Zoweulisa, Tvalebi daayrevina giSrisa, kbili _ margalitisa”.

mis aqsesuarebad gamoCndeba: oqros skamze mjdar mariams win èdga Wiqa minisa, Sig edga wyali vardisa”, rasac aseve ziani miadgeba borotisgan. Selocvis teqsti imeds iZleva: `gagemarTeba qseli Zoweulisani, Tmani broweulisani, wyali vardisani”, rac Tavis mxriv, zianis (kerZod, gaTvalvis) moxsnis garantiaa. Tumca SevxvdebiT Selocvas, sadac RvTismSobeli misTvis uCveulo qmedebis avtoria:

`Camaiara qristes dedam mariamma, Camamiglija qseli Zoweuli, koka wamiqcia vercxlis wyliani” [SioSvili:45]

. magram ZiriTadad, deda mariami vnebulia, mas Semwe esaWiroeba da isic gamoCndeba _ es ieso qristea.

`modioda qriste RmerTi, ijda kviczed uxednarzed. gedixeda qveda qveyanaze: _ neta rasi zivilia, neta rasi kivilia? aravin atirebdes qvrivsao, arc aravin iklebdes obols mwirsao. _ ara, mama, Ze da sulo wmindao, arc aravin atirebs qvrivsao, arc aravin iklebs obols mwirsao. deda mariams Wvali asvia, misi zivilia, misi kivilia. _ TviT mosruli kanafi gadagrixe, gadmogrixe,

gadaacvi maxaTsa, is gauqrobs Wvalsa”

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[SioSvili:85] qriste, CoCorze amxedrebuli, Sedis ierusalimSi, sadac mefis pativs miageben mas. “da mohguares viri da kicvi mis Tana da daasxes mas zeda samoseli da dajda mas zeda” (m. 21:7). da am SelocvaSi qriste namdvilad mefurad iqceva: obolTa da qvriv-oxerTa gankiTxva, amqveynad mefobis daarsebidanve mefeTa wesia, maTi upirvelesi movaleobaa socialur sferoSi. xamurabis kanonebis epilogSi es sagangebod aris aRniSnuli: “Zlierisgan sustis ardasaCagravad, oblisa da qvrivisTvis samarTlis misacemad babilonSi... Cemi Zvirfasi sityvebi qvaze davwere da Cemi qandakis win, romel ars mefe simarTlisa, davdgi” [xamurabi:49). Tu “qveda qveyanaze” socialurad yvelaferi wesrigSia, mariams, romelic mTeli xalxis gansaxierebaa, sneuleba, _ am SemTxvevaSi arcTu mZime, Wvali, _ awuxebs, da qristesac moaqvs wamlis saidumlo. Selocvas araferi esaqmeba socialur problemebTan, igi mxolod adamianis janmrTelobiT aris dakavebuli. dialogi, romelic Sexvedras mosdevs, arsebiTia SelocvaTa umravlesobisTvis, sadac ki personaJebi, rogorc wesi, qristianuli samyarodan, monawileoben. dialoguroba Selocvis optimaluri formaa, romlis saSualebiTac gamoiZieba sneulebis gamomwvevi mizezi Tu wamali.

ìjda mariami, tiroda cxare cremliTa. gadmaÁxeda ufalma da hkiTxa: _ raTa tiri, mariam cxare cremliTa? _ masa vtiri, daÁdgomia adamis Zesa mWvali, awuxebs da aRonebs. ra aris amis wamali? _ is aris magis wamali: gadaxti Cemsa baRCasa, Caikref kanafsa. Saabam wiTel bawarsa, gadaÁdeb mxar-iRliasa. aÁyris Wvalsa, CaÁyris zRvasa” [SioSvili:80].

aq pasuxisgamcemi anu mcodne wamlisa qristea. sxvagan SeiZleba

deda mariami iyos:

“saxelo saxeliTa, samjer saxelo RvTisao. ivane da burbuSela kalozeda burTaobdnen. axta burTi, TvalSi eca, Tvali sisxlad gadaeqca. hkiTxes deda mariamsa: _ ra aris amis wamali? _ samjer gadahkravs laxvis nemssa. Seugdebs zemo niavsa, gaatans qvemo niavsa...” [SioSvili::95].

zogierTi Selocvis mixedviT, wamali arc qristem da arc mariamma ar icis. qriste Tavad aris dazaralebuli da deda mariami eZebs misTvis wamals. wamali aRmoCndeba, magram mis ganmacxadebels Selocva ar asaxelebs.

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`_ mariav, ras tiri, ras Civi, ras godgodeb? _ ravar ar vtiri, ravar ar vCivi, ravar ar vgodgodeb? Cemi Svili uries qorwilze wolia, TvalSi burTi moxdenia, Tvali atkenia. _ imis wamali: foladi lemsi, yirmiza Zafi, ahkide Tavsa, uSvelis Tvalsa” [SioSvili:96].

Selocvis miznisTvis Sors wasula Semlocveli fantazia, Tuki am

“uries qorwilSi” ioanes saxarebis kanas qorwili igulisxmeba, sadac iesom deda mariamTan erTad stumrebulma, wylis Rvinod gardaqmnis saswauli moaxdina (i. 2:1-11). qorwili, misi pirveli saswaulis adgili, misi Tvalis dazianebis adgilad gardaiqmna. xSirad qristes cvlis miqel-gabrieli, romelic bevr SelocvaSi sxvadasxva senis gamomwvevTa antagonistia:

“.. movida miqel-gabriel mTavarangelozi.

_ ras stiri, deda mariam, an ras Civi,

an rasa yri Tvalidan cremlsa?..”

_ nu tiri, deda mariamo, nu Jivi,

nurca yri Tvalidan cremlsa!

davkrav Tvalsa Cemsa laxvarsa,

gavaronieb dedomiwasa...”

[SioSvili:52]

miqel-mTavarangelozi wmida samebis ZaliT ukan axevinebs sens:

`saymawvilo modioda, moanTebda cecxliviT,

mopetelobda TikaniviT, moWyviroda goWiviT.

Sexvda miqel-gabriel mTavarangelozi:

_ sad midixar, saymawvilo?

_ ager mival ToTo bovSvTan Zvalis saxravad,

rbilis saWmelad, sisxlis saTqvefad.

_ ar gagiSva ToTo bovSvTan mama-Zem da suli wmindam

Zvalis saxravad, rbilis saWmelad, sisxlis saTqvefad!”

[SioSvili:63].

miqel-gabrieli xSiri antagonistia gansakuTrebiT saymawvilosi (saymawvilo senis), SeSinebulis, uJmuris. is meoxeobas uwevs mtirals da zianis msxverpls deda mariams, magram Segvxvdeba Selocva, sadac Tavad

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deda mariami gvevlineba, gaugebari mizeziT, snebis (saymawvilos) gamomwvevad, xolo miqel gabrieli tradiciul antagonistad.

“... ijda mariami karsa ierusalimisasa. Semoeyara miqel-gabrieli Tavarangelozi: _ sad mixval, sad migixaria? _ mival vaJis, qalis, ymawvilis saWiateblad, saqToblobad. gouwyra miqel-gabrielma: _ nu iq, sulo ukeTuro, nurca svam sisxlsa ymawvilisasa da a.S. [SioSvili:65].

aseve SevxvdebiT Selocvas, sadac naTqvamia: `Camaiara qristes dedam mariamma, Camamiglija qseli Zoweuli, koka wamiqcia vercxlis wyliani” [SioSvili:45].

aseve petresa da pavles, da iakobsac vixilavT negatiur rolSi,

aseve auxsneli motiviT, ram gamoiwvia maTi amgvari gardasaxva, Zneli asaxsnelia.

`petre, pavle da iakob sauJmurod modiodnen” [SioSvili:26].

mociqulebi petre da pavle sagmiro eposis personaJebTan _

rostomTan da tarielTan arian Sewyvilebulni, maTi antagonisti ki wmida estatea:

`modiodes petre da pavle, rostom da tariel aruxiTa da maruxiTa. win daxda wminda estate samocdasamis TaviTa. _ sad mixolT, Savno Zmano, Tqveni Savi ZaRlebiTa? _ xevs mivalT sasmelada, saWmelada, balRis SesaRoneblada, patronis dasaZmareblada. _ girCevT, dabrundeT, Savno Zmano, Tqvenis Savis ZaRlebiTa! _ ar iqneba gabruneba, gzasa mivdivarT, gzasa ialTa. _ gamodiT, Tu gamoxolT Savi Roris RrutuniTa, gamodiT, Tu gamoxolT Savi katis bRaviliTa, gamodiT, Tu gamoxolT Savi lekvis yefiTao! _ gamovalT, wminda estateo, samocdasami Tavisa!... [SioSvili:30-1].

rostom da tarielTan petresa da pavles dawyvileba am ukanasknelTa profanaciis da ufro metisac _ gauwmidurebis niSania. magram aq vawydebiT paganizaciis ukidures zRvars, roca sikeTe borotebad, siwmide uwmidurebad gardaisaxeba. petre da pavle uJmuris araTu gamomwvevni arian, aramed Tavad ganasaxiereben uJmurs da

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“Semkulni” arian yvela im atributiT, rogorc isini xalxis warmodgenaSi Canan. siSave maTi feria da am feris usurmag cxovelTa saxes iReben. petresa da pavles zogjer gaugebari _ arc pozitiuri, arc negatiuri _ monawileoba aqvT sxvadasxva daniSnulebis SelocvebSi. erT Wvalis SelocvaSi mocemulia dialogi petresa da iordanes Soris, romelic cocxal arsebad aris gagebuli:

`didi, didi, didebuli, saydari aSenebuli, lodi iyo midebuli. petre ijda qvasa, iordane _ wyalsa petrem uTxra iordanes: _ raT ara sWam pursa? _ miT ara vWam pursa, Wvali masvia gulsa. ra aris misi wamali? _ civi wyali, civi rkina, RvTiT amosuli kanafi gadaamcven mxarsa, is gaaqrobs mWvalsa!” [SioSvili:84].

ra saSeni masaliT aris agebuli es Selocva?

vin aris es iordane? petre qvaa (berZn. petra) da amitomac is “ijda qvasa”, romelzedac eklesia daaSena qristem _ am motiviT iwyeba Selocvis teqsti. es “lodi iyo midebuli”, SesaZloa, qristes samarxis lods gulisxmobdes (SesaZloa, aq SemoWrili iyos aRdgomis epizodidan). vin aris iordane da ras unda niSnavdes petresa da misi saubari puris Wamis Sesaxeb? wyals (anu wyalze, wyalTan Tu wyalSi) mjdari iordane sxva vin unda iyos Tu ara ioane naTlismcemeli, romlis pirveli gamoCena mdinare iordanesTan aris dakavSirebuli? uJmuris locvaSi zianis msxverpli ioardanes monaTlulad aris moxsenebuli: “Sen, eSmako, deexseni, ar ari Sensa nebasa! iordanes naTlulia, naTliRebas daswrebia” [SioSvili:26]. sxvagan, SeSinebulis SelocvaSi, srulad da garkveviT (kanonikurad): “qriste Cvenia, qristesi Cvena varT. naTlismcemlis monaTvlasa, naTelRebas davswrebivarT” [SioSvili:13]. ras niSnavs SekiTxva `raT ara sWam pursa”? unda gavixsenoT saxarebaSi naTqvami, rom `movida iovane, arca Wamda, arca sumida...” (maT. 11:18), magram sxva sakiTxia, ra niSniT Tu sazrisiT ukavSirdeba puris uWmeloba `mWvals”. hermenevtika aq uZluria. nebismieri realia SeiZleba iqnas SelocvaSi gamoyenebuli da iq mas Tavisi sazrisi eniWeba. SeSinebulis SelocvaSi Tavad petre-pavlea kiTxuli: `petre-pavle pursa sWamdes iordanes yanazeda. _ petre, rad ara sWam pursao?..” petre da pavle Wamen purs da mainc ekiTxebian, ratom ar WamTo? iqneb unda ekiTxaT, ratom WamTo, rogorc maTes saxareba mogviTxrobs:

160

`mas Jamsa warvidoda iesu dResa SabaTsa yanobirsa maTsa. xolo

mowafeTa SeemSia da iwyes musrvad Tavsa Ãuvilisasa da Wamad. xolo farisevelTa maT ixiles raÁ, hrques mas: aha mowafeni Senni iqman, romeli ara jer-ars SabaTsa Sina saqmed” (maT. 12:1-2).

SabaTs ikrZaleba ara Wama, aramed saWmlis mopoveba. Selocvas es adgili SeeZlo Taviseburad gaego: petre-pavles, moSiebul mociqulebs, ekrZalebaT ìordanes yanaze” Wama. iordanes yana, rogorc tabuirebuli, rogorc aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi ityvian, kvrivi adgili, imdenadvea Semlocvelis fantaziis nayofi, ramdenadac is xalxuri rwmena-warmodgenis realobas emyareba. sxvadasxvagan ìordanes yanaze”-s enacvleba `wyalsa iordanisasa”, `karsa iordanisa”... saxarebiseuli epizodis radikaluri transformaciis nimuSad unda miviCnioT qananeli qalis demoniur arsebad gardaqmnili saxe saymawvilos erT-erT SelocvaSi:

`modioda qali qananeli. mozuoda qariviTa, gadudga deda mariam: _ sad mixval, qalo, qananelo? _ viyavi zRvasa, ar damitia zRvama, mivdivar asotanSia sisxlis sasmelad, xorcis saWmelad, ded-mamis sawruwuneblaTa..”. [SioSvili:64].

Selocvas mosdevs wamlis “receptis” gamJRavneba. dasawyisi tipuria: sneuleba dadis dasaxuli misamarTiT, rogorc sxva SelocvebSi vxvdebiT. magram vin aris àli qananeli”? maTes saxarebaSi aseTi epizodia gadmocemuli: `da aha esera dedakaci qananeli sazRvarTa maTgan gamovida, RaRadebda da ityoda: Semiwyale me, ufalo, Zeo daviTiso, rameTu asuli Cemi borotad eSmakeul ars” (maT. 15:22). da qristem gankurna misi asuli. cxadia, Selocvis `qali qananeli” am epizodidan iRebs saTaves, magram, rogorc vxedavT, SelocvaSi yvelaferi ukuRmaa warmodgenili. ar aris SemTxveviTi dedakacis Secvla qaliT: SelocvisTvis arsebiTia aliteracia _ qali qananeli, rac kidev ufro gaZlierebulia sintagmiT “mozuoda qariviTa”, Tumca qari, Tu saymawvilos Selocvebs gadavxedavT, arcTu SemTxveviTia saymawvilosTvis: es aris `wiTeli qari”, “pirwklis (var. pilwis) qari”, `barbawis qari”, `sarsalobda qariviTa”... Tumca qali qananeli SeiZleba Tavad iyos sneulis arqetipi:

`qali viyav qananeli, TvalebiTa wirpliani, muxlebiTa nisliani...” [mosuliSvili:163].

mogvyavs qristianul saxelTa da abrakadabras SeTavsebis nimuSi:

“saxeliTa xvTisaTa, mamisa da ZisaTa da sulisa wmindisaTa. edenienTa RaiRe SamaTe edenia iavi egramaTe

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egresem iosi erivane da iona iosave. amiTa saxeliTa Seikra piri devTa, qajTa da gvelTa da yovelTa saCinoTa da uCinoTa mavnebelTa. ieso qriste, Zeo da sityvao RvTisao cxovelisao, ixseni yovelive Wirisagan da yovlisa saeSmakosagan da yovelisa crusa mavnisa da sacTurisagan mona ese RvTisa” [SioSvili:199-200].

kontrasti aSkaraa: teqsti ori gansxvavebuli warmoSobis nawilisgan Sedgeba: erTs asazrdoebs qristianuli rwmena, meore sityvis magiazea dafuZnebuli. struqturulad _ magiuri Sre qristianul formulebs Soris aris moqceuli: iwyeba universaluri formuliT `saxeliTa...” mas mosdevs (Selocvis obieqtTa _ avsulTa dasaxelebis Semdeg) abrakadabra èdenienTa...” da mTavrdeba qristes mimarT locviT. zogi Selocvis (saymawvilosi da munisa) siuJeti agebulia qristesTvis sruliad SeuTavsebel qmedebaze:

`qristem dakla TeTri furi,

man awvia yovli suli.

satkburma uTxra: _ me rad ar mawvie?

_ Sen mad ar gawvie, Sexval ymawvilis tanSi,

wiwkni, glejav, qavlav, worblav!

_ ara, Ze da mama, sulo wmindav,

arca vwiwkni, arca vqavli,

avyvavdebi atmis yvaviliviT,

Camovcvindebi qondris yvaviliviT.

RmerTo mouxdine locva Cemi!”

[SioSvili:70].

SeniSvna. `satkburi~ kanis daavadebaa, `ganrTxmuli muwuki” (saba). igi SelocvaSi ganpirovnebulia, CaTvlilia sulierTa (`yovli suli”) ricxvSi.

qriste ixdis saRmrTos TeTri furis dakvliT da, rogorc samyaros ufali, universaluri RmerTi, iwvevs yvelas, garda satkburisa (an mRerisa), romlis mimarT mas pretenzia aqvs. pretenzia aaSkaravebs sneulebis etiologias da satkburic Tanaxmaa, ar Sevides Rrmad adamianis organizmSi _ mxolod ayvavdes yvaviliviT da daWknes yvavilTa wesiT. satkburi uars ambobs Tavis gamanadgurebel Zalaze, oRond saRvTo lxins ar moakldes! qriste sabolood Seirigebs mas: satkburi wmida samebis saxeliT debs fics.

nadirobis Tema sakmaod mkvidrad aris warmodgenili SelocvebSi. Selocvis epiuri, rogorc uwodeben, nawili sanadirod gasvliT iwyeba. sanadirod gamsvleli zogjer pirveli piria: àvdeq dilaze, Cevcvi Txilamurebi, wavel sanadiroT, nadiri veZebe, ver viSue”. sanadirod

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gadian samni Zmani, usaxeloni: “samni Zmani viyaviT, gvqonda samebis Zala, davdiodiT mTaSia, daveZebdiT nadirsa. ver vipoveT nadiri, vpoveT SeSinebuli...” [SioSvili:17]. xSirad sami Zma saxeldebiT arian CamoTvlilni _ irosi, mirosi da kvirosani: irox, marox da kvirstine; keroz, kuroz, kerastine; erevezi, kerevezi, miqel-gabriel mTavarangelozi _ es ukanaskneli, cxadia, riTmisTvis aris moxmobili. sxva axsna amgvar saxelTa Tavmoyras ar eZebneba. ra warmoSoba aqvT am saxelebs, gaurkvevelia. sanadirod gamsvlelebad maxareblebsac SevxvdebiT:

`Cven samni Zmani viyveniTa: maTe, ivane, markozi. wavediT nadirobad, vinadireT. zRvas iqiT gadviyareniT, zRvas aqeT gadmoviyareniT...”

[mosuliSvili:98]

TiTqos maTi sanadirod gasvla, raki zRvaa naxsenebi, maTi mebadurobis reminiscenciaa (maxareblebi galileis zRvaze mebadurobdnen qristes TanxlebiT), Tumca Selocvis maxareblebi mTaSic nadiroben:

`Cven viyveniT samni Zmani:

maTe, markoz da ivane.

mTas wavediT sanadiroT,

kvali ver vipovneT nadirisa,

kvali vipovneT qalisa.

qalsa qajaveTisasa

maxe davudgiT, Siga gavabiT...”

[mosuliSvili:122] nadirobaSi Selocvis epiur personaJebs, rogorc wesi, xeli

ecarebaT, samagierod isini sneulebis gamomwvevs moinadireben: `kvali vera vpove nadirisa, vpove ukeTurisa...”; `haide, wevdeT sanadiroT! gedevxede, ver viSove nadiri. kbildaxCenili samartvilo (saymawvilo) modioda...”; “vera vpoveT kvali nadirisa, vpoveT kvali alisa da eSmakisa...”. Tumca nadiroba ar aris specifikuri SelocvebisTvis. mas SevxvdebiT epiuri Txrobis eqspoziciaSi: nadirobiT iwyeba `vefxistyaosani”, àmirandarejaniani”, `sibrZne-sicruisa”. nadirobas gamoucnob samyaroSi Sehyavs adamiani; amirani da misi Zmebi (Selocvis samni Zmani monadireni!) dakargaven oqrosrqiani irmis kvals, samagierod camcumis saidumlo koSks waawydebian. monadire sxva samyaros mimkvlevia, sadac sxva saidumloebaTa garda sneulebaTa mizezebi ipoveba. Selocvebis monadire Samans mogvagonebs, romelic eZebs sneulis suls an devnis avsulebs SelocvebiT _ is Selocvis personaJic aris da

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warmomTqmelic. Tuki arsebobs raime msgavseba am tipis (`samonadireo”) Selocvis Sinaarssa da Samanis mkurnalobis meTods Soris, es mxolod tipologiuri iqneba, ara geneturi (Cveni Selocvebi da Samanoba arsebiTad sxvadasxva kulturebs ekuTvnian).

SelocvebisTvis, rogorc iracionaluri teqstisTvis, damaxasiaTebelia SeuZleblobis an absurdis Semcveli siuJetebi, romlebsac damoukidebeli Janrobrivi arseboba aqvT. aseTebia mTlianad naRrZobis Selocvebi:

“ucxo mindorSi ucxo xe idga, ucxo frinvels zed bude edga. evedi ufexod, deviWire uxelod, Camoviyvane ufexod, davkali udanod, Sevwvi ucecxlod, SevWame upirod. gorebuli gordebodes, naRrZobi ki mTeldebodes!” [SioSvili:145]

“wylis pirs idga ori xe, ufesuri, uZiro. zed ijda ori tredi, ufrToni uxToni. zed eveli uxelo, Zirs Camevel ufexo. davkali udanod, Sevwvi ucecxlod. adam deeca, sisxlma Ceeqca.

damcemels etkina, amdgomels eSvela”

[mosuliSvili:146].

Selocva situaciis SeuZleblobas sneulebis gagrZelebis SeuZleblobasTan akavSirebs:

“eli elavda, zRva SoSinobda, zRvisa pirasa wiTeli xucesi iyo, eba wiTeli xarebi, xnemda da Tesamda. _ wiTelo xuceso, vin geigona zRva xnuli, qviSa Tesuli, damwvari mesame dRes iqiT gaZnelebulio?” [SioSvili:104]

an aseTi daboloebiT:

“xuceso, rasa xnam da rasa sTesam?

_ kldesa da qvas vTesam.

damwvaro, ise Sen ixare,

rogorc kldeSi qviSam ixaros!”

[SioSvili: 103].

garda universaluri yoveli saqmianobis damwyebi formulisa

(“saxeliTa...”), SelocvebSi vxvdebiT:

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“Sen qristesi xar, qriste Senia, qristes beWdiT dabeWdili xar. mama gacvia, da Ze gartyia da suli wminda gars gaxvevia”, “mama acvia, Ze artyia, suliwminda gars avlia. oTxi Tavi saxareba oTxiv kuTxes usvenia _ maTe markoz, luka da ivane”, “ezos _ jvari, kars _ beWedi! Sen daÁwere Seni jvari! cda Cemi, neba RvTisa”, “gwyalobdes wminda giorgi, jvari patiosani”, “samni Zmani viyaviT, gvqonda samebis Zala”, “aruli kudiansa, jvari aqaurobas!”, “ierusalems wirva iyo”, “es adgili wminda aris, wminda aris, RvTisa aris”, “RmerTi cixea, Siga zRudea, Sig arian mTavarangelozebi”, “karvis pirs dgas eklesia”, “RmerTo, Sen daswere Seni wyalobis jvari!”, “jvars daviWer jvariTa, elusamlis (ierusalimis) ZaliTa”, meti avtoritetisTvis Semlocveli Selocvas RvTismSobels miawers: “es locva gana Cemi mogonilia, RvTis dedis mariamis mogonilia”, “zecis kvris xma mesma, angelozi locvad dadga”, “qriste SabrZanda marjvena mxarsa” (mamis marjveniT) da sxva.

qristinuli teqstebidan wamoRebuli es “inkrustaciebi” ar aris SemTxveviTi. Selocvebi qristianul wreSia Seqmnili da qristianuli rwmenis avtoritetiT aris gamagrebuli. magram es qristianoba paganizebulia. sxvanairad arc SeiZleba iyos. xalxSi potenciurad arsebobs warmarTuli stiqia da is yovel xelsayrel situaciaSi Tavs iCens.

literatura

mosuliSvili: gveli movkal uflisaTvis, qarTuli Selocvebi, wignTa da xelnawerTagan gamokriba mixo mosuliSvilma [foliantini, 1991].

petrovi: Петров В. Н. Заговоры (Из истории русской советской фольклористики, Л., «Наука», 1981). SioSvili: SioSvili T. qarTuli xalxuri Selocvebi, krebuli

Seadgina T. SioSvilma, baTumi, 1994.

WavWavaZe 1987: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa krebuli, t. IV, 1987.

xamurabi: xamurabis kanonebi, “mecniereba”, Tb., 1988,

g) Sromis poezia

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ra aris Sroma, Tu mas mxolod ekonomikuri kuTxiT SevxedavT, rogorc mxolod aucilebeli saarsebo sazrdos mopovebis iZulebiT saqmianobas? Tu Sroma adamianis bunebrivi moTxovnilebaa, romlis gareSe is adamiani ar aris? moaruli azria: Sromam Seqmna adamiani. Tu asea, vin unda yofiliyo is Tavdapirveli arseba, romlisganac homo faber-i warmoiSva an ram aiZula es arseba “iaraRis mkeTebeli” gamxdariyo? saidan modis Sromis unari _

sinamdvilem SesZina mas Tu Tandayolili iyo? ra iyo iseTi am homo-Si, ramac ase fundamenturad ganasxvava igi danarCen cocxal qmnilebaTagan? Sromis instinqti? Taxvic Sromobs da gansacvifrebelia misi Sromis nayofi. magram mas instinqti aSromebs. swored rom aSromebs. adamianis Sroma ki gaazrebuli qmedebaa, iaraRis keTebidan dawyebuli am iaraRis gamoyenebiT damTavrebuli. mas ar aSromebenA_ is Sromobs. da am SromaSi igi acxadebs Tavs, rogorc Tavisufali nebis mqone arseba. Sroma adamianis moxovnilebaa, janmrTeli, saRi adamianis fundamenturi moTxovnileba, romlis saSualebiTac is axdens am specifikurad kacobrivi unaris realizacias. amitomac ewodeba miwaze Sromis Sedegs ga-kac-riel-eba da uSromel, Sromisgan mitovebul miwas _ u-kac-rieli. adamians SeuZlia iSromos _ magram es SeuZlia ar aris misTvis fataluri: mas aseve SeuZlia ar iSromos, magram darCes adamianad, mainc ekuTvnodes homo faberis modgmas. xolo Taxvs ar SeuZlia ar Sromobdes: ar agebdes wylisqveSa darbazebs. Tu is amas ar akeTebs, igi aRar aris Taxvi, aRar ekuTvnis Taxvis modgmas. Taxvi ver ityvis uars Tavis Taxvobaze, mas ara aqvs imis sawinaaRmdego neba, rac am arsebis Taxvoba qmnis. Sromis unari Cadebulia adamianis gvarSi, rogorc is Cadebulia Taxvis gvarSi, magram Taxvisgan gansxvavebiT, adamianis (adamianuri) Sroma nebelobiTi aqtia. Taxvisa ki iZulebiTi. nebelobiTobidan gamomdinare adamianuri Sroma SemoqmedebiTia, Semoqmedebaa, romelsac adamiani yvela safexurze avlens met-naklebad, TviT monuri Sromidan dawyebuli da Tavisufali SromiT damTavrebuli. magram Sroma fizikuri aqtia, is qancavs sxeuls. Tavad Sroma-sityvis semantika fizikuri daqanculobis gamomxatvelia: daSvroma, maSvrali... is autaneli iqneboda, rom mas ar axldes arafizikuri niSani _ ritmi. da Tu ram instinqturi arsebobs am sferoSi, es aris ritmuloba, rac cxovelsac axasiaTebs, magram adamianis xelSi Semoqmedebad aris gardaqmnili. Sromac, amrigad, unda iqces Semoqmedebad, rom fizikurad asatani iyos.

roca Sromaze, Sromis poeziaze vlaparakobT, Cven viRebT Sromas rogorc fsiqologiur, ise zneobriv, egzistencialur da SemoqmedebiT ganzomilebebSi.

vayenebT problemas: marTalia, Sromis mizani saarsebo produqtis Seqmnaa, magram is ar aris fatalurad dabmuli arsebobisTvis brZolaze, ar aris imdenad damiwebuli, rom adgili ar rCebodes imisTvis, risTvisac is SeiZleba iyos saSualeba, romliTac adamiani ikmayofilebs Tavis arsebiT moTxovnilebas, rac SemoqmedebiT wyurvilSi mdgomareobs.

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Semodis aseTi Tema _ Sroma da ritmi. es aris karl biuxeris klasikuri wignis saTauri [biuxeri 1923], sadac pirvelad daukavSirda erTmaneTs Sromis poeziis genezisis asaxsnelad es ori gansxvavebuli warmoSobis fenomeni. Sroma _ fizikuri procesi da ritmi, romelic fizikur Sromas Semoqmedebad aqcevs. unda iTqvas, rom bevri simRera, romelic Sromis simRerebis JanrSia moqceuli, mkacrad Tu ganvsjiT ar unda ekuTvnodes am Janrs. isini ufro drois gasayvanad, mosawyeni erTferovnebis dasaZlevad an, ubralod, fiqrT gasarTvelad imRereba SromiTi saqmianobis dros. Sromis simRerad miCnevisTvis aseve ar gamodgeba argumentad misi, ase vTqvaT, “SromiTi” Sinaarsi. namdvili Sromis simRera, Cveni azriT, is simReraa, romelic ritmulad asaxavs Sromis ama Tu im saxeobis process. Sromis simReris ritmi da taqti Sromis ritmiT da taqtiT unda iyos nakarnaxevi, misi met-naklebad adeqvaturi unda iyos.

Sromis procesSi ritms akustikuri gamoxatuleba aqvs. Sromis xasiaTi, romelic bunebrivad da aucileblobiT moiTxovs ritmul moqmedebebs, gamosavals aZlevs Sinagan ritms gamamxnevebeli Tu wamaqezebeli SeZaxilebiT. maTi ritmuloba, ritmuli Tanamimdevroba, Sromis poeziis winasaxea, romelic jer kidev ar aris poezia. rac ufro swrafia Sromis procesi, miT ufro mravlobs glosolaliebi anu uSinaarso Zaxilebi. arc aris saWiro maTSi raime odesRac arsebuli da dResdReobiT dakarguli azris Zieba. es aris wmida ritmi, bgerobrivad gaformebuli. “hek-hok! heka-hoka! // hek-hok! heka-hoka!” gaismis mkis dros. esec sakmarisi iqneboda fizikuri Sromis dasaZlevad, magram adamiani metyveli arsebaa da mas ar SeuZlia ar imetyvelos Tundac Sromis procesSi, radgan Sroma, rogorc gaazrebuli moqmedeba, gazrebul sityvebsac moiTxovs. mkaSi mRerian:

“namgalo, Cemo rkinao, gasWer, gamiZeR winao! hep-hop! hep-hop! eka-oka! eka-oka! avxe-avxe! avxe-avxe! biWo Cemi mkaca naxe! heepuna-hoopuna! eka-oka! eka-oka!“ [akakis krebuli 1899:35].

rogorc vxedavT, aq ritms emateba riTma, rac imis niSania, rom es

leqs-simRera im epoqis Semoqmedebaa, roca riTmiani leqsi qarTul sinamdvileSi ukve Camoyalibebuli iyo. sityvierebis damoukidebel Janrad poeziis (ritmul-riTmuli metyvelebis) Camoyalibebis epoqaSi saxes icvlis Sromis Tanmxlebi sityvieri struqtura. igi sasimRero poeziis saxes iRebs. babilonur teqstebSi dadasturebulia mosavlis simRera alalas saxelwodebiT. erT poemaSi gaubedurebuli kaci moTqvams, rom mtrebma misi yanebidan gandevnes alala [lamberti 1960:36,101]. sxvagan naTqvamia, rom urartus mefem qveynis mitovebul yanebSi keTilxmovani alala amRera Tavis xalxs [sargoni 1912:str. 107]. Zvelma berZnulma literaturam Semoinaxa momkelTa, mlewavTa, mexelsafqvaveTa, yurZnis mwuravTa, matylis damrTvelTa, mqsovelTa, wylis mzidvelTa, Tokis mgrexelTa, mRebavTa, moyarauleTa, mwyemsTa da, warmoidgineT, meabanoeTa da sxvaTa da sxvaTa

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simRerebis fragmentebi an maTi ubralo xseneba. a. jambakur-orbeliani asaxelebs simRerebs, romlebsac asrulebdnen venaxSi, qvevris recxvisas, yurZnis dawurvisas, saxlis senebisas, miwis xvnisa da dafarcxvisas, yanis mkisa da namglis lesvisas, Znebis akrefisas, lewvisas, xvavis ganiavebisas da sxva [Ciqovani 1956:112].

k. biuxers wignSi “Sroma da ritmi” moyavs nasaus xalxuri leqsebis wignidan cnoba, rom germaniis am mxaris glexebi uSromlad arc erT samuSaos ar asruleben. simRera Tan axlavs mkas, lewvas, gogonebis mier tyeSi kenkris Segrovebas, nebismier samuSaos, romelsac qalebi an kacebi erTad asruleben, Taflis xarSva iqneba Tu cercvis CurCva, selis CeCva Tu matylis recxva; anTu cxvris parsva, romelSic mTeli sofeli iRebs monawileobas... soflad mudam gaismis ganuwyveteli mxiaruli simRerebi. aSkaraa da es yovelma adamianma, visac ki odesme fizikurad umuSavnia, icis, rom simRera amsubuqebs Sromas, fizikur datvirTvas, TiTqmis SeumCnevels xdis mas da, rac mTavaria, aCqarebs Sromis process da zrdis mis nayofierebas. daCqareba zogjer ara mxolod ritmSia gamoxatuli, aramed sityvieradac aris gamoTqmuli:

“aba, nado, mogvexmare! da mousviT Toxi Cqara, napirebi gavitanoT, Torem mzei gadiara”.

arsebobs koleqtiuri Sroma da arsebobs individualuri Sroma.

Sromis xasiaTis kvalobaze Sromis leqs-simRerebi ori saxisaa: a) gunduri anu koleqtiuri da b) individualuri. es aris Sromis poeziis uzogadesi klasifikacia. gunduri

prioriteti am ori saxidan gundurs eniWeba. aq unda davinaxoT Sromis poezia Tavisi wmida saxiT. eseni ara mxolod leqsebia, romlebic Sromis process asaxaven, Sromaze laparakoben, aramed damakavSirebeli Zafi mSromelsa da im sivrces da im sagans Soris, sadac mimdinareobs Sroma da riskenac mimarTulia Zalisxmeva. gundur simReraTa umetesoba samiwaTmoqmedo xasiaTisaa, rac mowmobs imas, rom saqarTvelo imTaviTve agraruli qveyana iyo, rom misi prioriteti miwaTmoqmedebaa. rogorc amboben, qarTvelTa qveyanas swored amitom ewoda georgia da qarTvels _ georgos.

samiwaTmoqmedo samuSaoebi _ xvna-TesviT dawyebuli da mosavlis aRebiT damTavrebuli _ gansazRvravs Sromis leqs-simReraTa fondis Sedgenilobas. rogorc guTnisdeda miuZRvis win guTneuls, aseve

leqs-simRerebi mouZRvis win samiwaTmoqmedo Sromis leqs-simRerebs. guTnuris tradiciis Sesaxeb yvelaze Zvel cnobas “istoriaTa da azmaTa” maRalfardovani teqsti gvawvdis: “yrmani memrowleni ganpebasa Sina ornatTasa Tamaris qebasa meleqseobdian” [qarTlis cxovreba II:146]. ras gveubneba es cnoba? _ rom xnulis (SesaZloa, igulisxmebodes pirveli

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xnuli) gatarebisas mexreebi Tamaris saxotbo lkeqsebs mRerodnen. unda vigulisxmoT, rom am absolutizmis xanaSi xalxuri guTnurebi “Tamarianis” msgavsma ideologizirebulma leqsebma Secvales. am cnobaSi xvna-Tesvis procesis gaxmianebis aucileblobac aris nagulisxmevi. gansxvavebiT Cveni epoqisgan, mdumared aravin xnavda da arc aravin Tesavda. simReras religiuri datvirTva hqonda SeZenili, rasac arcTu xelovnurad SeiZleboda Senacvleboda Tamaris, rogorc ara mxolod qveynis, aramed, rogorc mis Sesaxeb andrezebi mogviTxrobs, mTeli qvynierebis demiurgis da patronis qebani. Cven viciT, rom qebani sakmaod gavrcelebuli Janri iyo im xanis saqarTveloSi (gavixsenoT Tundac “vTqveni qebani visni me...”).

Cven ar viciT guTnuris repertuari, ra leqs-simRerebs Seicavda igi Tamaris xanaSi an masze adreul epoqebSi, Tundac mas Semdeg, radgan rac Cven misi saxiT gvaqvs, XIX saukunes ar scildeba. ar gvgonia, rom saukuneTa manZilze guTneuls erTi da igive teqsti da sasimRero melodia gasdevda. yovel SemTxvevaSi, Sromis poeziis daTariRebis mcdeloba, sanam avTenturi teqsti ar aRmoCenila, amao saqmea. istoriuli kataklizmebi exeboda ara mxolod socialur da ideologiur sferos xalxis cxovrebisa, aramed Rrmad iWreboda xalxis yofierebaSi, Tumca yvelaze konservatuli da tradiciuli es sferoa. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom Tamaris qebani, erotizmiT ganiuansebuli (xvna-Tesvis arqauli poezia erotiulia Tavisi Sinagani sazrisiT), marTlac damkvidrebuliyo agrarul yofaSi garkveul xanamde, raTa momdevno epoqebSi morigi kataklizmebis kvaldakval axal-axali teqstebiT Secvliliyo. xolo dRemde rac SemogvrCa, Tumca SeuZlebelia misi TariRis da plastebis gansazRvra, sakmaod mravalferovania. guTnuri leqs-simRerebi qarTuli samiwaTmoqmedo poeziis wamyvani sferoa. yofaSi amas guTnisdedis didi avtoriteti mowmobs, romelTanac ver midis verc mwyemsis, verc monadiris saxeli. qali, rogorc Suamdinareli qalRmerTi inana, guTnisdedas irCevs Tavis nandaurad:

“qalma Tqva: qmari ar minda, nu gamaTxueb dedao, nu mimcem mecxvare kacsa, Toro maizrobs fexsao. nurv mimcem monadiresa, gadmoardeba kldesao. Tu mimcem, iseTs kacs mimec, rom iyos guTnisdedao...”

guTnuris specifika mis diferencirebul TematikaSi mdgomareobs.

masSi asaxvas hpovebs guTneulis mTeli Semadgenloba. es aris: leqs-simRerebi a) Tavad guTnisdedaze, b) muSa-saqonelze _ xar-kameCze, g) guTanze da mis nawilebze. vin arian maTi Semsrulebelni? eseni arian mexreebi, ara erTi da ori, aramed 4-5, romlebic praqtikulad axorcieleben guTnisdedis nebas _ advili ar iyo aTi-Tormeti uReli xar-kameCis marTva ornatis gatanis dros, simRera exmareboda maT am saqmeSi: qeba guTnisdedisa, qeba da gamxneveba pirutyvisa da guTnis nawilebisa. muSaxeli (mexreebi), saxvneli iaraRi da gamwevi Zala modgamis saxelwodebiT urRvevi mTlianoba iyo, xolo guTnisdeda

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Sromis procesis winamZRoli da, albaT, Tavdapirvelad am procesis Tanmxlebi simReris wamomwyebi. mexreebs uTuod is aZlevda tons.

`Sen Cemo guTnisdedao, xari gibia mtredao, mexreebs gamoarTmevdi, Seaxtebodi zedao, simRera kargi gcodnia, dasZaxdi zeda zedao~ [qxp X:#62].

mosimRere pirutyvs alaparakebs: `xari var, xarTan Semabi, xarulad gamawevine, SuaSi toli Camide, simarTliT gamawevine” [qxp X:#133].

aq xari moiTxovs, uRelSi misi Tanabari Zalis pirutyvi Seuban,

rom erTmaneTs ar CamorCen da ornati Tanabrad gaitanon. ise Zlieria zogierTi xari, rom kameCsac ki ubamen metoled. sxva simReraSi ki TiTqos mexre etoleba da verc etoleba kameCs:

`ho-tpu kameCo rqiano, Seni meuRle mqviano. me meuRlobas ver gizam, patara biWi mqviano”. [qxp X:#150].

xarebs gamxnevebac sWirdebaT, rom fexi ar aiTrion, da mexrec

siyvaruliT, ara kicxviT da mkvaxe sityvebiT, mimarTavs mas:

“gaswie, Cemo lekiav, ficxo da xalisiano, nurc Sen maiwyen, mindorav, guldinjo, imediano”.

[qxp X:#127].

xari da guTani (xar-guTani) xom ganuyofelia, Tumca xaris Zalaa aq gadamwyveti, magram vinc am sityvebs warmoTqvams, aRtacebas ver malavs guTnis gamZleobiT gaocebuli. TiTqos guTani Tavisi ZaliT uZRodes win xarsa da mexres:

“gamarjvebulma guTanma samocjer Semouara, neta ra xarma gauZlo, anda ra mexrem iara”.

[qxp X:#31}.

ar iqneba swori, Tu mxolod xvna-Tesvis realiebiT SemovfarglavT guTnur simRerebs. xSiria xvna-Tesvis dros sxva Janris poeturi nimuSebis Sesruleba, romelTac araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs arc sazogadod Sromis, miT naklebad xvna-Tesvis procesTan. SegveZlo xvnis dros mogvesmina “Tavfaravneli Wabuki” leqsi an Tundac sagmiro leqsi. didi mindvrebis xvnisas, roca amoiwureba guTnuris repertuari, guneuli sxva Janris poezias daesesxeba. erTi Janridan meoreSi gadasvla arcTu uCveulo movlenaa qarTul folklorSi (sawesCveulebo ritualSic ki, roca gaWirdeba, iWreba saero xasiaTis leqsebi).

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ramdenadac guTnisdedis instituti aRmosavlur-qarTuli realiaa, guTnuri simRerebic mxolod am regionSia gavrcelebuli. dasavleT saqarTveloSi koleqtiuri Sromis es saxeoba ucnobia. samagierod dasavlur tradiciaSi myarad aris damkvidrebuli naduri koleqtiuri Sromis gansxvavebuli tipis nadis Tanmxlebi repertuari, romelic Tavis arqaulobas gabmuli usityvo SeZaxilebiT da Taviseburi, mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli melodiiT gvimowmebs. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi dasavlur nads, rogorc SromaSi koleqtiuri daxmarebis saxes, mamiTadi Seesatyviseba, magram gansxvaveba TvalSisacemia: mamiTadisgan gansxvavebiT nadi ritualizebulia Tavisi dasawyisiT (ymawvilis nadSi mipatiJeba mowifulobis niSnad) da dasasruliT (nadis bolos nadis patronis ezoSi ToxebiT xis moWra). naduri Sroma erTgvarad sanaxaobiTia, Tumca mayurebeli ar hyavs da misi mizani masSivea, ara mis gareT _ sanaxaobisTvis. mas kanonikuri saxe aqvs: simRerebis Sesruleba damokidebulia dRis monakveTebze, samuSaos periodebze, dasawyisze da dasasrulze. repertuari sakmaod mdidaria, Seicavs oTxi Janris _ sawesCveulebo, sagmiro (dadasturebulia teqstebi àmiranianidan“ da xalxuri `vefxistyaosnidan“), sayofacxovrebo da satrfialo _ simRerebs. magram, rac mis specifikas Seadgens, es aris Sesrulebis manera: orad gayofili mSromelTa gundi monacvleobiT imeorebs SeZaxilebs, mere mTliani gundi erTsa da imave teqsts erTad warmoTqvams. aseTia guruli naduri, romelic sruldeba yanaSi muSaobis dros, iqneba es xvna-Tesva Tu margvla-Toxna (Romis Tu simindis). jgufebi erTmaneTs uxmoben, iwveven saSromlad, amxneveben. raRac dionisuri moismis am samxmian SeZaxilebSi:

I xma: hoaa, oaa, ioa, haa, hooa! II xma: o, io, io, io, io, io, io! III xma: io, ooooo, io, ooooo!

meore jgufi amasve gasZaxebs da, bolos, mTeli gundi erTxmad daagugunebs sam xmaze:

I xma: odilei, oida, odilei, oida!

II xma: io, io, io, uo, io, uo! III xma: io, io, io, io, io, io! [oqroSiZe:73].

bolos, movusmonoT arqanjelo lambertis, XVII saukunis italiel misioners, romelic ori aTeuli weli cxovrobda samegreloSi da koleqtiuri Sromis yvelaze adreuli, rac ki mogvepoveba, aRwera dagvitova:

„...miwidan Tavs iCens Tu ara Romi, maSinve gamoToxna sWirdeba, radgan saqme saCqaroa da patroni Tavis kacebiT veRar ereva, mezoblebi unda moixmaros. vinc ukve dasTesa yana da Toxnas unda Seudges, iwvevs mosaxmareblad imaT, romelTac jer Toxnis dro ar dasdgomia. Tavis droze sxvebi amaT moexmarebian. radgan es didi Sroma saSinel sicxeSi unda aitanos kacma, mis gasaadvileblad iseTi xerxi mougoniaT, rom

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gegonebaT, mTeli sofeli qeifobso. am xerxs Seadgens sami rame: nadi, simRera da uxvi saWmeli, romelsac mamulis patroni iZleva. xSirad nadi Sedgeba ormocdaaTi da samoci Carazmul mToxnelisagan. im dros rom gaamxnevos igini, patronic TavSi Caudgeba ToxiT da Toxnis, rogorc danarCenebi. simRera, romelic mohyveba nads, gamougoniaT marto imitom ki ara, rom mxiaruli kreba gaamxnevos, aramed imisaTvisac, rom imaT Cqara imuSaon. amisaTvis sagangebo simRera aqvT, romlis xmaze Toxnasac ise awyoben, rogorc sakravze cekvas: ramdenadac simReras aaCqareben, imdenad Toxnasac aaCqareben. amisaTvis TavSi dadgeba ori momRerali da iwyebs simReras. am meTaurebs erTi-orad eZleva ulufa imisaTvis, rom Toxna daaCqarebinos sxvebs. saWmeli sakmaod uxvi aqvT, radgan igia maTi Sromis erTaderTi fasi. dRis ganmavlobaSi samjer miutanen saWmels yanaSi. daRamebisas ki patronis saxlSi umzadeben vaxSams, romelic metad uxvia. am dros yovelsave dards muSaobis Sesaxeb Tavidan iSoreben, SuaRamemdis sxedan da dros atareben WamaSi, smaSi da simReraSi. ra mSvenieri sanaxavia, roca mzis Casvlisas Toxnas gaaTaveben da midian patronis saxlSi. TiTqos erTi droSis jariskacebiao, gaudviaT mxrebze Toxebi da eqvs Tu rva wyebad, nel-nela midian, Tan miimRerian da didis ambiT Sedian patronis ezoSi. aq Semovlen Tu ara, dasxdebian irgvliv da maSinve moutaneben saWmels“ [lamberti:51-52]. xelxvavi

umTavresad dasavlur-qarTulia, radgan is sagangebod simindis rCevis dros sruldeba. magram ar unda vifiqroT, rom xelxvavi, rogorc Sromis simRera, simindis saqarTveloSi Semosvlis Semdeg (XVII saukunidan) Seqmniliyos. kompozitis meore sityva “xvavi” gvarwmunebs, rom xelxvavi mosavlis aRebis simRera unda yofiliyo da mxolod mogvianebiT daisakuTra simindma, roca igi wamyvani kultura gaxda dasavleT saqarTveloSi Romis Semdeg (da bolos Seenacvla kidec mas). siminds arCevs RamiT sagangebod mowveuli nadi samezoblodan, umTavresad dedrovani. ezoSi an kaloze sxdebian, rig-rigobiT yvebian zRaprebs, amboben leqsebs, mRerian sxvadasxva simRerebs, gansakuTrebiT, `xelxvavs”, romlis groteskuli, hiperbolaze agebuli Sinaarsi, iribad adasturebs mosavlis siuxves. folklorist Tamar oqroSiZes geguTSi es teqsti Cauweria, romelsac Tavisi dasasruliT sakulto sferoSi gadavyavarT:

`xelxvavia, xelxvavia xelbaraqelao, RmerTo, mome mklavSi Zala, muxlSi Zala, xelbaraqelao. xelxvavia, xelxvavia xelbaraqelao. kurdRelsa SeSa moqonda, xelbaraqelao, asi uremi erTado, xelbaraqelao, ezoSi ver Camotia, xelbaraqelao, Robe motexa Sarisa, xelbaraqelao. miqeli da gabrieli, xelbaraqelao, yana mogvca xvavrieli, xelbaraqelao”.

[oqroSiZe:79].

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`xelbaraqela” “xelxvavis” sinonimuri saxesxvaobaa (xvavi-baraqa).

TiTqos moulodnelia miqelisa da gabrielis xseneba simReris dasasruls _ isini xom sikvdilis angelozebad iTvlebian. maT, rogorc Cans, hqoniaT monawileoba mosavlis gauxvebaSi, arc martoni arian. guriaSi Cawerili orstriqoniani teqsti maT wmida giorgisTan erTad ixsenebs, rogorc mosavlis mauxvebelT:

`miqela da gabriela, kalo gagvixvavriela. wminda giorgi mobrZanda, Cvens kaloze dabrZandeba”. [oqroSiZe:80]

samkali.

`hopuna” SeiZleba davarqvaT samkalSi samRerel simRerebs. es winamZRolis SeZaxilia, mkis dawyebis niSani. maTi ritmi swrafia, izrdeba da kulminacias aRwevs. ritmis TandaTanobiTi aCqareba mkis procesSi aSkarad gamowvevisa da gajibrebis niSania. ritmis saCveneblad nimuSi zemoT moviyvane (`hek-hok! heka-hoka! hek-hok! heka-hoka!” da sxva). mkaSi centraluri figura namgalia. namgals _ mkis iaraRs, rogorc cocxal arsebas, ise mimarTaven. pirdaClungebuli namglis lesvas mkis periodebs Soris Tavisi ritmi aqvs da sxva simReras moiTxovs, mRerodnen sagmiro leqsebs, romelTac refrenad gasdevda SeZaxili: `glesav da glesav, namgalo, namgalo Cemo rkinao!” namgali brZolis iaraRia (`rkina” brZolis simboloa sagmiro poeziaSi). masac TiTqos gamxneveba sWirdeba:

`Cemo namgalo, rkinao, gasWer, gamiZeR winao, rada xar daRonebuli, magre ram mogawyinao? dRe vimuSaoT mindorSi, Rame wavideT Sinao”. [qxp X:#437].

mka omia: `yanas unda bagi-bugi, omi gadasavalia”.

[qxp X:#475].

mosamkal yanaSi ise Sedis momkeli, rogorc omSi, oRond usisxlo omSi, rogorc erT gamocana gveubneba:

`Tem-Temad modis laSqari, mova da moiqcevisa, yria uwyalod daWrili, sisxli ar daiqcevisa. RmerTma es mogvca sazrdelad, Tu kaci moiqcevisa”.

[oqroSiZe:85].

Tumca arcTu “usisxlo”, TiTqos “sisxlic” iRvreba:

“mesveuri gagvepara, yanas gamosWra yelia, gadaugrixa kiseri, daatyo Tavis xelia”.

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[qxp X:426].

momkeli yovelTvis imarjvebs am omSi, magram arsebobs Tqmulebac yanaSi _ uzomo samkalSi damarcxebul momkel-meomarze, romlis miTologemuri fragmenti mkis simRerad qceula:

“oblisa deda Cioda: Svili momikla mzemao. _ arca me movkal, arc Sena, mindorma mokla grZelmao”.

[oqroSiZe:87] momkelTa ganTqmul simReras, romelsac dRes xalxuri simRerebis

bevri amsambli asrulebs, ‘Sen biWo anagurelo” realuri safuZveli unda hqondes. masSi gaxsenebulia mkaSi daRupuli vaJkacis saxeli, Tumca sxva kuTxeSi gadasvliT, SesaZloa, saxeli icvlebodes. k. biuxers Tavis wignSi amgvarad aqvs moyvanili es leqsi:

`Sen, biWo, azamburelo, Seni xma Camodioda, Seni namglisa wkriali wyalgaRma gamodioda. _ azambureli momkali me movkal uTarelmao. _ arca Sen mohkal, arca me, mindorma mohkla gZelmao”.

[biuxeri:???] qarTuli folklori Seicavs daRupuli monadiris da mwyemsis

cikls. es leqsi ki SegviZlia, daRupuli momkelis cikls mivaTvaloT, Tumca mas damuSaveba da farTo gavrceleba ar hqonia.

Cven viciT, rom sasiyvarulo, xSirad erotikaSi gadasuli, motivi araTu ucxo, niSandoblivia mkis simRerebisTvis. xevsureTSi mkis dros gansakuTrebiT xmiT natirlebs mRerian, barSi erotikuli Tematika upiratesobs. Tumca “azamburelis” leqsis sevdiani hangebic ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi da moulodneli. mkis procesi uSualod, imave dRes, gadadis agraruli wlis bolo, damasrulebel etapze _ es aris momkili puris lewva, kalooba Tavisi kalouriT. kalouri

erT-erTi yvelaze kolorituli procesi Sromisa, bunebrivad iwvevs mzis simbolikis asociaciebs. mzis gulze, papanaqebaSi, magrad motkepnil mrgval moedanze gaSlilia momkili puris Znebi, kevrSi Sebmuli xarebi gars uvlis moedans mzis mimarTulebiT da lewavs Znas _ ganaridebs xorbals TavTavisgan. niCbebiT niavdeba galewili bze, romelic qars miaqvs, xorbali kaloze rCeba, xvavdeba. kaloobis procesis bolo etapi fSauri warmoSobis Tavad kalour simRerebSia asaxuli:

`Sen, dilis mzeo, lamazo, brwyinvale sxivebiano,

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kaloze yana gavSale, amo, ar daigviano. niSa dauvlis nikoras, kevri daiwyebs trialsa, bze ise unda gavlewo, zecas mihqondes niavsa~ [qxp X:#603]

venaxis simRerebi

saqarTveloSi mevenaxeobis Zveli da maRali kulturis Sesabamisad, venaxSi Sromis leqs-simRerebic mravalferovania. vazis movlis periodebs: barva-Toxnas vazis sxvlas, Sewamvlas, krefas (rTvels) _ mevenaxis Sromis kulminacias, romelic sazogado zeimSia gadazrdili, _ qvevrebis recxvas da yurZnis wurvas Tav-Tavisi simRerebi axlavs, romlebic am diferencirebuli Sromis specifikas asaxaven. magram ar unda vifiqroT, rom yoveli leqsi, romelic vazsa da yurZens exeba, usaTuod sruldeboda Sromis procesSi. magaliTisTvis, am SesaniSnav leqss, romelic maRlari yurZnis Tavgadasavals aRwers, Znelia moeZebnos adgili savenaxo Sromis periodSi, roca is SeiZleba Sesrulebuliyo:

“xis wveroSi Citi gWamda, gidliT Camogitaneo, sawnaxelSi rom Cagyare, fexiT gamogiyvaneo, qvevrebi rom gagirecxe, CafiT gamogitaneo, amdeni Sroma gavwie, mainc ar gamitaneo” [akakis krebuli 1899:35-36].

gavrcelebuli azriT, yurZnis RvTaebad miCneulia aguna, romlis mxolod saxelia ASemorCenili, isic aqa-iq, sporadulad. aguna rTvelSi centraluri figura unda yofiliyo, magram misi xseneba saaxalwlo ritualiT aris Semofargluli. ver vadasturebT raime narativs mis Sesaxeb da sasimRero teqsts, sadac mevenaxe SesTxovs mas rTvelamde an sakuTriv rTvelSi yurZnis baraqianobas. magram sagulisxmo is aris, rom SeZaxilSi, romelic gurul folklorSia SemorCenili, agunas gverdiT “baxua” ixsenieba, romelic samarTlianad iwvevs baxusis, Rvinis berZnul- romauli RmerTis asociacias (ar aris gamoricxuli, rom guriis sofel baxvis saxelwodeba baxusTan iyos dakavSirebuli. aseve dialeqturi “gabaxeba”). saaxalwlod acxobdnen “agunas purs”, romelic Roris TavTan erTad gahqondaT venaxSi da agunas xmamaRali xmobiT Semouvlidnen maRlars: “aguna, aguna, Semeiare! baxuas karebTan geiare! Cvens venaxSi aseTi mtevani (bavSvs aiyvandnen xelSi), sxvis mamulSi nafoti da furceli!” amave sityvebs, mcireodeni cvlilebiT, dasZaxebdnen sawnaxels, Tan xeze najaxis yuiT akakunebdnen, TiTqos agunas uxmobdnen: “aguna, aguna! Cvensken Cameiare! baxvsa da askanaze geiare! Cvens venaxebs sikeTe mieci, sxvis venaxSi furceli gaamravle!” raWa-leCxumSi aguna angurad aris cnobili da kidev ufro gamokveTilia misi, rogorc Rvinis RvTaebis, saxe da funqcia. aqac axal wels miulocavdnen venaxs garsSemovliT da maRali SeZaxiliT: “anguram Cameiara iliTa da miliTa, orSimo da xrikiTa! Cveni mamuli Ceiara, w(v)ivi meitexa, Rvinis Rvari

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aayena! isxa, isxa, isxa... gamoRma yurZeni, gaRma furceli!” mili, orSimo, xriki _ meRvineobis inventari _ agunas, Rvinis RvTaebis, atributebia.

amrigad, koleqtiuri samiwaTmoqmedo Sroma sanaxaobiT da sazeimo saxes iRebs, romelSic CarTulia mTeli mosaxleoba didian-patarianad, visac ki Sromis unari dakarguli ara aqvs. nadi, xelxvavi, rTveli _ namdvili saxalxo dResaswaulebia, romlebic religiur dResaswaulebTan erTad SemoqmedebiTi SromiTi sixaruliT da imedebiT msWvalavs miwis muSakis yofas. MO Tibvis leqs-simRerebi.

Tibva, rogorc mniSvnelovani sameurneo saqmianoba, gansakuTrebiT saqarTvelos mTianeTisTvis aris niSandoblivi, igi mesaqonleobasTan aris dakavSirebuli. magram am saqmianobis dros samReri leqsebi mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi iRebs mkacrad Camoyalibebul kanonikur saxes. Tibvis leqs-simReras aq mTibluri ewodeba, romelsac aqvs mkveTrad gamoxatuli versifikaciuli saxe. mTibluri, rogorc sxva adgilzec (ix. qvemoT,YxmiT natirali) aris aRniSnuli, warmoadgens cxramarcvlian uriTmo leqss, romlis warmoSoba bundovanebiT aris moculi. is ki cnobilia, rom, vidre mTibveli mTiblur leqss “celze daamRerebda”, manamde is xmiT natirali iyo, uSualod micvalebulis cxedris win improvizebulad Seqmnili. amiT aris gamowveuli, rom mTibluris hangi metad naRvliania, Sesrulebis tempic mdorea, rac albaT celis monotonur moZraobas asaxavs.

Tibvas rom samgloviaro hangi axlavs, am faqtis pirveli werilobiTi cnoba XIX saukunidan mogvepoveba. ai, ras mogviTxrobs xevsurTSi mogzauri [kaxeli:94]:

„Rulis mindvrebs rom gavcdiT da WalaSi gadavuxvieT, gzidan cota moSorebiT serze mTibav xevsurebis simRera Semogvesma. cxeni Sevayene, davugde simReras yuri, magram erTobili naRvliani xmis meti ver gavarCie-ra. samuSao xevsurebis leqsis gageba mindoda, veRar moviTmine da mTibavebs xma miveci. ramdensame wamSi Cems gverdiT idga cnobili mindia. salamis umal mindias vsTxove eTqo is leqsi, romelsac isini mRerodnen. am leqss Cven muSaobis dros vmReriTo, miTxra mindiam da nela garkveviT sTqva:

„RoraT Sabura ara xaravo, Ãaro nabamo rkinisao, kedo nagdebo sinisao, gamogorgvlilo rkinis kverao. xmalo, naWedo safrangesao, qalaq nawdobo erboSiao, Tofo, naWedo yirimSiao, jaWvo, naqsovo urumSiao. Satil dediZmaT estumridio, iqiT velobas wagiyvaneno, aiq urjulo gamogivaTo, Tof hkridi, gaagoridio, mosWridi xel, wamaiRidio, Tavis qviTkirsa miakridio, qal-zali gaivl-gamaivliso, Seni nakravi moagondebiso“ [qxp X:#688].

am sityvebs rom naRvlian xmaze mReroda Ruleli xevsuri, gasakviri ar aris, radgan es leqsi xmiT natiralia vinme RoraT Saburaze.

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ratom sruldeba maincdamainc Tibvis dros xmiT natirali, ar aris bolomde gamorkveuli. fiqroben, rom raki Tibvis procesi mwvane balaxis sicocxlis mospobaa, samgloviaro teqsti da melodia sruliad SesatyvisobaSia masTan. Tibva fSaur poeziaSi sikvdilis moqmedebis metaforaa:

`sikvdilm Tqva: zRvis gaRmiT viyav, zRva CqefiT gamoviari, Samovxe fSavis mTazeda, vardni hyvaodes, iani, Caudeg, ise CavTibe, ro kargma celma Tivani...“ [qxp VII:#158].

asea Tu ise, glovis motivi Tibvas ritualuradac ukavSirdeba. Tibvis `sezoni~ im wels gardacvlilTa gaxsenebiT iwyeba. mTels xevsureTSi Tibvas samSabaT dRes iwyeben [oCiauri 2005:113-114, 181]. es aris `Tibis samSabaTi~, romelsac ganuxrelad icaven. am dRemde Tibvas veravin gabedavda. am dRes im wlisgardacvlilis Wirisufali awvevda mTel sofels Tavis saxlSi, patiJic ar sWirdebodaT, Seikribebodnen da im wlis mkvdris saxelze aryiT dalocavdnen Tibis sezonis gaxsnas. diacebi gaSlidnen talavars, rogorc damarxvis dRes. jer ZaxiliT natirals Seasrulebdnen, magaliTad: `raÃel Tibis SamSabaTi goqv, Zmao, sxvan saTibad emzadebian, Zmao, miwa Sens dasa, Zmao.... Sen sworeb TibaSi maiRalebian, Zmao...

Sen mÃar-beWi miwas uWerav, Zmao.....~ [oCiauri 2005:113-114].

mere xmiT motirali gaSlili talavridan gardacvlilis iaraRs aiRebda da gaimeorebda natirals, romelic am wels gardacvlilis datirebisas Sesrulda. magaliTad: `Seni kacoba raÃeliao,

beber mamasa aTibviebo, dawirul celi-d’ safarcxvelio, meored ra aaRebieo, genacvlos seni naTulaio, Sen xo didxans Zil ar icodio, gaTenebamdin amazdgidio, manam mTiblebi maidodeso. namÃrevn sataves Saxyarnidio, masulebs mTiblebs daxkivlidio~. [oCiauri 2005:181].

zedmiwevniT esadageba am dRis _ Tibis samSabaTis suliskveTebas es natirali, sadac pirvel rigSi mitovebul (`dawirul~) celzea laparaki. sxva natiralSi ufro reliefurad aris gamoxatuli Tibvis Tema da ucelod darCenili gaoxrebuli saTibebis suraTi:

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`Tqveni WirimeT, matiralono, Cven droJam ar gakvirvebsTaeo? gaoÃrda celi, safarcxvelio, mTani daoÃrdes mzispirulnio, Tormetis mTiblis sayofinnio...~ [oCiauri 2005:114]. amis Semdeg anugeSeben Wirisufals da mTibelni Tav-TavianT saTibebSi gaiSlebian. amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xmiT natirali Tibvis process udgas saTaveSi da Tavisi naRvliani hangiT warmarTavs mas.

niSandoblivia, rom Tibva gardacvlili mTibelis gaxsenebiT iwyeba. is aris TiTqos dawyebis iniciatori.

amitomac ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom xmiT natiralSi Tibvis motivi ganmsazRvrelia. motirali tiris JamianobaSi daxocil dedakacebze, romlebsac aRar eRirsebaT mTibelTa danaxva:

`qalebo, Jamis naxocebo, qviSisas ar idineTaeo? WiSvelsa ara gaxeneTaeo, WiSvel mTiblebi ar Tibdaeo? celebi ar unaTobdaeo? simRerebs ar iZaxdesaeo?” [qxp V:#72].

SeiZleba gvefiqra, rom mTiblurTa repertuarSi swored im xmiT natirlebma hpova adgili, romlebic TibvaSi daRupulebs eZRvneba: òCiaurni Camosetyvnao,

ex daxkra niniais saxlTao; iwivla gvelma libuCiao, ez gatyda, keras gaerekao, orolni gaixvivna Zmanio, orniv gadasCes ded-mamanio, totiT mbRunavni beberanio, celebi Camayarna zvavmao, qviSas mamClebi namÃrevCiao~ [qxp V:#194].

motirali ixsenebs gardacvlils, rogorc saukeTeso mTibels,

gamoTqvams sinanuls imis gamo, rom is aRar gamoCndeba Tavisi celiT saTibebSi. “Svilni wavlalen Tibazedao, Cemi sulai kurdRelaio”; “deda enacvlos Svils gorgisa, erTi mTa erT namxrevad unda, meore _ Tivis saTrelada”; “namxrevni sisxliT dagasvrivnao, cel dagrCa namxrevT saTavesao, namxrevT boloSi salesvelio”.

deda mimarTavs gardacvlil Svils, TiTqos is jer kidev mTibelTa Sorisaa, ecados celis lazaTiani moqneviT qmrebis mowunari qalebi moxiblos:

`yana mkev, dedis mSveniero, saxeln ar mkian sklatisani:

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ubniT bubai gamagxenebso, oblis kaloTa _ Sarindaio. qalni ornivac lamazniao, ornivac qmrebis mwunobarnio~ [qxp X:#463].

SeniSvna. `gamagxenebso~ _ gamogvxedavso. buba da Sarinda _ qalis saxelebia. ùbani~ da òblis kalo~ adgili saxelebia SatilSi.

ise ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos Tibvis leqs-simRerebis repertuars mxolod da mxolod xmiT natirlebi avsebdes. bunebrivia, rom Tibvas, rogorc Sromis erT-erT wamyvan saxeobas aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi, Tavisi sakuTrivi poeturi gamoxatuleba hqondes. arsebobs Tibvis leqsebi, romlebSic erTgvarad asaxulia Tibvis procesi, mTibelis damokidebuleba TibvasTa da, gansakuTrebiT, Sromis iaraRTan _ celTan. mTibveli TiTqos amxnevebs an anamusebs, an emuqreba, esiyvaruleba kidec Tavis cels, raTa man ostaturad moaTibinos balaxi da sircxvili ar aWamos _ mTibvelis naTibi mindori xom Tem-soflis xelisgulzea, xarvezi aravis gamoepareba.

`celo, gamiWer gzis piria, jereT mWedelsa dagiwyeven, mere _ mlesavsa, gamgverdavsa, celo, koWlais nakveravo, usapireo ar iqnebi. yelRilianis qmaroo, usadilo ar iqnebi~ [qxp X:#614].

`celo, gamoWer, cel oxero, nalevo dolaT qedurisa, namÃrevT saTaves Samaxdine, Torem wamivlen win mTiblebi...~ [qxp X:#617].

`cel gasWer, Torem gamogamtvrev, Senma mWedelma damibara: _ ar gasWras, aqve momitane, pirsa mauqcev yuada~. [qxp X:#618].

zog simReras TiTqos baladis saxe aqvs, sadac rogorc sagmiro simRereSi Seqebulia moymec da misi iaraRic.

`gamiWer, celo, broliao, nalevo dolaT qedurisa, mTiblebi ar gauSva wina, neTxiCoveli, TaTxeluri. daikvexneben qalebSia, gigas vajobeT TibaSia. gasWra da gasWra broliama, naTibi darCa did alagi, giga rom SaÃda namxrevT Tavsa, sworad xan iyo SuadRisa, sam namxrevn im dros aitanna, gigama Coxis kalTaebi sartyelSi magra Caitana, celi mxarze gadaidva, dabrunda vaJi siciliTa, mTiblebsa gverdze Cauara, binaSi dajda, daisvena,

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celi galesa qasuriTa, meore namxrev aitana, memr ki dabrunda Siniskeda, TibiT rom guli maifxana...~ [qxp X:#633].

SeniSvna. mTiblurs, Tumca mas, Cveulebriv, mTibelTa jgufi (jari)

asrulebs, mainc ver CavTvliT pirwmindad koleqtiuri Sesrulebis simRerad, Tundac iqidan gamomdinare, rom xmiT natirali individualuri warmoSobisaa da rom misi Sesruleba Tibvis dros aucileblobiT ar moiTxovs mTibelTa gunds. mTibluri arafers kargavs, piriqiT, swored individualuri Sesrulebis dros avlens srulyofilad Tavis Zalas. magram verc guTnurs, verc xelxvavs, verc kalours ver warmovidgenT koleqtivis gareSe individualuri SesrulebiT. individualuri Sromis leqsebi

mkacrad Tu SevxedavT, Sromis simRera koleqtiuria Tavisi rogorc warmoSobiT, ise SesrulebiT. igi koleqtivSi ibadeba da koleqtivSive sruldeba. xom arsebobs individualuri Sromac, magram ver vityviT, rom am dros ibadeba sagangebod am kerZo Sromis procesis Sesatyvisi simRera. mTibvels ar Seuqmnia mTibluri, Tumca mas saxeli am saqmianobis mixedviT ewoda.

individualuri Sromis simRerad iTvleba “urmuli”. magram aris igi mkacri azriT Sromis simRera? aris meurmis saqmianoba Sroma? ratom ar uwodeben mas mgzavruls, radgan meurme, pirvel yovlisa, mgzavria. marTalia, is urems, mis nawilebs mimarTavs simReraSi, magram mas SeuZlia gaafarTovos da kidec afarTovebs Tavis repertuars sxvadasxva Janris _ sayofacxovrebo, satrfialo da filosofiur-didaqtikuri _ teqstebiT. misi simRera ar aris aucileblobiT dakavSirebuli urmis gzasTan. meurmis simRera warmoSva martoobam. is martoa da mas aqvs simReris moTxovnileba, da is mReris, raTa daZlios martooba. es simRera dialogia martod darCenil sakuTar TavTan an uremTan. es aris urmulis funqcia. rogorc mqsovelis (feiqris) simReris funqciaa, afxizlebdes mas RameebSi.

mqsoveli qalebis Zilis gasafrTxobi simRera: `Zilo, rasa meZinebi, me sabralosao, me Zilma ase mibrZana, me sabralosao, daweq da daiZineo, me sabralosao, vinc rom guliTa giyvardes, me sabralosao, isic gverds moiwvineo, me sabralosao, Zilo, nu dameZinebi, me sabralosao, daurTav da Seukerav im sabralosao. . . . . . . . . . . TiTistaro, kviristavo, me sabralosao, Cqara dabrundi, dabrundi, me sabralosao.....”

[qxp X:#936].

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mainc Sromis simRerebs mivaTvliT ùrmuls”. uremi tvirTis gadazidvis saSualebaa, tvirTis zidva ki Sromaa, Tumca aq cxovelebi (gansakuTrebiT, xar-kameCi) Sromoben. maTac esaWiroebaT gamxneveba, rasac elian kidec isini: àqlemebi da xarebi mieCvien, rom maT simReriT Seuteven xolme da, rac ufro mZimea tvirTi, miT ufro xmamaRalia da xangrZlivi simRera” [biuxeri 1923:37]. gazeT “iveriaSi” urmiT (uremze) `Sromis” Tavis droze yvelasTvis cnobili, magram dRes gadavardnili SromiTi Cveulebaa gadmocemuli: “yvelam kargad icis, rom Cvenma glex-kacebma qaravniT wasvla icodnen erevnisken (yulfSi) marilzed. Seiyrebodnen erTad, Seabamdnen ass, orass urems da simReriT gaudgebodnen gzasa...” [oqroSiZe:135]. literaturaSi laparakoben ùrmulze”, mis naRvlian hangze (n. maCabeli, ilia, akaki, S. aragvispireli, ir. evdoSvili, i. zurabaSvili, g. leoniZe...), magram romelia es “urmuli”, ucnobi rCeba. ilia leqsad gvixasiaTebs mis ucnaur Zalas: `RuRuni igi CamrCenia guls, mwuxare aris, viT glovis zari”, magram ar gveubneba, ra sityvebs mReroda is meurme an Tu axlda sityvebi am “mwuxare” hangs? an iqneb srulebiT usityvo iyo? ilia zurabaSvilis cnobiT, urmulis saukeTeso Semsrulebeli sesikaSvili àraviTar sityvas ar mimarTavda haralo-hari-haralos garda...” [zurabiSvili:69]. Cveulebriv am TavisTavad brwyinvale leqss miiCneven ùrmulad”, magram ismis kiTxva yvela SemTxvevaSi asruleben mas da ara mxolod marilze, isic, aRzevanSi siarulisas?

àRzevans waval marilze, marils movitan brolsao, jer dedas gadavexvevi, mere Svilsa da colsao”.

[qxp X:#808]. klasikuria es sityvebi, namdvilad gamoxatavs qarTveli kacis eTikur idealebs, magram saeWvoa, igi urmulis kanonikur teqstad CavTvaloT (arsebobs ki aseTi ram?) _ yvela meurme xom ar dadis marilze? ufro adeqvaturi iqneba, Tu kerZod am simReras, marilze siarulis Sromis simRerad CavTvliT. marilze wasul qaravans uTuod eqneboda Tavisi repertuari, magram samwuxarod misi Semadgenloba da Sinaarsi CvenTvis ucnobia. literaturidan cnobilia Sors manZilze `qiraze siarulis” mTeli SromiTi instituti. SeZlebuli ojaxebi, romelTac hyavdaT sakmao da Zlieri gamwevi Zala, dadioddnen qalaqidan qalaqSi da gadahqondaT tvirTi. hqoniaT SeiaraReba, hyoliaT ZaRlebi da mamlebi Ramis saxmilavTa Sesatyobad. ras mRerodnen isini Rameul gzebze? raime `kanonikurs”, sagangebod moqiravneTa qaravnis Sesatyviss Tu nebismier simReras, romelic, SesaZlebelia, kanonikuri gamxdariyo? Cemi fiqriT, upriani iqneboda urmuli simRerebisTvis martoobis daZlevis, dausrulebel gzaze mowyenilobis gansaqarvebeli simRerebi gvewodebina. amaod ar uwodebs i. zurabiSvili urmuls `fiqris simReras”.

urmulSi aerTianeben simRerebs, sadac adamiani mimarTavs Tavad urems da mis nawilebs. ai zogierTi nimuSi:

ùremo fersomaRalo, ari aralo, daa!

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xundi gigorams giSrisa, ari aralo, daa! agebuleba kargi gaqvs, eg erTi ferso giSlisa, aralo, daa! Tu kaci TiTon ar ari, ari aralo, daa! cudia misi cxovreba, ari aralo, daa!” [qxp X:#835-b].

dasasruli ukve namdvilad “fiqris simReraa”. meurmes sakmarisi dro aqvs, rom ifiqros qveyanaze, wuTisofelze, adamianze, mis bedsa da ubedobaze, Rirsebaze... mis repertuars veravin SezRudavs, mas sruli Tavisufleba aqvs. SesaZloa, saukeTeso qarTuli leqsebi wuTisofelze swored meurmeobisas, roca kaci martoa Tavis TavTan, gzaze martoul svlaSi Seqmniliyo.

literatura akakis krebuli 1898: akakis krebuli, 1898, X, II. biuxeri: Бюхер К. Работа и ритм, 1923. zurabiSvili: zurabiSvili i. xalxis Semoqmedi genia, `xelovneba~, Tb., 1949. kaxeli: i. kaxeli (ioseb ciskariSvili), ori kvira mTaSi (mgzavris SeniSvnebi), Jurn. `moambe~, 1898, #6, gv. 94. lamberti: arqanjelo lamberti, samegrelos aRwera, federacia, Tb., 1938. lamberti 1960: Lambert W.G. Babylonian Wisdom Literature, Oxford, 1960. sargoni 191:: Thureau-Dangin Fr. Une ralation de la hutième campagne de Sargon (714 av. J.-C.), Paris, 1912. qarTlis cxovreba II: qarTlis cxovreba II, `sabW. saqarTvelo~, Tb., 1959. qxp V: qarTuli xalxuri poezia 12 tomad, t. V, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1976. qxp X: qarTuli xalxuri poezia 12 tomad, t. X, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1983.

d) sagmiro poezia

Tu sagmiro poezias mTeli qarTuli xalxuri poeturi Semoqmedebis fonze ganvixilavT, aSkarad warmoCindeba misi upiratesi wili sxva poetur JanrebTan SedarebiT. sakmarisia gadavxedoT “qarTuli xalxuri poeziis” Tormetomeuls, sadac sagmiro Janri or sqel tomSia (III, IV) ganTavsebuli. da Tu am tomebSi dabeWdili leqsebis warmomavlobiT davinteresdebiT, gairkveva, rom maTi absoluturi umetesoba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTian mxareebs ekuTvnis. irkveva, rom sagmiro poezia, ZiriTadad, fSav-xevsuruli, TuSuri, mTiuluri da gudamayruli warmoSobisaa. es aris am kuTxeebis prioritetuli sfero, sadac maT namdvilad verc erTi sxva kuTxe ver Seecileba. es ganpirobebulia maTi istoriul-geografiuli anu, rogorc sxvanairad ityvian, geopolitikuri garemoTi. istoriulma procesma am kuTxeebSi Camoayaliba meomruli sazogadoebebi, SegviZlia vTqvaT, saymoebi, romlebic jvarTa Tu RvTisSvilTa patronobis qveS gaerTiandnen. momxdur, gareSe Tu Sinaur, mterTan brZolebSi xdeboda mosaxleobis konsolidacia saymoebad,

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romelmac kulminacias XVII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi miaRwia. es iyo zurab aragvis erisTavTan brZolebis xana anu, rogorc mexsierebam Semoinaxa, “sisxlis wvimebis” xana. saymoTa epiuri (sagmiro leqsTa cikli qmnis “Tavisufal” eposs) xsovna ar scildeba am epoqas; “sisxlis wvimebis” xana aris is zRurbli, romlis miRma miTologiuri samyaroSi SevdivarT. brZolebi monawileoben saymoTa genezSi da xels uwyoben warsulis miTologizacias. RvTisSvilTa brZola devebis winaaRmdeg saymoTaTvis teritoriis mosapoveblad, rac miTologiuri eposis dedaazrs Seadgens, Tavis mxriv, “sisxlis wvimebis” eposis arqetipi xdeba. aqtebi, rac Caidines RvTisSvilebma “mas Jamsa Sina”, meordeba saymoSi axla da aq, maT Tvalwin. RvTisSvili meomris, “kai ymis” etaloni xdeba. saymos brZolebi RvTisSvilTa arqetipuli brZolebis paradigmebia. simRere anu balada.

sagmiro leqss, rasac misi Sesrulebis wesis mixedviT xevsureTSi simReres uwodeben, safuZvlad realuri sabrZolo SemTxveva udevs anu asaxavs realurad momxdar faqts, hyavs mTavar gmirad yovelTvis realuri piri, romelsac icnobda saymo piradad an gadmocemiT. saymo agreTve informirebulia momxdari ambis detalebiT. man icis an SeiZleba icodes imaze meti, ramac leqsSi hpova asaxva. leqsis codnas Tan axlavs momxdari ambis codna andrezis saxiT, uromlisodac gareSeTaTvis leqsis Sinaarsi bundovani xdeba da, SeiZleba, simZafresac kargavdes. sxva kuTxeSi leqsis gavrcelebis SemTxvevaSi ikargeba misi mikrosamyaros codna, leqsis daRupuli gmiri kargavs realurobas da mis saxelsac xSirad sxva, ufro gasagebi da kargad nacnobi saxeli enacvleba. aRar vlaparakobT im soflis metyvelebis Taviseburebebze, sadac Seiqmna leqsi. cxadia, cudad gagebul sityvas mimgvanebuli sityva cvlis. anu, am SemTxvevaSi mTeli ZaliT aris amoqmedebuli xzlsuri Semoqmedebis variantulobis gardauvali kanoni. sagmiro leqsi, romelsac Cven SegviZlia balada vuwodoT, rogorc wesi, orTabrZolazea agebuli. vin aris misi mTavari gmiri? mTavari gmiria is, vinc iRupeba orTabrZolaSi. gmiri iRupeba, kargavs sicocxles, magram ixveWs saxels. misi da sazogadoebis principia “sjobs saxelisa moxveWa yovelsa mosaxveWelsa”. sikvdili da saxeli _ sikvdili is zRvaria, romlis iqiT gmiri gadadis saxelis saufloSi. mxolod sikvdilSi gamarjvebas SeuZlia moutanos mas saxeli. cocxali gmiri winaaRmdegobrivi cnebaa da swored amitom aris, rom uklebliv yvela sagmiro simRere-balada mebrZolis sikvdiliT mTavrdeba da es sikvdili saxeliania. amrigad, sagmiro baladaSi gadmocemulia gmiris ukanaskneli Jami, igi Cayenebulia sikvdil-sicocxlis mijnaze, sazRurblo situaciaSi, roca unda gadawydes misi bedi, romelsac is qmnis aq da axla, am wamebSi. am dros, aq gmiri ekuTvnis Tavis Tavs, is batonobs droJamze, marTavs mas. mas araferi darCenia, garda sakuTari sicocxlisa, romlis marTva da gawirva mas SeuZlia sxva, ufro maRali (mis da sazogadoebis TvalSi) RirebulebisTvis. sococxle, romelic mieca, man icis, waerTmeva, magram

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is, rac man sicocxlis wil moipova, arasodes waerTmeva mas, “romeli arasada mieRos misgan” (luka 10:42). es is wamebia, roca gmiri srulad avlens Tavis egzistencias, TiTqos aq jamdeba misi mTeli cxovreba. am dros gamoricxuli unda iyos SemTxveviToba, rac mas SeuSlida xels sikvdiliT saxelis mopovebaSi. Cvens winaSea SiSveli adamiani Tavisi erTaderTiT, rac aris misi sicocxle, da arCevaniT. amitomac simRere ukiduresad lakonuria da, rac mTavaria, yvelaferi danaxulia ara gareSe, aramed misi TvaliT. simRere-baladis agebuleba martivia: eqspozicia _ gmiris Semoyvana TxrobaSi; Tumca simRere SeiZleba daiwyos mowyvetiT (“fxoveli da Savaneli”); Sexvedra, SebrZoleba, aRsasruli. SeiZleba mas axldes “daskvna”, eqstrasiuJeturi monakveTi, sadac gadmocemulia daRupuli gmiris erTgvari Sefaseba, Seqeba an datireba Tu gamoZaxili mis sikvdilze. (ix. “ioneuri”). simReres personaJTa minimumi ori piria, iSviaTad erTi (“baRaTera”), Segvxvdeba samic (“Siola da mTrexeli”). gavecnoT umokles baladas ara mxolod qarTul, aramed msoflio baladebs Soris. es aris “fxoveli da Savaneli”, romelsac pirvelad vxvdebiT Tedo razikaSvilis CanawerebSi (am variantSi igi Svidstriqoniania):

èrTi vaJkaci fxoveli, Savwyals saomrad dadgao, adga da Sin wamovida, gzas Savaneli Saxvdao. CaWres, Cakafes erTurTi, maSveli aRar SaSCao. ciTa movida yorani, magaT nakvalevs daxyvao. jera daiTvra sisxliTa, mere leS Wama, gaZRao. adga da isev wavida, magaT vaglaxi dascao: „orniv yofilan uWkoni, erTm mainc rad ar dasTmao?!“ [qxp IV: #252]

Canawers axlavs Camweris SeniSvna: “me amaTi vera gavige ra: vin iyo

Savaneli an sadauri...” yvelas, mis wamkiTxvels es sityvebi aRmoxdeba. vin aris Savaneli? vin aris fxoveli? vis ucdida Savwyalze fxoveli? Savanels Tu sxva vinmes? risTvis “CaWres-Cakafes erTurTi”? leqsi bundovania, Tumca bundovaneba ara Tu rames aklebs mas, aramed SeiZleba aZlierebdes kidec STabeWdilebas. T. razikaSvili sxva rames gulisxmobs, roca ambobs, “me amaTi vera gavige rao”. Camwers veraviTari cnoba ver moupovebia simReres personaJebze, andrezi ar SemorCenila im viTarebis amsaxveli, Tu ra iyo mizezi maTi sabediswero Serkinebisa, Seurigeblobisa. Cans, imdenad mowyvetila Tavis garemos es simRere, rom daviwyebas miscemia monawileTa sakuTari saxelebi, maTi vinaobidan aRmniSvnelad warmomavlobis saxelebiRa SemorCenila (fxoveli fxovidan, Savaneli Savanidan, qistebis erT-erTi Temidan). es balada, Tumca is sityvierad Zalze Zunwia, rogorc embrioni, moicavs sagmiro leqsis yvela elements, rac sxva leqsebSi sxvadasxva variaciebiT iSleba. es exeba, rogorc mis formalur mxares, ise arsebiTs, ideur Sinaarss. leqsi gawyobilia erT riTmaze, rogorc xevsurulad ityvian erT “yuvze”. yovel striqonSi TiTo kadria

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moqceuli, romlebic erTmaneTs elvis siswrafiT enacvlebian. zogjer naxevar-naxevari striqonebi gadmogvcems TiTo suraTs: “adga da Sin wamovida, // gzas Savaneli Saxvdao”. es imitom xdeba, rom dro Wirs, drois deficits ganicdis gmiri. “adga da Sin wamovida” ara mxolod erTi kadria, aramed is erT paToss gamoxatavs, imis sruliad sawinaaRmdegos, rasac gviCvenebs meore kadri: “gzas Savaneli Saxvdao”. Tu pirvelSi sasowarkveTaa usaxelod (“uerTod”, anu uSedegod, rogorc kvlav xevsureTSi ityvian) Sin ukuqceulisa, SeiZleba iTqvas, saxlSi sasikvdilod (“sircxvil as” aseTi aRsasruli!) ganwirulisa, meore kadrSi mas imedmocemuls, albaT pirquSad gaxalisebuls vxedavT. am Sexvedris wami, romelmac zRvari unda daudos mis sicocxles, misi cxovrebis mizania. es aris misi ukanaskneli wami, romelsac TiTqos xangrZlivoba ara aqvs. erTi ram am bundovanebidan SeiZleba dabejiTebiT iTqvas, rom es wami namdvilad misi mopovebulia _ “erTi vaJkaci fxoveli” Tavad marTavs droJams, mis dinebas sakuTar droJamad aqcevs. es misi monapovaria, misi ganuyofeli sakuTrebaa, is erTaderTi, rac mas abadia am qveyanaze am wamebSi. yoveli maSvelis gamoCena gaacamtverebda mis imedebs am sanatreli wamis warTmeviT. am wamisTvis dadga is “Savwyals” da amis ukvdavsayofad SeiTxza simRerec. am wuTisoflis momxmarebeli Wkviani yornis gonivruli sityvebic, uneburad, am wamis gamarTlebas da gandidebas emsaxureba. baladis gmirebi erTmaneTs ar esityvebian. sityvisgebis Rirsad ar Tvlian erTmaneTs? Tu amis dro ara aqvT? albaT. erTaderTi, vinc _ es arseba aq namdvilad “vin” kategorias ganekuTvneba _ sityvas ambobs, es yorania. misi sityvebi savsea cinizmiT, romelic moymeobis sapirispiro ideologiis gamomxatvelia. magram simRere yornis, davuSvaT, cinikuri SefasebiT kaiymobis kodeqsis erT punqts ayalibebs, imas, rac simReres avtors unda Camoeyalibebina. ase rom, es yorani Tavisda uneburad ganadidebs erTurTis damxocvel moymeT. fxovel-Savanelis mkicxveli da Wkuismaswavlebeli yorani Rrmad individualuria, ar hgavs sxvebs, romelTac daRupuli kaiymis mimarT aRtacebis sityvebi aRmoxdomiaT, rogorc, magaliTad, am striqonebSi:

`yorano, Waris Relesa ar maavlie Tvalia, velguja ara Rnaxia, xuSaiSvili xaria? vnaxe da qvec mamewona: did-didn sxdomiyvnes Tvalia...~ [qxp IV #251

Tumca, vikiTxoT, ra moewona yorans velgujas TvalebSi: misi kargi

moymeobis niSani Tu kargi sadili? igi arc im TavianT Tvistomebs hgavs, vinc maTTvis sadilis gamamzadebels locaven, rogorc am baladismagvar teqstSi vkiTxulobT:

`WimRis kldeT yefda yorani, erTi uZaxebs sxvasao, velT midis oCiauri, gavxyveT amagis kvalsao, Cveni misvlisad gaswiravs yoris wyalaze mkvdarsao. uSiSa ar dagvaklebda saxraod RilRvlis Zvalsao~ [qxp IV:#8]

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kaimoymeoba, rac Tavad moymisTvis da mTeli sazogadoebisTvis upirvelesi zneobrivi Rirebulebaa, yornisTvis pragmatulia: igi sazrdoobs moymeTa Tavganwiruli aqtebiT, maTi ukandauxevlobiT. isini locaven moymeebs, romlebis karg sadils gaumzadeben maT:

.`..yomastos yorneb aZraxda, dabla dauSvnes mÃarnia, jer ki CaiTrvnes sisxliTa, memre coma xres Zvalia. daloces Tofis damkravi, memr _ mzirTa winamZRvaria~ [qxp IV:#119].

“daloces Tofis damkravi” _ (an Tavad Tofis dalocva, Zvalis

gamWreli xmlis qeba da sxva) es sagmiro baladis daskvnaa. ase rom, yornebis piridan uneburad gamodis uWko moymeTa qeba-dideba. is, rac “fxovel da SavanelSi” embrionalurad aris mocemuli, sxvagan meti sicxadiT aris gaSlili, Tumca mainc rCeba erTgvari bundovaneba, romlis gafantva mxolod ambis prozaul gadmocemas, andrezs, SeuZlia. aviRoT “ioneuris” situacia. sityvebi, romliTa iwyeba variantTa absoluturi umravlesoba, “WimRaSi ivaneuri ras-ras Saatyobs Tavsao” an ufro garkveviT: “ras-ras ufiqrobs Tavsao”, an momdevno: “fSaoba gaubedavis” (fSavSi wasvla gaubedavs) gvamcnobs mis gadawyvetilebas, magram ar gveubneba, ram gamoiwvia igi. wina baladaSi amis miniSnebac ar aris, imdenad cxadia, rom Savwyalze dadgomas win uZRvis gadawyvetileba, arCevani, magram es xdeba sadRac baladis farglebs gareT da amas unda grZnobdes msmeneli. “ioneurSi” gadawyvetilebis gardauvaloba da, SeiZleba iTqvas, tragizmic, gamoxatulia mis ojaxis wevrTa qmedebebiT, gansakuTrebiT mamisa, romelic mas, safSaod gamzadebuls, jRanebs ubandavs, mama _ Svils, rac gamoricxulia ordinarul pirobebSi, yoveldRiur yofaSi. msmeneli ukomentarodac igrZnobs, rom raRac uCveulo xdeba. es uCveuloba, aseve ukomentaro, msWvalavs “fxoveli da Savanelis” msgavsad umokles leqss, romelsac, ar SevcdebiT, Tu baladis JanrSi ganvixilavT. es aris usaTauro simRere, romelic ramdenime variantad aris gavrcelebuli fSavSi:

`Cavalis, Caeubneba, tunkiT ivane saRarsa: cxenav, getyoba, geSinis, guls me Cagideb, magarsa, Cagavlev terelozeda, Cagatanineb naRarsa, Senac iq mogklav, tialo, Tavsac iq davdeb, WaRarsa, cocxal Sin ver davbrundebi, iq ver gavwirav mamasa, cixes davungrev isriTa, wverze gadavdeb qamandsa~ [qxp IV:#266].

uCveuloba Cans cxenis SiSSi raRac gamoucnobis winaSe _ mxedars uxdeba misi gamxneveba, Tumca piriqiT ki SeiZleboda yofiliyo: mxedari gamxnevebuliyo cxenis TanadgomiT. uCveuloa am sasowarkveTil laSqrobaSi (“cocxal Sin ver davbrundebi”) muqara cixis isriT dangrevisa. yvela sityva, rasac mxedari warmoTqvams, intonacia, rogorc am sityvebs warmoTqvams, baladis tragikul dasasrulze metyvelebs.

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msmenels ar eeWveba, rom mxedari ver daixsnis mamas da Sin cocxalic ar dabrundeba... axdeba yvelaferi, rasac mxedari uwinaswarmetyvelebs Tavis Tavs da cxensac. aRarafers vambobT am baladis formis araordinalurobaze: mTeli misi Sinaarsi cxenTan gamarTul dialogSia moqceuli. siuJeturi dro jer ar amowurula, magram ambavi damTavrebulia, igi virtualur drosa da sivrceSi mTavrdeba. es ar ukargavs baladas eqspresiulobas. qarTuli balada, gamonaklisis gareSe, gmiris sikvdiliT mTavrdeba, anu es imas niSnavs, rom baladaSi, rogorc wesi, gmiris cxovrebis ukanaskneli wamebia gadmocemuli. misi cxovreba xom brZolaa, sicocxlis ukanaskneli wamebi ki _ brZolis kulminacia. am dros gmiris cxovrebis TiTqos Sejameba xdeba. es iseTi wamebia, roca misi egzistencia mTlianad ixsneba, ukanasknel sabrZolo aqtSi _ gmirobaSi poulobs gamosavals. gmirma icis, rom mokvdavia da is Seguebulia amas, magram gmiri arasodes Seegueba iseT sikvdils, romelic brZolis velze sisxliT ar aris kurTxeuli. gmiris apoTeozi velze sisxliT ganaTvlaa. sxvagvari sikvdili `sircxvil as“, rogoric xevsuri kai yma ityvis. zemoT ganxilul baladaSi (“Cavalis, Caeubneba”) gmiris egzistencia jer ar gamonaTebula, is elis amas da msmenelic imis molodinSia, rom es aucileblad moxdeba, magram gmiris gancda win uswrebs realizacias _ misi egzistencia ukve gamosxivebulia mis warmosaxvaSi. da am warmosaxvis intensioba msmenels arwmunebs, imaSi, rom tunkiT ivanes ukan dabruneba ar uweria da rom swored es iqneba misi gamarjveba da apoTeozi. gmirebi sxvadasxvagvarad ecemian orTabrZolaSi, magram aRsasruli erTia: isini bolomde gaiReben sicocxlis sasyidels, safasurs im erTaderTi qonebisa, romelic maT gankargulebaSia. Tu hanzeli zRvaosani vaWrebi misdevdnen devizs “zRvaosnoba aucilebelia, sicocxle ar aris aucilebeli” (Navigare necesse est, vivere non est necesse), kai ymaT Tavisi sakuTari devizi aqvT, romelsac Tumca arasodes miuRia verbaluri gamoxatuleba: brZola aucilebeli, sicocxle ar aris aucilebeli. masasadame, maTTvis arsebula iseTi ram, rasac sicocxleze upiratesi Rirebuleba aqvs. iseTi ram, raSic cxaddeba Tavad sicocxlis fasi da Rirebuleba, misi matareblis Rirseba. ras unda hqondes imaze meti fasi da Rirebuleba, rac aqvs sicocxles, romelic erTaderTia da ganumeorebeli? aris adamianSi (ara mis gareT) iseTi ram, risTvisac iwireba sicocxle. es ram gawirvis gadawyvetilebaSi iCens Tavs: es aris neba, romliTac adamians SeuZlia marTos Tavisi sicocxle, romlis wyalobiTac adamiani sicocxleze maRla dgeba. marTavs sicocxles da droJamsac, es kargad Cans baladaSi. adamiani icocxlebs ramdenime aTeul wels, magram mas, SesaZloa, arasodes daudges Tavisi egzistenciis gamosxivebis Jami. es Jami wlebs ar moaqvs, es Jami SeiZleba dadges kai ymis mowifulobisTanave. Wabuki, sakargymod gamzadebuli, baRaTera jabuSanuri (amave saxelwodebis baladis gmiri) dedisZmebisgan moiTxovs mamiseul CaCqans, romelic mamis sikvdilis Semdeg maT hqondaT mibarebuli. biZebma ar misces CaCqani, ar CaTvales mowifulad, gajavrebuli gamoistumres baRaTera (“qva-rkinas

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amtvrevs kbiliTa”). magram sul male baRaTeras SesaZlebloba eZleva daamtkicos, rom is mowifulia CaCqnis satareblad (“CaCqani” aq sabrZolod mowifulobis metaforaa). baRaTeram moigeria Casafrebuli mzirebi, sisxlmdinareni gaaqcia isini, magram arc Tavad gadarCenila uWrilobod, romelic sasikvdilo gamodga. meleqse Zunwia baRaTeras gmirobis gamoxatvaSi. rasac is gamoxatavs, isev da isev egzistenciis gamovlenaa _ aqedan vrwmundebiT, rom es wamebi baRaTeras sicocxlis ukanaskneli wamebia. aseTi yofila baRaTera, misma dedisZmebma ki ar icodnen. dafaruli gacxadda aseTi tragikuli aRsasruliT. baRaTeras gza karkuCidan mamis saxlamde arxotSi Tvisobrivad sxva aris, vidre gza, romelic man mamis saxlidan karkuCamde gaiara. is gzaSi izrdeba da, sabolood, ukan itovebs Tavis bavSvobas, igi uReltexilze mTvardeba. balada Tavis kulminacias am or striqonSi aRwevs, romelTac komentari namdvilad ar esaWiroebaT:

`martuam baRaTerama mTa gardiara gminiTa, gadauCinda dedasa gacinebulis piriTa...~

[qxp IV:#275] namdvilad, arc erTs mis dedisZmaTagan, romelTac Selaxes misi Rirseba, ar eqneboda Sansi sicocxlis fasad daemtkicebina Tavisi Rirseba, am gziT moepovebina saxeli. Tu mxolod sikvdiliT moipoveba saxeli da sxva gza misken mimavali ar arsebobs, arc Selaxuli saxelisa da Rirsebis aRsadgenad sxva gza, garda sikvdilisa, ar ipoveba. es aris Tema xevsuruli baladisa, romlis gmiri, saxelad ivaneuri (var. ioneuri), gvarad gaburi, sofliT WimRioni, mieSureba fSavisken, raTa yvelaze ganTqmul vaJkacTan SebrZolebaSi sikvdiliT Camoirecxos sircxvili, razec balada ar laparakobs, mxolod andrezuli gadmocemiT viciT. ivaneurs raRac saqcieliT (“Tavisi siamayiT”) jvarisTvis uwyeninebia, jvari gaswyromia da “gauyrevav wveri”. balada, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli poetikisamebr, moulodnelad iwyeba, fSavSi wasasvlelad mzadebiT, Sinaurebi (ded-mama) da mTeli sofeli, jvaric ki (“waRm dahyev, WimRis giorgiv, Sens patimarsa ymasao”), aseve mamidac (“yinCad daswerda jvarsao”), roca roSkaSi mis saxls Cauvlis, monawileobas iRebs mis saboloo gzaze gastumrebaSi. baladis intenciaSi devs misi ukan ardabruneba. ivaneurs sxva danarCen vaJkacTagan, romlebic sofelSi datova, erTi upiratesoba aqvs da is sityvis uTqmelad igrZnoba simRereSi: is dro, rac mas WiRidan cabaurTamde misvlaSi da iq gamorCeul ymasTan Sexvedramde dasWirdeba, mas ekuTvnis, dro savsea misi egzistenciiT, veraviTari gareSe Zala ver waarTmevs mas am dros, veravin ukan ver daabrunebs ivaneurs, romlis suliskveTeba am or striqonSia moqceuli: “RmerTo, juTuas Samyare, an yartaulas, Ãarsao! maklulsa juTuaisas RmerT aRar dasdebs bralsao”. es misi arCevania. es arCevani erT fragmentSi, romelic ar ekuTvnis baladas, amgvarad aris gacxadebuli _ `xmals uTxra ivaneurma: xmalo gamiWer, tialo!

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mteri mamadga karzeda, iq unda gagaprialo! an movklav, an me movkvdebi, cocxalm ar unda viaro~ [qxp: #97]. amis mTqmels SeeZlo ase eTqva: “Jami Cemia”. am ukanmouqcevel gzaze raime Seferxeba iseTive damaRonebeli da sasircxvilo iqneboda misTvis misive Tavis winaSe, rogorc fxovelisTvis SavwyalTan amaod dgoma im Svidstriqonian baladaSi. es sanatreli Jamis gaSveba da samrcxvino xelmocarva iqneboda. `sircxvil as sikvdil“, ambobs kai yma. magram rogori sikvdili? saxlSi sarecelze sikvdilia sircxvili. es namdvili tragediaa, imdenad mZime, rom misi Semcveli simRere sanTliT saZebaria. Tuki ipoveba, misi gamgrZelebelni cdiloben gamarTleba moupovon amgvar aRsasruls. sanam am tipis, SeiZleba erTaderT, baladas ganvixilavde, erT damaxasiaTebel ambavs movitan skandinaviel kaiymaTa cxovrebidan: roca starkidi daberda da TiTqmis dabrmavda, sulmudam imaze fiqri awuxebda, rom sawolSi ar momkvdariyo. raki mxolod brZolaSi dacemulTa xvedria valhala, “Calaze sikvdili” ki _ saZraxisi, sxva ra darCenoda starkids, Tu ara kiserze Camoekida oqroTi savse qisa, mkvlelis mizidvis mizniT, da gasuliyo gareT. sabolood man Tavi moakvlevina paters, romlis mama mas hyavda mokluli [gureviCi:23]. verafers vityvi, momxdara Tu ara aseTi SemTxveva kai ymaTa cxovrebaSi, magram is perspeqtiva, romelic skandinaviel starkids eloda, “zen bacaligos” simRereSi faqtia. ai, es umoklesi balada:

`zen bacaligos Tovsa Tovs, qven bacaligos Srebisa, TinibeqaurT cixesa kuTxi marjvena sqdebisa. Tavsa zis Savi yorani, libuSi gveli Zvrebisa, Siga wevs Tinibeqai, gulsuwadinod kvdebisa...~ [qxp IV:#375-g]

ras niSnavs aq “gulsuwadinod”? imas xom ara, rom Tinibeqas saerTod ar surs sikvdili? ra Tqma unda, ara. gulsuwadinod aq erTaderT rasme unda niSnavdes: cixeSi, Tavis SinaSi, sikvdili ar surs Tinibeqas. misi wadili velfze sikvdili iqneboda. magram is sarecelze kvdeba. erT-erTi variantis “uziareblad kvdebao” Sorsmimaval fiqrs da varauds aRgviZravs, Tu gavixsenebT fragments e.w. sagmiro-samgloviaro leqsidan: “omSi moklulsa vaJkacsa rad unda ziarebao“? es asea, magram Tu Tinibeqa uziareblad kvdeba, iqneb amiT is aris naTqvami, rom igi brZolis velidan sasikvdilod daWrili ar dabrunebula? radgan brZolaSi sisxlis gaReba ziarebis tolfasia (gavixsenoT sisxliT naTlisReba). gana SemTxveviTia, rom ivaneuris aRsasruls baladis erT variantSi msxverplSewirvis saxe aqvs: “mauqnevs xoSurauli, gaagdebinebs Tavsao, Tavs masWris batkaniviTa, Sahrevs jvar-jvaris karsao”? ramdeni wlis sicocxles gaiRebda Tinibeqa, rom Suqiauris gamouval mdgomareobaSi aRmoCeniliyo. am leqsSi xom Suqiauri Tavisi amgvari aRsasruliT saxelis saufloSi gadadis:

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àxiels TeTrsa cixesa Cardaxi Camosdisao, Siga zis Suqiauri, Tavs cecxli gadasdisao, Suqiauris Ãirimi gulmwuxrad gamodisao...~ [qxp IV:#233]

aq erTaderTi sityva “gulmwuxrad” yvelafers ambobs. “zen bacaligos” ori gagrZeleba aqvs. erTSi mocemuli cda Tinibeqais sikvdilis mizezis garkvevisa, radgan autanelia, rogorc vTqviT, Sin sikvdili, rasac veraferi gamoasworebs. variantSi cixeSi momakvdavs kvirika qvia saxelad da igi jixvebis devnas Seuwiravs, rac SeiZleboda brZolaSi dacemis analogiur aRsasrulad mieCnia romelime mTqmels. “jixvebs nu Casdev, kvirikav,...” ase iwyeba “bacaligos” gasagrZeleblad gamoyenebuli leqsi, romlis damoukidebeli warmoSoba udaoa, magram is kontaminaciurad Seezarda “gulsuwadinod” momakvdavi Tinibeqas leqss. mas, rogorc daRupuli monadiris ciklis damoukidebel baladas (ix. “jarji”), umjobesia, adgili samonadiro poeziaSi mivuCinoT. “zen bacaligos” aqvs meore, ufro bunebrivi gagrZeleba, sadac gardacvalebuls saTiTaod dastirian axloblebi: ded-mama,

`Tinibeqais dedai, sawyal, sanTlebur dnebisa, Tinibeqais diaci dedaSi aRar jdebisa, gaoxrebuli lurjai samburSi aRar dgebisa...~

[qxp IV:#375-g]

axla gavecnoT variants, romelic moicavs moymis sikvdilze damwuxrebulTa maqsimalur Semadgenlobas:

`deda utiris beCavsa, gulze aRara sTbebao, dai ki kvirikaisa faragiT ixoSebao, coli ki kvirikaisi sanTleburada dnebao, lurjai kvirikaisi samburCi aRar dgebao, mama ki kvirikaisi Tma-wveriT ixoSebao, franguli kvirikaisi qarqaSSi aRar dgebao~.

[SaniZe 1931:#516-g].

Tumca es stereotipad qceuli datirebani met-naklebi saxecvlilebebiT SeiZleba nebismieri sagmiro baladis erTgvar daskvnad gamodges. klasikuria am mxriv xogais mindis dasasruli, romelic mis TiTqmis yvela variants axlavs:

`cxeni imisi tiali lurja totebze dgeboda, coli imisi beCavi sul Savad imoseboda, dedas imisas sabralos tirils aRara hxdeboda, mama imisi sabralo Tma-wveriT ixoSeboda~.

[qxp IV:#3].

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niSandoblivia cxenisa da mxedris (patronis) urTierTobis (gavixsenoT “Cavalis, Caeubnebis”) gaTvaliswinebiT mgloviareTa Soris cxenis pirvel rigSi dasaxeleba. aris tendencia, rom am kanonikur sias gamoeyos da damoukidebeli leqsis saxe miiRos moymisgan daoblebulTa yvelaze, SeiZleba iTqvas, mebrZolisTvis intimurma atributebma, romelTagan, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT xalxur rwmena-warmodgenebs maT nawilianobaze, erTi _ cxeni _ ar CaiTvleba ugunur arsebad,

`Cava, Cahxvivis lurjai, mTibelav, Seni cxenia: vervin Samamxvda, mTibelav, mxedari Seni feria, vercvin mamiyvans omSia, verc vin maWmia qeria” _

[qxp IV:#413] meore ki _ iaraRi _ usulo nivTad. isini Tumca lakoniuri, magram Tavisi paTosiT epiuri suraTis personaJebi xdebian:

`mTibelav, Seni franguli, itirebs, gadaiqceva: avahme, Cemo patrono, Senfrad aravin meqceva. vervin Samitans omSia, Samitans, gamameqceva”

[qxp III:#102] ukeTesad da ufro amomwuravad, da meti gulistkeniT verc erTi axlobeli ver daaxasiaTebda daRupul moymes. isic SeiZleba iTqvas, rom daoblebulTa Soris yvelaze tragikulni cxeni da franguli Canan. umxedrod darCenili “lurjas” monologi TiTqos pasuxia tunkiT ivanes gamamxnevebel sityvebze Tavis Semdrkal “cxenas” mimarT. “guls me Cagideb magarsa”, ai, aseT, am sityvebis patroni mxedars mistiris cxeni. `leqsi vefxvisa da moymisa~

Tavdapirveli saxiT es balada, rogorc akaki SaniZem [SaniZe 1931:559] gamoarkvia adgilobrivi informatorebis gamokiTxvis Sedegad,, aTiode striqonze meti ar unda yofiliyo. droTa viTarebaSi baladas emateboda striqonebi, romlebic TiTqos azustebdnen vefxvisa da moymis Sebmis detalebs da, ase gasinjeT, bunebis suraTsac ki. arada, moymis gmirobis saCveneblad sruliad sakmarisia is minimumi, romelic aRwers mxolod da mxolod aucilebels. Sexvedra vefxisa da moymisa, maTi Sebma danaxulia erT-erTi monawilis, cxadia, moymis TvaliT (“moymem Tqva, pirSiSvelama”), dinamiuri kadrebi iseTi katastrofuli siswrafiT enacvleba erTmaneTs, rom statikuri peizaJisTvis dro aRar unda rCebodes. “dro aRar dasCa moymesa”, naTqvamia leqsSive. drois ukmarisoba, rogorc vnaxeT, orTabrZolaze agebuli baladis uxilavi fonia, rogorc sasunTqi haeri. ai, savaraudo Tavdapirveli teqsti:

`moymema pirSiSvelama, Sibn gaiarna kldisani, jixvsa Tof daxkra, berÃensa, Walas jaxn iqnes rqisani.

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Sua gzas SamaaRamda, dron iyvnen SuRamisani. gzas vefxvi Sameeyara, Tvalni arisxna RvTisani, gaziT gaarTvna kalTani, jaWvisa javSanisani. moymemac xelSi iyarna vadani Tavis Ãmlisani, nel-nela gaWra frangulma, dron iyvnes waqcevisani, vefxvi kldeT gardaekida, CamaawiTlna qviSani, Taod kldis Tavzed Samowva moyme sulamomdinari. vin etyvis magis dedasa, kars usxen qadag-misanni, uerTod ar daixarjnes Cvenis afxazis isarni~. [SaniZe 1931:#519]

rogorc teqstidan Cans, moyme ar apirebda frangulis moSveliebas da maSinRa moimarjva igi, roca vefxvma jaWvis perangi SemoafliTa mas. “maSin gauWra frangulma”, gauWra maSin, roca Tavadac sulamomdinari iyo. ratom erideboda vefxvis mokvlas moyme? TqmulebiT, vefxvis, rogorc arwivis, mokvla ikrZaleba. moyme ganwirulia, igi ukanasknel, zRvrul situaciaSia Cayenebuli, mas sxva gza ara aqvs. arsebobs azri, rom vefxvi, romelmac “Tvalni arisxna xTisani”, mas damsjelad moevlina berÃeni jixvis mokvlisaTvis. vefxvi RvTis risxvis gamomxatvelia (g. jafariZe). gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ase Cans akaki SaniZis masalebis mixedviT, baladas gauCnda gagrZeleba, romelmac mas saxeli gauTqva. mis gareSe, saeWvoa, rom “leqsi vefxvisa da moymisa” esoden popularuli gamxdariyo. Tumca popularoba yovelTvis aRmatebuli Rirsebis dasturi ar aris da am kerZo SemTxvevaSi igi erTgvarad sentimentalur da arcTu xalxuri warmoSobis humanistur talRaze gamoikveba. gavixsenoT, rogor mTvardeba xalxuri teqsti:

“vin etyvis magis dedasa, kars usxeds qadag-misanni, uerTod ar daixarjnes Cvenis afxazis isarni” .

dedis motivi aq Zunwad, TavSekavebulad, xevsuruli tradiciis erTgulebiT aris gamoxatuli. Tavad balada ki Tavdeba iq, sadac moymem da vefxvma daasrules sicocxle _ kldis Tavze. aq wertili daesva dros, Camoicala wamebi, qviSis saaTis amwuTisofluri WurWeli dacarielda. oriod striqonSi ixsenieba Wirisufali ara glovis momentSi da moymis ganzogadebuli (amas isris xseneba mowmobs) Rirsebis da ara misi ukanaskneli gmirobis Sefaseba. es epilogia, sadac gmiri ukve moxveWili didebisa da saxelis rakursSia danaxuli.

dedis xseneba boloswina striqonSi misi imgvari gagrZelebis biZgi unda yofiliyo, rogoradac gagrZelda igi. vinc ar unda yofiliyo baladis “meore karis” Semqmneli, giorgi jabuSanuri, arcTu usaxelo meleqse, Tu sxva vinme, misi poeturi talanti eWvs ar iwvevs. leqsi, romelic eqvsgzis ametebs ZiriTad teqsts, TavisTavad didebulia, dedis motivi brwyinvaled aris damuSavebuli, magram Zneli iqneba misTvis xalxur, gansakuTrebiT xevsuruli simReres tradiciaSi adgilis moZebna. darRveulia ara mxolod baladis formaluri mxare _ Secvlilia riTma

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(yuvi, amaze qvemoT) da droisa da adgilis erTianobis, siuJetis ganuStoeblobis principi, aramed, rac mTavaria, myari eTnografiuli tradicia. saqme is aris, rom dedas xevsuruli etiketiT ekrZaleba Svilze (da qmarze) sajarod tirili (amaze qvemoT, ix. xmiT natirlebi). “iareboda dedai tiriliT, Tvalcremliani” sruliad warmoudgenelia xevsurul (fSauri ukve itans) tradiciul sinamdvileSi. amitom vfiqrob, rom es damateba garRvevaa tradiciaSi, rac SeiZleboda axali tradiciis dasabami yofiliyo, magram ase ar moxda. dRemde xevsureTSi ar moipoveba dedis xmiT natirlebi, gansxvavebiT fSavisa, sadac am kdemamosil tradicias didixnis winaT Seudga wyali.

Tu davukvirdebiT, meore kari baladisa xuTi met-naklebad dasrulebuli monakveTisgan Sedgeba. Segubebulia TiTqos erTmaneTi Tanamimdevruli zRurblebiT baladis erTiani sunTqva. pirvel monakveTSi erTurTis daxocvis faqtia aRniSnuli (“imaT daxoces erTurTi”), momdevno monakveTebSi avtori miubrundeba Serkinebis peripetiebs da sxvadasxvagvarad gadmocems maT. pirvelad deda umisamarTod iambobs ambavs: “Cem Svils gzad vefxvi Sahyria...” meoreSi deda daWril(?) Svils, jerac cocxals, wylulebis uxvevs (es lapsusia Tu uCveulo metabole?); mesameSi: wina monakveTSi gacveTili xmali aq bolos uRebs vefxvs: “xmalma dakuwa Zvalia”, orTabrZola mTavrdeba da dedac amTavrebs tirils: “magis mets aRar gitireb...” da moulodnelad yovelgvari tradiciis sawinaaRmdegod gaismis: “Sen ar xar satiralia”. meoTxeSi kvlav Tavidan iwyeba Serkineba dedis sizmarSi: “xan vefxvi, xan Tavis Svili elandeboda mZinarsa”; mexuTeSi moymis deda midis vefxvis dedasTan da, unda movlodebodiT, rom deda kvlav wamoiwyebda Setakebis ambis moyolas.

rogorc mosalodneli iyo, TiToeuli monakveTi Tavis sakuTar yuvzea gawyobili ise, rom baladis yuvi arc erTSi ar meordeba. es bunebrivia, ramdenadac damoukidebeli monakveTi Tavis riTmas moiTxovs.

gagrZeleba mTlianad ar aris mowyvetili xalxur tradicias: aq gvxvdeba SesaniSnavi striqoni, romelic arcTu Soreulad epaeqreba yornis yofiT-saRazrovan, uaresic, obivatelur daskvnas. Tu yornisTvis “orniv yofilan uWkoni”, “vefxisa da moymis” meore mgosani dedis piriT saqveynod acxadebs moymeTa kodeqsis upirveles WeSmaritebas:

“arc vefxvi iyo jabani, arc Cem Svil Saxvda Wkviani”.

Wkviani aq jabanis sinonimia. amdenad, `Wkviani moyme~ winaaRmdegobrivi cnebaa. saxels da didebas mxolod saRi azris sawinaaRmdegod mavalni ipoveben. Wkvianni iseve ver miswvdebian didebas da saxels, rogorc “vefxistyaosnis” saRvTo mijnurobas (“Wkvianni ver mixvdebian”). analogia, oRond mutatis mutandis, aSkaraa. savsebiT platonuri mantizmis (siSmagis) konteqstSi, roca dionisuri sawyisi adamianis aqtivobis gansxvavebul sferoebze vrceldeba. `Siola da mTrexeli~

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ramdenadme gansxvavebulia sxva sagmiro baladebisgan, Tumca ar SeiZleba darwmunebuli viyoT, rom igi sagmiro xasiaTisaa, ramdenadac orTabrZola (Tu am Setakebas orTabrZolad CavTvliT) aq mTavari Tema ar aris. balada mravalmxriv aris saintereso: pirvel, rigSi, is istoriuli dokumentia, romelic konkretuli, cocxali SemTxveviT (xdomilebiT) gvisuraTebs saqarTvelos mTaSi Seqmnil situcias zurab erisTavis xanaSi. Siola, erTi gabudayebuli gvaris warmomadgeneli, aragvis erisTavis partikularistuli mcdelobebis dasayrdenia xevSi. hubrisi, rogorc wesi, tragikulad mTavrdeba da Siolas aRsasrulic amgvaria. tragediis arsi moulodnelobaSic, mowinaaRmdege Zalis gauTvaliswineblobaSic mdgomareobs. Siola im mxridan nasroli isris msxverpli xdeba, saidanac naklebad moeloda. ase iRupeba gabudayebuli TorRva Zaganic. magram, rogorc iTqva, es motivi aq ar aris mTavari. mTavari Tema TiTqos im samiode striqonSia gamoxatuli, romlebic daskvnis, erTgvari eqstrabaladuri sivrcidan gamosrolili SeZaxiliT, agvirgvinebs baladis teqsts:

àmboben Camaqcevasa axalcixuris kldisasa, Tan Cayolasa amboben qerbeRelais Zisasa, ver Seinaxa stumari, vai vas dedas mtrisasa!~ [qxp XI:#27]

magram ara, “Siola da mTrexeli” iseTi kompoziciur-ideuri

mTlianobaa, rom saeWvoa, erTi romelime Tema dominirebdes masSi. aq dgas, ra Tqma unda, Rirsebis problema _ Seuracxyofili vaJkacis Rirsebisa, romelsac Tavisi moymeobis ukanasknel (cxeni ukve gaiRo) atributs arTmeven (“ar daiSala, gadaswvda mxarT nadebs mSvildsa rqisasa”, aq ar SeiZleba ar mogvagondes yivCaRis moZaladuri moZraoba: `mozidna nawnavs Tmisasa~), Seuracxyofili maspinZlis Rirsebisa, romelsac stumari moukles (Tema, romelic vaJas geniam poemad aqcia); tradiciiT Semagrebul-gamarTlebuli Surisgebis dauokebeli Jini (“ganrisxebas Rgon xTisasa”); mkvlelis, Tundac sakuTari sicocxlis aradCamgdebis, pirveli reaqcia, Tavi Seafaros tradiciiT kurTxeul adgilebSi, eklesia iqneba Tu keria Tundac moklulis dis saxlSi (“dao, ver Saminaxavdi, cxonebas Seni Zmisasa”?); keriis mfarvelobiTi Zala, Surisgebis grZnobis mZleveli (“wamodo, Sao da bnelo, Tu suls vaameb mkvdrisasa”)... da mainc unda vTqvaT, rom am baladaSi TvalSi sacemia is ganaCeni, rac gamotanilia hubrisis winaaRmdeg: mas aqvs Tavisi mwvervali, apogea, romlis Semdeg iwyeba SeumCneveli dacema da uecari kraxi. amasve gadmogvcems TorRva Zaganis cxovreba, romelsac baladaSi aRzevebisa da dacemis klasikuri saxe aqvs micemuli. mainc ra aris mTavari? iqneb mTavari moqmedi aq droa, is droJami, romelic gadis snoSi im sabediswero isris gasrolidan ukanasknel TavSesaframde, romelmac mainc ver Seifara mkvleli? es dro, avsili egzistencialuri substanciiT, sadac erTni arian devnili (”daelnebas

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Rgav cisasa”) da mdevneli (“ganrisxebas Rgon xTisasa”). dros aqac iseTive elvis siswrafe aqvs, rogorc sxvagan, sadac baladis gmiri sikvdil-sicocxlis zRvars Suaa moqceuli. `TorRva Zagani~

TorRvas tragedia, romelic hubriszea agebuli, erTi baladis sivrciT ar Semoifargleba. is arc epiur JanrSi ar gadazrdila, ramdenadac eposi qarTuli folklorisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ar aris. aq ar vsaubrobT ToRvas istoriulobaze. am problemas sagangebod ganixilavs t. maxauri [maxauri:182-230] da, vfiqrob, damajerebel daskvnebamde midis. yovel SemTxvevaSi, istoriuli TorRvas pirovneba, rogoradac is werilobiT wyaroebsa da zepirsityvier gadmocemebSi Cans, savsebiT akmayofilebs am tipis baladis moTxovnebs. TorRvas Sesaxeb ramdenime baladuri teqstia Semonaxuli. erTi Tu mis warmoSobas gvamcnobs, meore misi hubrisis (gabudayebis) niSnebs da gamoxatulebas saqcielSi, mesame _ mis aRsasruls. am sami (Tu meti) teqstis ganlageba qronologiur xazze SeuZlebelia, radgan aq CamoTvlili epizodebi TiToeul maTgans msWvalavs. TiTqos TiToeuli maTgani dasrulebuli damoukidebeli baladaa, sxvadasxva kuTxiT rom gadmogvcems misi arsebobis tragedias. TiToeuli maRgani mTlianobaSi gvimxels TorRvas saxels mis bediswerasTan erTad. TorRvas jer Tavisi warmoSobiT da mere SobiT ori iseTi fundamenturi niSani aqvs, romelTagan erTic ki sakmarisi iqneboda mis gasabudayeblad. warmoSobiT is bagrationia, amdenad, nawiliani. mis beWebze “marjvniv mze werebuliyva, marcxniske _ mTvaris nalio”. mesame niSania nawilianobis mizeziT mopovebuli jaWvis perangi, “Zmobilis naCuqari” (es Zmobili xan qajebi arian, xan veSapia), raSic misi nawilianobaa ganivTebuli da, sanam igi mas axlavs, mtris isrisa Tu tyviisagan saimedod aris daculi. SeniSvna: italiel misionerTa gadmocemiT, imereTis mefeebs _ aleqsandre III-s, bagrats dabadebidanve zurgis orive mxares jvari hqoniaT gamosaxuli [judiCi: 131; kasteli:75,76]. TorRva damatebiT begaras uwesebs fSavlebs (“mSavleb, umateT begarsa”): TiTo cxvars da TiTo nacrian tomaras (zamTarSi sanadiro gzebis gasamSraleblad), da kidev “sakargymoT” arwivis frTas (isris kudisTvis). es TiTqos araferia, magram uaznauro fSavlebis moTminebis fiala ivseba da TorRva misTvis moulodnelad, naavadari ConTas xeliT ecema.

_ “vinc Sen eg mogces, TorRvao, mama wauwydes mkvdario! amaiwvada ConTama isari mWvartlianio: _ samjer mamixve, TorRvao, sami dagikal cxvario, meoTxed mosuls dagikal TeTri qorai xario. gizave d’ ver dagizave, bagrationi xario. gulsa xkra, suksa uwia, daeca Zagnis gvario...”

[SaniZe 1931:44; qxp IV:#222]

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es misi daRupvis gare mxarea. Temi Surs iZiebs gabudayebulze, rogorc Cveulebriv xdeba legendebSi da yofaSi. magram mis aseT aRsasruls “metafizikuri” planic axlavs: gabudayebis kulminaciaSi TorRvas stovebs nawili. iorSi “amaCqvefisas” ucxom Tvali mohkra (“vin uga Tvalio”) mis SiSvel beWebze nawilis niSnebs, romelTa arseboba, dedis garda, aravis ar unda scodnoda, da “Zmobilis naCuqari” jadosnuri jaWvis perangic stovebs mas.

_ “jaWvi ra uyav, TorRvao, qajebis naCuqario? _ ielovanze gavwire, gacurda, rogorc wyalio”.

cocxali gmiri iTqva, rom cocxali gmiri winaaRmdegobis Semcveli cnebaa im mizeziT, rom saxeli _ gmirobis niSani, ZiriTadad da rogorc wesi, brZolaSi sikvdils moaqvs. amitom ambobs ivaneuri: àn movklav, an me movkvdebi, cocxalm ar unda viaro!~ gadarCenil kaiymas saxelis mopovebis naklebi Sansi aqvs. magram sagmiro poeziam icis sagmiro baladisgan gansxvavebuli teqstebi, sadac saxeldebiT Seqebulia konkretuli moyme. qebani ar aris stereotipuli. moymeobis poezias moymis sikeTis gadmocema-gamoxatvis mravalferovani saSualebebi aqvs. gavecnoT zogierT maTgans.

“ar vici xando-WarTali, gudamayari sad ari. mTiuleTs gamigonia Tormeti cixe magari. samxreTiT wamogveweva veSagurT cxeni saRari, zeda zis mameswarai, welze artyia xanjali. aragvis piras SamoCnda, gaminaxevra laSqari, dabrunda, wyalze garecxa omSi naxmari far-xmali” [xalxuri poezia 1992:#89].

erTaderTi, rac mameswara veSaguris saxelovan gamarjvebas gvamcnobs, es orad-ori sityvaa: `gaminaxevra laSqari~, sxva danarCeni mxolod fons uqmnis mas. ~Tormeti cixe magari~ mis saxels emsaxureba, rogorc misi gmirobis Tanadi. cxeni, xanjari, far-xmali _ moymis es aqsesuarebi inkrustaciebiviT aris Casmuli am umoklesi leqsis mcire sivrceSi. dasaxeleba `veSagurT cxeni~ ukve mowmobs am cxenis saxelze, romelic isev da isev misi mxedris saxels emsaxureba, rogorc misi moymeobis Sesatyvisi. xolo brZolis dasasruli apoTeozis nacvlad sruliad yofiTi saqmianobiT aris gamoxatuli, rac imis mimaniSnebelia, rom garecxili far-xmali axali brZolis molodinSi iqneba. ai, kidev leqsi, romelic fragmentis STabeWdilebas stovebs, magram aramc da aramc fragmenti ar aris _ igi damoukidebeli samstriqonedia:

`meSvela milxauris Ze, niavo gergetisao, kivkav darbazis gamtexo, momtano sirmaisao, Tormetis SurismZebnelo, Ãelad momyvano tyvisao~ [Tsufa 24441].

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meSvelas saxelisTvis, romelic imsaxurebs epiTets `niavi gergetisa~, sruliad sakmarisia darbazis (sakulto nageboba) gatexva da iqidan sirmis, rogorc nadavlis, wamoReba, rac mtruli Temis sruli ganadgurebis badalia, mere Tormetis Surismgebloba (rogorc viciT, Tormeti damasrulebeli ricxvia) da, bolos, tyvis moyvana sakuTari xeliT _ Warbic aris, es saqmeni sagmironi mTlianad gadafaravs mis momavals. SeniSvna. gergeti RvTisSvilTa samyofelia, `niavi gergetisa~ ki SeiZleba miviCnioT mxsnelis figuratul sinonimad. meSvelas qmedebani RvTisSvilTa mxsnel RvawlTan aris Sedarebuli. `sirma~ _ aq: sakulto Tasis saxelia. zurab erisTavTan brZolebis epopeaSi varskvlaviviT brwyinavs xevsuri mamuka qalundauri. man sicocxleSive moipova gmiris statusi, magram usaxelod daasrula sicocxle. rogorc leqsebi, ise prozauli gadmocema guroel xevsurs nawilianad (jvar-xatTn wilnayarad) Tvlis. magram nawiliani iyo ara mxolod Tavad mamuka, aramed misi xmalic. mosalodneli brZolis win xmali qarqaSidan amoiwevda momavali gamarjvebis niSnad [gabuuri:158]. sadag dReebSi igi sruliad prozaul cxovrebas misdevda. magaliTad, yoveldRiuri sakvebis mosapoveblad xifxolas (erTgvari mcenare) Txrida xolme yanaSi. misi nawilianoba anu xarizma swored krizisis periodSi iCenda Tavs, ebrael winaswarmetyvelTa da msajulTa darad uflis suli gadmodioda masze, ris Semdegac igi sruliad saxecvlili Sedioda brZolaSi. es sxvebisTvisac TvalsaCino iyo. gadmocemiT, salaSqrod mimaval mamukas win varskvlavi miuZRoda rogorc naTlis sveti. roca mTaze gadmomdgar zurab erisTavs mTis ZirSi momavali mamuka daunaxavs, Tavisi laSqari auyria da ukan gabrunebula [gaburi:159]. ramdenime fragmenti mamukas eposidan amgvarad gvixasiaTebs mis araordinalur pirovnebas. `Tan maxyves qalundaursa mamukas Suqni mzisani, bekengorT Camoewiva, yman CaWrna zurabisani,

amandiT amabrunvilma samann Caxyudna qvisani...~ [qxp XI:#47]

brZola aragvis riyeze moxda da gamarjvebis niSnad mamukam erTi

mozrdili lodi bekengoris Tavze aitana da miwaSi CaarWo. misi es qmedeba apoTeozis erTgvari niSani iyo, Tumca am dRidan daiwyo misma varskvlavma Casveneba. saqme is iyo, rom man daarRvia sakraluri wesi, akrZalva: imaze meti mteri mokla ukanasknel brZolaSi, ramdenis atanac mis nawilian xmals SeeZlo. am sabediswero epizods amgvarad gadmoscems besarion gaburi:

`... Tormet erTbaSad mauklav. meTormetisad ro Samaukrav Ãmali mamuka qalundaurs, maSin es meTormete kac mokluli TaviT feÃ-aRm dayudebulas wyalSi da RmerTs Saswdomiv imTven xalxis codvai da Caugav Ãmal mamuka qalundaurs.

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SauZaxnebav xTisad: RmerTo, Sen nu gamiwyrebiv! mets aRar mavxklavav. maSin Caugav Ãmal qalundaurs, uTqom damrCal zurabis jarTad: mSvidobiT, Ãel magimarTasT! RmerTm aRar mamc metis Ãocis nebai, da amabrunvil~ [gabuuri:159].

amis Semdeg Cauyudebia is samani bekengorze. RmerTma metis xocis

nebac ar misca da arc apatia. mamuqa qalundauri, bekengoris gmiri, usaxelod iRupeba RvTisgan gawiruli TorRvas msgavsad (ix. zemoT). magram samani, misi gmirobis niSnad misve xeliT aRmarTuli, darCa bekengorze. bekengori qalundauris kidev erTi saswaulebrivi siCauqis mowme iyo, romelic amgvarad gamoxata leqsma: `bekenTgor qalundauri yornis griloebs xyvebisa~ [qxp III:#50], SeniSvnebi. mamukas, romlis gvari gogoWuri iyo, metsaxeli `qalundauri~ misi matareblis askezis gamoxatulebaa: `qal-undauri~ unda miuTiTebdes qalebTan urTierTobisgan TavSekavebis aRTqmaze (xevs. undauri _ moZule), Tumca es Tema maincdamainc gaSlili ar aris qalundauris eposSi. bekengori (an begengori) maRali mTaa gudanis maxloblad. misi ferdobi TiTqmis Sveulad eSveba aragvis riyeze, saidanac mamukam riyis qva iatana bekengorze. samani Cveulebriv niSnavs mijnas, romelic gamoyofs erT nakveTs meorisgan, amrigad is samaxsovro niSania. qalundaurma aRmarTa igi mizniT: Tavisi gamarjvebis niSnad da kidev imis niSnad, rom amieridan iwyeboda misi cxovrebis axali etapi, romelic dekadansiT aRiniSna. mamukas xeliT dayudebuli samani bolo dromde ixilveboda bekengorze. am striqonebis avtors, bacaligo-atabedan gudanisken mimavals, orgzis mouxilavs igi. amboben, viRac xevsur herostrates amouZirkvavs igi da aragvis riyisTvis daubrunebia. mamukas ki anderZad hqonda datovebuli: `vinac Cem sikvdiliTges amaze mgzavr aivl-Caivlis da vinac am samanTan sam yanws arayians ar daRlocavs, am Cemis Ãmlis codva ekidas, rac Cem Ãmals codva uqnav da kac mauklav~ [gabuuri:159-160].

`yornis griloebs xyvebisa~ anu mfrinavi yornebis dafenil Crdilebs misdevdao (grilo _ Crdili). monadire

monadireoba saomari moqmedebaa, igi xSirad orTabrZolis xasiaTs iRebs, ris magaliTad "leqsi vefxvisa da moymisa" kmara. gareuli mxeci ucxoa, rogorc mteri, da nadiroba TiTqos omia maT winaaRmdeg. swored amitom, rom nadiroba Zaladobaa, misi neitralizaciis mizniT garkveul sazogadoebebSi igi sagangebo ritualebiT aris garemosili. monadire sanadirod wasvlis win icavs akrZalvebis mTels wyebas, raTa misi nadiroba ara mxolod warmatebuli, aramed legitimuric iyos. nadirobasTan dakavSirebulia gansacdeli, ucnobis samyaros xilva, Cveulebriobis sazRvrebis gadalaxva, an im zRurblis miRweva, saidanac iwyeba sxva, aqamde ganucdeli samyaro. es garemoeba ki riskis winaSe ayenebs monadires. amitomac ar aris paradoqsi, rom warmatebuli

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monadire isev, rogorc davlaTian-nawiliani meomari (TorRva Zagani, ioneur TeTrauli, mamuka qalundauri da sxvani) mSvidobianad ar amTavrebs sicocxles. samonadiro folklorisTvis arsebiTia daRupuli monadiris cikli, romelsac sagangebo monografia mieZRvna [virsalaZe 1964].

monadire, rogorc wesi, isjeba zedmeti nadiri daxocvisTvis.

arsebobs wesi: asi jixvis mokvlis Semdeg Tofi miwaSi imarxeba. es is Tofia, romelmac azari Seasrula da misi gamoyeneba ekrZaleba monadires. monadire Corla isjeba imisaTvis, rom man as oci jixvi da arCvi mokla, mxolod erTi koWli Txa gadaurCa [svanuri poezia:291]. gadametebuli nanadirevi monadiris hubrisis gamoxatulebaa. es ar epatieba monadires, rogorc qalundaurs ar epatia im meTormetis mokvla. monadire isjeba ara imdenad zedmeti nadiris mokvlisTvis, aramed hubrisisTvis, imis daviwyebisTvis, rom nadirobaSi warmateba nadirT patronzea damokidebuli da ara misi monadireobis xelovnebaze an davlaTze, romlis wyaro nadirT patronia. warmateba davlaTia, romelic eZleva monadires da, rogorc eZleva, iseve waerTmeva. zedmeti an niSandebuli nadiris mokvla qurdobis tolfasia: monadire qurdavs `nadirT patrons~. amisTvis is unda daisajos. nadirT patronTan urTierToba, romelic aucilebelia nadirobaSi warmatebisaTvis, satrfialo kavSiris saxes iRebs. am dros nadirTpatroni dedria. qarTul folklorSi ori tipi gamoikveTa am urTierTobisa, erTi svanur zepirsityvierebaSia dadasturebuli, meore _ megrulSi. erTgan dalia, meoregan _ `tyaSmafa~ (tyis mefe Tu dedofali). rCeuli monadireebi dalis an tyaSmafas sayvarlebi arian. am pirobiT isini aRweven warmatebas. Tumca monadire, Cveulebriv, gaurbis nadirT mwyemsis siyvaruls. niSandoblivia: Tu arCevani monadirezea, anu Tu monadires aqvs alternativa, igi oridan _ dalTan wola Tu cxra jixvi _ am ukanasknels irCevs. ase iqceva dalis bavSvis gadamrCeni monadire: warmatebas irCevs, magram dali pasuxs mkacrad agebinebs, Tu man cxras gadaaWarba an am cxraSi swored imas esrola, romlis mokvla akrZaluli aqvs. es xSirad oqrosrqiani jixvia da misTvis nasroli tyvia Tavad msrolels miubrundeba. ufro xSirad monadires ara aqvs alternativa. igi iZulebulia dahyves dalis nebas: sayvarlad gauxdes mas da warmatebax uzrunvelyofilia, magram amieridan monadire mudmivi safrTxis winaSea. am siyvaruls TiTqos kanonieri saxe aqvs, es erTgvari qorwinebaa, misi niSani mZivia an beWedi, romelsac monadire saidumlod unda inaxavdes. am mZivSi Tu beWedSia ganivTebuli monadiris bedi. masze unda Semowmdes misi erTguleba dalisadmi. magram monadires `Sin~ kanonieri qali hyavs. amieridan misi cxovreba gaorebulia _ cxovreba `Sin~ da `gareT~. dalTan qorwineba Tumca efemerulia, magram misi Sedegi tragikulia. dali Rupavs, dalive daitirebs.

svanuri samonadireo teqstebi epiuria, sinkretizmis niSniT aris aRbeWdili _ isini ferxulSi sruldeba, ferxulis dinamikam da ritmma

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TiTqos unda gadmosces ganwiruli monadiris daRupvis gardauvali procesi.

`bail yvela dailocos aq myofi, bail, ilba bail. bail, sabralo beTqil, sacodao beTqil, bail.... bail, beTqil, dalis moRalatev, bail.... bail, mulax-muJali ikribeba, bail... bail, ferxuliT uvlian JamuSis moedans, bail... bail, gadmomxtara TeTri Suni, bail... bail, gaZromia beTqils lajebSi, bail... bail, es beTqilis wera iqneba, bail... bail, amis mdevari vin iqneba, bail... bail, amis mdevari beTqili iqneba, bail...~ [xalxuri poezia 1992:#163] sofeli grZnobs, rom es TeTri Suni, romelic sinamdvileSi arc

aris Suni, beTqilis bedisweraa. beTqili pasuxismgebelia mis gamoCenaze, amitomac valdebulia gahyves mis kvals. Sunis saxiT movlenilma CaSala ferxuli, daarRvia sayovelTao mxiaruleba, zeimi. uaresic moxdeba, Tu damnaSave ar gaica. amas acxadebs sofeli sityvebiT àmis mdevari beTqili iqneba~, sxva aravin. dali, romelic Sunis saxiT gamoecxada sofels, sxvas aravis moiTxovs. sofeli grZnobs, rom es beTqilis ukanaskneli nadiroba iqneba da aravin ecileba Sunis monadirebaSi. `Cemi mocemuli mZivi ra uyavi?~ _ kiTxva dasmulia miuval kldeze, sadac gaityua Sunma beTqili da saidanac Camosvla mas ar uweria. mZivi ara mxolod sasiyvaruli saCuqaria, aramed saidumlos niSanic aris, romlis siwmide beTqilma ver Seinaxa, `gaarioSa~ (`garioSeba~ _ desakralizacia). amitomac igi unda daisajos. da dali mTeli sisastikiT sjis mas. sad unda daisajos monadire, Tu ara isev da isev im sajixveebSi, sadac mas warmateba hqonda. rogorc ki dali miatovebs mas _ gauCinardeba, beTqili ufskrulis Tavze dakidebuli aRmoCndeba. mTeli sofeli mis saSvelad moemarTeba, magram vidre kldis Zirs miaRwevdes, `manamde beTqili gadmovardnila, mis mZors daTvi Wams, mis Tvalebs yorani kortnis...~

svani beTqilis dramis tipologiuria raWveli ivane qvacixelis tragikuli ambavi. oRond qvacixelis TqmulebaSi teqstSi ar Cans nadirT patronis monawileoba. magram sasjeli aSkaraa da is Zalze sastikia: kldeze SerCenili qvacixels ukidures gasaWirSi mouxdeba Tavisi monadireobis atributebze uarisTqma Tu maTi SebRalva: klavs erTgul ZaRls yurSas da cecxls aCaRebs sanadiro iaraRebiT _ isrebiT, mSvildiT da kaparWiT [virsalaZe:191]. ufskrulSi gadaCexvamde igi sruliad gacamtverda rogorc monadire.

TiTqos paradoqsuli kanonzomierebaa: rac ufro saxelovania monadire, miT ufro gardauvalia misi tragikuli aRsasruli. `jixvebis muqaraze~ mdgomni iqcevian rogorc ukandauxeveli meomrebi, radgan nadiroba brZolaa, rasac es samonadiro baladac mowmobs. aq jarji iziarebs beTqilisisa ivane qvacixelis xvedrs, magram mis monadirul qcevas sxva niuansic axlavs, rac arsebiTia.

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`jixvebis ganavali klde ro naxo, gagikvirdeba, imaT nawolsa, nadgomsa Toli ar maekideba. fex ro mausxltes tialsa, kldeze rqiT daekideba. imaT mimyolsa vaJkacsa ra kargi waekideba. jarjo, Cahxedav jixvebsa, ra mSvenierni wvanano, rqa rqaze gadauxvevav, angelozebsa Rgvanano. jarjiv, nu misdev jixvebsa, mogineleben tialni! ar daijera jarjima, sxvac bevr mamcdara Wkviani. Camauqadla vaJkacma xirimi spilos Zvliani, win jixvTa, ukan jarjima kldeze gadiRes griali, arxalos Walas Cacvivdnen, arxalos perangiani. Cabanos Walas gavarda moyme fexwriapiani. amaitanes mamkvdari, tiris qali da zalia. Samaawvines karzeda kldis dafleTili tania, gadaglejili Tav-piri, yornis daTxrilni Tvalnia, saxsovrad jarjis saflavze daakrnes jixvis rqania. erT gverdze Tofi siaTa, meore gverdze xmalia, zed daaweres werili: jarji jixvTagan mkvdaria~ [qxp IV:#374]. es namdvili orTabrZolaa da igi namdvilad uTanasworoa. magram ar arsebobs Zala, romelic uars aTqmevinebs monadires, msgavsad omSi gasuli moymisa, am SebrZolebaze. ukan daxeva marcxis tolfasia. adamiani uWko unda iyos (rogorc vefxvTan mebrZoli moyme), rom brZola gaumarTos jixvs missave `moedanze~ _ pitalo kldeebze. jixvs rom fexi dausxltes, Tavisi bunebrivi iaraRiT _ rqiT daekideba, magram moymes gadarCenis sxva saSualeba ara aqvs, garda wriapisa, magram esec ver uSvelis. ai, xevsuri sindiurisZe FCasafrebuli mebrZoloviT gzas uRobavs jixvebs WiuxebSi: àr eSobian Rurbelni maRlis Wiuxis wversao. Wiuxis kuWulazeda sindaurisZe wevsao, jixvebis muqarzeda Rames aTenebs bnelsao. jiÃvTa rai qnes SamdgarTa, an im vefxvs ra iWersao? jiÃvni Civian WiuxSi: veRar SeudiT kldesao, Cven gadasaval sartyelSi vefxvi mwkliani wevsao. jiÃvn SaSCivian WiuxTa, Wiuxni kalmis wversao, kalami daswers qaRaldsa, miscems aragvi Ãevsao. SibuT maua pasuxi, wyali samayris persao, kacs iklebs sindaurisZe, naxocis CamamTvlelsao.

Teqvsmet jiÃvSiiT narCevsa, kldezeiT Camamwvdelsao~ [qxp VII:#656].

SeniSvna. `kacs iklebs sindaurisZe, naxocis CamamTvlelsao~, anu sindauriZe moisaklisebs daxocili jixvebis damTvlels; amis nacvlad sxva azris iZleva varianti: `kacs natrobs monadirei, naÃocis CamamTrelsao~ [qxp VII:#656-g]. anu monadire natrobs mas, vinc Camoataninebs Wiuxebidan daxocil jixvebs. orive SemTxvevaSi aSkarad gamoxatulia monadiris siamaye _ hubrisi, rac misi daRupvis mizezi xdeba.

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Tqmulebis Tanaxmad, beTqilisa da jarjisgan gansxvavebiT, sindaurisZe ar gadaCexila ufskrulebSi: misi sxeuli samudamod SerCa Wiuxebs, risTvisac am adgils `sindauris marali~ daerqva. es iyo misi sasjelic da didebac. dRemde SesZaxian mas, rogorc adre, roca afrTxilebdnen: `Camoxe, sindiurao, klde nu aavse mZoriTa, gvayruebs monadireTa yefa mag Savis yornisa...~ [qxp VII:#655]. magram warmatebiT gaTamamebulma (hubrisis niSani) ar dastova Wiuxebi. moyme kidev imitomac ar daixevs ukan, rom, rogorc Tavad ambobs,

`jixvni miyvardes tialni, mec magaT miyves ziani, xelSiiT damadebies vintoka pirkvamliani~ [qxp IV:#374-e],

jixvebi uyvars moymes, rogorc mebrZols mteri, romlis arseboba saxelis moxveWis erTaderTi pirobaa. Tumca siyvarulis mizezi is sanaxaobac aris, romlis erTaderTi mxilveli monadirea _

`jarjo, Cahxedav jixvebsa, ra mSvenierni wvanano, rqa rqaze gadauxvevav, angelozebsa Rgvanano~. rogor SeuZlia mas ukan daixios am angelozuri silamazis winaSe? magram, rogorc sxva, monaTesave baladidan Cans, jixvebis angelozuroba moCvenebiTia da macTuri, mis ukan sxva Zala imaleba: `jiÃvTa nu misdev, kvirikav kurdRelaSvilo, kldisaTa! Tor Cagityuebs jiÃvebi, fxas Cagaglejen kldisaTa. gagimaRleben eSmaksa, naqars dagcemen mTisas...~ [SaniZe 1931:#516].

SeniSvna. `gagimaRleben eSmaksa~, anu eSmakis xelSi mogaqceveno, SemTxveviT ar aris naTqvami. amboben: `nadiri eSmakT saqonia da mwyems-patroni eSmakio~ [baliauri: 112]. aqvs mkveTri negatiuri mxare nadirobas, romelsac yofiTi azriTi ar Tvlis Wkvianis saqmed. `nu mixol...~ _ mudam Tansdevs gafrTxileba monadiris gzas. yofiTi TvalsazrisiT, romelic emTxveva epiurs, monadiris bolo tragikulia: àrc dRiT (bunebrivi sikvdiliT, z.k.) mokvdeba, kldeze gadmovardeba an zavi moiyolebso~. epiur JanrSic, romelic heroikulia da Wkuas gamoricxavs, gakrTeba es gafrTxileba `jiÃvTa nu misdev~. gana aseve ar fiqrobs yorani, roca fxovelisa da Savanelis Tavganwiruli orTabrZolis Semswre gaxdeba _ òrniv yofilan uWkoni, erTm mainc rad ar dasTmao~? magram vefxvTan mebrZolis deda sxagvarad fiqrobs siamayiT _ àrc Cem Svil Saxvda Wkviani~.

svanuri epiuri samonadiro tradicia icnobs `karg monadireebs~ (xoCa meTxvÁar) _ Corlas da qalas [svanuri poezia: #94-a,b,c], romlebic beTqilis beds gaiziarebdnen, rom wm. giorgi (jgrag) ar gamosarCleboda maT. dali RalatisTvis ar Ziobs Surs, aramed zedmeti nadiris

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daxocvisTvis (às oci ukve mogiklavs, jixvi da arCvi yvela Sereulad, erTi koWli Txa dagrCa~). Cans, es kargi monadireebi wm. giorgis rCeulebi arian da wm. giorgive ajildoebs maT nadirobis davlaTiT:

àxla natvrasac mogcem: dReSi TiTo jixvi gqondes, wvrili arCvi uaruTqmelad gqondes. sanam gindodes, ase iyav, roca Sen sikvdili gerCios, manamde es natvra gqondes~

[svanuri poezia: #94-c, str. 93-98].

marTalia, jixvTmebrZolni Corla da qala nadirobis davlaTiT jildovdebian, magram amis mopoveba maT didi riskis fasad uxdebaT. maT saqmianobas, rogorc yovel sabrZolo Setakebas, mudmivad Tansdevs xifaTi. aravin icis, sanamdi gastans maTi warmatebuloba, rasac svanuri leqsi `natvras~ uwodebs. jgragi piroba mtkicea, magram aseTive mtkicea mokvdavi?

literatura baliauri: baliauri m., makalaTia n. masalebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielTa sameurneo yofis istoriidan, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1989. gabuuri: besarion gabuuri, xevsuruli masalebi (qarTuli saenaTmecniero sazogadoebis weliwdeuli I-II, 1923-1924, tfilisi). gureviCi: Гуревич А.Я. «Эдда и сага», «Наука», М., 1979. virsalaZe 1964: virsalaZe e. qarTuli samonadiro eposi, daRupuli monadiris cikli, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1964. Tsufa: Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis folkloruli arqivi. maxauri: qarTuli xalxuri sagmiro balada, `lomisi~, Tb., 2003. svanuri poezia: svanuri poezia I, simRerebi Sekribes da qarTulad Targmnes a. SaniZem, v. Tofuria, m. gujejianma, Tb., 1939. qxp III: qarTuli xalxuri poezia 12 tomad, t. III, `mecniereba~, Tb., qxp IV: qarTuli xalxuri poezia 12 tomad, t. IV, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1975. qxp VII: qarTuli xalxuri poezia 12 tomad, t. VII, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1979. judiCi: don juzepe judiCi milaneli, werilebi saqarTveloze, XVI saukune, `sabWoTa saarTvelo~, Tb., 1964. kasteli: qristoforo kasteli, cnobebi da albomi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, `mecnierebea~, Tb., 1976. xalxuri poezia 1992: qarTuli xalxuri poezia, qrestomaTia Seadgines zurab kiknaZem da tristan maxaurma, Tsu, 1992. SaniZe 1931: SaniZe a. qarTuli xalxuri poezia I, xevsuruli, saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, tf., [1931].

satrfialo poezia

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rodesac folkloruli Janrebis yofiTobaze, yofaSi maT met-nakleb Cafesvilobaze, vsaubrobT, ra SegviZlia vTqvaT siyvarulis grZnobze, romelic uSualo kavSirSia pirovnebis problemasTan, ramdenadac siyvaruli mxolod da mxolod pirovnebis ganzomilebaSi arsebobs. igi yvela adamianSi Cabudebulia rogorc SesaZlebloba, romelic met-naklebi intensivobiT iCens Tavs? ar SevcdebiT, Tu vityviT, rom es grZnoba, rogorc arc erTi moTxovnileba adamianisa, moicavs mTel pirovnebas. igi uaRresad adamianuria imdenad, rom adamianis gansazRvrebis (cnebis) erTi, SesaZloa, yvelaze mniSvnelovani Semadgenelia. Tu adamiani imdenad aris adamiani, ramdenadac fiqrobs, azrovnebs, Sromobs, ibrZvis, ocnebobs da sxva, romelTa erTobliobiT igi fundamenturad gansxvavdeba cxovelisgan, am rigSi gadamwyveti adgili uWiravs siyvaruls. Tu adamiani iaraRis mkeTebelia, an Tu adamianze vambobT, rom igi azrovnebs, maSasadame, arsebobs anu rom misi arsebobis piroba azrovnebaa, aseve SegviZlia vTqvaT: miyvars, maSasadame, varsebob. Cven vlaparakobT ara instinqtze, romelic maiZulebeli faqtoria cxovelTa qcevisTvis da mas ar SeuZlia ar daemorCilos mas, uaryos igi, aramed im grZnobaze, romelic adamians ara mxolod marTavs, aramed imarTeba kidec adamianis mier; siyvaruli Tu batonobs adamianze, adamiansac Seswevs Zala, batonobdes masze. cocxal arsebaTa samyaroSi adamiani erTaderTia, romlis cxovrebaSi siyvaruli problemaa, misi yofna-aryofnis ganmsazRvrelia, is grZnobaa, romelsac SeuZlia tragizmiT ganmsWvalos misi arseboba. amitomac, siyvaruli rTuli fenomenia, Tuki SesaZlebelia igi fenomenad, movlenad, CaiTvalos. Tu fenomenia, is uTuod metafizikuri raRac realobis gamovlinebaa adamianur samyaroSi.

folklors mdumared ar auvlia gverdi am grZnobisTvis, mravalferovnad da mravali kuTxiT moaxdina misi verbalizacia dawyebuli misi spontanuri gamoxatviT, roca mzera garegnobis aRqmiT kmayofildeba, damTavrebuli eqspresiis faqiz da rTul niuansebamde, TviT siyvarulis, rogorc sneulebis, gancdamde. namdvilad, xalxuri erotikuli lirika amarTlebs `qebaTa qebis~ cnobil sityvebs, rom siyvaruli sikvdiliviT Zlieria (8:6), swored iseTi, rogorsac èTerianSi~ gavecaniT.

im siyvaruls, romelsac satrfialo lirika umReris, araferi aqvs saerTo saqorwino-sawesCveulebo teqstebTan. qorwili ar aris is arxi, romelsac SeeZleboda sadinari mieca siyvarulis grZnobisTvis. lirikis Tema Tavisuflad aRmocenebuli da Tavisuflad gaSvebuli siyvarulia, romlis mizani masSivea. qal-vaJis saqorwino kavSiri ki ojaxis Seqmnas da gvaris gagrZelebas emsaxureba. siyvaruli pirovnulia, amdenad Tavisufali; ojaxi, Tumca is qal-vaJis intimur urTierTobas efuZneba, sazogadoebrivia, da mas SeuZlia Caklas siyvaruli. tradiciul sazogadoebaSi colqmruli urTierToba ar aris siyvarulze agebuli, amitomac satrfialo poeziis Tema arasodes gamxdara colqmruli urTierToba. saqorwino sawesCveulebo teqstebSi iSviaTi gamonaklisis siyvarulis xseneba, es poezia ar umReris siyvaruls, aramed Svilianobas,

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siuxves, bednierebas, simtkices, xangrZliv sicocxles (`RmerTma mag qals Segaberos, mogces xuTi vaJiSvili, ucvalebeli amyofos, mefeo, Seni gvirgvini~). es poezia usurvebs mefe-patarZals yovelive amqveyniur sikeTes, Tanxmobas, yvelafers, rac emsaxureba ojaxis simtkices, keTildReobas, momavals, magram siyvaruli aravis axsendeba. qorwilSi mowveuli mestvire amgvarad locavs wyvils:

Cemi stviri gevedrebaT, mismineT damlocvelsao!

batonebo, gaumarjos Tqvens nefe-dedofalsao. angelozis guli misces ufalman patarZalsao, eyolos egeTi vaJi, hgavdes natvris Tvalsao. rom pativiT eqceodes dedamTil-mamamTilsao

da malamod edebodes Tavis qmarsa da Svilsao. [qxp V:#529].

Tu siyvarulis niSani mainc gamoCndeba saqorwino leqsebSi, igi Tavs iCens rogorc akrZaluli xili.

karkuCiT wamaiyvanes qali maiko Tmiani, Svidi mayari gamoyva, Svidive cxenosniani. wyalT xidTan rom movediT, dadgfa xanjlebis briali. ar maiSala maikom Savi Tvalebis briali, zamTris uyvarda buxari, zafxulis grili niavi. [qxp V:#497]. an es fragmenti bevri minaxavs Wir-lxini, bevrsac var gadanayari, es ki ar gamigonia, dedufals xkocnis mayari. [qxp V:#498]. SesaZloa, paradoqsi iyos, magram faqtia, rom satrfialo poeziis

saukeTeso nimuSebis Tema ganuxorcielebeli siyvarulia, amitomac maT xSirad ocnebisa da natvris saxe aqvT da msmeneli grZnobs, rom es ocneba auxdenelia da natvris sagani _ miuRweveli. ormxriv swrafvas erTurTisadmi raRac uSlis xels, raRac abrkolebs, rogorc is mdinare, vaJa-fSavelas leqsSi àqeTken me var, iqiT Sen...~. iSviaTia idiliuri suraTi, roca siyvarulis Tasi arasodes icleba, sulmudam savsea, rogorc am leqsSi _

visia mwvane karavi, karvebSi ar ereoda? visia qali lamazi, qalebSi ar ereoda? gverds ejda kargi vaJkaci, hkocnis da zed eleoda. gverds edga saRviniT Rvino, svamda da ar eleoda. netavi magis dedasa, sxva raRad daeleoda!

[qxp VI:#275]

msmeneli ar moelis, rom am leqsis qal-vaJis erTierToba saqorwino kavSiriT dasruldeba. aseTi yofa Tavad aris qorwili,

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romelsac araferi aqvs saerTo yofiT qorwilTan, romelic warmavalia da mxolod da mxolod gvaris interesebs emsaxureba. arc am vaJis dedas, romelic aq aris naxsenebi, ara aqvs dedamTilad, uares SemTxvevaSi, `rZal-dedamTilianis~ personaJad gaxdomis perspeqtiva. aseTi yofa, roca qali da vaJi mxolod da mxolod erTmaneTs ekuTvnian ganuyoflad da siyvaruls emsaxurebian, ara ojaxs, realobaSi ganuxorcielebelia. maT Soris xilulad Tu uxilavad mudam imyofeba `viRac mesame~ àvsuli bebris~ Tu soflis saxiT. siyvaruli, romelic maradiulobis gancdas hbadebs, wuTisoflis warmavalobaze imsxvreva. es aris saerTo mounelebeli naRveli, romelic, miuxedavad, xalisiani striqonebisa, gamosWvivis am leqsebSi.

amitomac aris, rom siyvaruli dramatizebuli ocnebis JanrSia gadatanili. siyvarulis gadasarCenad uariyofa saqorwino kavSiri. didebulia qmris ojaxSi Sesuli qalis ideali, romelic am striqonebSia gamoxatuli

ase unda patarZali, erxeodes verxviviTa, mamamTilsa emsaxuros, dedamTilsa RmerTiviTa, mazl-mulebs moegargaros, Svilebs mihyves RvediviTa. imas isre Seinaxven, ugunuri trediviTa. [umikaSvili 1938:185].

magram ojaxSi dabinavebuli da mis artaxebSi moqceuli siyvarulis

wil adamiani irCevs siyvaruls, romelsac veRar miekareba wuTisoflis yoveldRiurobis xeli, igi iseTive Tavisufali rCeba, rogoric warmoiSva. am Temas eZRvneba cikli leqsebisa, romlebic xvaramzes saxeliT aris cnobili. isini arcTu Soreul warsulSia Seqmnili, maTi avtori, saxelad xvaramze (“samukaT xvaramze”), rogorc Tedo razikaSvili gvamcnobs, misi dedis “toli da amxanagi” yofila [razikaSvili:150]. es erTi im iSviaT SemTxvevaTagania, roca xalxuri leqsebis avtori ar aris daviwyebuli. T. razikaSvilis SeniSvnam, romelic darTuli aqvs am leqsebs, ixsna maTi avtori anonimurobisgan, rac folkloruli Semoqmedebis erT-erT fundamentur niSnad iTvleba. magram es garemoeba ar ukargavs mis leqsebs xalxurobas, Tumca isini Rrmad pirovnuli gamocdilebis Sedegia iseve, rogorc misi romantikuli saqcieli, SeniSvnaSive rom aris gacxadebuli: èrT nawvim dReSi, wers T. razikaSvili, vaJikam cxeniT maT sofelSi gaiara, imaT saxlis gverdze gzaze. xvaramzem imisi cxenis nafexurebs Robe Turme Semoavlo, rom ar waiSaloso~. rogorc am ciklis leqsebidan Cans, romelic Tavad xvaramzes mier aris SeTxzuli, qals uari uTqvams Seyvarebuli vaJisTvis colobaze. qals gauwbilebia saqmaro vaJika, fSaveli vaJkaci, nakveTurTa sagvareulodan, SeZlebuli ojaxis Svili. uaris mizezi TiTqos ar unda arsebuliyo: iyo siyvaruli da iyo momavali keTildReobis garantiac. iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom qalma Segnebulad airCia siyvarulis rusTveluri gamoxatuleba _ `SoriT bneda, SoriT kvdoma, SoriT dagva, SoriT alva~. man daTmo siaxlove SorisTvis, raTa siyvaruli meti simZafriT ganecada. siyvaruli mis gamocdilebaSi axal

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safexurs aRwevs, gadaizrdeba siSmageSi `ver mixvdomisa wyeniTa~. am daTmobam poeziis Sedevrs misca dasabami.

xvaramze

_ vina xar, vin iarebi, laRo mag laRis cxeniTa? Tavs rad ar Samaibruneb, yanas rad mamkev cremliTa?

vaJika

_ is gegonaa, qalao, guSin rom medidebodi! Sens dedasa da mamasa saklaviT vexvewebodi, kac-Suakaceb gigzavne, Txa-waleburad xtebodi. ise gagaxdev survilsa, nemss yunwiT aegebode. Cahqonde dilis niavsa, usulod CaelRvebode, pataras naris Citasa TvalSi fxad Caegdebode.

xvaramze

vercxlis Tasadamc maqcia, ro RviniT agevsebodi. daferili mqna wiTlada, Samsvamdi, Sagergebodi. ana mqna vercxlis saTiTe, ro xelze Cagedebodi. ana mqna oqros burTvai, kalTaSi CageSlebodi. an vercxlis fulad maqcia, jibeSi Cageyrebodi. an Seni namglis yana mqna, ro fxaze SageWrebodi. ana mqna vardi, yoili, ro pirze dageyrebodi. ana mqna mois perangi, rom gulze dagadnebodi. an Seni Zma mqna, mewile, arodis gageyrebodi. an Seni nandauri mqna, guls javrad CageWrebodi. Zalian dawuxebuli gzazedamc Sageyrebodi. [qxp VI:#217}

magram xvaramzes arsebaSi erosi ganusazRvrelad ar batonobs, mas

SeuZlia vaJis TvaliT Seafasos Tavisi mijnurobis siSmage, romelmac SeiZleba TavzexelaRebuli nabiji gadaadgmvinos. Tumca es virtualur drosa da sivrceSi xdeba:

wuxel moida siskari, manaTobeli Ramisa, moida, dadga Cem Tana, mwunebel iyo qmarisa. mexvewna: gadamiyole, cxeni gyav niavqarisa. arc gavyev, arc gaviyole, _ anderZi monda mamisa _ ver vende _ ra gaigebis gulgavardnili qalisa. [xvaramze:22]

SeniSvna. Tu qal-vaJis urTierToba, erTi mxriv, saqorwino kavSiris saxes

iRebs, rac ijaxis Seqmnas, sameuneo-ekonomikur interesebs emsaxureba, meore mxriv, ori sqesis Tavisufal siyvarulsac aseve aqvs Tavisi gamoxatuleba instituciis saxiT, romelic sworfrobis saxeliT aris cnobili xevsureTSi, fSavSi ki mas wawloba ewodeba. marTalia, sworfruli siyvaruli mxolod wyvils exeba, maTi kerZo intimuri saqmea, masze mainc dawesebulia

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sazogadoebrivi Cumi kontroli im dauwereli wesebis meSveobiT, romlebic awesrigebs sworfrebs Soris urTierTobas, raTa igi uwesobaSi ar gadaizrdos. sworfruli urTierTobis kodeqsi ara mxolod xorciel kavSirs gamoricxavs Sesworferebul qal-vaJs Soris, aramed erTmaneTTan daqorwinebasac krZalavs. sworfruli siyvaruli, rogorc wesi, wrfel grZnobebzea damyarebuli, rac colqmruli urTierTobisTvis aucilebeli ar aris. sworfroba ki amis gareSe SeuZlebelia. `mere ra, rom ar mogwons, _ eubnebian qals, romelsac ar moswons misTvis SerCeuli saqmro, _ gana sworferia, rom giyvardes. Tu mowoneba da siyvaruli ginda, adeqi da sworfer gaTxovdio...~ [sworfroba:33]. ras miugebs qali am ironiul winadadebaze? qalma icis, rom es SeuZlebelia, rom isini TiTqos erTi sisxlisani arian, erTmaneTis uxvedrelni, rogorc da-Zmani. sworfroba Tavisi SemzRudveli wesebiT inaxavs siyvaruls, ifaravs mas sqesis Zalmomreobisagan. ìgi sxvaa, siZva sxva...~ advili SesaZlebelia, aq iyos abesalomisa da eTeris tragikuli urTierTobis saTave. roca xalxuri Tqmuleba ambobs, àbesalom da eTeri RmerTma Sehyara erTferio~, iqneb es erTferoba, Tu mas xevsuruli sworfrobis badlad CavTvliT, maT uxvedrelobas gulisxmobda da maT Soris wuTisoflis wesiT qorwinebas krZalavda.

SesaZloa, xvaramzes uari sayvarel vaJikasTan daqorwinebaze am sworfruli motivebiT iyo ganpirobebuli.

sayovelTaod cnobili balada `Semomeyara yivCaRi”, romlis variantTa rekorduli simravle (36 varianti) Tavmoyrilia qarTuli xalxuri poeziis IV tomSi [qxp IV:#197]. sagmirosa da satrfialos mijnazea. romeli Tematikaa am baladaSi ganmsazRvreli: sagmiro, raki igi mainc orTabrZoliT mTavrdeba? Tu samijnuro, raki qalia CarTuli am dramaSi? Tu Selaxuli RirsebisTvis samagieros mizRva? an iqneb stumar-maspinZlis wesi? arc erTi calke, yvelaferi erTad qmnis mis substancias. mainc amosavali grZnoba am leqsSi gamijnurebaa, romelmac sabediswero Sedegi gamoiwvia. mZime da Zneli gamodga akrZaluli siyvarulis safasuri. meore mxriv, am baladaSi qmars xelaxla uxdeba erTxel mopovebuli qalis mopoveba. amrigad, baladis ZiriTadi Tema mainc qalisTvis brZolaa.

es aris tipuri balada, klasikuri ex abrupto dasawyisiT, “Semomeyara yivCaRi...” vis Semoeyara? vin aris es `me~, muxranis sazRvarTan purad damjdari? vin aris yivCaRad saxeldebuli es adamiani? ar aris aucilebeli masSi daviT aRmaSeneblis Camosaxlebuli eTniuri yivCaRi davinaxoT da amis safuZvelze davaTariRoT balada. yovel SemTxvevaSi, Zalze gaZneldeba misi daTariReba `yivCaRebis Camosaxlebis pirveli periodiT~ [Ciqovani 1956:337]. xom aris variantebi, sadac am moZalades sxva saxeli hqvia? xirCla, xirClas Ze, yibragi, jimSeri, gimSeli, jijibi, yaCaRi, qoroRli, sameba... balada gvxiblavs jer imiT, rom misi enobrivi qsovili warmoadgens saerToqarTuli poeturi enis _ koines brwyinvale realizacias. kidev dasawyisi striqonebis eTikuri (`mTxova da...~) da gramatikuli (vaWmie, vasmie) paradigmatulobiT; da kidev moTminebis zRvarze arcTu msubuqi iumoriT, iqneb sarkazmiTac sakuTari Tavisa Tu Camovardnili situaciis mimarT _ “coli mTxova da ver mivec, mimyavda

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sidedrisasa, an ki cols rogor mivcemdi, Svilsa gazrdilsa sxvisasa”. am sityvebidan gvesmis moymis sicili, misi Savi iumori. skandinaveli moyme arasodes gaicinebda, magram Tu gaicinebda, misi sicili moTminebis fialis avsebasaviT iyo. aseTia rogorc Cveni moymec: misi sicili frangulis gacinebas hgavs. is icinis da misi sicilis sazriss ver xvdeba yivCaRi. “xeli mohxvia, akoca, mozidna nawnavs Tmisasa” _ Rirs ki laparaki imaze, rom es adgili misi momdevno striqoniTurT _ “Sestira sabralo qalma: vai cols cudis ymisasa” _ jer SemTxvevis da mere baladis kulminaciaa? qalis xma, rogorc kacis sindisis Zaxili, gamodis scenaze. ra iyo ukanaskneli wveTi, romelmac aavso fiala _ yivCaRis saqcieli (`xeli moxvia, akoca...~) Tu qalis amoZaxili? balada namdvilad imsaxurebs, rom mis garSemo didZali literatura Seqmniliyo, magram yuradReba gansakuTrebiT gamaxvilda mis daboloebaze. variantebSi baladas sami dasasruli aqvs, imisda mixedviT, Tu sad midis qali: roca orTabrZolaSi colis patroni (maspinZeli) imarjvebs: `qali sidedrsa mivgvare, is ki iqa sWams qviSasa~; roca stumar-maspinZeli Tavs Seaklavs erTmaneTs, `me aqeT movkvdi, iqiT is, qali wavida Zmisasa~ an `qali wavida sxvisasa~. romelia arqetipuli dasasruli? sidedrTan miyvana, ZmasTan Tu sxvasTan wasvla? zepirsityvierebis bunebidan amosvliT, Znelia arqetipze laparaki. TiToeuli maTgani im tradiciis gamoZaxilia, sadac moxvda es leqsi. yovel variants TavisTavadi mniSvneloba aqvs: im daboloebasac, sadac naTqvamia qalis sxvasTan wasvla, rac qarTveli qalisTvis arasakadris saqcielad CaiTvala, TiTqos am orTabrZolis Semdeg es `wasvla sxvasTan~ dauyonebliv momxdariyo. magram ramdenad gamarTlebulia amgvari dasasrulis gatana zneobis samsjavroze da misi gansja im stereotipiT, romelmac XIX-XX saukuneebSi qarTveli qalis idealuri saxe daamkvidra, da amis safuZvelze baladis araxalxurobis mtkiceba? [SatberaSvili:253, 270]. realobaSi rac xdeba, kanonzomieria, maT Soris, sxvasTan wasvla qvrivi qalisa, romelic mamis saxls ubrundeba, saidanac man kvlav unda eZebos Tavisi bedi da momavali. kritikas ki mainc da mainc surs am `sxvaSi~ satrfo, sayvareli dainaxos [SatberaSvili:257].

SeniSvna. `sxvasTan wasvla~ yofiTi metyvelebaSi sxva araferia, Tu ara sxva qmarTan wasvla da, SesaZloa, terminic meored gaTxovebis gamosaxatavad. xamurabis kanonebis (Zv. w. XVIII s.) iuridiul enaze `meoris saxlSi Sesvla~ qvrivi qalis meored gaTxovebis badali gamoTqmaa: ùkeTu kaci tyved Cavarda, saxlSi ki sarCo ar epoveba, mis cols SeuZlia meoris saxlSi Sevides, brali ar eqneba~ [xamurabi: $134].

qarTul samijnuro poeziaSi baladaTa ricxvi TiTebze CamosaTvlelia. maT Soris brwyinavs balada Tavfaravneli Wabukisa da aspaneli qalis siyvarulze. siuJeti martivia: vaJs satrfos sanaxavad uxdeba tbis (teqstSi: zRvis) meore mxares gadacurva, saidanac qali sanTliT unaTebs gzas, avsuli beberi ki uqrobs; curvisas qariSxali movardeba da Zlevs vaJs, romlis wiTel perangs diliT talRa afrialebs, mis cxedarze ki orbi “xarobs”.

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dadasturebulia am fabulis uZvelesi damuSaveba jer kidev antikur xanaSi. igi ipoveba ovidiusis “metamorfozebSi”: leanderi, abidoseli vaJi, Tavis satrfosTan, afrodites qalqurum herosTan Sesaxvedrad yoveldRiurad gadalaxavs helespontos abidosidan festomde; gzis manaTobel CiraRdans qariSxali aqrobs, leanderis cxedars mebadurebi gamoitanen badiT, hero ki Tavs iklavs (qarTuli baladis erT iSviaT variantSic asea). igive siuJeti ipoveba virgiliusis “georgikaSi”, III. arsebobs germanuli xalxuri balada or ufliswulze (mefis vaJze da mefis asulze), romelTa Sexvedras aseve boroti beberi uSlis xels sanTlebis CaqrobiT. es siuJeti fr. Silersac aqvs damuSavebuli. balada, rogorc wesi, araviTar damatebiT informacias ar iZleva qal-vaJis Sesaxeb. unda vifiqroT, amas iribad adasturebs abidosuri legenda, rom maT siyvarulze tabua dadebuli, rogorc festos qurumqalisa da abidoseli vaJis siyvarulze. vin aris “avsuli beberi”, romelic win eRobeba maT siyvaruls? koSkSi datyvevebuli qalis darajia Tu qariSxlis gansaxiereba? avsuli beberi (qalia Tu kaci?) kicxavs, krulavs qals, “winadac ega gyvarobdao”, magram arc, qals, arc vaJs, arc meleqses da arc msmenels, ar ainteresebT, ra iyo guSin, saidan daiwyo maTi siyvaruli. dRes vaJs “zRva” hqonda gadasalaxi da “qali anTebda sanTelsa”. baladaSi erTxel momxdari ambavia gadmocemuli, magram gamoyenebulia ara istoriuli warsuli an awmyo, aramed uwyveteli warsuli, anu is gramatikuli forma, romelic, Cveulebriv, dausrulebeli moqmedebis gadmosacemad gamoiyeneba. Tavfaravneli Wabukis siyvaruli qalisadmi Seuwyveteli xangrZlivobaa, romelic sxvagvarad arc ki gamoiTqmoda, vidre am zmnuri formiT “hyvarobda”, magram balada mogviTxrobs mis ukanasknel wiaRsvlas zRvisa da ara Cveulebriv ganmeorebad qmedebas, rom namyo uwyvetliT gadmoeca ambavi. “zRva hqonda winad savali, gasvlas Sig ara zarobda”. ara zarobda anu ar uSindeboda am erTxel, am jerze, Tu yovelTvis, roca ki Seudgeboda zRvis gadacurvas? cxadia, vaJi mudam mzad iyo am gansacdelisTvis da ara zarobda swored am mudmiv mzadyofnas gamoxatavs. aseTia am zmnuri formis azri da mainc mas erTjeradi moqmedebis gamoxatva daekisra.

iqmneba uwyvetelisa da erTjeradi moqmedebis sinTezi, rasac sxvadasxva zmnur formaTa monacvleoba gviCvenebs. vaJis qmedeba ganuwyvetelia, mas TiTqos araferi ar unda abrkolebdes Tvis winsvlaSi meore napirisken. Tu zmnaTa erTi wyeba `hyvarobda~, àra zarobda~, `Cqamobda~, `niavqarobda~, `kelaptarobda~, meore wyeba àvsa lamobda~, àqrobda~, àbezarobda~, `hgvanobda~, _ aseve ganuwyvetel qmedebaTa gamomxatveli, mis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli. vaJi da stiqia (mis Tanxmob avsulTan erTad) erTian dialeqtikur proceSi arian Cabmulni. sadRac unda gatydes vaJis SemarTeba da es xdeba teqstis im adgilas, sadac uwyvetlis formas wyvetilis forma enacvleba. am dros gardatexa xdeba, procesis Seyovneba, romlis Semdeg is veRar gagrZeldeba. ai, es sabediswero adgili: “dahkarga foni, SeSWirda (stiqia ki ganagrZobda Tavis Seuwyvetel saqmes), morevi boboqarobda”. da bolos, “gaTenda

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(kvlav wyvetili!), dila lamazi, keklucis Tvalebs hgvanobda. wyalsa daeRrCo (wyvetili!) Wabuki, Woroxze egdo (statika!), qanobda (uwyveteli _ is ukve bunebis dinamikis nawilia)” da ase Semdeg dasasrulamde: “leSs dasjdomoda zed orbi, guls uglejavda, xarobda”.

variantTa umravlesoba aRar interesdeba qalis bediT. es iqneboda stilistikis darRveva: balada vaJis niSniT aris warmarTuli da vaJis aRsasruliTve unda dasruldes. yivCaRis leqsSi qali aqtiuria, mas ekuTvnis gadamwyveti SeZaxili Tu amonakvnesi “vai cols cudis ymisasa” da sruliadac ar aris sulerTi, rogor gadawydeba misi bedi baladaSi. aq ki pasiuria _ misma siyvarulma ver sZlia verc stiqias da verc avsulis wyevlas, an is veRar anTebs Camqral sanTels, romelic dasawyisSi kelaptariviT anaTebda. balada iwyeba vaJiT, mTavrdeba vaJiTve, rac sruliad kanonzomieria. im erTaderT variantSi, romelsac qalis bedi ainteresebs, vaJis gvamic ki saerTod aRar ixilveba samzeoze, aq arc movis perangi Cans, misi atributi, arc orbi. varianti amgvarad mTavrdeba: “moyme CaenTqa morevTa, qvesknelTa boboqarobda. qalmac daicna danani, sikvdils aRara zarobda” [qxp VI: 608-i].

arsebobs cda baladis ganxilvisa miTologiuri skolis meTodiT anu masSi, rogorc mTlianobaSi da zogierT realiaSi gansakuTrebuli miTologiuri simboloebis amocnobisa da identifikaciisa. [kotetiSvili 1961: 329-337] kerZod, yuradReba eqceva ara mxolod movis perangis siwiTles, romelic bevri xalxis da, maT Soris, qarTvelTa msoflgancdaSi sikvdilis feria da amdenad ar aris gamoricxuli misi amgvari konotacia, aramed toponim TavfaravanSic da, rac kuriozulia, dolabSic, romelic am baladaSi mzis simbolod aris miCneuli. magram pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu saidan aqvs Wabuks mzis niSani da ratom miaqvs igi satrfosTan, ar Cans. rogorc gairkva, dolabi am leqsSi sruliad realur sagans, xisgan gamoWril sacurao mowyobilobas niSnavs, romelic wisqvilis qvas mxolod formiT Camohgavs [maisuraZe:211-214] da araviTari kavSiri mzesTan ara aqvs.

SeniSvna. baladis javaxuri warmomavloba eWvs ar iwvevs _ Tavfaravnis

(igive faravnis) tba xom javaxeTis zeganze mdebareobs. magram JamTa svlaSi miviwyebas mieca im adgilis saxeli, saiTkenac vaJi miiswrafis. romelia qalis sofeli? aspana, aspinZa, aSkareTi, CaSka, safara? arc erTi amaTgani (àSkareTi~ saerTod ar arsebobs). Tavfaravnis tbis erT mxares Tu amave saxelwodebis sofeli _ vaJis samSoblo mdebareobs, meore, Crdilo mxares asfaraa, qalis samSoblo. ~Tavfarvneli Wabuki asfaras qalsa yvarobda~ _ asea erT naklebad cnobil CanawerSi [maisuraZe:209] da es aris erTaderTi swori saxelwodeba soflisa, romelic dResac arsebobs. kuriozulia variantSi vaJis moxsenieba àmfaravnelad~, `mTafaravnelad~, `zemoqarTlelad~, `TamaraSnelad~ da qalisa àspanas qalad~, `gasparas qalad~`faSkunjis qalad~, èrevnel qalad~. asea, rogorc ki mowydeba teqsti mSobliur ares, masSi naxsenebi toponimebi nebismieri cvlilebis msxverpli xdeba. axla ganvixiloT leqsi `manglisi ro aaSenes”, romlis baladad miCnevas xels araferi uSlis: yvela niSani baladisa axlavs mas _ erTi yuvi da sworxazovani, ukanmouqceveli siuJeturi xazi.

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balada mecxvaris siyvarulze mravalmxriv aris saintereso. gansxvavebiT “Tavfaravneli Wabukisgan”, aq masalaze Zaladautaneblad SeiZleba gamovavlinoT miTologiuri motivebi, Tumca baladaSi es ar aris arsebiTi. leqss mainc baladebis rigSi ganvixilavT, Tumca SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom Seucvleli yuvis garda, romelic bolomde gayveba mas, baladis sxva niSnebs igi moklebulia. Tu davukvirdebiT Sinaarsis mdinarebas, Cvens winaSe aRmoCndeba imave tipis teqsti, rogoric aris Cvens mier baladad miCneuli leqsi “Cavalis, Caeubneba”. ra niSniT vanaTesavebT am or teqsts erTmaneTTan? erTi saerTo mTavari niSani is aris, rom orivegan ambavi (fSaur leqsSi mTlianad, manglisis leqsSi nawilobriv) jer ganuxorcielebel, magram ganxorcielebad momavalSia gadatanili. meore niSania dialoguroba. Tumca fSaur baladaSi cxenis laparaki ar gvesmis, magram mxedris mTeli nalaparakevi SeiZleba pasuxi iyos lurjas mier utyvad gamoTqmul SiSze Zneli gzis gamo, romelic teqstis gareT aris darCenili da Cven mxolod mxedris pasuxs vismenT. “manglisis” Sinaarsi dialogzea agebuli: iwyeba vaJis (mecxvaris) mimarTviT _ siyvarulis gamocxadebiT qalisadmi da mTavrdeba misive sityvebiT, romlebic virtualurad gvamcnoben misgan uaryofili siyvarulis bednierad daboloebas. “manglisi ro aaSenes...” _ balada gulisxmobs ara mTlianad mangliss. qalaqs Tu dabas, arc eklesias, aramed erT, rogorc Cans, miudgomel koSks, romelic sagangebod qalisaTvis aSenda. ratom moaTavses qali am miudgomel koSkSi, sadac “wyaro adines miliTa?”

ra SeiZleba iTqvas koSkze? aq koSki Tu cixe, rac aaSenes, cxadia realuri nagebobaa, magram mas simboluri ganzomilebac aqvs _ qalis saxesTan, mis pirovnebasTan, mis arsebasTan aris asocirebuli. CvenTvis cnobilia ramdenime satrfialo leqsi, sadac koSki (cixe) an qalis samyofelia, an qalis simboluri saxe, an misi miuwvdomlobis gamomxatveli. erTgan qali ambobs: “Sen ro ggonivarT, vaJao, arca egeTa qalni varT, koSkni varT, kiriT nagebni, ekaldamais karni varT”. ra surs amiT Tqvas qalma? albaT is Tavis (da zogadad qalTa sqesis) miuwvdomlobas. erTi mxriv, koSki Seuvalia, meore mxriv, koSki Tavisi moxdenili aRnagobiT da siTeTriT lamazi qalis asociacias iwvevs, sxva leqsSi sxva adamianis xeliT Seqmnil saganTa (isari, wiTeli movis perangi) Tu bunebis movlenaTa (varskvlaviani ca, mze, ukvdavebis wyaro) Soris pirvelia koSki: “Sen, Cemo dido imedo, koSko nagebo kiriTa”. kiriT nagebi simtkicisa da silamazis, damatebiT, zneobrivi sispetakis, niSania.

SeniSvna. solomonis `qebaTa qebaSi~, romlis xalxuri warmoSoba eWvgareSea, Tu erTi mxriv, godoli (koSki) qalis silamaze gamoxatavs: `Seni yeli spilosZvlis godolia~ (7:5), meore mxriv farebiT da isrebiT aRWurvili godoli albaT qalis miuwvdomlobis niSani unda iyos: `Seni yeli daviTis godolia, saWurveltaTvis agebuli, aTasi fari hkidia masze...~ (4:4). aris koSki, romelic sagangebod qalis Sig mosaTavseblad Sendeba. amisTvis aaSenes “manglisi”, amisTvis aSeneben cixes erT dialogur satrfialo leqsSi, sadad vaJi hpirdeba qals:

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“Caval, Cavageb cixesa, brol-margalitis qvisasa, zeiT davxurav ficarsa abanozisa xisasa. Sig davdgam Wiqa-WurWlebsa, savsesa survilisasa, yaW-abreSumebs Cavkideb, saCrdilobelsa mzisasa. Sig Cagsvam, Cemo lamazo, niavs ar gaxleb mTisasa...”

aseT cixeSi Casmuli mzeTunaxavia anu is, visac mzis Tvals ara

akareben, is daculi iqneba saimedod “mzis saCrdilobeliT da arc mTis niavi ar miekareba. sasaxle namdvilad zRaprulia, Zvirfasi masaliT nagebi, swored iseTi, rogorsac gilgameSze Seyvarebuli iSTari sTavazobda Tavis satrfos. magram mokvdavma uaryo qalRmerTis siyvarulic da misi aSenebuli sasaxlec, raki masSi cbiereba da muxanaToba dainaxa [gilgameSiani:66]. aseve, Cvens leqsSi qali maincdamainc ndobiT (Tu misi sityvebi SefarviT gamoTqmuli Tanxmoba ar aris) ar ekideba vaJis SeTavazebas:

“vaJao, dediserTao, gazrdilo mindor-velTao, oqros Sibais naglejo, wamosartymelo welTao, maskvlavo, Saravandedo, mTvaris naWero xelTao, nuras cbierob eniTa, yelze nu maxvev gvelTao”.

asea Tu ise, vaJs qalis datyvevebis survili aqvs _ amisTvis aris

mowodebuli es mSvenieri warmtaci cixe, magram mainc cixe, sapyrobile, sadac qali sxva nivTebTan erTad iqneba gamomwyvdeuli vaJis siyvarulis amara, romelic “surviliT savse” WurWlebSia gasimbolurebuli. es is cixea, saidanac misi gamoxsna gaxdeba aucilebeli, rogorc murmanis aSenebuli brolis cixe, sadac datyvevebuli qali sulmudam elis Tavis gamomxsnels. “manglisSic” aseve mzeTunaxavad Casves qali _ vin? leqsi arafers gveubneba, Tu vin aaSena cixe da saidan moiyvanes qali. amgvari anonimuroba mxolod imaze migvaniSnebs, rom myaria qalisa da koSkis li motivi. “Tma SeuRebes iniTa”, SesaZlebelia, qalis patronTa warmomavlobaze miuTiTebdes: SeiZleba qali TaTrebis motacebulic iyos, magram aq es ar aris arsebiTi. mTavari is aris, rom qali mosatacebelia swored iqidan, sadac Casves. momtaceblis rolSi mecxvare gamodis, sruliad Seuferebeli am aqtisTvis, mecxvaris mSvidobiani saqmianoba TiTqos gamoricxavs amgvar moqmedebas. amasTanave, qali mecxvaris tradiciuli damwunebelia: “nu mimcem mecxvaresao, Tu mimcem, iseT kacs mimec, rom iyos guTnisdedao”, exveweba gasaTxovari qali dedas. am striqons miTosSi gadavyavarT, gagvaxsenebs Sumereli inanas Tavdapirvel arCevans, romelic swored guTnisdedaze SeCerda da ara mwyemsze, Tumca sabolood mainc mwyemsi dumuzi gaxda misi rCeuli [Suamd:7-11]. Cvens mecxvares, romelic qals Tavis produqts _ yvels miarTmevda xolme da qalic xalisiT iRebda saCuqars da RviniT (samiwaTmoqmedo produqtiT) umaspinZldeboda, Seuyvarda qali da gabeda aseTi sityvebiT

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miemarTa misTvis: “netavi, qalo lamazo, SenTan gamaZRo ZiliTa”, ramac qalis guliswyroma gamoiwvia “Sewyevla mecxvare Tavis lamazis piriTa”. qali iwunebs mecxvares, romelic samagierod iseT perspeqtivas saxavs, rom mas Tavisi Selaxuli Rirsebis reabilitaciis SesaZlebloba mieces. misi mimarTva qalisadmi SeiZleba ocnebad miviCnioT, Tumca is iqneb arcTu ise Sors aRmoCndes realobisgan.

“manglisic amovardeba, qva aRar edos ZiriTa, Sen, qalo, lekebs mihyavde, vai-vaglaxiT WiriTa, ukan mogdevdes saqmaro Tavisi dambla viriTa, me mTidan Camoviaro Cemi cxeniT da biniTa, dagixsna, wamogiyvano qamanCiTa da stviriTa. erTad vicxovroT bolomde, dro gavataroT lxiniTa”.

rac aq ocnebad aris warmodgenili, sakmaod gavrcelebuli motivia,

romelic SeiZleba damoukidebel Janradac CaiTvalos. es aris gatacebuli qalis gamoxsna moymis mier. ganvixiloT ori maTgani. giglia, TuSi, saxelis maZiebeli moymea, `gulWiriania”, rogorc leqsSia naTqvami. is eZebs mters. saxlSi ar udgeba guli _ `diklos vin brunav banzeda?” kaxeT-TuSeTobis Wapnis gamwevia. zafxulidan Semodgomamde igi cxvars atarebs TuSeTsa da kaxeTs Soris. giglias sagmiro saqmis Txroba originalurad aris agebuli. mTeli teqsti SeiZleba pirobiTad eqvs monakveTad davyoT. TiToeuli maTgani giglias sxvadasxva Rirsebebs avlens. pirvel monakveTSi, romelsac eqspozicias davarqmevT, simbolurad (swored simbolurad!) aris miniSnebuli momxdari:

`farsmis Tavs maswyda maskvlavi, girevs deeca Tavzeda”.

baladis konteqstidan gamomdinare es amgvarad unda wavikiTxoT: farsmis gziT girevs qistebi daesxnen da qali moitaces. gamoCndeba vaJi, magram jer misi saxeli ar viciT. soflis anonimuri xma gaismis, amave dros aq vaJis erTgvari portretia daxatuli:

_ `vina xar gulWiriani, diklos vin brunav banzeda? zafxuls Camahlev WiriTa, sTvels kaxeTs waxval cxvarzeda”.

vxvdebiT, mTavari gmiri dikloelia. imasac vigebT, rom misi saWiroebis dRe dgeba. mesame monakveTSi giglia misdevs gamtacebelTa kvals. mas informatori esaWiroeba, magram sabuelebi ar aZleven swor misamarTs:

`_ hkiTxavdi sabuelebsa: mteri sada dis gzazeda? sabuelebis Svilebma sityva ar giTxres warzeda”.

meoTxe monakveTSi, rogorc Cans, giglias swor gzaze ayeneben.

mteri lopotis xeobas misdevs:

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`_ Tu gvkiTxav, vaJo, giambobT, lopots Cauje wyalzeda. qarTliT maudis tyveebi, qali motiris Zalzeda. _ qalo, nu stiri, qarTlelo, giglia gizis gzazeda. Tu lekebs wagayvaninos, wverimc nu sxmia ybazeda. numc miuSveben saxSia, swornimc nu dahsmen jarzeda! Tu tyvia gauTavdeba, Rili SaiWer tanzeda!”

vin ambobs am sityvebs `qalo, nu stiri”? es gigliaa. magram misi es

gamxnevebis sityvebi, motacebulisadmi mimarTuli, virtualuria. is jer ar dasxmia gamtaceblebs, rogorRa mimarTavs qals? iqneb amxnevebs sakuTar Tavs? poeti amrigad xatavs mis moralur saxes, mis moymeobas. am monakveTis kulminaciaa sityvebi `Rili SaiWer tanzeda!” raki giglia amas qals eubneba, visi Rirsebac man unda ixsnas, es ukve imas niSnavs, rom giglias tyvia ar gauTavdeba da qals ar daWirdeba tanze `Rilebis SeWra”, rac SeiZleba “Rilebis Sexsnis” badali yofiliyo. magram es ar moxdeba.

mexuTe monakveTi baladis ZiriTadi epizodia _ winamavalni misi Semzadeba iyo. aq ukve vxedavT giglias fizikurad, Tavisi ocnebis aRsrulebaSi, Tavis stiqiaSi.

`lekebs daenToT cecxlebi, ro maskvlavebi cazeda. giglia Sameetia, rogorc ro mgeli cxvarzeda. Tofi hkra Zmisa mamklavsa, ali dahxvia tanzeda. axla xmliT gadaufrinda, mkvdari Sayara mkvdarzeda.

giglia daeca gamtacebelTa banaks, romelTa Soris misi Zmis

mkvlelicaa. `rogorc ro mgeli cxvarzeda” _ gavixsenoT, rom giglia mecxvarea, mwyemsia, romelic mgels unda ugeriebdes cxvrebs. axla giglia Tavad aris mgeli, gamtaceblebi ki cxvrebi arian. mgeli moymis, kai ymis, ara mxolod erT-erTi ZiriTadi epiTetia (`mglis muxli”, `mglisa fera”), kaiyma Tavad unda iyos mgeli, ara ubralod mgeli, rogorc magari muxlis patroni, aramed cxvris mWameli:

`cixe zen-uban daiqca, kuTxi gamasqda qvisao, mamkvdaras oCiauri, mgeli mWameli cxvrisao~ [qxp IV:#109].

@ SeniSvna. am xalxuri kaiymuri idealis sapirispirod, gavixsenoT rogori

epiTetiT amkobs `SuSanikis martvilobis~, avtori varsqen pitiaxSs: `da Semdgomad orisa dRisa movida mgeli igi varsqen...~ `viTarca kravi mgelsa gamouRo xelTa misTa~. es kravi SuSanikia, mgeli _ igive varsqeni, qristianobidan gamdgari. sazogadod, cxvrisa da mglis dapirispireba, pirvelis upiratesobiT, qrestomaTiulia qristianul literaturaSi. kravi qristes saxea, xolo mgeli _ satanisa, romelic dadarajebulia qristes farexis dasarbevad. sabolood ki, kravi Zlevs mgels: qriste-kravma `mgeli igi macTuri ganxada da kaci igi viTarca cxovari mkvdari aRadgina~ [Satberdis kr. 246,23]. `gamocxadebaSi~ kravi-qriste triumfatoria: `da vixile, aha, kravi igi mdgomare

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mTasa zeda sionsa~ (gam. 14:1), èseni kravsa mas ebrZolnes da kravman sZlos maT~ (gam. 17:14).

amasTan dakavSirebiT, sagulisxmoa, rom kaiymobis Rirebulebebze aRzrdili vaJa-fSavela erT leqsSi acxadebs:

`balaxi viyo, saTibi, ara mwadia celoba, cxvradve mamyofa iseva, oRond amSordes mgeloba~

rogorc Cans, poetis SegnebaSi kaiymis mglobis xalxur ideals Zlevs qristianuli kravobis ideali. meeqvse, damasrulebeli epizodi, amxels baladis sazriss. rogorc yoveli baladis dasasruli, esec uaRresad lakoniuria. arc qeba-dideba, arc Sesxma gmirisa, vinc qaliSvili gadaurCina mamas. madlobis sityvebi, romlebsac mamas spontanurad unda aRmoeTqva gulidan? xom ar unda vifiqroT, rom misi “aq rad mogyvanda” madlobis gamoxatulebaa? an iqneb gamocdaa, gansacdels miaxloebuli?

gigliam sufTad, usayvedurod gamoarida Tavi am gansacdels.

“qal ukven gamaabruna, mamas mihgvara karzeda. _ aq rad mogyvanda, gigliav, rad ar igorve mklavzeda? _ me magas rogor vigoreb, doba davaswar wamzeda!”

[razikaSvili:#109].

iqneb balada swored am bolo striqonebSi gamoTqmuli pasuxisTvis SeiTxza? an Rirda, Tu am pasuxisTvis Caifiqra gigliam qalis gamoxsna? sxvanairi pasuxi, sxvanairi moqceva, fass daukargavda mis namoqmedars. iqneb giglias arc saxeli unda, rogorc “Txistyavians” sxva, analogiuri, baladidan, romelic sruli gulwrfelobiT eubneba Tavis gamoxsnil qals: “Cems naqnar saxels nu ityvi, viynodeT da-Zmobazeda”?

literatura gilgameSiani: gilgameSiani, ~ganaTleba~, Tb., 1984. kotetiSvili 1961: kotetiSvili vaxtang, xalxuri poezia, `sabWoTa mwerali~, Tb., 1961. maisuraZe: ilia maisuraZe, `Tavfaravneli Wabukis~ zogi sityvis ganmartebisaTvis, `qarTuli folklori~ III, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1969. razikaSvili: xalxuri sityviereba III, xalxuri leqsebi Tedo razikaSvilis mier Cawerili, mix. Ciqovanis redaqciiT, saqarTvelos ssr mecn. akad. gamomcemloba, Tb., 1953. sworfroba: baliaSvili n. sworfroba xevsureTSi, Tsu, 1991. qxp VI: qarTuli xalxuri poezia 12 tomad, t. VI, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1978. SatberaSvili: SatberaSvili g. WaSniki, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tb., 1964. Suamd: Zveli Suamdinaruli poezia, `merani~, Tb., 1987.

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xamurabi: xamurabis kanonebi, aqaduridan Targmna da komentarebi daurTo zurab kiknaZem, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1988. xvaramze: xvaramze. vercxlis Tasadamc maqcia, Seadgina i. gogolaurma, “sabWoTa saqarTvelo”, Tb., 1976.

samgloviaro poezia

samgloviaro poezia, Tu mas funqciuri daniSnulebis mixedviT ganvixilavT, ori tipisaa: arakanonikuri da saritualo anu wesCveulebiTi. maTi aRreva da erT rubrikaSi moqceva ar aris marTebuli. arakanonikuria, am TvalsazrisiT, cnobili leqsi “xogais mindi kvdeboda...”, sadac Tumca gmiris sikvdili da masze glovaa aRwerili, magram is ar aris samgloviaro ritualis nawili, ar aris gamoyenebuli micvalebulis datirebis teqstad. rac unda Zlieri gancdac ar iyos masSi gamoxatuli, arc erT damtirebels tradiciul sazogadoebaSi ar mouva azrad, rom amgvari leqsebi micvalebulis datirebis mizniT Seasrulos. erTia gancdis gamoxatva, sxvaa am gancdis moqceva ritualSi, misi qceva datirebis ritualur teqstad. arsebobs ori arxi, romlebic am mizniT aris gamoyenebuli. Sesabamisad, saritualo samgloviaro poezia ori tipisaa, romlebic, erTi mxriv, TuSuri “dalais”, meore mxriv, fSav-xevsuruli (nawilobriv TuSuri) xmiT natirlebis saxelwodebaSi erTiandebian. maT Soris arsebiTi gansxvavebaa. dalai

`dalai”, romelic mxolod TuSeTSia gavrcelebuli, warmoadgens kanonikur teqsts Tavisi mkacri, Seucvleli struqturiT. ganvixilavT mas am struqturisa da Sesrulebis wesis TvalsazrisiT, rac mas arsebiTad ganasxvavebs xmiT natirlebisgan. es aris erTi teqsti, romelsac ara hyavs mxedvelobaSi romelime konkretuli micvalebuli. amaod daviwyebT masSi raime Taviseburis, ganumeoreblis Zebnas. is Seexeba yvelas, yvela moymes, vinc ki odnavadac mainc uaxlovdeba an Tvlian, rom uaxlovdeba (an surT, rom uaxlovdebodes) kaiymis ideals.

dalai sruldeba micvalebulis ara dakrZalvis dRes, rogorc xmiT natirali, aramed wlisTavze, roca mis pativsacemad imarTeba doRi, romelSic sagangebod Sekazmul-morTuli misi cxenic monawileobs. dalais struqtura aseTia: igi eqvsi monakveTisgan Sedgeba:

I. SeZaxili anu mowodeba dalais saTqmelad: `dalai TqviT, dalai, mxedrebo”.

II. im moymis saxelis gamocxadeba, visTvisac imarTeba `dalaoba~ da imRereba `dalai”. Tu erT CanawerSi boselaiZea (`brali xar,

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boselaiZev...~), moxsenebuli, meoreSi iCukaisZea, mesamegan sulakauri da a. S. erTi Canaweris mixedviT, TiTqos es konkretuli `dalai~ mefe ereklesadmia miZRvnili: `Cven nuvis SevatyobinebT lomis erekles sikvdilsa, dalaÁ...~ [qxp V:#60].

III. gaxseneba moymis mier Cadenili aqtebisa da sinanuli, rom isini aRar ganmeordeba. rogori iyo igi: mterTan mebrZoli (`mterTan xmalamoRebuli”), `sworSi Tavgamodebuli”, mosamarTle da gamrige, maspinZeli (`stumarTa dReo mziano”, `pirwyalo TuSeTisao”).

IV. vin glovobs moymes: deda, coli, qal-rZalni da ra mosdis mis naqons: tanisamoss, cxensa da abjars, mis nawol logins, mis wver-ulvaSs. rogorc viciT, es CamonaTvali, romelic SeiZleba ivsebodes variantidan variantSi, axlavs zogierT sagmiro baladas an leqss, romelic, rogorc wesi, gmiris daRupviT mTavrdeba (klasikuri magaliTi `xogais mindi kvdeboda”, `zen bacaligos” da sxva). zogierTi motivi, rogoric aris, ùlvaSis mwvaned amosvla” gansakuTrebuli saxis glovis leqsebis Semadgeneli nawilia.

V. ra saxiT Sedis saiqioSi da rogor egebebian (vercxlis WurWliT gawyobili sufra, meRvineebi, xuc-diakvnebi). `netav Sen, saiqiosa, Sig Sexval mtredis ferado” efuZneba micvalebulis sulis mtredis saxiT warmodgenas, rasac xucobis enaze (`jvarT-enaze”) suliwmida ewodeba. `netav Sen” xom ar gulisxmobs, rom mtredis ferad anu suliwmidis saxiT saiqioSi mxolod kai ymebi Sedian. zogadad unda iTqvas, rom wuTisofelSi `dagrovili” Rirsebebi saiqioSi sagzlad mihyveba adamians da gansazRvravs mis mdgomareobas.

VI. Sendoba saxeldebiT. SairiT (Teqvsmetmarcvliani sazomiT) Sesrulebuli yoveli fraza

am eqvsmonakveTiani teqstisa mTavrdeba SeZaxiliT _ dalai! ras niSnavs dalai? fiqroben, rom igi vainaxuri warmoSobisaa da niSnavs RmerTs, Tumca Zneli dasaSvebia, rom doRis dros mxedrebi RmerTs mimarTavdnen (romel RmerTs, romel RvTaebas?). es termini, SesaZloa, marTlac vainaxuri warmoSobis iyos, glovis semantikas unda Seicavdes da mxolod fonetikurad emTxveva sityvas dal (RmerTi). qistebis samgloviaro moZaxili amgvarad JRers: `dalaÁ, dalaÁ, vaÁ dalaÁ, dalaÁ...~ [kotetiSvili 1961:414]. yovel SemTxvevaSi, TuSuri dalaoba amJamad mTeli am ceremonialis _ Semamzadebeli ritualiT, doRiTa da simReriTurT _ saxelwodebaa.

dalaoba mxolod TuSeTis sazogadoebis kuTvnilebaa da igi ar gascilebia mis farglebs.

xmiT natirali

am tipis samgloviaro teqstebi mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSia gavrcelebuli, gansakuTrebiT fSav-xevsureTSi. TuSeTSi xmiT natirlis saxeliT cnobili leqsebi arsebiTad (rogorc formiT, ise tradiciuli tropizmiT) gansxvavdeba fSav-xevsurulisgan. Tavis mxriv, ara arsebiTad, magram mainc sxvaoben erTmaneTisgan xevsuruli da fSauri warmoSobis teqstebi.

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terminSi xmiT tirili TiTqos sxvas arafers niSnavs, Tu ara sityviT tirils. TiTqos sityva `xma” aq sityvis sinonimia, rogorc gamoTqmebSi: `xma gasca~, `xma amoiRo~, anu sagloviaro Janris am saxeobaSi igulisxmeba ara carieli bgeris gamoReba, aramed sityvis warmoTqma. radgan arsebobs sityviT tirili da arsebobs usityvo tirili, rogoric aris svanuri zari da raWuli zruni. SesaZlebelia, `xma~ xmiT natiralSi melodias niSnavdes, ramdenadac arsebobs sxvagvari tirilic: ZaxiliT tirili, romelic reCitativiT sruldeba, anu melodiis gareSe, `ZaxiliT~ warmoiTqmis. xmiT natirali uriTmo, cxramarcvliani leqsia, romlis yoveli striqoni, rogorc wesi, sxvaTa sityvis o-Ti bolovdeba. motirali amgvarad aboloebs striqonebs (ToTo bavSvze natirali):

“gagordi, oqros akavanoo, me gxedav _ daixare pirqvao, gafrindi qoris wiwilaoo, cixeSi SaiWuWken mÃarnio...” [qxp V:#136].

SeniSvna. sityvebSi akavan-o-o, wiwila-o-o pirveli o wodebiTisaa, meore sxvaTa sityvis. am tipis leqsi mTibluris saxelwodebiT aris cnobili. es saxelwodeba dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom erTaderTi adgili, sadac, micvalebulis cxedris garda, kidev (xelmeored) SeiZleba Sesruldes da sruldeba xmiT natirali, es saTibia, anu igi Tibvis simRerebis repertuarSi Sedis, ufro sworad, misi repertuaris erTaderTi Semadgenelia. sxva warmoSobis Tibvis leqsebs, garda xmiT natirlebisa, Sromis poezia ar icnobs. xmiT natirlis avtori da Semsrulebeli erTi da igive piria, da igi, uiSviaTesi gamonaklisis garda, dedakacia. anu mTibluri mTlianad qalTa Semoqmedebaa. ukve warmoTqmuli xmiT natirlis teqstis ganmeoreba sxva micvalebulis dasatireblad yovlad warmoudgenelia. Tu moxda da erTxel warmoTqmuli teqsti sxva micvalebulis datirebis ceremonialze ganmeorda, es imis niSania, rom tradicias bzari gauCnda, xmiT natirlis Semoqmedeba Sewyda. es imis niSania, rom sazogadoebaSi axali xmiT natirali, am konkretuli micvalebulis dasatireblad, veRar iqmneba, qalTa Soris xmiT motirali aRar moiZebneba. yovel xmiT natirals Tavisi konkretuli adresati hyavs gardacvlilis pirovnebis saxiT anu, piruku, yovel gardacvlils Tavisi sakuTari xmiT natirali aqvs, romelSic sxva gardacvlili ver Seeziareba. amitomac, dalais teqstisgan gansxvavebiT, xmiT natirali Rrmad individualuria, mxolod ama da am micvalebulzea Seqmnili. es teqsti misia samaradJamod, mis ukvdavyofas emsaxureba. anu, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ramdeni micvalebulic yofila, imdeni xmiT natirali unda arsebobdes (cxadia, Tu uklebliv yvela iqna datirebuli). Semoqmedebis xasiaTi. xmiT natirali improvizaciulia. misi SeTxzvis da warmoTqmis pirobebi sxvagan ver Seiqmneba, Tu ara

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micvalebulis win. STagonebis wyaro, impulsi, micvalebulis pirovnebaa _ misi Rirsebebi da adamianuri Tvisebebi da is mwuxarebisa da sinanulis atmosfero, romelic aq da am adgilas sufevs. micvalebulis garSemo Sekrebili dedrovani, romelic qviTiniT (ara sityviT: ìhio, hio, hio!~) exmaureba xmiT motiralis warmoTqmul yovel fraza-striqons, am Semoqmedebis monawilea. saeWvoa, Sesruldeboda Tu ara xmiT natirali WirisufalTa da damswreTa gareSe. rogorc yoveli folkloruli teqsti Sesrulebisas, isic moiTxovs msmenels, am SemTxvevaSi metsac, gulSematkivars. motirlis Semoqmedeba dionisuria, eqstaturi, is imave bunebisaa, razec platoni wers “ionSi”. miuxedavad am Semoqmedebis spontanuri xasiaTisa, sadac aracnobieri unda Zlevdes cnobiers, Tavad motirali am garemoebas acnobierebs da arcTu iumoris gareSe Tavad natiralSive acxadebs:

“ra kan rani-m varT matirlebio, davsxdebiT, davimwuxavT TvalTao, daviwyebT tanCi cxroobasao, ielnaWamsa vRgivarT Txasao...” [qxp V:#114].

aq motirali laparakobs im SemoqmedebiT siSmageze, romelic eufleba mTels mis arsebas. Tvalis `dawuxva~ (daxuWva) ar aris SemTxveviTi: cnobilia, rom berZeni aedebi da rafsodebi usinaTloni iyven da swored am fizikuri sibrmavis wyalobiT maT gaxsnili hqondaT Sinagani Tvali. platonis azriT, es aris `RvTiuri siSmage~, romelic WeSmariti poeziis pirobas warmoadgens: `didi epikosi poetebi sakuTari xelovnebis ki ara, zeSTagonebisa da RvTiuri siSmagis wyalobiT Txzaven TavianT mSvenier poemebs. igive iTqmis lirikis poetTa mimarT: RvTiuri siSmagiT cnobamixdilni...qmnian TavianT momxiblav leqsebs, roca maT euflebaT harmonia da ritmi... mas [poets] ar ZaluZs raime Seqmnas manam, sanam zeSTagoneba Tu RvTiuri siSmage cnobas ar mixdis da gons ar dauxSobs~ [platoni: 271-272]. xmiT tirilis SemoqmedebiTi Sinagani mxare ar aris sakmarisad Seswavlili, magram uSualo mxilvel-msmenelis dakvirvebidanac Cans misi buneba. Tu berZen mgosanTa STamagonebelni muzebi iyvnen, xmiT motirali dedakacis STamagonebeli Tavad micvalebulia. `xmiT tirili yvelas ae SeeZlo. qals rom xmiT tirili daewyo, unda àetexa~ tirili ise, rom viTom mas Zalauneburad mkvdarni atirebdnen... visac xmiT tirilis àtexa~ undoda, daiwyebda caxcax-kankals, Tavs iqiT-aqeT aqnevda, iwyebda barbacs, xelebis fSvnetas, kbilebis RrWenas; viTom sityvebs ver ambobda, ar undoda, xan moqanculi miesveneboda roca motirali alebi amas SeamCndevdnen, yvelani gaCumdebodnen da elodnen, Tu ras aTqmevinebda motirals micvalebulis suli... [bolos] qali amoiRebda xmas. pirvelad micvalebulis eniT daiwyebda laparaks. magaliTad: àZraxdi, Cemo meeneo, nu damaRone suleTCiao, Camidev wili tirilCiao, me Sen mindixar meenedao~ [masalebi 1940:39]. @

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struqtura

miuxedavad spontanurobisa (an iqneb swored am mizeziT), xmiT natirals ara aqvs mkacri, kanonikuri struqtura. misi arqiteqtonikis agebaSi xmiT motirali sruliad Tavisufalia. mas SeuZlia daiwyos micvalebulis pirovnebis dasaxelebiT, misi sikvdilis garemoebis xsenebiT, sikvdilisadmi (`sikvdilo, Svili gagizarde”) an micvalebulisadmi mimarTviT (`gorgi, Sen xara TveleqaTio, mTaCi mxoceli jixvebisao”), dagvianebuli gafrTxilebiT (`geuben, guros nu mixolao”) an sayveduriT (`xomizurao, Sagenacvleo, me imas raad matyuebdio: magiol giorgiobasao”), momklavTa wyevla-krulviT da ex abrupto baladiseburad da sxva. igi arafriT ar aris SezRuduli. zogi xmiT natirali mTlianad eZRvneba sikvdilis garemoebis Tavisebur aRweras da SeiZleba baladadac ki miviCnioT. am mxriv, xmiT natirali Tavisufali Semoqmedebis nayofia. magram es ar niSnavs individualizmis srul gaqanebas am SemoqmedebiT procesSi. tradiciuli mxatvruli arsenali.

bunebrivia, xmiT motirali, rogorc xalxuri poeti, iyenebdes tradiciul gamomsaxvelobiT xerxebs _ epiTetebs, Sedarebebs, alegoriebs, metonimiebs, gapirovnebebs, metaforebs, hiperbolebs, romlebic mogzauroben maTi wyalobiT xmiT natirlis teqstebidan teqstebamde da qmnian xmiT natirlis, rogorc Janris, erTian mxatvrul marags. SeiZleba imazec saubari, rom es maragi inarCunebs avtonomias saerTo-saxalxo poeziis konteqstSi.

Cven mainc yuradRebas mivaqcevT mxolod natirlebisTvis damaxasiaTebel tropebs, romelTagan bevri mxatvruli azrovnebis Seudarebeli nimuSia. sazogadoebas ismenda, Cven ki SegviZlia wavikiTxoT amgvari tropebi: “xirimis bartyi” (tyvia), “miwis logini” (saflavi), “miwis samoseli” (saflavi), “cremlis Rilebi”, “cremlis Zafebi” (“samares piri gaukereT Cemi cremlebis ZafebiTa”). motirali mimarTavs Rames, romelic masaviT cremls Rvris, oRond misi cremlebi varskvlavebia (“varskvlavni cremlad dagiRvravis”), mimarTavs gaTenebas, romlis cremlebi cvar-namia (“cvar-nami cremlad dagiRvravis”)...

datirebis wesi

ras vgulisxmobT wesSi? vgulisxmobT imas, rom mkacrad aris reglamentirebuli, Tu vin visi xmiT motirali SeiZleba iyos. rogori wesia am mxriv xevsureTSi? deda ar SeiZleba iyos Svilis xmiT motirali, arc coli _ qmrisa. `Cveuleba sastikad ukrZalavs col-qmars, Svilebi anda erTi-erTmaneTi itiron~ [xizaniSvili::80]. ra Tqma unda, dedas an cols ar ASeiZleba ase kategoriulad aekrZalos Svilze an qmarze tirili _ es misi kerZo, intimuri saqmea, magram is mainc moerideba xmiT anu sityvebiT sajarod, yvelas gasagonad uaxloesi adamianis datirebas. principi aseTia: rac ufro axlobelia gardacvlili, miT ufro meti TavSekaveba marTebs Wirisufals. RviZli Svili da intimuri qmari (romlis saxelis xsenebac ki ekrZaleba cols)

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axloblobis iseTi kategoriaa, romelTa sajarod xmiT datireba dauSvebelia. Tu moxda da mainc daitires, datirebas wesis darRvevisTvis win mobodiSeba uZRvis. `gitireb, damianis mzemao, agre miwas gasarevao, Sen SamaCvene sruyvelasao, diacma qmari dagitireo~ [qxp V:#190]. aseve bodiSobs qmari, romelic, raRac garemoebaTa gamo, iZulebuli xdeba, daitiros coli. maS, vin tiris vinmes Svils da vinmes qmars? yvela naTesavi, garda dedisa da qmrisa, da aranaTesavi profesionali xmiT motirali? qali tiris Tavis Zmaze da daze, siZeze, mamaze, biZebze, biZaSvilebze, nebismier naTesavze, oRond aramc da aramc Tavis Svilze da qmarze? TiTqos es Seuvali wesia xevsureTSi, magram tradicia mainc aseTi kategoriuli ar aris. Tu qmris datireba iSviaTi gamonaklisia, fSavSi da xevsureTSic mravlad SevxvdebiT dedisgan Svilis datirebas. xmiT natirlis saukeTeso nimuSebi swored Svilis datirebebia. gavecnobiT fSaur da xevsurul nimuSebs (fragmentebs). fSauri

`...Cem Svils rad unda samoselnio, Coxa gaxadeT gadaugdeTo.

miwis samoseli SeukereTo, sarCulad tiril daudeviTo. Rilad cremlebi daukereTo, samares pirio gaukereTo Cemi cremlebis ZafebiTao...~ [qxp V:#64]. `mzeo, dadeg da dagviandio, mze dgexar ukenobisao, viyrebiT dedaSvilobiTao, mamSvidobeben berdiasao~

[qxp V:#184]. xevsuruli

`deda genacvlos, dedis qalao, axal talavar Caicvidio, e Tmani xuTad daiwnidio, suleT bibiniT iaridio, oblis oboli gazardidio, dedo, kalTaCi Caisvidio, ToxolCaT qal or, ikvexnidio~ [qxp V:#222]. `deda genacvlos, baWyurao, dedis ferao, tuntulao, uenarao, uTavgziao... sikvdilo, qrTamsamc aitandio, Tu aitandi, mogcem qrTamsao: ÃarT mogcem, qora jorelaTao, niSasa Sagikazmav cxensao, Ãmals mogcem CiqorTaulasao, qalT mogcem Zilasa, naTelasao, lelasa dagiyeneb winao, diacsa baWyuraisasao,

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ka mowonebiT moyvanilsao, siskarsa gadabrZanebulsao, Tu gamauSob baWyurasao...~ [qxp V:#195].

SeniSvnebi. `tuntulas~ ToTo bavSvze ityvian, ùenaras~ _ uTqmelze, ùTavgzia~ umweos unda niSnavdes [WinWarauli]; Cans, xmiT natirlis obieqti Cvil bavSvia. Tumca amboben, Cvil bavSvebze ar tiriano. `qora xari~ _ TeTri xari, `jorela` xaris sakuTari saxelia. `CiqorTaula~ _ xmlis sakuTari saxeli. Svilmkvdari deda mzad aris yvelaferi saukeTeso gasces qrTamad Svilis sanacvlod, ara mxolod nivTebi, ojaxis wevrebsac ki ar imetebs, arc qaliSvilebs _ Zilas da naTelas, arc daqvrivebul rZals _ lelas, siyvaruliT moyvanils, romelsac dedamtili ciskars adarebs, oRond Casvenebuls (`gadabrZanebuls~).

Tu qmars ver daitirebs coli, sacoles SeuZlia saqmros datireba _ mas ar ekrZaleba Tavisi grZnobebis (gardacvlilisadmi sinanulis, siyvarulis, erTgulebis) sajarod gamoxatva: `davberdi Sensa malodinsao, qali lamazi beqaurio. gadamiyole, gadmagyvebio, mamis imedo, wiklauroo. arada, sxvas vis gadavxyvebio, vaJi bevia gigaurio.

guSinac kaci momilalao \TamariSvilma Tangulamao...~ [qxp V:#161].

sxva daniSnuli sxvagvarad gamoTqvams Tavis sinanuls da guliswuxils. gardacvlilis sacole ase mimarTavs mis mamas _ samamamTilos _ qals TiTqos saCuqrebi moaqvs, saqmaro ki karSic ar gamodis sacolis misagebeblad: `Cemo mamao, mamamTiloo, Cemi aq mosvla rad gewyinao? Sen Svils miqebdes samefodao, wamovel imis sacnobladao, eg karCi aRar gamoCindao. aRar ikadra Cem naxvanio... Coxa movarTvi, orSianio, TaTi, baWiWi yaWisaio, ar iRebs gajavrebuliao...~

[qxp V:#179]. datirebulis zneobrivi saxe

aris Tu ara gatarebuli samgloviaro poeziaSi laTinTa principi: `mkvdrebze an kargi, an araferi”? rogorc Cans, es universalur principia da mas aSkarad misdeven Cveni xmiT motiralni. Tu mkvdari datirebulia, masze mxolod kargi, saukeTeso, moymeobis optimumi, heroikulia naTqvami da mis cxedris garSemo SemokrebilTa Soris aravin iqneba iseTi, vinc eWvs qveS daayenebda natiralSi Tqmulis WeSmaritebas. saiqio sxvagvari SuqiT anaTebs suliwmidas (mkvdars), misi sikvdili sicocxlis apoTeozad Cans. maradisobis cecxli adnobs mis yofiTobas, mis yovel nakls, is araTu kai ymad, aramed moymeobis idealad warmodgeba cocxalTa TvalSi. msmeneli ismens motirlisgan imas, risi gagonebis mowadinec aris, rac surs mas gardacvlilSi dainaxos; ismens im

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Soreuli molodiniT, rom Tavad maszec msgavs sityvebs mosmenen. axlac ki, roca natirals ismens, axdens Tavis ganyenebas “dRiuri prozidan” da moymeobis idealiT imoseba Tavis TvalSi. samarTlianoba moiTxovs iTqvas, rom natirlebSi imaze met Seqebas ver movismenT, ramdenic baladis gmirs xvdeba wilad. Seqebis, Rvawlis gadmocemis, adamianis fizikur-sulieri portretis xatvis ena konvenciuria, masSi aravin gadaWarbebas ar xedavs. yvelaferi, rac maszea naTqvami, swored ase, am eniT, unda Tqmuliyo. rac unda dacilebuli iyos obieqtur realobas natiralSi CamoTvlili Rirsebebi, gardacvlili Tavis simarTleSi sufevs, is natiralis gmiria. `gitireb, agremc genacvlebio, Rirxar vaSkaci satirladao~ [qxp V:#228], _ aRmoxdeba motirals. magram mainc natirali ar warmogvidgens glovis iseT grandiozul, TiTqos qveynis daqcevis, suraTs, rogorsac “xogais mindi kvdebodaSi” vxedavT. Tu mindis sikvdilze arwivebi frTebs iglejen, natirlis gmiri Tavad aris arwivi, oRond frTadalewili. is vefxvic aris, jixvic da iremic _ yovel maTgans ganasaxierebs igi, radgan kai yma iTavsebs Tavis TavSi yvela arsebisgan saukeTesos, sicocxleSic da sikvdilSic igi maTi sadarebelia:

“vefxvo, daxyare iaraRio, arwivma daiWuWken mÃarnio, jixvo, sawoliT gadmoRvardio, iremo, dainayen rqanio”. [qxp V:#158].

aq ganzogadebulad da xatovnad aris aRniSnuli daRupvis faqti, araviTari konkretuli garemoeba, risi gadmocemac arcTu iSviaTia natirlebSi. zogierTi maTgani mTlianad tragikuli SemTxvevis (swored asea warmodgenili natiralSi gmiris daRupvis viTareba) aRweras eZRvneba da natirali TiTqos novelad gardaiqmneba. aRwerilia ambavi, natirlebisaTvis specifikuri sinanulis (dananebis) kiloTi, TanamimdevrobiT misi dawyebidan dasasrulamde. aseTia erTi sakmaod vrceli, oraTeulze metstriqoniani xevsuruli teqsti (dis natirali Zmaze), romelic im SemTxvevis gaxsenebiT iwyeba, rac adreve gadawyvetili, ramdenadac saqme sisxlis aRebas exeba, kanonieri mkvlelobis uSualo sababi gaxda:

“fasioraTamc daRlevs RmerTio, misces dvarbini imedasao, akuSos ReliT gamaxenao, Zmis maklav icna axosTavsao...”

[qxp V:#154].

SeniSvnebi: fasiorani _ xevsurTa erT-erTi sagvareulos saxelia; akuSo _ sofeli liqokis xeobaSi; axosTavi _ adgili mis mopirdapired aragvs gaRmiT. gamaxenao _ gaxedao.

miviCnioT es oTxi striqoni eqspoziciad, romlis Semdeg viTardeba

sisxliani ambavi. sagulisxmo is aris, rom mkvlelobis saqmeSi, romelic am “dvarbinis” micemas mohyva, misi gadamcemi fasiornic

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dadanaSaulebulni arian, rogorc monawileni. aseTi iyo sazogadoebrivi azri, amitomac durbindis gadacemis aqti imTaviTve motirlis fiqrebis binadari Seiqna da is wyevlas uTvlis maT tirilis dawyebisTanave. is, rac durbindSi gaxedvas mohyveba, anu Tofis gasrola akuSos Reledan, rogorc gadmoscems mas motirali diaci, Tavisi Tumca mTibluris saleqso sazomiT Senelebuli, mdore da, amrigad SinaganSi gadanacvlebuli eqspresiiTac ki ar CamorCeba, Tu ar Zlevs kidec baladis aCqarebul temps:

`maSin ra xqeni, da genacvalao, buCaseulm rom Camagxvivlao, namxrevT saTaves nayudebio, gaRvardi namxrevT boloSiao, dagawyvetivna kafianio, namxrevni sisxliT dagasvrivnao, cel dagrCa namxrevT saTavesao, namxrevT boloSi _ salesvelio...” [masalebi:95]

. SeniSvnebi: buCa _ erTgvari Tofia, SesaZloa, Tofis sakuTari saxelic

iyos; namxrevi _ moTibuli nawili saTibSi; kafiani _ mTibluri simRera (motirali sinanuliT ambobs, rom Tofis gasrolam simRera Segawyvetinao).

motirali ganagrZobs da erTxel kidev gaaxsenebs imas, rac sazogadoebam kargad icis _ rogor mouRes bolo saTibSi mSvidobian mosaqmes, mTibels, Tumca yvelam kargad icis, rom Surisgebis aRsrulebas Sromis procesi ver daabrkolebda:

“axuraT sanaTisZiasao Svilnimc xyon Senis davlaTisnio! _ Senze ÃmliT masvla rad undodao, buCaseulic geyofodao...” [qxp V:#154].

SeniSvna: motirali wyevlas uTvlis sanaTisZes, romelmac TofiT

daWrils xmliT mouRo bolo: misi xeliT moklulis davlaTs _ beds usurvebs mis Svilebs anu maTac imgvarsave sikvdilso.

motirali mihyveba movlenaTa ganviTarebas: rogorc Surisgebis gareSe ar Caivlida es ambavi, isic ar gamotovebda mas Tavis natiralSi:

“aca, ver waxol, guroeloo, aparekai gamagidgao, buCaseuls qve ras gvakvexebTo, xirimis bartyi Cvenic naxeTo...” [qxp V:#154].

SeniSvnebi: guroeli _ an Tofis msrolelia an xmliT mimsvleli; apareka

_ romelic Tavs idebs sisxlis aRebis saqmes; xirimis bartyi _ tyviis metafora, gvxvdeba mxolod am teqstSi, sxvagan arsad. skaldur poeziaSi kenigis saxeliT cnobili tropis es saxe yovel striqonSi gvxvdeba. aris natirlebi, sadac adamianis aRsasrulis garemoeba mxolod dasaxelebulia, motirali ar misdevs brZolis aRweras, is ufro

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moklulis pirovnebiT aris dakavebuli. aris natirlebi, sadac verc sikvdilis mizezs vgebulobT (sazogadoebisTvis ki cnobilia), mxolod pirovnebis daxasiaTebas vismenT. am tipis natiralTa klasikuri nimuSia erTi Zveli xmiT natirali, romelic zurab erisTavis droindel gudamayrel vinme mixas sikvdilzea Sesrulebuli dis mier, rogorc gadmocemiT amboben:

“Sarmanaulo, Savardenoo, mTibel-mamkalni gixarianRaeo? mTibel-mamklisa sanayrodao dumas ziscvarSi xarSavRaeo? bevrais jiÃvis gamgoresao Tofsa Ãirimsa zidavRaeo? mtrisa bevrais gamjavresao welze frangulsa ibamRaeo? stumris bevrisa masaxursao tyavsa qemxiTa xkeravRaeo? bevraisa mtrisa gamrigesao enasa bWeCi zidavRaeo? [qxp V:#149].

SeniSvnebi: ziscvari _ rZe; masaxuri _ mosaxurebeli (sabani); qemxa _ `Zvirfasi da magari abreSumis Zafi~ [WinWarauli 2005]. qemxiT gadakerilia erTmaneTze cxvris tyavebi, rom adamians eyos sabnad. bevrais mtrisa _ aq mtrebSi Sina moSuRarni, ara gareSe mtrebi igulisxmebian. bWe _ Temis sasamarTlo.

es iSviaTi nimuSi xmiT natirlisa, sadac mwyobrad da ganzogadebulad, ara konkretuli saxiT, aris CamoTvlili mamakacis mravlamxrivi funqciebi sazogadoebaSi, rogorc sazogadoebis, saymos, wevrisa. teqsti iZleva moymis srulyofil saxes yovelgvari winaswari Seqebis gareSe. erTaderTi qebis sityvaa _ “Savardeni”, rogorc kai ymis epiTeti, romelic am kerZo SemTxvevaSi aliteraciulad eTanadeba Tavad datirebulis saxels Sarmanauls. es SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos: Savardeni _ amgvari bgerweris sityva _ epiTetad, eWvi ar aris, saxelis gamoxmobilia (ara arwivi, aramed swored Savardenia Sarmanauli), Tumca misi moxmoba ar aris moulodneli kai ymis Sesamkobad, rogorc erT natiralSia: `TeTrisa qoris naSoboo, Savardnisagan naqnaroo...” moymis funqciebis CamoTvla gvxvdeba sxvaganac, kerZod, dalaiSi, magram ara aqvs iseTi mwyobri saxe, rogorc Sarmanaulis datirebaSi, Tumca piruku iyo mosalodneli, ramdenadac `dalai~ kanonikuria da ganzogadebuli. magram Cven vxedavT, rom Sarmanaulis teqsts ganzogadebis meti xarisxi aqvs. aq warmodgenilia saqmianobis xuTi sfero, sadac moymes uxdeba Tavisi sazogadoebrivi saxis gamovlena, Tavisi unarebis da funqciebis realizacia. sabolood, Cvens winaSea moymeobis srulyofili kodeqsi:

1. Sroma, _ igi yvelas TavSia dayenebuli; Tumca ver vityviT, rom am sazogadoebaSi RirsebiT sxvebze upiratesad iyos miCneuli. araSemTxveviT, pirvel rigSi Tibva, mere mka. `mTibelni gixarianRaoe”?

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mTiblebis danaxva Sens saTibebSi kidev gixariao? ekiTxeba motirali da am SekiTxviT surs msmenelTa (SekiTxva ufro maT mimarT aris) warmodgenaSi gaaRviZos cocxali Sarmanauli, `mTibel-mamklis” xilviT gaxarebuli, maTi Sromis damfasebeli, saukeTeso kerZiT _ rZeSi moxarSuli dumiT rom umaspinZldeba, da aravis daunayrebels ar gauSvebs. Sromas eTmoba ori striqoni.

2. nadiroba, erT-erTi mniSvnelovani da sasaxelo saqmianoba am sazogadoebaSi, SesaZloa, is ar iyos mainc da mainc Tavis gamosakvebi saqmianoba, magram is aris moymeTa sporti, uromlisodac moymeobis kodeqsi nakluli iqneboda. Tu brZolaSi xmalia moymis iaraRi, sanadiroSi _ Tofi xirimi. Tumca orivegan orive iaraRis xmareba uwevs moymes: xirimi brZolaSi gasagebia, magram xmalic ar aris gamousadegari nadirobaSi, Tu iseTi nadiri Sexvdeba mas, rogoric vefxvia (“maSinRa gaWra frangulma...”). nadirobas erTi taepi eTmoba.

3. brZola. brZola, nadirobasTan Sewyvilebuli, xSiria natirlebSi: `gorgi, Sen xara TveleqaTio, mTaCi mxoceli jixvebisao, Walas miTxoelT vaJebisao...” moyme mudam mzadyofnaSia mtris `gasajavreblad”, erT striqonSi dawnexilad aris gamoxatuli misi mzaoba erTaderTi JestiT: `welze frangulsa ibamRaeo”? amiT yvelaferia Tqmuli. motirali ar Tvlis saWirod frangulis moymurad gamoyenebis magaliTi dausaxelos msmenelebs. yvelam icis, rom igi amaod, ùerTod” ar Seibamda franguls. `dalaiSi~ mebrZoloba prioritetulia, mas yvelaze pirvelad Seaxseneben mzegadasuls: `laSqars gikiTxven sworebi, win aRar gauZRvebia, dalai, mterTan xmalamoRebuli”, mtrisaTvis risxvis mimcemi, dalai...”

4. maspinZloba. Tu raime mSvidobiani saqmianoba fasdeba am sazogadoebaSi, es stumar-maspinZlobis wesia. igi aucilebeli muxlia moymeobis dauwerel rjulSi. Rrmad aris amokveTili ara qvis, aramed gulis ficarze. motiralma miagno erTaderT detals, romliTac SeZlo cocxlad daexata mravalstumriani maspinZlis saxe. vgrZnobT siTbos da siyvaruls (ara mxolod movaleobas), romliTac is stumrebisTvis gudanurebs (erTmaneTze gadabmul cxvris tyavebs) keravs Tavisi sakuTari xeliT. msmeneli imasac igrZnobs, rom es kaci mzad aris, Tu saWiro gaxda, Tavi gawiros stumrisTvis, romelsac RamiT mis saxlSi, misi xeliT gadakerili tyavebi exureba. `dalais~ teqsti ar gamotovebs am tradiciul atributs: `karze gidgenan stumrebi, Sinam ar SeuZRvebia, dalai...” da aqac motirali erTi striqoniT kmayofildeba. natiralSi maspinZloba mis dasawyisSivea naxsenebi, oRond SromasTan dakavSirebiT, mTibelTa da momkelTa dapurebis konteqstSi: `dumas ziscvarSi xarSavRaeo”? orgzis stumarTmoyvareobis aRniSvna ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi: xalxuri yofis zneobriv kodeqsSi stumris rigianad gamaspinZleba omSi mamacobaze upiratesia, rasac es striqoni mowmobs: `puradi kaci mamacze samis gafreniT metia”. am upiratesobas analogia SeiZleba eZebnebodes xatobaSi saRvTo sufris saxiT, sadac maspinZeli jvaria, stumrebi ki _ mTeli misi saymo. sxvaganac, erT `SemRernebaSi~, aseve

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dawyvilebulia es ori saqmianoba da maTi harmoniuli SeTavseba ojaxis farglebSi, da pirvelad aq swored maspinZlobaa xsenebuli:

ès saxli SaCveulia Sasmasa, SamRernebasa, am saxlis diasaxlisi _ stumarTa maspinZlobasa, am saxlis mamasaxlisi _ laSqarTa winamZRrobasa”.

sagulisxmoa, rom xmiT natiralSi stumarmaspinZlobis nimuSad aRebulia es komponenti _ stumris mSvidi Zilis uzrunvelyofa _ da ara sufris gaSla, `Sasma da SamRerneba~. 5. gamrigeoba. gzianoba, sxvisi dajerebis unari ganasrulebs moymeobis

rjuls. `dalaiSi~ mkvidrad, mravalferovani gamoxatulebiT, zis moymis es aspeqti: `Wkviano, saqcivliano, dalai, gamWrelo mosamarTleo, dalai, ...gamrigev TuSeTisao, dalai...” rac frangulia moymisaTvis brZolaSi da xirimi nadirobaSi, is aris misTvis ena safixvnoze. amitom _ ènasa bWeCi zidavRaeo?” franguli omis iaraRia, ena _ mSvidobisa. rkina Wabukobis atributia, sityva _ sibrZnisa, xandazmulobisa. ZvelTaganve orive Tanabrad fasobda sazogadoebaSi: uruqSi (SumerSi), rogorc gilgameSis eposidan da misi ciklis Sumeruli simRerebidan Cans [gilgameSiani:], es ori unari, rom davakonkretoT, Zala da azri, erTmaneTs epaeqreboda mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebaTa gamotanisas. iyo krebuli moymeTa (guruS), romelic sabrZolo Zalas ganasaxierebda, da iyo krebuli uxucesTa (abba), romelic azris, gonivruli rCevis wyaros warmoadgenda. is, rac klasikur sazogadoebebSi instituciurad iyo gamijnuli erTmaneTisgan, Cvens safixvnoze erTi moymis arsebaSia SeerTebuli. amis dadasturebaa aluda qeTelauris ormxrivi daxasiaTeba: `safixvnos Tavze dajdebis, sityva maudis gziani, bevr qists maaWra marjvena, scada franguli fxiani”. fxiani sityva da fxiani franguli amSvenebes mas da ganasrulebs mis moymeobas. magram mainc asaki, romelic atarebs sibrZnes, upiratesobs siymeze, romelsac xmali upyria da mis imedzea. amas ambobs es fragmenti:

`gudan ageben beRelsa, libod udeben sinasa. hkiTxvides geldiaursa andrezsa wina-winasa, urCevdis geldiauri jer Wkvasa, memre rkinasa~.

rogorc wesi, laTinuri Tqmis Tanaxmad _ de mortuis aut bene, aut nihil _ xmiT natiralSi dasatirebeli adamianis mxolod saukeTeso Tvisebebia gaxsenebuli, an, motirali ar amaxvilebs yuradRebas mis sikeTeebze, mxolod zogadad gamoxatavs guliswuxils, an mxolod misi gardacvalebis viTarebas axsenebs WirisufalT. magram mainc xmiT motirali Tavisufalia da, SesaZloa, ar dagidevdeT am mdumare TanxmobiT miRebul sayovelTao wess. adamians gardacvaleba erTgvari SaravandiT mosavs, risi ZaliTac sicocxleSi arafriT gamorCeuli,

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metic, ubiri, yvelas yuradRebis centrSi eqceva da sikvdili TiTqos misi gamakeTilSobilebeli sigelia. `kaci mamkvdari gakargdebao: ZmaT ubirasa geZaxdiano, aStaRuai geqvinisao, sakvmis sateni dusTuraio... eexla gadaCinebulxaro, kacTan damdgarxar kacuradao, CoÃa Cagcvam sklatisaio, CoÃa sadidod dakerulio. wamogixurav maSTagurio, ZmaT uarias, beCavasao~ [qxp V:#227].

SeniSvnebi. àStaRuai~ _ dacinviT Serqmeuli saxeli; `dusTarai~ _ Serqmeuli saxeli sityvidan `dusTi~ _ Zvelmani samosi, Cvari, riTac boselSi RriWoebs tenian; `sklati~ _ maudi; `maSTaguri~ _ qurqi; ~ZmaT uaria~ _ Zmebs Soris uaresi, uvargisi [WinWarauli 2005]. TuSuri xmiT natirali

TuSebSic igive terminologiaa, rac fSav-xevsureTSi: “xmiT tirili”, “xmiT motirali”. sainteresoa, rom `xma” aq niSnavs melodias sityvasTan erTad, magram arsebobs `sityvebiT” tirilic, romelsac melodia ar axlavs [azikuri:8]. TuSuri natirlebic improvizaciulia, isinic, rogorc fSav-xevsurulni, dedakacebis Semoqmedebaa, magram isini sagrZnoblad gansxvavdebian fSav-xevsuruli natirlebisgan rogorc formiT, ise SinaarsiT, tropuli sistemiT. es aris uriTmo Tormetmarcvliani leqsi, striqonSi zogjer 13 an 14 marcvalia, òRond am SemTxvevaSi motirali teqsts ise warmoTqvams, rom Tormet marcvalze gaangariSebul melodiaSi Catios. gvxvdeba aTmarcvliani striqonic, am dros motirali melodias daqviTinebiT an amooxvriT avsebs” [azikuri:7]. natirlis teqstebis ganmeoreba arsad ar xdeba, TiTqos akrZalulic aris: àr Ãam”. aqac coli ar tiris qmars; Tu itira, natiralSive Tamamad acxadebs: `qmariav, magramev me aras mcxvenisav”). xevsuruli Cveulebisgan gansxvavebiT, dedas ar ekrZaleba Svilis datireba, mxolod mcirewlovani Svilis datirebaa saZraxisi. gansakuTrebiT tirian uZeod gadagebul vaJkacs (visac `Ze-bolo” ar darCa). natiralSi ixseneben micvalebulis `mgebrebs”, maT, vinc saiqioSi egebebian mas. eseni, rogorc wesi, misi dedisZmebi arian. aRsaniSnavia TuSuri natirlebis gamomsaxvelobiTi mxare, is gansakuTrebiT mdidaria tropuli mravalferovnebiT. mas aqvs sakuTari leqsika, romelic SeiZleba SevadaroT xevsurul “jvarTenas”, romlis leqsika mxolod sakulto gamoyenebisaa da arc yoveldRiur saubarSi, arc saero poeziaSi ar ixmareba. aseve TuSuri natirlebis metaforuli ena mxolod natirlebis sakuTrebaa. am mxriv, TuSuri natirlebi mkveTrad gansxvavdeba fSav-xevsuruli natirlebisgan. tradiciulia da meordeba natirlidan natiralSi tropuli gamoTqma `mzes velodebiTav, RrubliT (var. `budiT”) momavalsav _ am sityvebiT motirali deda axsenebs daRupuli vaJis naSiers, romelsac misi fexmZime coli atarebs. `gvirgvin-daSaulni” ki isini arian,

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romlebic uqorwineblad gardaicvalnen. `mamis oÃer” an òÃris saxli” upatrono, gardacvlilisgan mitovebuli saxlia; `mindvris jeilebi” _ sasaflaoze damarxulni, “`miwis kedeli” damarxulsac niSnavs da Tavad saflavs; `wilis amoTraÁ” _ wilis amoReba, anu gardacvaleba, sikvdilis wilxvdoma (`wil amasTareaav”? _ mokvdi?), àludis stumrebi” _ Wiris sufraze msxdomni; darTlos sasaflaoze `Zvali RorRad xyriav, ulvaSs _ mwvaniladav”, `sabnad gadavxurev qvai da qviSaiv”, `qalo, dakargulo, dilis namsaviTa”, `dedis Tavmoklulo”, `qaris moRebulo fuTulov, mteris waRebulov”, `saxls gikeTeben kar-usarkmlosa” (anu bnel saflavs), `soflis galavano, klite dadebulo”, `miwisferdebulni” _ damarxuli micvalebulni... literatura azikuri: n. azikuri, mgosanni glovisani, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1986 gilgameSiani: gilgameSiani. Zveli Suamdinaruli eposi, `ganaTleba~, Tb., 1984. kotetiSvili 1961: v. kotetiSvili, qarTuli xalxuri poezia, 1961. masalebi: `masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis III, Tbilisi, 1940. platoni 1997: platoni, adreuli dialogebi, Zveli berZnulidan Targmna, winaTqmebi da komentarebi daurTo baCana bregvaZem, `nekeri~, 1997. WinWarauli 2000: WinWarauli al. xevsuruli leqsikoni, `qarTuli ena~, Tb., 2005. xizaniSvili: n. xizaniSvili, eTnografiuli nawerebi, Tb., 1940.

sibrZnis poezia _ andaza

andaza wmida folkloruli Janria. literaturaSi mas analogi ara aqvs. Tu kidev SesaZlebelia xalxuri leqsis Seqmnis Tu asparezze gamoCenis drois dadgena, andazis SemTxvevaSi amas ver SevZlebT, imdenad Cawnulia igi enis wiaRSi. igi enasTan erTad arsebobs, masTan aris sisxlxorceulad dakavSirebuli. yvela niSani folklorisa, romelic ki CamovTvaleT, Tavisi wmida saxiT axasiaTebs mas _ absoluturi koleqtiuroba, romelic araviTar adgils ar utovebs individualurs, absoluturi anonimuroba, romelic principulad gamoricxavs avtoris arsebobas, variantuloba, romlis diapazoni scildeba erovnul da, Sesabamisad, enobriv sazRvrebs... Tumca is enisa da folkloris zRvarzea da, amdenad, mxolod erovnul (eTnikur) niadagze arsebobs. is ibadeba da cocxlobs yoveldRiur yofaSi enis, rogorc metyvelebis, aqtualizaciasTan erTad. ra aris andaza? iqneb misi arsis gansazRvraSi Tavad es sityva andaza dagvexmaros. mivmarTod, rogorc yovelTvis aseT SemTxvevebSi, sabas. leqsikografi gvagzavnis sityvasTan magaliTi. E

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èse magaliTi ganiyofebian orad: magaliTad da andazad. magaliTi ars ukve, romlisa saxe genebos, gina qmnuleba saxlisa da karavTa, xatTa da yvavilTa da egeviTarTa. xolo andaza samoselTa da sabuxarTa da xamlTa da raodeni gamoikveTebian egeviTarni”. saba calke ganmartavs: “saandazo _ andazad dasadebeli, samagaliTo _ saandazo”.

rogorc vxedavT, andazas Tavdapirvelad Targis mniSvneloba hqonia. xolo ra aris Targi, Tu ara arqetipi, romlis mixedviT iqmneba yvelaferi, iqneba es materialuri sagani ram Tu swavleba gina saqcieli? andaza nivTieri Targis mniSvnelobidan adis sityvier-azrobrivi Targis mniSvnelobamde. andaza, amrigad, misi Zveli semantikidan gamomdinare, aris arqetipuli Tqma, erT winadadebaSi dawnexili codna (sibrZne). sagulisxmoa, rom zogjer andaza anderZTan aris gaigivebuli. magaliTad, akaki `baSi-aCukSi wers~: àRar gaxsovT Zveli anderZi: sircxvils sikvdili sjobs da orive erTad ki _ jojoxeTiao?” Uufro adre arCil mefesTan vxvdebiT am gaigivebas: àsre daxvden orni Zmani, viT mamisgan eandaza” (nacvlad mosalodneli eanderZa-si). anderZi akakisTan andazis mniSvnelobiT da andaza arCilTan anderZis mniSvnelobiT. Amas unda daematos samagaliTo striqoni `didmouravianidan~:

“Cemi saqme dReis ukan andazad da xidad deviT”.

am striqonis mniSvneloba ufro metia, vidre is konteqsti, sadac

naTqvamia igi. Tavad striqoni gvauwyebs, Tu rogor ibadeba andaza, ufro sworad, andrezi pirvelsaqcielidan, rogorc xidi, romlis wiaR erTmaneTSi gadadian Taobebi. “andaza-xidi” mowodebulia warsulsa da awmyos Soris kavSiris Sesakvrelad. andaza unda Seicavdes iseT codnas, gamocdilebas, romelic eRireba Sesanaxad da TaobebSi gadasacemad. aseTi Rirebulia swored yoveli andazis Sinaarsi, am Rirebulebis ZaliT mimodis igi bagidan bagemde, Taobidan Taobamde, xalxidan xalxamde, ganfenilia rogorc qseli mTel kacobriobaSi. andazas narTaulad, Sefarulad, igavurad moaqvs Cvenamde Tavisi saTqmeli. Tu anderZTan mas tradiciuloba anaTesavebs, igavi gamoTqmis saSualebaze, xerxze miuTiTebs. amitomac ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom igavebi ewodeba solomonis mier Sekrebil gamonaTqvamebs, romlebic sxva araferia, Tu ara andazebi (da asec aris Targmnili sxva enebze. Proverbs of Solomon, Die Sprüche Salomos, Притчи Соломоновы da sxva). andazis iseve, rogorc yoveli folkloruli teqstis, Seswavlas sami mxare aqvs 1) formaluri anu morfologiur-struqturuli, 2) Sinaarsobrivi da 3) funqciuri. Aamgvarad, andaza SeiZleba ganvixiloT sam doneze: 1) teqstis doneze, 2) mniSvnelobis doneze, 3) gamoyenebis doneze.

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rogorc enaSi arsebobs sinonimebi (Tumca ara absoluturi), aseve arsebobs sinonimuri andazebi, romlebic erTsa da imave Sinaarss, mniSvnelobas sxvadasxva saSualebebiT gamoxataven. amrigad, andazis gulisguli, riTac is Tavis funqcias asrulebs, mis meore doneze anu mis mniSvnelobaSia saZiebeli. magaliTad, formalurad, teqstis doneze es ori andaza erTmaneTisgan ar gansxvavdeba: 1) “Tu mRvdeli mwyalobs, diakvani veras damaklebso” da 2) “Tu guli gulobs, qada ori xeliT iWmevao”, magram maTi mniSvnelobebi da, aqedan gamomdinare, gamoyeneba gansxvavebulia. Mmeore mxriv, sinonimuria andazebi, Tumca isini yofis gansxvavebuli sferoebidan aris aRebuli: “umoaxlo qveyanaSi virs pirmTvarisa daarqveso” da “uZaRlo qveyanaSi katas ayefebeno”. ras warmoadgens andaza Tavisi formiT, rogorc sityvieri teqsti? frazeologiuri erTeulisgan (gamoTqmisgan) gansxvavebiT, andaza erTi dasrulebuli winadadebaa. mTeli misi Sinaarsi erT winadadebaSia moqceuli. andazis winadadeba SeiZleba iyos rogorc proza, ise leqsi. magram igi mainc poetur Janrs miekuTvneba, radgan misi Sinagani forma poeturia. ritmi da riTma, rac arcTu iSviaTad axlavs mas, Sinagani poeturobis mxolod garegani gamoxatulebaa. ritmisa da riTmis garda, andazas aqvs kidev sxva arqauli saSualeba misTvis poeturi formis

misacemad, es aris e.w. wevrTa paralelizmi (parallelismus membrorum), rac safuZvlad udevs andazaTa umravlesobas. es uZvelesi xerxi, SeiZleba iTqvas, mTavari struqturuli RerZia andazisa. es struqtura ar aris mxolod formaluri xasiaTisa _ igi andazis mTavari konceptualuri momentia. amrigad, andaza, rogorc wesi, ritmulad mowesrigebuli striqonia, amiT gansxvavdeba igi Cveulebrivi winadadebisgan. rogorc garkveulia, TiToeuli andaza calke saleqso striqons warmoadgens da zustad Seesatyviseba qarTul xalxur poeziaSi gavrcelebul saleqso sazomebs [bardaveliZe]. upiratesobs Teqvsmetmarcvliani taepi, magram Segvxvdeba 9 da 10 marcvlianic.

Sairis sazomzea gawyobili Semdegi andazebi: `sxvisTvis uReli nura gSurs, Sen rom yevari gyavdeso”; àseTma furma damwixlos, Cemze mets iwvelideso”; `zogisa bambac Cxrialebs, zogis kakalic arao”.

Teqvsmetmarcvliani Sinagani riTmiT: `kata ver Seswvda Zexvsao, paraskevia dResao”; `naadri Svili patronsa, nagvianebi _ batonsa”; àafrine alaliao, rac ar ari, ar ario”; `rac mogiva daviTao, yvela Seni TaviTao” da sxva.

Sairis naxevartaepia: “erTi dro Citsac ki aqvso”; “sxva sxvis omSi brZeniao”...

aTmarcvliani Sinagani riTmiT: `viri sxvisao, saxre tyisao”. 12-marcvliani aseve Sinagani riTmiT: ìaffasisao _ wveni ZaRlisao”.

andazebis korpusis zerele gadaxedvac gviCvenebs, rom riTma ar aris andazis arsebiTi da aucilebeli niSani, magram sadac igi Cndeba, damatebiT eqspresiulobas aniWebs teqsts. igive iTqmis aliteraciaze, fonetikurad msgavsi sityvebis erTmaneTTan Sepirispirebaze, rac arcTu

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iSviaTia andazebSi _ `madli matlad iqcao”, àznauri Wadsac ar Wams, moSivdeba _ Wirsac momWams”, `kaci kaciTao, Robe qacviTao”, `roca xorci gavao, gavac dumad gavao” (var. `visic gava gavao, kanWic gavad gavao”), `rac ar mergeba, ar Semergeba” da sxva mravali. paralelizmi andazis arsebiTi niSania. andazis sazrisi swored cnebaTa Tu realiaTa harmoniul an kontrastul paralelizmSi mdgomareobs. andazaSi `ramac gagaCina, iman dagarCina” gamCenisa da mfarvelis paralelizmia. `kaci Tu gonieria, sofeli Ronieria” (kaci_sofeli, goniereba_Roniereba), `kaci zRvas gadaurCa da cvarma daaRrCoo” (zRva_cvari, gadarCena_daRupva), `mTisa mecxvares hkiTxe, barisa _ guTnisdedasao”, “momxvdurs damxvduric undao”, `rac ginaxavs, veRar naxav” (warsuli_momavali), `rkinas mWedeli sWeds, ara uroo” (iaraRi_mkeTebeli), ~kaci bWobda, RmerTi icinodao” (kaci_RmerTi, bWoba_sicili) da mravali sxva.

moyvanil magaliTebSi paralelizmi da dapirispirebuli wyvilebi zedapirze Cans. magram arsebobs mTeli wyeba andazebisa, sadac es aSkarad ar Cans, Sefarul-SeniRbulia, siRrmisken aris wasuli, andazis qvemo SreSi Zevs _ iq aris saZiebel-aRmosaCeni. bevri andazis Zala swored am aRmoCenis efeqtzea damyarebuli. rac ufro Rrmad Zevs da Sefarulia dapirispireba, miT ufro metia andazis Zala da efeqti. amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom andazis Tviseba da Zala mis SefarulobaSia, andaza cdilobs Sefarulad gamoTqvas azri. andaza igavuria, amdenad igi amarTlebs im ganmartebas, sabas leqsikonSi rom aris mocemuli.

andaza, klasikuri gansazRvrebiT, Seicavs sibrZnes _ bunebaze, cxovrebaze, samyaroze dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebul codnas, yvelafers, rasac adamiani, sazogadoeba gamocdilebis Sedegad ganazogadebs. magram es ar aris sakmarisi. aucilebelia, magram arasakmarisi. andazaSi mTavari da gadamwyvetia, Tu rogor aris daculi da miwodebuli es sibrZne. andaza sibrZnes igavurad, metaforulad, CaSifrulad inaxavs. teqsti, romelic zedapirulad atarebs codnas da pirdapir, deklaraciulad gadascems mas, ver iandazebs. magram codnac aris da codnac. andaziseul codnas safuZvlad udevs siRrmiseuli, arqetipuli codna. anu andazaSi aSkarad mocemuli dapirispirebis safuZveli arqetipuli dapirispirebaa. arqetipuli, fundamenturi opozicia zurgs umagrebs saaSkaraoze gamotanil fenomenur da yofiT dapirispirebebs [ruseiSvili]. yoveli andaza avlens romelime fundamentur, safuZvlismier, universalur opozicias. “andazis Tema aris ara sityva an raime azri an, Tundac adamianis moRvaweobis romelime sfero, aramed dapirispirebul kategoriaTa invariantuli (ucvleli) wyvili” [permiakovi:105]. amaSi SegviZlia davrwmundeT nebismieri andazis magaliTze.

es dapirispirebebia: kargi-cudi, boroti-keTili, zemo-qvemo, axlobeli-Soreuli, Cveni-sxvisi, sasargeblo-usargeblo, simarTle-tyuili, SeCveuli-SeuCveveli, mTeli-nawili, Tavi-bolo, didi-mcire, maRali-dabali, Zlieri-susti, axali-Zveli, naTeli-bneli, savse-carieli, swrafi-neli, bevri-cota, sityva(Tqma)-saqme(moqmedeba), cocxali-mkvdari,

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moyvare-mteri, cxadi-dafaruli, Seneba-ngreva da a.S. nebismieri andaza, Tu is namdvilad andazaa, Tavis safuZvelSi am wyvilTagan romelimes usaTuod unda Seicavdes.M

magaliTad, Zlier-sustis dapirispirebazea agebuli andazebi: `dedakacma gaiwia da cxra uRelma xarma ver Seamagrao”; `marTali kaci qvaze magariao~;

wyvilze “Cveni-sxvisi” agebuli andazebi: `sadac mixvide, iqauri qudi daixureo”; `zogisa bambac Cxrialebs, zogis kakalic arao”. `kargi-cudi”: èrTi mglisken, meore Txiskeno”;

`sasargeblo-usargeblo (fuWi)”: `kodalav, Sen sul egre akakuneb, magram Seni gakeTebuli

xaratulebi vera vnaxeo”. `mosalodneli-moulodneli”:

`mWle Waki lamaz kvics igebso”. `SesaZlebeli-SeuZlebeli”:

èrTi wixliskvriT cixe ver daingrevao”. `namdvili-moCvenebiTi”:

èrTi mercxlis WikWiki gazafxuls ver moiyvanso”. M `mizezi-Sedegi”:

`moxuci imas moimkis, rac siyrmiT dauTesiao”, `mama naxe, deda naxe, Svili ise gamonaxe”.

`cxadi-dafaruli”: `mRvdeli WilofSi icnobao”. “xanmokle-xangrZlivi”: `niorma Tavis simyrale Svid wels Seinaxao”.

`drouli-gviani”: `sanam pavle movidoda, petres tyavi gaaZvreso”, `sanam Tone cxelia, lavaSi Caakario”.

àbsoluturi-relatiuri”: `TagvisTvis katac lomiao”.

realuri-ararealuri: `zecas wero mifrinavda, Zirs Samfursa Tlidneno”, `bavSvi ar dabadebula da abrams arqmevdeneno” da sxva.

es fundamenturi dapirispirebebi andazaSi xorcSesxmulia mravalgvarad, Tavad samyaros mravalferovnebis kvalobaze. marTalia, andazas safuZvlad udevs samyaros Sinagani (siRrmiseuli) zogadi kanonzomierebani, arqetipuli azrobrivi struqturebi, magram isini andazebSi xatovnad, adamianuri yofis enazea gadaTargmnili. andaza aris arqetipul dapirispirebaTa verbaluri gamoxatulebis forma [ruseiSvili:, an imave avtoris ganmartebiT, àndaza gamoxatavs siRrmiseul arqetipul sibrZnes, romelic, Tavis mxriv, opoziciuri azrobrivi struqturis saxiT gamoixateba~. aqve unda SeiniSnos, rom Tavad samyaroa opoziciuri struqturis, ramac religiur sistemaSic hpova gamoZaxili (magaliTad, zoroastrizmi keTilisa da borotisa, kargisa da cudis, fundamentur opoziciaze dafuZnebuli).

andaza, Tundac erTi winanadeba, erTi taepi, mxatvruli nawarmoebia. rogor arsebobs is, sad aris misi realizaciis sfero? sxvagan arsad, Tu

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ara ama Tu im Seqmnil situaciaSi, romelic adamianisgan moiTxovs pasuxs. situacia, raime kolizia, iwvevs andazas, romelic adamianis mexsierebaSia daculi. igi zustad da logikurad pasuxobs situacias, ar eqvemdebareba mtkicebas, radgan Tavad aris raRacis mtkiceba. is aqsiomaa, mza logikuri daskvnaa da, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom daskvna imdenia, ramdeni situaciis warmodgenac SeiZleba. TiToeul yofiT situacias Tavisi andaza aqvs momarjvebuli da yoveli andaza potenciurad Tavis Sesatyvis situacias gulisxmobs. situacias Tavisi Sesatyvisi andazis molodini aqvs.

roca folkloris arsebiT niSnebze vlaparakobdiT, davasaxeleT yofiToba, rogorc literaturisgan folkloris ganmasxvavebeli niSani. folklori yofaSi da yofisTvis Seiqmna. Sromis poezia Seiqmna SromiT yofaSi da sxvagan arsad sruldeba, Tu ara isev Sromis procesSi. andaza, romelic atarebs raRac sibrZnes, gamocdilebas, situaciam warmoSva da mxolod analogiur situaciaSi amotivtivdeba, raTa misi Sefasebis, verdiqtis dasmis, mxilebis Semdeg kvlav mexsierebis gamoucnob xveulebSi daibudos. da `sZinavs~ mas, vidre Sesaferi situacia kvlav ar gamoixmobs. literatura bardaveliZe: bardaveliZe j. andazebis ritmuli wyoba (folkloris Teoria da istoria, qarTuli foklori VIII, 1979). permiakovi: Пермяков Г.Л. О смысловой структуре и соответствующей классификации пословичных изречений (Паремиологический сборник, «Наука», М., 1978). ruseiSvili: ruseiSvili m. andazis zogadi semantikuri modeli (saenaTmecniero Ziebani, Tb., 1999).

folkloristikis istoriidan Znelia, folkloris Semswavleli disciplinis _ folkloristikis

warmoSobis zusti TariRis dadgena. ras davukavSiroT igi? am terminis _ folkloris Seqmnas (1846 w.)? Tu ufro adreul xanas, roca Sotlandielma poetma, skolis maswavlebelma jeims makfersonma (1736-1796), 1765 wels gamoaqveyna leqsebi, romlebic III s-is irlandiel bards (mgosans) osians miawera? makfersoni irwmuneboda, rom es simRerebi man geluridan (kelturi jgufis ena, irlandiuris monaTesave) Targmna. teqstebma, romlebic xalxuri Semoqmedebis saxeliT iyo mowodebuli, didi STabeWdileba datova inglisurenovan auditoriaze did britaneTsa da amerikaSi. osianis saxeli xalxuri poeziis simbolo Seiqmna. mas gatacebiT kiTxulobdnen da Targmnidnen evropul enebze. goeTem imdenad gaiTavisa osianis simRerebi, rom germanul enaze Targmna isini da àxalgazrda verTeris vnebanSi~ CarTo. ruseTSi osians Targmnidnen da mis Temebze originalur leqs-simRerebs qmnidnen karamzini, Jukovski,

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puSkini. osianis italiuri Targmani napoleonis erT-eri sayvareli wigni iyo, romelsac igi laSqrobebSi Tan datarebda.

osianis simRerebis gamoCena daemTxva evropaSi romatizmis aRmocenebis xanas. da Tumca maTi namdviloba makfersonis sicocxleSive eWvis qveS dadga, momdevno saukuneSi ki mistifikacia sabolood dadasturda, maT mniSvnelovani roli Seasrules xalxuri Semoqmedebisadmi interesis gaRvivebaSi: swored am mistifikaciam misca impulsi folkloruli teqstebis Sekrebas mTeli evropis masStabiT, ramac Tavis mxriv safuZveli daudo axal disciplinas _ folkloristikas, romelic Tavdapirvelad `xalxur siZveleebad~ (Popular antiquities) iwodeboda. miCneuli iyo, rom xalxuri leqsebi, Tqmulebebi, zRaprebi da sxva uxsovar warsulSi Seiqmna da xalxis xsovnam Tanamedroveobamde Semoinaxa. romantizmma, romelic im epoqaSi fexs idgamda, xalxur SemoqmedebaSi noyieri sakvebi hpova. warsulis idealizacia, bunebrivoba, civilizaciisgan Seuxebeli adamianis ideali _ romantizmis am moTxovnebs savsebiT akmayofilebda xalxuri Semoqmedeba, romelic Tavisufali sulis gamovlinebad iqna aRqmuli. XVIII-XIX saukuneTa mijnis SemoqmedTa TvalSi zepirsityviereba Tavisi SeuzRudveli TavisuflebiT samwerlo (literaturul) Semoqmdebas daupirispirda, ufro metic: zepirsityviereba poeziis etaloni gaxda. germanel romantikosTa TvalsazrisiT, xalxuri poezia RvTivSTagonebulia. iakob grimi (1785-1863), folkloristikis mamamTavari, wers: `xalxuri poezia ara mxolod anonimuria, aramed RvTaebrivi warmoSobis aris, rogorc ena da miTologia~. isini imowmebdnen homerosis poemebis dasawyis striqonebs, sadac rafsodi (Zveli berZeni mgosani) STagonebisTvis muzas mimarTavs (ìm kacze miambe, muzav...~; `mimRere, qalRmerTo...~). maTi azriT, xalxuri poezia ibadeba aracnobierad, riTac igi mistiur gamocxadebas uaxlovdeba; igi aris RvTaebrivis gamovlena adamianSi. iakob grimi werda romantikos poets arnims: `Tu Sen gwams CemsaviT, rom religia RvTebrivi gamocxadebis Sedegia da rom enis warmoSobac iseTive saswaulia da rom igi ar warmoadgens adamianis gamonagons, isic unda iwamo da igrZno, rom Zvel poeziac msgavsi warmoSobisaa~ [kokiara:241]. maT TvalSi siZvele xalxuri poeziis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli da prioritetuli niSania anonimurobasTan erTad: is, rac anonimuria, mas wyarod RvTiuri STagoneba aqvs. yvelaze mniSvnelovani iqmneba ara axla, TanamedroveobaSi, aramed Seiqmna uSores warsulSi, kacobriobis siWabukeSi; warsulSia srulyofileba, iq aris samoTxe, edemis baRi, SeubRalavi buneba. germanel romantikos filosofoss iohan herders (1749-1803) xiblavda yvelaferi, rac iwyeboda prefiqsiT Ur (`winare~). xalxurSi igi xedavda yvelafers mSveniers da gulwrfels, yvelafers `qalwulebrivs da WeSmarits~. xalxuri poezia bunebis Svilia; romantikosebi garbodnen bunebisken da da ewafebodnen xalxur poezias, rogorc daviwyebul da usamarTlod mitovebul wyarosTTvals. folkis arseboba warsulSia nagulvebi. herderis rwmeniT, `xalxi (Volk) aris bunebrivi da Seuryvneli nawili erisa, amitomac igi mowodebulia

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erovnuli sulis gamosaxatavad~. xalxuri poezia iseve bunebrivad, raime Zaldatanebis gareSe amoizrdeba xalxis wiaRidan rogorc, magaliTisTvis, askili, romelic vardisgan gansxvavebiT ar saWiroebs movla-patronobas, adamianis Carevas. xalxur leqss isini udarebdnen frinvels, romelic TavisuflebisTvis da ara galiisTvis aris Sobili. literatura tyvea, xalxuri Semoqmedeba Tavisufalia, yvaviliviT Tavisuflad ifuCqneba. iakob grimi xalxur simRerebs `Citebis simReras~ adarebs. xalxuri poezia aris bunebis xma da, raki buneba erTia, amiT aixsneba xalxuri Semoqmedebis principuli erTgvaroba yvela xalxSi. iakobis Zma vilhelm grimi (1787-1859) werda: `poeziis RvTiuri suli erTnairia yvela xalxSi da erTi wyaro aqvs yvelgan. amitomac aris, rom Cven yvelgan vawydebiT msgavsebas... idumali naTesaoba, romlis saerTo sawyisi dakargulia, gvafiqrebinebs maT saerTo warmomavlobaze...~

germaneli romantikosebi maT TanamedroveobaSi daqucmacebuli germaniis erTianobas, saerTo germanul suls, xalxur SemoqmedebaSi eZebdnen da poulobdnen. amitomac xalxuri leqs-simRerebis, Tqmulebebis (sagebis), miTebisa Tu zRaprebis Segroveba mTeli germaniis masStabiT erovnul movaleobad iqca. germanelma fokloristebma xalxuri sityvierebis saxiT aRmoaCines saerTogermanuli `CaZiruli~ kultura, romelsac fesvebi yvela germanuli tomis saerTo warsulSi hqonda. germanuli tomebi, garda sakuTriv germanelebisa (die Deutschen), mTel skandinavias (norvegielebi, danielebi, Svedebi) moicavs. germaneli folkloristebis ideam am erTianobis Sesaxeb gamoZaxili pova skandinavur samyaroSi, sadac mniSvnelovani folkloristuli skola Camoyalibda, romelic gansakuTrebiT zRapris SeswavliT iyo dakavebuli. am procesSi Caeba fineTic, romelmac aRmoaCina fineli sazogadoebisTvis eposi `kalevala~. `kalevalam~ fineli xalxi finuri sulisken miaxeda, am eposis didebulebam win wamoswia finuri ena, romelsac ukiduresi daknineba emuqreboda; Tu manamde ganaTlebisa da kulturis ena Sveduri iyo, `kalevalas~ gamoqveynebis Semdeg finurma ena saerTosaxalxo statusi moipova. amrigad, evropis mTel rig qveynebSi xalxuri kulturisadmi interesi erovnul interesebs gadaejaWva. ara mxolod fineli xalxisTvis, romelic man, SeiZleba iTqvas, xalxuri eposi `kalevala~ ZRvnad miiRo eqim elias lenrotisgan, aramed kulturulad iseTi dawinaurebuli xalxisTvisac, rogornic germanelebi arian, xalxuri sityvierebis Zeglebis gamoqveyneba udidesi erovnuli mniSvnelobis movlena iyo. Zmebma grimebma TavianTi publikaciebiT magaliTi misces mTels evropas, SesZines ra xalxuri Semoqmedebis Rirseba, manamde rom ugulebelyofili iyo. ai maTi publikaciebi:

_ sabavSvo da saojaxo zRaprebi (1812); _ germanuli Tqmulebebi (1816); _ germanuli sagmiro Tqmulebebi (1829); _ germanuli miTologiis 2 tomi (1835, 1844). amave epoqaSi aRmoCnda, rom germanul samyaro monaTesavea induri

samyarosi. indogermanulma Teoriam, romelsac mxedvelobaSi hqonda germanuli da Zveli induri (sanskriti, vedebis ena) enebis geneturi naTesaoba, axali horizonti gadaSala fokloristikis winaSe. iseve,

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rogorc erTi saerTo fuZe-enidan warmoiSvnen da gantotdnen dedamiwis zurgze indogermanuli (Semdgom indoevropulis saxelwodebiT) dialeqtebi, aseve erTiani folkloridan warmoiSva am enebze molaparake xalxebis sityviereba. dadgenili iqna bevri saerTo warmomavlobis siuJeti, motivi Tu miTologema. kerZod, Zmebi grimebi da sxva romantikosi folkloristebi fiqrobdnen, rom sxvadasxva indogermaneli xalxebis folklori _ zRaprebi Tu Tqmulebebi _ erTiani miTosis daSlis Sedegad warmoiSva. Tumca es Teoria dRes gaziarebuli aRar aris (zRapari zRaparia, miTosi _ miTosi da, Tumca maT saerTo motivebi aqvT, maTi warmoSoba da funqcia diametralurad gansxvavebulia). mainc man stimuli misca zRapris, miTosisa da sxva epiuri Janrebis Seswavlas.

SeniSvna. amomwurav cnobebs evropuli folkloristikis istoriidan mkiTxveli ipovis kokiaras wignSi [kokiara 1960].

mivxedoT saqarTvelos, ra mdgomareoba iyo am mxriv im qveyanaSi, romelic Zvelis nangrevebze axal kulturas aSenebda: axali ena, axali literatura da, bolos, axali eri. gansxvavebiT, dasavleT evropisa, saqarTveloSi xalxuri SemoqmedebiT daintereseba romantizms an romantikul ganwyobilebebs ar dakavSirebia. verc aleqsandre WasvWavaZis, verc grigol orbelianis, verc nikoloz baraTaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi ver aRmovaCenT raime kvals, romelic migvaniSnebda folklorTan kavSirze an mis interesze. SemkreblobiT saqmianobaze maTi mxriv xom zedmetia laparaki. arc erovnuli idea yofila stimuli imisaTvis, rom XIX s-is pirveli naxevris moRvaweebs xalxuri kulturisken gaexedaT, raTa sazrdo miecaT TavianTi SemoqmedebisTvis. qarTulma romantizmma gverdi auara xalxur stiqias, veraviTari gemo ver hpova masSi. am anomaliis (Tu es anomaliaa) axsnas aq ar SevudgebiT _ es Cveni kulturuli `politikis~ Taviseburebaa.

qarTuli folkloristikis saTaveebTan dganan ara romantikosebi, arc poetebi da mwerlebi, rogorc dasavleTSi, aramed iseTi eruditi (filosofosi, meistorie, RvTismetyveli, eTnografi...), rogoric iyo platon ioseliani (1809-1875), mravalmxrivi interesebis mecnieri, ruseTis akademiis wevri Teimuraz batoniSvili (1782-1846), mwerali Tu publicisti aleqsandre jambakur–orbeliani (1802-1869) _ maTi ricxvi, vinc sagangebod interesdeboda xalxuri SemoqmedebiT, Zalze SezRudulia., arc maTi folkloristuli memkvidreobaa uxvi. Teimuraz bagrationis arqivSi daculia ìmeruli zRapari~ da `saero leqsebi~ (`saero~ aq, rogorc Cans, xalxurs niSnavs). es aris da es. platon ioselians darCa xelnawerebad `gamocanebi qarTulni~ da ~andazebi da gamocanebi~. rac Seexeba, aleqsandre orbelians, mas ekuTvnis pirveli cda xalxuri leqs-simRerebis Janruli klasifikaciisa, rasac sagangebo narkvevi miuZRvna saTauriT ìverianelebis galoba, simRera, RiRini~, romelic T. jagodniSvilis TvalsazrisiT `qarTuli romantikuli folkloristikis yvelaze mniSvnelovani samecniero gamokvlevaa~ [jagodniSvili:326]. es marTlac asea, Tumca eWvs iwvevs sityva `yvelaze~, ramdenadac romantikosTa sxva gamokvleva, Tundac masze nakleb mniSvnelovanic ki CvenTvis ucnobia. magram namdvilad romantikulia al. orbelianis erTi fraza, romelis dRes gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria: ìm uwindels Cvens

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batonymobas... axlandeli evropiuli sruli ganaTleba zed rom daerTos da erTs zneobad gakeTdes, maSin ityvian: ai, zeciuri cxovreba qveyanaze gadmovlenilio~. am sityvebis qveS dRevandel ideologs xelis mowera ar gauWirdeboda.

momdevno epoqaSi folklorisadmi interesi da folkloristuli saqmianobis nayofierebac da tempic sagrZnoblad momatebulia. iwyeba gaazrebuli intensiuri SemkreblobiTi saqmianoba, Sekrebili masalebi ibeWdeba periodul gamocemebSi, romelTa saTaveSi dgas Jurnali `ciskari~ (1852-1853, 1857-1875) da rusulenovani Jurnali «Кавказ» (1846-1918), sadac, sxvaTa Soris, gamoqveynda amiranis eposis pirveli Canaweri. fasdaudebeli samsaxuri gauwia folkloristikas gazeTebma ìveriam~ (1877-1885), `droebam (1866-1885), `mwyemsma~ (1883-1910), romlebic sistematurad beWdavdnen mopovebul xalxur teqstebs da propagandasac uwevdnen am saqmianobas. akaki wereTlis daarsebul àkakis krebulSi~ (1897-1900) sagangebo rubrika iyo daTmobili zepirsityvieri teqstebisTvis. XIX s-is TiTqmis yvela Jurnali Tu gazeTi Tavis adgils uTmobda zepirsityvierebis nimuSebs. arsebobs maTi anotirebuli bibliografia [virsalaZe 1973]. yvela Janris uxvi folkloruli masala dagrovda wlebis ganmavlobaSi СПОМПК-is («Сборник материалов для описания местностей и племен Кавказа», Тифлис, 1881-1915) furclebze. Tu raoden mdidar da unikalur masalas Seicavs es krebulebi, kargad Cans anotirebul bibliografiaSi [arjevaniZe].

miuxedavad publikaciebis siuxvisa, XIX s-is bolosTvis xalxuri poeziis erTaderTi krebuli (xizaniSvili 1889) arsebobda. iseT daucxromel moRvawes da profesionals folkoris sferoSi, rogoric petre umikaSvili (1838-1804) iyo, arc ki ucdia im zRva masalis calke wignad gamoqveyneba, romelsac igi krebda mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT, zogs Tavisi xeliT, zogs korespondentebis meSveobiT (erT-erTi maTgani Tavad ilia WavWavaZe iyo). umikaSvilis folkloristuli memkvidreoba, isic mxolod poeturi nawili, misi sikvdilidan 35 wlis Semdeg gamoaqveyna misma umcrosma megobarma filipe gogiCaiSvilma [umikaSvili 1938]. 1964 wels m. Ciqovanma oTx wignad gamosca ukve prozaul teqstebTan da mis folkoristul nawrebTan erTad [umikaSvili 1964]. rac p. umikaSvilma Tavis sicocxleSi gamoaqveyna, es aris èTeriani~, àrsenas leqsi~ da àndazebi~ (1876). rogorc Tavis adgilze aRiniSna, im xanad p. umikaSvili erTaderTi iyo, romelic flobda folkloruli masalis Caweris teqnikas da, amave dros, gaazrebuli hqonda xalxuri sityvierebis specifika, rac kargad Cans misi am sityvebidan:

`poezia ukvdavia, Tumca imisi nawarmoebi dRes erTi ferisaa, xval meore feris; dro scvlis am fers da amitom ramdenadac male moeswreba Sekreba poeziis nawarmoebisa, imdenad Zvirfasi iqneba es masala mecnierebisa da mwerlobisaTvis, magram moswreba imas ki ara niSnavs, rom viTomda sul rac xalxSi poeziis nawarmoebia, imisi erTxel Sekreba SeiZlebodes damTavrebiT da gasaTaveblad, rom imaze metis Sekreba aRar SeiZlebodes. ara, moswrebas is

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mniSvneloba aqvs, rom rac dRes xalxSi trialbs, dResve sisruliT iyos Sekrebili, amitom, rom xval an Seicvleba, an sxva axali gamoCndeba da Zveli gadavardeba, daviwyebuli iqneba~ [umikaSvili IV:236].

nayofieri iyo Tedo razikaSvilis SemkreblobiTi aqtivoba, igi folklorul teqstebs ZiriTadad krebda qarTl-kaxeTSi, TuSeTSi da fSav-xevsureTSi. mis mier mopovebuli poeturi teqstebis didi nawili (1306 erTeuli) krebul ~Zvel saqarTveloSi~ (1914) daibeWda, ganmeorebiT 1953 wels [razikaSvili 1953], oRond mxolod fSauri leqsebi, xevsuruli poeturi masala akaki SaniZem Tavis krebulSi dabeWda [SaniZe 1931]. samwuxarod, mis Canawerebs ar axlavs pasporti (Camweris vinaoba, adgili, dro), samagierod aRWurvilia metad mniSvnelovani leqsikuri da eTnografiuli xasiaTis komentarebiT. Tavis sicocxleSi 1909 wels razikaSvilma zRaprebis ori tomi gamosca, romelic 1951-1952 wlebSi meored gamoica.

maT Soris, visac XIX s-Si, roca folkloristika axalfexadgmuli iyo, qarTuli folkloris Sesaxeb Teoriuli azri gamouTqvams, iyo literaturis istoriis cnobili mkvlevari aleqsandre xaxanaSvili, romelmac Tavis wignSi `qarTuli sityvierebis istoria~ [xaxanaSvili 1904] didi adgili dauTmo xalxuri sityvierebis mimoxilvas da analizs. pirveli, vinc scada Seeqmna xalxuri sityvierebis kursi, vasil barnovi iyo. 1919 wels man calke wignad gamoaqveyna `qarTuli sityvierebis istoriis gakveTilebi~, romelic mogvianebiT mis aTtomeulSi daibeWda [barnovi X:168-278]. mas mkafiod da lakoniurad aqvs Camoyalibebuli fokloruli Semoqmedebis dedaarsi:

`zepirgadmocemul ubir nawarmoebSi mTeli xalxi iRebs monawileobas: eris gulisnadebs pirvelad warmoTqvams romelime niWieri Svili erisa, naTqvami aRibeWdeba msmenelTa mexsierebaSi da gavrceldeba erTi adgilidan meore adgils, erTi Temidan meore TemSi, moefineba mTel xalxs da SemdegSi gadadis erTi Taobidan meore Taobaze. pirvelad naTqvams Semdeg mTqmelTagan TandaTan emateba axali sityva, axali saxe Tu ambavi, adgilisa da garemoebaTa mixedviT fers icvlis da ifurCqneba. dedaazri da umTavresi saxeebi ki winandelebive rCebian. amnairad, saxalxo nawarmoebi mTeli eris RvawliT aris Seqmnili. pirveli mTqmelis pirovneba aRara sCans imaSi, is SeerTebulia xalxis pirovnebasTan, STanTqmulia imaSi~ [barnovi X:169].

XX s-is 30-ian wlebSi vaxtang kotetiSvilis (1893-1938) meoxebiT folkloris Semswavleli mecniereba axal doneze adis. Tumca mas ar dascalda Tavisi Semoqmedebis gaSla am dargSi, mis mier Sedgenilma masStaburma programam ver miiRo xorcSesxma, magram mis Semdeg sauniversiteto ganaTlebaSi xalxuri sityviereba myar adgils iWers. v. kotetiSvilis gamokvlevebi, romlebic misi cxovrebis xanmokle manZilze Seiqmna, folkloris bevr sferos moicavs (poezia, dReobebi, eposi, Teatraluri sanaxaobebi, mwerloba da folklori...). tragikul

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daRupvamde samiode wliT adre man gamosca xalxuri poeziis krebuli eqskursebiTa da saZieblebiTurT [kotetiSvili 1934]. iyo imedi, rom es èqskursebi~ monografiebSi gadaizrdeboda, magram es ar moxda. misma folkloristulma memkvidreobam mzis sinaTle ocdaaTi wlis Semdeg ixila [kotetiSvili 1967].

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiisa da universitetis sistemaSi xelsayreli pirobebi Seiqmna folkloristikis Semdgomi ganviTarebisTvis. SemkreblobiT saqmianobasTan SexamebiT, romelic tradiciulad prioritetuli iyo CvenSi, mimdinareobda intensiuri kvleviTi muSaoba fokloristikis sxvadasxva ubanze da sxvadasxva problemebze, monografiulad Seiswavleboda calkeuli folkloruli Janrebi. mixeil Ciqovanma (1909-1983), romlis kvleva-ZiebiTi diapazoni Zalze farTo iyo, mTavar Temad xalxuri epiuri Zeglebi airCia: mas ekuTvnis àmiranianis~ [Ciqovani 1947], èTerianis~ [eTeriani 1954], `tarielianis~ [Ciqovani 1937] CanawerTa korpusis gamocemebi. elene virsalaZis (1911-1977) mravalwliani kvleva samonadireo folkloris sferoSi monografiiT dagvirgvinda [virsalaZe 1964]. qsenia sixaruliZem (1909-1976) Tavisi folkoristuli kvleva-Ziebis prioritetad sagmiro da saistorio poezia gaixada [sixaruliZe 1949, sixaruliZe 1961]. Tamar oqroSiZem (1909-1979) _ Sromis poezia [oqroSiZe 1963]., aleqsandre Rlontma (1912-1999) _ xalxuri novela [Rlonti 1989].

folkloristTa am da momdevno Taobis monawileobiT gasuli saukunis 60-iani wlebidan gamodis Tematuri Jurnali `qarTuli folklori~ (bolo, me-17 tomi, 2002 wels daibeWda). maTive saerTo ZalisxmeviT SesaZlebeli gaxda gamocemuliyo xalxuri poeziis Tormettomeuli [qxp], romelmac poeturi folkloruli memkvidreobis mniSvnelovani nawili moicva.

literatura

arjevaniZe: arjevaniZe e. anotirebuli bibliografia `СПОМПК~-Si gamoqveynebuli qarTuli xalxuri sityvierebis masalisa, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1971.

barnovi X: barnovi v. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad, t. 10, `literatura da xelovneba~, Tb., 1964.

eTeriani 1954: eTeriani, xalxuri sityviereba IV, meore seria, redaqcia, Sesavali statia da SeniSvnebi m. Ciqovanisa, saqarTvelos ssr mecn. akademiis gamomc., Tb. 1954. virsalaZe 1964: virsalaZe el. qarTuli samonadiro eposi, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1964. virsalaZe 1973: virsalaZe el., zandukeli f., gogiCaiSvili m. qarTuli folkloris mokled anotirebuli bibliografia (1829-1901), wigni 1, `mecniereba~, 1973.

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kokiara 1960: Коккьяра Дж. История фольклористики в Европе, Издательство иностранной литературы, Москва, 1960. kotetiSvili 1934: kotetiSvili v. xalxuri poezia, quTaisi, 1934; me-2 gamocema: Tbilisi, 1961. kotetiSvili 1967: kotetiSvili v. rCeuli nawerebi, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tb., 1967. oqroSiZe: oqroSiZe T. qarTuli xalxuri Sromis poezia, saarTvelos sr mecn. akademiis gamomc., Tb, 1963. razikaSvili: xalxuri sityviereba III, pirveli seria II, xalxuri leqsebi Tedo razikaSvilis mier Cawerili, mix. Ciqovanis redaqciiT, saarTvelos ssr mecn. akademiis gamomc., Tb., 1953. sixaruliZe 1949: sixaruliZe qs. qarTuli xalxuri sagmiro-saistorio sityviereba, Tsu, Tb., 1949. sixaruliZe 1961: qarTuli xalxuri saistorio sityviereba, teqstebis momzadeba, redaqcia, Sesavali da SeniSvnebi qsenia sixaruliZisa, t. I-III, 1961-1964. umikaSvili 1937: umikaSvili p. xalxuri sityviereba, nawili pirveli, leqsebi, andazebi, gamocanebi, redaqcia, biografia, winasityvaoba da SeniSvnebi f. gogiCiSvilisa, federacia, 1937. umikaSvili 1964: umikaSvili p. xalxuri sityviereba I-IV, `literatura da xelovneba~, Tb., 1964. umikaSvili IV: umikaSvili p. xalxuri sityviereba IV, `literatura da xelovneba~, Tb., 1964. Rlonti 1989: Rlonti al. qarTuli xalxuri novela, Tsu, Tb., 1989. qxp: qarTuli xalxuri poezia 12 tomad, `mecniereba~, SaniZe 1931: SaniZe a. qarTuli xalxuri poezia I, xevsuruli, `saxelmwifo gamomcemloba~, tfilisi [1931]. Ciqovani 1937: Ciqovani m. xalxuri vefxis tyaosani, Tb., 1937. Ciqovani 1947: Ciqovani m. mijaWvuli amirani, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gamocema, 1947 jagodniSvili: jagodniSvili T. qarTuli folkloristikis istoria, Tsu, Tb., 2004. xaxanaSvili: xaxanaSvili a. qarTuli sityvierebis istoria (uZvelesi droidgan me-XVII saukunis gasvlamde), tfilisi, 1904; ufro vrclad xalxuri masalis anlizi warmodgenilia am wignis rusul dedanSi: Хаханов А. Очерки по истории грузинской словестности, вып. 1, Москва, 1895. xizaniSvili 1889: xizaniSvili d. fSauri leqsebi, ìveriis~ redaqciis gamocema, 1889. folkloris bedi TanamedroveobaSi

rac unda vilaparakoT xalxuri Semoqmedebis calkeul RirsSesaniSnav nimuSebze, romlebic Cvens droSi Cvens Tvalwin Seqmnila da iqmneba, es ar gvaZlevs imis uflebas, rom imedianad SevxedoT xalxuri Semoqmedebis momavals. `calkeuli nimuSebi~ _ ras niSnavs es? sityvasityviT imas, rasac Tavad es sityva `calkeuli~ niSnavs. misi Sinaarsi sruliad ewinaRmdegeba folkloruli Semoqmedebis im gagebas,

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razec zemoT iyo laparaki. poeziis (ara mxolod xalxuris) mkiTxvel da damfasebel sazogadoebas kargad axsovs, rogori aRfrTovaneba gamoiwvia ivane wiklauris leqsis `ram damaberas~ gamoCenam estradaze da beWdurad. es leqsi iyo da aris didi niWis dasturi, romelic yovelTvis arsebobda, arsebobs da iarsebebs xalxSi. magram ramdenad aris igi im xalxuri, `folkuri~ wiaRidan gamomavali, saidanac yvela epoqaSi ikvebeboda xalxuri poezia? yvelaferi am leqsTan dakavSirebiT uflebas gvaZlevs vamtkicoT, rom is individualuri Semoqmedebis nayofia. is rCeba calkeul nimuSad. magram folkloruli Semoqmedeba ar Sedgeba calkeul nimuSTagan, is erTiania da mTliani, is mTeli sistemaa. zemoT vaxseneT zepirsityvierebis niSnebs Soris yofiToba, romelic gulisxmobs fokloris wiaRad xalxis integralur yofas, saidanac amoizrdeba yoveli saxe da sfero misi Semoqmedebisa _ saxlis Senebidan dawyebuli leqsis warmoTqmamde. am yofis Sesusteba da, bevr kuTxeSi, saerTod ararseboba, eWvis qveS ayenebs folklorul Semoqmedebas, Tumca calkeuli gamovlinebebi calkeul (am SemTxvevaSi, poeziis) sferoSi yovelTvis iqneba. leqsi Tu sxva ram, unda trialebdes integralur yofaSi, sadac Seiqmna. am trials, rogorc wesi, variantebi moyveba. saeWvoa, iseTi individualobiT aRbeWdil leqss, TiTqmis poemas, rafsodias, rogoric aris `ram damabera~, variantebi gauCndes da im zomamde gaxalxurdes, rom misi avtoris saxeli daviwyebas mieces. es saxeli ukve qaRaldzea saimedod dabeWdili.

ra niSnebia folkloruli Semoqmedebis rRvevis mauwyebeli? pirvel rigSi, tradiciuli yofis moSla, roca sulieri

moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba xdeba ara naturaluri meurneobis principiT anu adgilze sakuTari SesaZleblobebiT, `soflidan~ gausvlelad, aramed soflis mimarT heterogenuli wyaros meSveobiT (presa, radio, televizia). sofelSi ara mxolod mWedlis (roca mWedlobis produqtebi garedan Semodis), aramed mTqmelis arsebobac zedmeti xdeba. struqturis erTi romelime elementis gauqmebas meoris gauqmeba mosdevs, radgan xalxur tradiciul yofaSi yvela elementi erTmaneTTan organul kavSirSia; roca soflis Sesakrebeli adgilebi (safixvno, sanaxSo) `birJebad~ aris gadaqceuli da aRar xdeba tradiciuli codnis (sibrZnis lore-is) `lesva~, generireba da gadacema... roca gauqmebulia Tavad cneba tradiciuli codnisa, romelic Seadgens folkloris Sinaarss... roca mTlianoba gafermkrTalebulia, misi nawilebis sisxlsavseobas aRar unda movelodeT.

tradiciuli folklori JanrTa sistemis saxiT arsebobs, romelic ukve Camoyalibebuli iyo im droisTvis, roca daiwyo misiT daintereseba da Cawera. da roca folklorze vlaparakobT, swored am sistemur erTianobas vgulisxmobT. ismis kiTxva: inaxavs Tu ara dRes an SeuZlia Tu ara Seinaxos koleqtiur mexsierebas tradiciuli folklori mTeli misi Janruli mTlianobiT? folkloris funqcionaluri poziciidan dRevandeli zepirsityvierebis matrica sakmaod gaRaribebuli da, metic, alag-alag `gadRabnili~ Cans, bevri ujredi (Sromis, saqorwino poezia, xalxuri sanaxaobebi) carielia da arc aris imis molodini, rom odesme Seivseba isini, an, axlebi gaCndeba. aris Tu ara amis SemZle xalxis yofa

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da mentaliteti? folkloris arsebobisTvis ar aris sakmarisi xalxis wiaRidan gamosuli niWieri adamianebi, aucilebelia xalxis iseTi wiaRi (auditoria), romelsac SeeZleba mosmena, mosmenilis aRqma, misi ganmeoreba da gadacema Taobidan Taobamde. sxvagvarad, sxva SemTxvevaSi, rasac `niWieri Svili xalxisa~ (vasil barnovi) gamoTqvams, rogorc individualur Semoqmedi, es misi eqskluziuri sakuTreba iqneba, es naTqvami ganuyofeli iqneba misi pirovnebisgan, romelic rCeba mis samudamo da erTaderT avtorad. avtoroba da avtorobis Segneba ki, SeuTavsebelia folkloruli Semoqmedebis principebTan.

SeniSvna. niSandoblivia, rom `vaxuSti kotetiSvilis folkloruli rveulebis~ pirveli krebulis avtori ioseb baiaSvili, romelic xalxis wiaRidan gamosul araprofesional poetad aris CaTvlili, Tavis Semoqmedebas swored profesionali individualuri Semoqmedis poziciebidan aRiqvams da afasebs. ai, ras wers igi Tavis mokle avtobiografiaSi: `gavida dro. mere TandaTan fanqari da qaRaldi viSove da daviwye sakuTari leqsebis wera, magram esec CemTvis saxifaTo gamodga. erTxel Zaan magrad mcemes leqsis gamoTqmis gamo. erTxelac miCivles, leqsiT cili dagvwamao. winaaRmdegoba leqsebis gamo imTavidan amTavamdis Zalian bevri Semxvedria, magram Cemi erTad-erTi sisxlxorceuli saqme mainc leqsia~ [baiaSvili:20]. folkloruli teqstis erT-erTi gadamwyveti niSani sayovelTao mowoneba da aRiarebaa, es amonaweri ki sawinaaRmdegos mowmobs. amas garda, baiaSvili ara mxolod Tavisi xeliT wers Tavis leqsebs, aramed saguldagulod aTariRebs TiToeul maTgans, gulmodgined asrulebs ra poetis devizs: `dro, dro aRniSne, moawere leqss, es weliwadi, dRe da saaTi!~

literatura baiaSvili: vaxuSti kotetiSvilis folkloruli rveulebi, krebuli I, ioseb baiaSvili, `marixi~, Tb., 1991.

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sarCevi Sesavali folkloruli Semoqmedebis specifika 7 zepirsityvieri Janrebi 15 miTosi 20

kosmogoniuri miTosi 23 maradiuli gazafxulis miTosi 24 farnavazis sizmari 27 kultis daarsebis miTosi 29 RvTisSvilTa da dev-kerpTa brZolebi 30

eposi 31 esqatologiuri eposi _ zRapari 33

cxovelTa eposi 43 tragikuli eposi _ àmiraniani” 50 samijnuro eposi _ èTeriani” 59 socialur-egzistencialuri eposi _ àrsenas leqsi” 66

poezia 79 sakulto poezia 79 magiuri pozia _ Selocva 87 Sromis poezia 101 sagmiro poezia 114

satrfialo poezia 132 samgloviaro poezia 134 sibrZnis poezia _ andaza 144

zurab kiknaZereso-kiknadze.de/zurabFolklore.pdf4 rogorc mxolod Sesrulebis teqnikuri mxare, aramed sityvasTan Sezrdili ganuyofeli mTlianoba. es ganuyofeli damwerlobam gaxliCa, ugulebelyo

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