Jvari da saqmo - Reso Kiknadzereso-kiknadze.de/bua/zurabjvari.pdf · yma, iseve rogorc polivth", aris mesakuTre, ro-melsac ekuTvnis saymos teritoriis raRac nawili da amis safuZvelze

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Sesavali jvari da saymo _ es ori realoba Seadgens

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis miTologiur gadmocemaTa ZiriTad Temas. rac Gven viciT, rac Gvenamde jer saymom icoda Tavisi arsebobis klasikur xanaSi jvarisa da saymos genezisis Sesaxeb, yvelaferi am gadmocemebSia daculi, romelnic Gvens dReebamde, samwuxarod, fragmen-tuli saxiT aris moRweuli. rogorc ar SeiZleba eWvi Segveparos qveynis istoriaSi, ker-Zod, rom esa Tu is movlena namdvilad moxda da swored ase, am dros da am adgilze moxda, ro-gorc gvauwyebs matiane, romelic TviTmxilvelis mier aris dawerili, aseve saymos ar epareba eWvi im sinamdvileSi, rasac tradiciuli zepir-sityvieri teqstebi gadmoscemen; ar epareba eWvi, rac unda daujerebeli iyos es sinamdvile, an iqneb swored imitomac, rom daujerebelia, ro-gorc tertuliane ambobs certum est quia im-possibile (`namdvilia, radgan SeuZlebelia~).

miTologiuri gadmocema, rac unda fantas-tikuri iyos misi Sinaarsi, namdvilad momxdar ambad aris aRqmuli tradiciul sazogadoebaSi. es asea ara am sazogadoebis primitiuli cno-bierebis gamo, TiTqos tradiciuli adamiani ver arCevdes erTmaneTisagan realurs da arare-

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alurs, _ aseTi xanac ki warmoudgenia zogierT Teorias kacobriobis istoriaSi, _ aramed im mniSvnelovani viTarebis gamo, rom erTxel, `mas Jamsa Sina~ Seqmnili da TaobaTa mexsierebaSi Senaxul-gamotarebuli sityvieri an sxva xasi-aTis teqsti aRibeWdavs utyuarobis niSans da sakraluri simZimiT itvirTeba, raki mas rjulis damafuZnebeli funqcia daekisreba. xolo ramac daafuZna rjuli, ar SeiZleba ar iyos namdvilad momxdari. garkveuli tipis gadmocemebs efuZneba da maTi avtoritetiT aris gamarTlebuli sa-zogadoebis saero da sakraluri yofa, mTeli misi sinamdvile. tradiciuli sazogadoebis SegnebaSi miTologiuri gadmocema, sazogadod, miTosi, _ viziareb cnobili eTnologis b. mali-novskis Tvalsazriss, _ warmoadgens ara ubralo TavSesaqcev ambavs an raime movlenis mxatvrul warmosaxvas Tu axsnas, aramed mamapapuri rwmenisa da zneobrivi sibrZnis saxelmZRvanelo wesdebulebas, romelic awesrigebs da warmar-Tavs sazogadoebis yofa-cxovrebis yovel sferos. miTosi, am ganmartebiT, aris kacobri-uli kulturis sasicocxlo ingredienti [156,785; 131,38]. amgvarad aRqmuli da Sefasebuli Tqmuleba anu miTosi, rogorc ideologiuri movlena, Seswavlili unda iqnas misi Semqmneli da Semnaxveli sazogadoebis sasicocxlo in-teresebis gaTvaliswinebiT. misi bunebis marTe-buli gagebisaTvis ufro arsebiTia masze dakvirveba Signidan, im yofasTan erTianobaSi, sadac is asrulebs Tavis funqcias, vidre am yo-fas mowyvetili teqstis mxatvruli Tu stru-qturuli analizi. cxadia, amgvari kvlevis war-

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samarTavad realurad unda arsebobdes kidec iseTi sazogadoeba, sadac mTeli ZaliT `mu-Saobs~ miTosi, rom mkvlevars SeeZlos mi-Tologiur gadmocemaTa dadastureba xsenebuli funqciiT.

saqarTveloSi fSav-xevsureTi, TuSeTi da mTiuleT-gudamayari swored is sazogadoebebia, sadac ukanasknel xanamde cocxlad iyo Semonax-uli da dRemde met-naklebi cxovelmyofelobiT ganagrZobs arsebobas tradiciuli yofa Tavisi atributebiT, romelTa Soris mniSvnelovani adgili zepirsityvierebas uWiravs. saqarTvelos barisgan gansxvavebiT, am mxareebSi miTosi war-modgenilia ara calkeuli siuJetebisa Tu mo-tivebis saxiT, aramed erT organul mTlianobad, romelic myarad Sekrul sistemas qmnis. aq fun-qciur moqmedebaSi dasturdeba miTologiur gad-mocemaTa erTiani sistema. aRmosavleT saqarT-velos mTianeTis sazogadoebaTa miTologiuri teqstebi, romelTa erT nawilSi Gans zogadqar-Tuli (zogierT SemTxvevaSi, mwignobrulidan momdinare) tradicia, Seiqmna an gadamuSavda adgilobriv niadagze, adgilobrivi saWiroe-bisaTvis _ mTaSi Sexiznuli mosaxleobis kon-solidaciisaTvis, maTi saerTo rjulis Sesanaxad da saerTo warsulis xsovnis gansamtkiceblad. miTosi udamwerlobo sa-zogadoebis zepirsityvieri, adamianis arcTu xangrZliv maxsovrobas mindobili istoriaa, sa-dac realuri movlenebi Taviseburad aris arek-lili da garkveul tipobriv siuJetebSia mo-qceuli. miTosi Rrmad aris GabeWdili ara mxolod xalxis cnobierebasa da cxovrebaSi,

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aramed garesamyaroSic _ im landSaftSi, im miwa-wyalze, sadac istoriuli bedisweriT, nebiT Tu uneblieT mouxda cxovreba am xalxs.

àndrez marTal as~ _ ambobs tradiciuli sazogadoebis anu saymos wevri da, marTlac, am sityvebis dasturad is xedavs Tavis qveyanaSi, Tavis sofelSi, romelic misTvis mTeli qveynierebis xatia, andrezSi gadmocemuli, is-toriamdeli Tu istoriuli movlenis kvals. es kvali, romelic xSirad maTTvis warmoadgens ze-bunebriv arsebaTa moqmedebiT aRbeWdil tvifars maT miwa-wyalze, aqve aris, maT Tvalwin, maT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, ara cxramTas iqiT da odesRac, adgilis saxelwodebebSi Tu reliefis ucnaur moxazulobaSi, mdinaris iwroebSi Tu gabzarul kldeebSi. tradiciulad moazrovne adamians ara aqvs safuZveli eWvi Seitanos mis Taobamde Semonaxuli andrezis WeSmaritebaSi. piriqiT, mas sruli safuZveli aqvs, rom yvela-ferSi, rac mis garSemoa da xdeba, andrezis WeS-mariteba dainaxos.

dRevandeli fSavisa Tu xevsureTis miwa-wyalze aRbeWdilia RvTisSvilebis (wm. giorgis, kopalas Tu iaxsris) istoriamdel qmedebaTa kvali. adgilTa saxelebi (avisgori, kara-tiswveri, iremTkalo, abudelauris tba...) inaxavs xsovnas im Jamisa, roca RvTisSvilni, jer kidev xorcielni, adamianTa gadasarGenad dev-kerpebs ebrZodnen. es adgilebi mowmea im brZolebisa da gamarjvebebisa. am ciklis andrezTa utyuarobis gadamwyveti dasturia salocavebi da maTi niSebi, romlebic swored im adgilebzea daarsebuli, sadac dev-kerpni mkvidrobdnen da sadac ganad-

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gurdnen sabolood. aseve `marTal as~ da si-namdviliseul faqtad aris aRiarebuli rwmeniT, raki isini rjuldebis faqtebia, andrezebSi moTxrobili hierofaniis (siwmideTa Genis) SemTxvevebi _ wmida saganTa (jvari, Tasi, Sibi) cidan cvena, an ifnis amosvla keriidan salo-cavis daarsebis niSnad, an `mfrinavi xatis~ mog-zauroba adgiliTi-adgilad, an mtredis, jvaris macnis, gamocxadeba monadirisTvis WiuxebSi, an RvTisSvilTagan qajaveTis dalaSqrva da gaxua megrelauris `fantastiuri~ Tavgadasavali. uka-nasknel, maTi WeSmaritebis dasturia Tavad arseboba mosaxleobisa, rogorc saymosi, radgan andrezis Tanaxmad, saymoc RvTisSvilis mier aris Seqmnili. Tumca bevri msgavsi andrezuli movlena, rac saymos SegnebaSi WeSmaritad si-namdviliseulia, mkvlevarma SeiZleba, da Gveulebriv asec xdeba, aryofilad da gamonago-nad miiGnios. magram mkvlevari xom ara sakuTari, aramed saymos cnobierebis faqtebs Seiswavlis, im cnobierebisa, sadac isaxeba andrezi da ro-melic Tavad andreziTvea nasazrdoebi. gansxvavebiT im mkvlevarisagan, romelic realu-rad momxdar movlenebs eZiebs da visTvisac sruliad usargebloa mematianis cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom, magaliTisaTvis, didgoris omSi `wmida mowame giorgi gancxadebulad da yovelTa saxilvelad winauZRoda mas [qarTvelobas, z.k.] da mklaviTa TvisiTa mosrvida zedmowevnulTa warmarTTa~ [73,341], _ wmida giorgis saymosaTvis savsebiT realuri movlenis, rogorc am uTanas-woro omSi gamarjvebis gadamwyveti faqtoris, utyuari amsaxvelia. WeSmariti midgoma amgvari

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movlenebisadmi is iqneba, Tu mkvlevari maT gareSe ki ar dadgeba, aramed Signidan Sexedavs maT da dainaxavs imaTi TvaliT, visTvisac es yovelive ueWveli WeSmaritebaa. rogorc cnobili Teologi vl.loski wers, arsebobs sferoebi, sa-dac is, rasac Gveulebriv òbieqturobas~ uwodeben, aris mxolod da mxolod ganurGev-loba da sadac ganurGevloba gaugebrobis tol-fasia.

oriode sityva àndrezisa~ da `saymos~ gan-martebisaTvis, raki am cnebebs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs Gems naSromSi.

XIX s-is miwurulSi erTi eTnografi werda; àq, am samSobloSi fSav-xevsurma aqamde Seucvlelad daicva Tavisi Zveleburi, mamapapuri zne-Gveuleba, cxovreba, warsuli gardmocema. fSavi ufro qarTvelia (Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas), vidre TiTon qarTleli. qarTleli scocxlobs ufro awmyoTi, momavliT. warsuls man Tu zurgi ar Seaqcia, Tvali mainc aarida. sul sxva unda iTqvas fSav-xevsurzed. erTic da meorec cxov-robs warsuliT, gardmocemiT; qarTlelisaTvis gardmocemam didi xania dahkarga Tavisi mniSv-neloba, Tavisi aRmzrdeli Zala. fSav-xevsurisaTvis ki es gardmocema aqamde RvTiuri madlia, romelic asuldgmulebs, acxovelebs am muWis odena xalxs~ [104,1]. rogorc vxedavT, n.xizaniSvili (igive urbneli) aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTasa da bars erTmaneTs tradici-ulobis niSniT upirispirebs. es niSania `gard-mocema~ da igi GaTvlilia `RvTiur madlad~ da, amrigad, sakraluroba aqvs miniWebuli.

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cnobili eTnografi r.xaraZe amgvarad gan-martavs axlaxan damowmebul teqsts; `swored es gardmocema, romlis mniSvnelobisaTvis miuqcvia yuradReba 80-iani wlebis mkvlevars, warmoadgens xevsurul andrezs~ [101,387]. cxadia, mkvlevars àndrezi~ `gardmocemis~ tolfard cnebad miaGnda: mas ar SemousazRvravs àndrezi~ oden samarTlebrivi SinaarsiT. Tumca misi gamokvleva andrezis, rogorc terminisa, erT kerZo sferos eZRvneba. `gardmocema~, romelic `RvTiuri mad-lad~ aris Seracxili, ar SeiZleba Semovfar-gloT xalxuri samarTlis sferoTi. andrezis Sinaarsi gacilebiT farToa. is uTuod gulisx-mobs miTologiuri xasiaTis gadmocemebsac. saerTo mis samarTlebriv da miTologiur gage-bas Soris is aris, rom orive SemTxvevaSi (sa-marTalSi da miTosSi) maT fuZemdebluri mniSv-neloba aqvT.

mogvyavs ramdenime magaliTi àndrez~ sityvis xmarebisa miTologiuri teqstebidan.

xmalas mTavarangelozis mironmdinare alvisxis cnobili miTosi _ erT-erTi cen-traluri gadmocema xevsureTis miTosuri war-sulisa àndrezad~ aris wodebuli TviT im sim-ReraSi, sadac es ambavia gadmocemuli;

èrTic etana Ruleli, ariSauli beria, saxels sumeljas etyodes, andrezSi

egre sweria~ [88,# 541].

amave simReris sxva variantSi miTosuri Suriscixis mSeneblis dakargul àndrezzea~ laparaki:

`gawires Suris cixei, simagre iyo Zvelia,

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visagan agebuliyo, andrez ar ari, Zvelia~ [88,# 541-d].

adgilobrivi tradiciuli mniSvnelobiT iyenebs am sityvas vaJa-fSavela [30,152]. igive das-turdeba v.bardaveliZis SromebSi [6,58,78, 106,108], qs. sixaruliZis [81, #43-i, #43-k] da el.virsalaZis [12, #522,524] eqspediciebis ma-salebSi. xevsuris naTqvami èg andrez naqadagar as~ [22,15] adasturebs, rom naqadagari teqstebic, romlebic jvaris qadagis xilvebs gadmoscems da, Gveulebriv, miTologiuri xasiaTisaa, an-drezad SeiZleba yofiliyo GaTvlili.

analogiisaTvis, rasac ufro Rrma mniSv-neloba aqvs, vidre formalur analogias SeiZleba hqondes, movixmob `rjul~ cnebas, ro-melic àndrezis~ msgavsad ar Semoifargleba sa-marTlebrivi SinaarsiT da sakralur sferosac moicavs. `rjuli~ gulisxmobs xalxur samar-Talsac da religiasac. ufro metic: aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTaSi `rjuli~ erTaderTi sityvaa religiis, sarwmunoebrivi aRmsareblobis aRm-niSvnelad. gavixsenoT Tundac sayovelTaod cnobili gamoTqma `rjulian-urjuloT salo-cavi~ da xevsuruli sadideblis dasawyisi sityvebi; `dideba RmerTsa, madli RmerTsa, dideba dRes dResindelsa, rjul[s] qristian-Tasa...~ [15,13]. roca eTnografiul masalaSi vkiTxulobT cnobas, rom gudanis jvarSi `mu-Savdeboda xevsureTis rjuli da aq SemuSave-buli rjuli gadadioda saTemo da sasoflo salocavebSi~ [60,143], `rjulSi~ adaTis tradi-ciebTan erTad unda vgulisxmobdeT jvar-xatebis religiasac, romelic muSavdeba ra sa-

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zogadoebis sakralur SuagulSi, talRasaviT efineba mTels sazogadoebas misi danawilebis yovel safexurze (Temi, sofeli...).

rogorc rjuli-adaTi emyareba andrezs (an-drezul gadmocemas), Tavis wyaros, aseve rjuli-religia Tavisi genezisiT da mTeli sakulto yofa-qcevis wesebiTurT andrezis siuJetSia daculi, romelsac am SemTxvevaSi sakraluri xasiaTi eqneba. sakraluroba, ueWvelad, is ni-Sania, romelic andrezis Sinaarss, Tundac fan-tastiurs, utyuarobis avtoritetiT mosavs misi Semnaxveli sazogadoebis SegnebaSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is suli, romelic STaberilia an-drezSi misTvis WeSmaritebis misaniWeblad, igive sulia, romelmac adamianebis gancalkevebuli jgufebisagan saymo Seqmna.

`saymoc~ adgilobrivi terminia. masSi igulisxmeba ganuwyvetel tradiciaze da-fuZnebuli sazogadoeba religiuri SuaguliT, romelsac misi mfarveli jvari anu ymaTa (moy-meTa) saerTo salocavi ganasaxierebs. saymos aqvs saerTo rjuli da saerTo andrezi. mas aqvs saerTo warsulis Segneba, cxovrebis erTnairi niri, yofa-qcevis erTnairi yaida. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis, gansakuTrebiT, fSav-xevsureTis saymoebs vadasturebT im mdgo-mareobaSi, romelsac cnobili rusi eTnologi lev gumiliovi èTniur myudroebas~ uwodebs. es imgvari mdgradi mdgomareobaa, roca sazogadoe-bis yoveli Taoba imeorebs winamavali Taobis sasicocxlo cikls, rac, Gveulebriv, izolaci-asTan aris dakavSirebuli [118,45]. magram saymos genezisSi Gven SegviZlia kvlav andrezis wyalo-

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biT davadasturoT mdgradobis sawinaaRmdego mdgomareoba, romelic l.gumiliovis naazrevSi `pasionarul afeTqebad~ aris wodebuli.

aristoteles fiqriT, idealuri polisi (qalaqi) adamianis Tvalsawiers ar unda gascde-noda da mis mcxovrebsac piradad unda scnobo-daT erTmaneTi (`politika~ 1326). am moTxovnebs akmayofilebs jvaris garSemo Semokrebili say-moc: misi teritoria da mosaxleoba advilad Tvalgadasawvdomia da ar scildeba misi salo-cavis zaris xmasawiers.

àvisgors SamikidodiT Gemi patara zario.

dahkran, xma axads gavardes, pirs daiweron jvario~, mReris saymo amis dasturad sakulto sim-

ReraSi. Gveni amocana ar aris saymos istoriuli

warmoSobis kvleva. erTia raime movlenis warmo-Sobis obieqturi mizezebi da pirobebi, meorea maTi gadaazreba miTosur-religiur cnobiere-baSi. Gven gvsurs davinaxoT, Tu rogor war-moudgeniaT Tavad saymos wevrebs _ ymebs, moy-meebs saymos warmoSoba. amaze Gven mTeli wyeba andrezebisa gvcems pasuxs. magram mainc ismis kiTxva, Tu ras warmoadgens obieqturad saymo? niSandoblivia, rom saymos cneba zogadad da bevri kerZo kuTxiT emTxveva berZnuli polisis ganmartebas, romelic miRebulia mecnierebaSi. Gvenc SegviZlia, polisis mkvlevarTa kvalze [146-a,90-1], ganvmartoT saymo, pirvel rigSi, ro-gorc organizacia, romelic Gamoyalibda da arsebobs pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis nivTieri

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da sulieri cxovrebisTvis saukeTeso pirobebis Sesaqmnelad. saymo iseve, rogorc polisi, Se-mozRudulia teritoriulad da demografiulad. yma, iseve rogorc polivth", aris mesakuTre, ro-melsac ekuTvnis saymos teritoriis raRac nawili da amis safuZvelze aqvs xma agoraze Tu safixvnoze. polisis, iseve rogorc saymos, miwis fondis SezRudulobis kvalze SezRudulia mis wevrTa ricxobriobac, rac iwvevs ganTesvas: polisebidan kolonizacias qveynis gareT (mcire azia, Savi zRvis sanapiroebi), saymoebidan _ qveynis SigniT, kerZod, TianeTsa da kaxeTSi. ro-gorc polisi ar aris mxolod politikuri gaerTianeba, aramed religiuri da sulieri, aseve saymoc. sabolood, saymoze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is religiur-politikuri da samxedro organi-zaciaa, mowodebuli yvelafris imis gansaxor-cieleblad, SesanarGuneblad da dasacavad, rac adamianis ara mxolod yofa-cxovrebas, mis sasicocxlo moTxovnilebebs, aramed mis Sinagan Rirsebas, sulier mxares mis yovel gamovline-baSi, Seadgens.

berZnul polisur sistemasTan Gvens say-moebs isic anaTesavebs, rom saymoebsac aqvT erTi centri, romlis garSemo arian isini Se-mokrebilni. kerZod, fSavis SemTxvevaSi msgavseba kidev ufro Sors midis: rogorc berZnuli polisebi Tormet-Tormetad erTiandebodnen am-fiktioniaSi romelime religiuri centris, vTqvaT, delfos garSemo, aseve laSaris jvris garSemoa Semokrebili fSavis-xevis Tormeti saymo (aseve Tormeti saymoa dadasturebuli mu-lax-muJalis TemSi). aseve TvalsaGinoa ti-

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pologiuri naTesaoba israelis Tormettomovan krebulTan, romlis Suaguli ierusalimi da misi taZari iyo. vaJa-fSavela laSaris jvarSi, ierusalimis taZris analogiiT, fSavis Tormeti Temis `wmidaTa wmidas~ xedavda (es `Tormeti~ calke problemaa).

1770 wlis demografiul nusxaSi vkiTxu-lobT: àrs xevsureTi, kerZo qristeane, Gvenis mouclelobiT da JamT viTarebiT sjulzed wamPdarni. komli aTas orasi~ [16,153]. statisti-kur dokumentSi erTgvari mobodiSebiT sinanu-lia gamoxatuli dakarguli samwysos mimarT. magram Tu, erTis mxriv, centraluri samefo xelisuflebis `moucleloba~ izolacias da `sjulzed waxdenas~ iwvevs, meore mxriv, imave izolaciasa da `JamT viTarebaSi~ sul raRac ramdenime aseuli komlisgan Semdgari mosax-leoba barisagan gansxvavebul kulturul-religiur sazogadoebad yalibdeba. aq aris saymo da aq Seiqmna misi andrezi.

àndrezisa~ da `saymos~ gamoyeneba termine-bad am naSromSi ar aris mxolod terminologi-uri momenti. mas meTodologiur-SemecnebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs, razec aq vrceli saubari ar xerxdeba. davZen mxolod, rom es cnebebi moi-caven im sazogadoebis sulieri kulturis niS-nebs, romelTa SegnebaSi gamomuSavdnen isini. an-drezi, rogorc garkveuli funqciis matarebeli zepirsityvieri movlena, mxolod iq SeiZleba arsebobdes, sadac Gamoyalibebulia saymo _ mo-saxleobis garkveuli socialur-religiuri tipi. roca am sazogadoebaTa struqturis kvlevisas avtoxTonur terminebs veyrdnobiT, amiT Tavidan

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vicilebT kvlevis im mankier meTods, roca mkvlevars garedan Semoaqvs terminebi da Tavze axvevs maT masalas.

andrezis moqmedebis are saymos sazRvrebiT aris Semofargluli. aq aris misi dabadebis adgili. saymos gareT gasuli, Tavis masazrdoe-bel niadags mowyvetili andrezi hkargavs sak-ralurobas da namdvilmomxdaris avtoritets, rac mas Tavis miwa-wyalze, Tavisi xalxis Segne-baSi aqvs miniWebuli. is hkargavs Tavis an-drezulobas da, Sinaarsisa da struqturis Seucvlelad, sityvierebis mxatvrul JanrSi gadadis (analogiuri movlenis Sesaxeb miTosisa da zRapris magaliTze ix. e.meletinskis naSromi [130]). mokled ganvmartav naTqvams: wmida giorgis an sxva romelime RvTisSvilis, kopalas Tu iaxsris Rvawli _ dev-kerpTa Semusrva an maTi gandevna adamianTaTvis gankuTvnili miwa-wylidan Tu ar ukavSirdeba am konkretuli sazogadoebis geneziss, am `saqmeTa sagmiroTa~ Semcveli teqsti ar GaiTvleba andrezad, anu iseT teqstad, rom-lis wyalobiTac TaobebSi inaxeba sazogadoebis warsuli. am niSniT unda ganirGes erTmaneTisa-gan, miuxedavad Sinaarsobrivi igiveobisa, mTaSi da barSi gavrcelebuli siuJetebi dev-kerpebze da maT Semmusrvel gmirebze. aqedan gamomdinare bunebrivi Gans, rom amiranis Tqmulebam ver hpova adgili mTianeTis saymoTa andrezul sistemaSi. amirans, saxelganTqmul devTmorkinals, ver vxedavT RvTisSvilTa Soris, romelTa upirve-lesi Rvawli devebis winaaRmdeg brZolaa. amirans, gansxvavebiT RvTisSvilTagan, ara hyavs saymo, igi ar aris romelime mosaxleobis pa-

xiv

troni, radgan saymos wmidani an angelozi pa-tronobs, amirani ki arc erTia da arc meore. saymos andrezuli cnobierebis struqturisaTvis niSandoblivia, rom amiranis Tqmulebebi, iseve rogorc jadosnuri zRaprebi, naklebad aris gavrcelebuli aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTis zepirsityvierebaSi, Tumca mosalodneli ki iyo, rom swored am, rogorc miaGniaT, àrqaul~ sa-zogadoebebSi Semonaxuliyo Tqmulebis ar-qetipuli versiebi. piriqiT ki aris. aq swored mis arasrulyofil variantebsa da zRaprad-qceul fragmentebs vadasturebT. xevsureTSi, àmiranianis~ mkvlevaris SeniSvniT, daviwyebu-lia gmiris Tavgadasavlis iseTi gadamwyveti da aucilebeli epizodi, rogoric mijaWvaa [93,412]. es ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi _ `JamT viTarebiT~ gamowveuli daviwyeba. mizezad `daviwyebisa~ is garemoeba unda viguloT, rom saymoTa mexsiere-baSi naklebad `Sedis~ iseTi teqstebi, romelTac uSualo kavSiri ara aqvT saymos sakralur is-toriasTan da, amrigad, arc sazogadoebis mo-mawesrigebel funqcias asruleben. marTalia, wigns mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTi-aneTis masala udevs safuZvlad da misi saxel-wodebac swored amaze metyvelebs, mas zogad-qarTuli safuZvelic unda hqondes, radgan avtoris Rrma rwmeniT, sazogadoebrivi da su-lieri kultura, romelic qveynis erT mxareSi iqmneba, savsebiT gamoxatavs mTliani eris dafa-rul SesaZleblobebs, mis potencias da, rasac Tavis miwaze romelime tomi an tomTa kavSiri qmnis, mTeli eris saxeliT qmnis.

xv

ufro metic: yoveli kulturis fesvi adami-anSia da, yvelgan, sadac ki mas uxdeba cxovreba, Tundac miuval mTebsa da udabnos xriokebs iyos Sexiznuli, rasac qmnis, kacobriobis saxeliT qmnis. is yvelgan Tesavs sakacobrio Tesls, ro-melic nayofs iRebs konkretul sazogadoebriv yofaSi, sakacobrio kulturis yovel kerZo ga-movlinebaSi. qveynis miyruebul adgilebSi Seyu-JulT ar uSenebiaT monumenturi taZrebi da srasasaxleni, xSirad kvalic ki ar dautovebiaT miwaze TavianTi arsebobisa, magram es ukvaloba iqneb maTi Rirsebac iyos, radgan kvali nivTieria, es xalxi ki sulier Rirebulebebs qmnida.

naSromi ZiriTadad, sakuTriv avtoris mier mopovebul masalasTan erTad, emyareba al. oGiauris (1892-1972) eTnografiul Ganawerebs, romlebic saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis iv.javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriis, ar-qeologiisa da eTnografiis institutis eT-nografiis ganyofilebis arqivSia daculi. es Ga-nawerebi Tavisi mniSvnelobiT, miuxedavad am kulturaTa Seuwonadobisa msoflio masStabiT, SeiZleba SevadaroT berZeni mogzauris pavsanias (II s. qr-mde) monumentur naSroms èladis aRweras~, sadac Zvelma avtorma dokumenturad warmosaxa gadaSenebamde misuli Tavisi mSobli-uri kulturis suraTi. al. oGiauris Ganawerebis gareSe SeuZlebelia raime garkveuli da swori warmodgenis Seqmna fSav-xevsureTis sazogadoe-briv-sakulto yofaze. bevri movlena da realia, rogorc yofa-cxovrebis faqti, ise andrezuli tradicia, rac gadmocemuli aqvs al.oGiaurs,

xvi

saymoTa cocxali, tradiciuli sinamdvilis momswres da monawiles, dResdReobiT an sruliad gamqralia `JamTa viTarebiT~, an dakn-inebuli da mwiri saxiT aris moRweuli.

al.oGiauris saarqivo masalidan mxolod samiode wignia jerjerobiT gamocemuli: `stu-marmaspinZloba xevsureTSi~, 1980, `qarTuli xalxuri dReobebis kalendari~ (xevsureTi, arxotis Temi), 1988, `qarTuli xalxuri dResas-waulebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi~ (fSavi), 1991. danarGeni elis dRis sinaTles.

dasasrul, vixseneb aw gansvenebul giorgi (iura) jafariZis wvlils am naSromis SeqmnaSi. masTan saubrisas, kamaTSi ibadeboda bevri mo-sazreba da, SesaZloa, naSromis mTeli mimarTu-lebac. is erTaderTi iyo folkloristTagan, romelic Signidan xedavda saymos da SeeZlo sxvisTvisac daenaxvebina misi Sinagani xati. mas SeeZlo efiqra, ganecada, moqceuliyo jvarSi Tu nalaxSi ise, rogorc nebismieri yma moiqceoda saymoTa cxovrebis klasikur xanaSi. is ganicdida saymos da mis andrezs, rogorc erTi misi ùymo ymaTagani~. mis xsovnas eZRvneba es wigni.

1985-1995

xvii

daarsebis andrezebi

kosmogoniuri miTosis kvali (Tuki is saer-

Tod arsebobda saymos andrezul sistemaSi)

mxolod da mxolod epiTetis saxiT SeiZleba

davadasturoT. `Seni gamGeni morige RmerTi^~ ase

mimarTaven sakulto teqstebSi RvTisSvils (56,

14). magram morige RmerTi ara mxolod

RvTisSvilTa gamGenia, aramed is mTeli samyaros

Semqmnelic aris: `Tqvenis gamGenis RvTisgan, ro-

melmac ca-qveyana gaaGina^~ (56, 26). morige RmerTi

yoveli xilulisa da uxilavis, ca-qveynisa da

kacobriobis dambadebelia, Tumca siuJeturad es

`dabadeba~ Tu `Sesaqme~ ar aris dadasturebuli.

kosmogoniuri miTosis ararsebobis sazR-

aurad saymos andrezul sistemaSi mniSvnelovani

adgili uWiravs sociogoniur Tqmulebebs, ro-

melTa Sinaarsi RvTisSvilTa mier Seqmnil ka-

cobriuli sazogadoebebis anu saymoebis teri-

toriebis mopovebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. am

saxis andrezebSi morige RvTis mier dabadebuli

da miwaze Gamogzavnili RvTisSvilebi moqmedeben

da ara TviT morige RmerTi.

miwa-wylis mopoveba

teritoriis Seqmna umniSvnelovanesi epoqaa

saymos istoriaSi. es aris sakraluri xana da

ekuTvnis preistorias, raki amis Semdeg iwyeba

xviii

saymos, rogorc mkvidri mosaxleobis, sakuTari

istoria; istoria sazogadoebisa Tavisi miwa-

wyliT, am wyalze ganlagebuli jvar-xatebis

sabrZanisebiT; istoria, romelsac avsebs am

wminda adgilisa da sakuTari sicocxlis Sesa-

narGuneblad warmoebuli brZolebi, brZolebi

yovelgvari devuri gamovlinebis winaaRmdeg.

sanam es yvelaferi ar momxdara, sanam Tavs ar

gadaxdomia adamianebs, isini, Tundac erTad

mcxovrebni da mWamelni erTi purisa, ar

Seadgenen saymos. ras warmoadgens adamianTa sa-

zogadoeba, romelsac ar axsovs, rogor iqmne-

boda misi sacxovrebeli miwa-wyali, rogor

gauGnda mas patroni da mfarveli, romlis Zali-

Tac is iwodeba saymod. adamianTa sazogadoeba

swored imitom iwodeba saymod, rom mas aqvs

saerTo warsulis xsovna, rom TiToeuli yma er-

Tiandeba am sa-erToSi, rac Seiqmna warsul

cxovrebaSi am miwa-wyalze. yvelaferi isaxeba da

inaxeba sa-erT-o cnobierebaSi. adamianTa sa-

zogadoeba wyvets arsebobas, rogorc saymo,

roca es yvelaferi daviwyebulia, roca _ asec

xdeba yovelive amgvari ramis warsulSi arsebo-

bis xsovnac ki gamqralia.

saymos axsovs, rom is miwa-wyali, sadac is

saxlobs istoriul xanaSi, RvTisSvilebma devebs

gamoglijes xelidan, rogorc Zvel miTosSi

soflisaTvis wylis damkavebel gveleSaps. am

brZolebis xsovna Senaxulia ara mxolod saymos

xix

cnobierebaSi, aramed miwa-wylis reliefzec: maTi

kvali atyvia saymos miwa-wyals, SeiZleba iTqvas,

`nadevar~ teritorias. andrezi gamagrebulia

nivTieri sabuTiT _ anabeWdiT miwa-wyalze da is

samaradisod aris darGenili TaobebSi. es niada-

gis maxsovrobac aris, romelic, rogorc

sayrdeni, mxars uWers xalxis mexsierebas. avis-

gori, ninaxi, karatiswveri, ubisTavi, abude-

lauris tba _ asparezi iaxsaris Rvawlisa; iremT

kalo, cixegori, roSkis Tavi _ gmiri kopalas

samaxsovro adgilebi; wyarosTauli wminda

giorgis gza ukanafSavamde da fuZis angelozis

Serkinebis adgili devebTan sakerpoze da sxva

uamravi adgili, sadac samudamod aris aR-

beWdili preistoriuli brZolebis tvifari.

Tavad buneba savsea andrezebSi moTxrobilis

damadasturebeli niSnebiT, cocxal saswaulTa

gaqvavebuli naSTebiT, rac saymos TvalSi met

sarwmunobas sZens im istoriamdel ambebs, _ rom

es yovelive `mas Jamsa Sina~ marTlac moxda da

moxda aq, swored am adgilebSi, da ara sxvagan

sadme, cxramTas iqiT, rom es namdvilad

momxdaria, rom preistoriuli faqti istoriaSi

gadmosulia, rom es uryevi faqtia, rogorc

kopalas qva da aragvSi gaZabuli devis klded-

qceuli tani.

RvTisSvilebma, angelozurma arsebebma, rom-

lebsac dRes saymo Tavis patronad da mfarve-

lad aRiarebs, moupoves adamianebs sacxovrebeli

xx

adgili da am adgilze adamianuri cxovrebis pi-

robebi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maT TavianTi sisx-

liT gamoisyides maTTvis miwa-wyali. m.-r. rilkes

erT prozaul TxzulebaSi, romelic wminda

giorgis Rvawlis Tavisebur gardaqmnas war-

moadgens, Tavganwiruli mxedari, romelmac

qalaqi urGxulisagan gadaarGina, ar indomebs

Tavis gacxadebas da yvelasagan ucnobi stovebs

qalaqs. qalaqma icis, rom is Tavdaxsnilia,

magram ar icis, vin ixsna, vin aris misi mxsneli.

mxsneli, romelic misi mfarvelic unda iyos sa-

maradisod. magram is midis, is ikargeba

qalaqisaTvis, romelmac Tumca moipova Tavisu-

fleba, magram ver moipova rjuli, religia, ro-

melic xsnasTan erTad unda mosuliyo masTan.

ase ar aris Gvens andrezebSi.

RvTisSvilTa Rvawli uSedegod Gaivlida, rom

teritoriis gamosyidvasTan erTad imavdroulad

maT adamianebisaTvis ar miecaT religia, anu

rwmena maTi mcavi-mfaravi angelozisadmi, ro-

melic Secnobili unda hyavdeT maT saxeldebiT

mTeli misi TavgadasavliT. Tu andrezebis Si-

naarss davakvirdebiT, davinaxavT, rom miwa-wylis

devTagan gaTavisuflebas uSu-

alod mosdevs salocavebis

daarseba, rac gamoxatulia deve-

bis winaaRmdeg mebrZol wmidanTa

`gaangelozebiT~ anu xorcieli

xxi

arsebobidan uxorco arsebobaSi gadasvliT. iqm-

neba STabeWdileba, rom mTeli es brZola, ro-

melic dev-kerpebTan aris gamarTuli adamianTa

miwis dasaxsnelad, saRvTo omia, romelic axali

rjulis, mxsneli religiis damyarebiT unda

dagvirgvindes.

yuradReba unda mivapyroT im faqts, rom Gvens

andrezebSi dev-kerpebs upirispirdebian

RvTisSvilni, romlebic `jvaris~ saxelwodebiT

arian cnobilni; isini arian jvarni, romlebic

devebis ganadgurebis Tu gandevnis Semdeg maT

nasadgomarebSi arsdebian, ara sxvagan sadme,

aramed swored iq, sadac devebs hqondaT bina. is

faqti, rom `jvari~ sarwmunoebriv-sakulto

azris Semcveli terminia, gvaiZulebs vifiqroT,

rom am dapirispirebaSi mTavar rols swored

religiuri momenti asrulebs, miT umetes, Tu

`devis~ cneba aseve religiur (da damatebiT,

eTiur) warmodgenebs ukavSirdeba.

jvaris da dev-kerpTa dapirispireba, romelic

sagmiro eposis Temas Seadgens, ar aris

SemTxveviTi Gvens andrezebSi. is mniSvnelovan

tradicias efuZneba: jvari da dev-kerpni, vidre

Gvens andrezebSi dapirispirdebodnen, erTmaneTs

adreqristianul xanaSi Seetaknen da am Setakebis

eqo didxans gahyva Gvens sasuliero mwerlobas.

sayovelTaod cnobilia, magram saWirod miviGnev

ganvmarto, Tu ras niSnavs `devi~. `daeva~

iranuli sityvaa, romliTac aRiniSneba

xxii

ahuramazdas (ormuzdis) anu naTeli RmerTis

mowinaaRmdege arsebaTa dasi, romelic mxarSi

udgas mis saukuno antagonists _ angri-mainus

anu arimans). mTeli kacobriobis istoria, zoro-

astruli religiuri moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, aris

brZola ahuramazdas angelozebsa (ameSa-spentebs)

da angri-mainus daevebs Soris; brZola, romelic

zoroastruli esqatologiiT naTlis RmerTis

gamarjvebiT unda damTavrdes. am saukuno omSi

adamiani ar aris, verc iqneba neitraluri: adami-

ani aris, unda iyos, naTlis RmerTis mxareze

dedamiwis, mTeli qveynierebis mopovebisaTvis

brZolaSi, ebrZodes, ewinaaRmdegebodes yovel-

gvar daevur gamovlenas gare samyaroSi da saku-

Tar TavSi. is Tavisi gaGenis dRidan Tavisi

bunebiT daevas mowinaaRmdegea.

daevas Tavisi istoria aqvs iranSi.

ahuramazdas religiis damkvidrebamde iranSi

daevaTa kulti iyo gavrcelebuli. axali re-

ligiis gamarjvebis Semdeg daeca Zveli kulti.

daevam, rogorc luciferma, erT dros naTliT

mosilma angelozma, sruliad Seicvala Tavisi

buneba. paradoqsia, rom sityva, romlis Ziri

indo-iranul da, saerTod, Zvel indoevropul

enebSi aRniSnavs `naTels~, `Suqs~, `brwyinvale-

bas~, `dRes~ da zogan ki safuZvladac udevs

RmerTis saxels (berZn. �� laT. deus),

gadaiqca yovelive bnelisa da borotis aRmniSv-

nelad. iranSi aRmocenda ahuramazdas, naTlis

xxiii

axali kulti da man Tavisi dapirispirebiT gaam-

ruma naTlis Zveli RvTaeba.

Zveliranul enaze Semonaxulia mniSvnelovani

religiuri dokumenti aqemenianTa xanisa, e.w. àn-

tidaevuri warwera~, romelic auwyebda iranis

xalxs ahuramazdas religiis gamarjvebas daevas

kultze. ai, ras vkiTxulobT warweraSi, ro-

melic qvazea Sesrulebuli: `^ da am qveyanaTa

Soris iyo iseTi qveyana, sadac adre daevebs

scemdnen Tayvans. mere ahuramazdas nebiT davamxe

es sadaeveTi da gamovacxade: `nu Tayvanicemian

daevebi!~ sadac adre daevebs scemdnen Tayvans, iq

ahuramazdas veci Tayvani arTasTan erTad^~ (142,

367).

rogorc warweridan Gans, ahuramazdasa da

daevebis saxiT erTmaneTs daupirispirda iranul

samyaroSi WeSmariti da araWeSmariti, cru re-

ligia _ ara mxolod keTili da boroti, aramed

marTali da mtyuani (SemGneulia, rom svanurSi

`davs~ (devs) upirispirdeba `tkic~, rac mar-

Tals niSnavs (94, 89). qarTul enaSi SeTvise-

bulma (cxadia, zoroastrul elementebTan er-

Tad) `devma~ miiRo WeSmariti sarwmunoebis

sapirispiro da sawinaaRmdego kultis mniSv-

neloba. amave mniSvnelobiT Semodis `devi~ qris-

tianul SegnebaSi da teqstebSi. SuSanikis cno-

bil sityvebSi varsqenis mimarT: `mamaman Senman

wmidani Semoixuna saxid Tvisa, xolo Sen devni

Semoixuen~, devni cru sarwmunoebis zogadi

xxiv

mniSvnelobiT aris naxmari da ara sakuTriv

mazdeanurisa, romelic aRiara varsqenma, wi-

naaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi gaugebaria sayveduri var-

sqenis mimarT, rom man `devebi Semoiyvana Tavis

saxlSi~, rasac pitiaxSi, Tu is namdvilad ga-

mazdeanda, ar izamda im mizezebis gamo, rom de-

vebi iseTive arsebani arian mazdeanisaTvis, ro-

gorc eSmani qristianisaTvis.

V saukuneSi warmoTqmul am frazas paradig-

muli JReradoba aqvs: es paradigma siuJeturad

aris gaSlili mogviano xanis qarTvel mTielTa

andrezebSi, romlebic mogviTxroben samkvdro-

sasicocxlo brZolebs wmidanebad wodebul

RvTisSvilTa da devTa Soris.

qristiani mematiane axali religiis dam-

kvidrebas SekumSuli saxiT TiTqmis miTologe-

murad gadmogvcems:

`da viTarca aRemarTa niSi juarisaY queyanasa

mas qarTlisasa, meyseulad mas Jamsa daecnes

yovelni kerpni, romelni iyunes sazRuarTa

qarTlisaTa da Seimusrnes da sakerponi dair-

Rues. viTarca ixiles ese sakvirveli saqme da

saswauli, romeli qmna Zlevismyofelman man niS-

man juarisaman kerpTa zeda, ufroYs ganukvirde-

boda saqme ese da adidebdes RmerTsa da sixa-

ruliT Tavyuaniscemdes patiosansa juarsa. da

yo mirian mefeman da yovelman erman mcxeTisaman

Sesawiravi didi mas dResa Sina patiosnisa

xxv

juarisa da daaweses Sesawiravi ZleviT Se-

mosili juarisa^~ (90, 351).

jvari _ axali religiis niSani, angrevs sak-

erpoebs da aRimarTeba maT adgilas; sadac aRi-

marTeba, iq daarsdeba jvaris religiis salo-

cavi. am faqtSi sWvivis is modeli, romelic sa-

fuZvlad aqvs dadebuli fSav-xevsureTis an-

drezebs. aq ukve mocemulia is Tesli, romelic

saukeTeso niadagSi, rogoric aris xalxis cno-

biereba, moxvedriT aRmocenda jvarTa da dev-

kerpTa brZolebis epopead aRmosavleT saqarT-

velos mTianeTis zepirsityvierebaSi. TavisTavad

is tipiuri sagmiro eposis qargazea agebuli;

masSi, rogorc sagmiro ambavTa TxrobaSi,

araferi ar aris sakraluri da sagangebod sa-

kuTriv sakulto mniSvnelobisa. is aris xalxis

eposis fragmentebi, romlebic sxva epoqaSi da

sxva kulturul wreSi SeiZleba romelime bards

erT mTlian, kompoziciurad Sekrul eposad See-

qmna, sadac ramdenime siuJeturi xazis warmarT-

viT Tanamimdevrulad iqneboda gadmocemuli

calke iaxsaris, calke kopalas, calke wyaro-

sTavelis Tu fuZis angelozis da sxva

RvTisSvilTa saqmeni sagmironi. sxva kulturul

wreSi, araTu sxva qveyanaSi, aramed isev GvenSi,

Gvens barSi igive siuJetebi, romelTa persona-

Jebi zemoT naxsenebi RvTisSvilnia, dakargaven

TavianT sakralur xasiaTs da aRqmulni iqnebian

Gveulebriv, saero suliskveTebis sagmiro

xxvi

Tqmulebebad, romelTa namdvilobis aRiarebas

maT msmenelT veravin aiZulebs. es imis gamo

iqneba, rom RvTisSvilni da maTi ambebi

mowyvetili iqnebian TavianT niadags, sadac maT

aqvT sakraluroba, rac maT eniWebaT imis gamo,

rom isini ara mxolod andrezul siuJetebs

ekuTvnian, arian ara mxolod TqmulebaTa per-

sonaJebi, aramed isini cocxloben sakraluri

sicocxliT am TqmulebaTa farglebs gareT,

Rrmad GafuZnebulni maT mierve gaTavisuflebul

miwa-wyalSi da iq mcxovrebi xalxis SegnebaSi,

rogorc am kacobrivi mikro-kosmosis mcavi-

mfarveli angelozebi.

maTi Tavgadasavali, mTeli maTi Rvawli dawn-

exilia epiTetebad, romlebic gaismis maT sax-

elebTan erTad im adgilebSi, sadac andrezis

Tanaxmad iZlivnen devebi. `gamarjvebuli~ `dev-

kerpTa gadamsxvavebeli~, `laRi laxtiani~, `sve-

tad Gamosuli~, `dev-dedaberT meomari~, `xTisgan

mxaraxsnili~, àbudelaur simurGi natyvevari~,

`sagmiros msreveli~ da sxvani. es sityvebi gais-

mis maTi Rvawlis gasaxseneblad salocavebSi

msxverplis Sewirvisas, roca maT mier gadar-

Genili, erT adgilze Semokrebili da zrunvili

saymo am Sesakrebel adgilze adasturebs Tavis

erTianobas da, rac mTavaria, RvTiuri patroni-

sadmi erTgulebas. saymo avsilia imis cocxali

xsovniTa da SegnebiT, rom RvTisSvilebma maT

misces sacxovrebel teritoriasTan erTad

xxvii

salocavi adgilebi da religia. rogorc im

qalaqs, sadac wmida giorgim Gaidina Tavisi

mTavari gmiroba, da mis kvalze mTels saqris-

tianos axsovs es Rvawli wmidanisa; aseve saymos

axsovs, risgan ixsna is misma mfarvelma wmidanma:

rom ixsna devisagan, romlis Tavad arseboba da

xati iyo adamianis sulier-xorcieli gaWirvebis,

SiSis, dabeGavebis, kacebrivi saxis dakargvis sa-

frTxis gamoxatuleba; gasagneba yovelive imisa,

rac daRupviT da warwymediT emuqreba adamians,

rac adamianur Rirsebas uqarwylebs mas, aviwyebs

Tavis warmoSobas, kavSirs awyvetinebs Tavis gam-

Gen morige RmerTTan. Tumca swored ukiduresi

sasowarkveTis Jams (rogorc ionas didi Tevzis

mucelSi), roca devi warmoudgeba mas Tavisi

namdvili saxiT, mTeli saSinelebiT, ai, swored

maSin gaixsenebs kaci Tavis gamGens, ufro

sworad, gaixsenebs, rom hyavs gamGeni da rom is

daicavs mas mZlavrobisagan. am dros isaxeba

swored religia da kulti, rogorc cocxali

gancda sasoebisa, rom SesaZlebelia adamianis

xsna.

SegviZlia movitanoT ori RirsSesaniSnavi

epizodi, romelic asaxavs gardatexis wamebs ad-

amianis SegnebaSi _ sasoebis dabadebas. jer

vnaxoT, vin arian devebi saymos warmosaxviT da

ra urTierToba aqvT maT adamianebTan, romlebic

jer ar Gamoyalibebulan saymod.

xxviii

devi adamianTa msgavsi arsebaa; Tumca es

msgavseba moGvenebiTia, magram devi arc

cxovelia. `Sasaxedavad yrol yofilan, bewvi

sxmivan pirsaxezedav, arc tanisamosiv, bewv

sxmivav. sxvadav kacTaviT yofilanav, saxe kacisav

xqoniaT, marto fexeb sdgomivav ukuRmav^~ (67,

166). erTaderTi, rasac floben devebi _ maT ar

ician xvna-Tesva da saqoneli _ es aris mWedlo-

bis saqme, romlis saidumloebasac isini sa-

guldagulod inaxaven: `Tu qal ar mividod,

kacebisad ar uWedav, Saiswavlianav xevsurebiv,

kacebs Tu gauWedeTav^~ (67, 170); maTi gaWedili

sasoflo-sameurneo iaraRi araGveulebrivi

Tvisebisaa: `îmeebis gakeTebul saxnis-

sakveTeliT maixvnod, erT feP yanas or TavTav

ebmod, egre xo erT TavTavs iboms erT feP yanai~

(iqve). devis arsebobis paradoqsi is aris, rom

devi inaxavs mWedlobis saidumloebas, magram

ver iyenebs Tavis mierve gamoWedil iaraRs:

`Taod devi rkineuls ver maxkidebd Pels~ (62,

588). adamianma ar icis saidumlo, saxnis-

sakveTeli ki misTvis sasicocxlo iaraRia. deve-

bis mezobeli adamiani mzad aris yvelaferi gai-

Ros am iaraRisaTvis; is mzad aris, Rirseba daT-

mos _ sTmobs kidec, oRond cocxali darGes da

es tradiciad aris qceuli devis mezobel adami-

anTa mosaxleobaSi, vidre moTminebis Tasi ar

aivso. iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom devi imisaTvis

sWeds adamianisaTvis saWiro da TavisTvis usar-

xxix

geblo iaraRs, rom daabeGavos, daimonos adamiani

(aseve zRaprul gveleSapsac ar sWirdeba wyali,

romlisTvisac adamianisagan msxverpls iTxovs).

devebis xelSi rkina da mWedlobis saidumlo

adamianTa damorGilebis iaraRia, rogorc erT

dros israelis istoriaSi: filistimelebma _

istoriulma mtrebma israelianebs mWedlebi gau-

wyvites, raTa maTTan evloT morGilad saxnise-

bisa da namglebisaTvis (1 mef. 13, 19-22).

Taobebi iTmenen, magram is ukanaskneli Tu

pirveli, vinc gamoGndeba, veRar aitans damcire-

bas. is xalxis cxovrebis uReltexilze dgas, is

Semoatrialebs Tavisi xalxis yofas, is qmnis

xalxis istorias. sababi amboxisa Sercxvenili

qalis sasowarkveTili Givilia, romelic

aRviZebs adamianis gulSi Rirsebis Segnebas da

masTan erTad iRviZebs sasoeba uzenaesisadmi.

èrT kacs Zalian lamazi coli hyavda da

guTnis iaraRis gakeTebaSi is sTxoves. radgan

iaraRebi aucilebeli saWiro iyo, radgan uimi-

sod simSiliT amowydebodnen, gaugzavna coli.

coli rom dabrunda, uTxra: iq rom ar gageg-

zavne da aqve mogekali, ukeTesi iyovo. da daiwyo

tirili. kaci Sewuxda, ar icoda ra eqna. mere

erTi TeTri xari hyavda da Tqva, modi am xars

RmerTisaTvis davklav da iqneba rame gveS-

veloso. morige RmerTma Seiwynara amdeni ve-

dreba da xalxis dasaxsnelad gamogzavna

kopala. misca erTi didi laxti da mouloca

xxx

Zali da SeZleba, rom devebi, xalxis Semwuxe-

blebi, gaenadgurebina^~ (60, 119).

kacs agondeba, rom arse-

bobs sicocxleze ufro

metad Rirebuli ram; rom

SeiZleba adamiani SimSiliT

mokvdes, magram mokvdes,

rogorc adamiani; ufro me-

tic: zogjer is valdebulia

mokvdes, Tundac SimSiliT,

rom adamianad darGes; rom unda gaiRos sasico-

cxlo msxverpli Rirsebis gadasarGenad, da is

swiravs xars, SesaZlebelia, erTaderT mar-

Genals, msxverplad RmerTs, romlis sasoebam

gaiRviZa mis cnobierebaSi. andrezi ambobs, rom

xari TeTri iyo. es aris pirveli msxverpli,

gaRebuli adamianisagan ukidures gasaWirSi.

meore epizodi, sadac aseve gadmocemulia

RvTisSvilTa gamosvla sabrZolvelad, adamianis

saarsebo wyarosTan aris dakavSirebuli.

`^kopala mivida da jer fSavis mTaze uZi-

laurTis Tavs, iremT kalos rom eZaxian, iq

daarsda da adevnebda Tvalyurs, sad iqneboda

saWiro brZola devebTan. am dros erTi xor-

naulTeli kaci xnavda xornaulT soflis pir-

dapir, saxeldobr, WiSexSi, yanas. roSkis goraze

erTi devi wamodga da ise moaxdina saqme, rom

Rvari astexa da xari da kaci sul-yvela Rvarma

waiRo. kacs gagonili hqonda, rom sadRac gmiri

xxxi

kopala daarsda, devebs xocavs da xalxs exmare-

bao. am gaWirvebis dros gaaxsenda da SemosZaxna:

`gmiro kopalav, miSvele, wyals nu wamaRebieba

da rasac vxnavdi, eg mamuli Send Semomiwirav^~

(60, 119-120).

aqac adamiani swiravs msxverplad Tavis uka-

nasknels, razec dafuZnebuli iyo mTeli misi

cxovrebis saxsari. magram saxsari iwireba sxva

ram ufro mniSvnelovanis gadasarGenad, amjerad

yana, romelic unda Seewiros teritoriis ga-

moxsnas devTa mZlavrobisagan. yana da TeTri

xari adamianTa gaTavisuflebis Semdeg istori-

uli xanis sakralur yofaSi jvarisaTvis Sewi-

rul msxverplTa Soris upirveles adgils

ikavebs. es aris religiis dasabami adamianTa sa-

zogadoebaSi.

roca sasowarkveTil xornauTel kacs da la-

mazi colis patrons gulis siRrmidan aRmoxdaT

kvnesasTan erTad survili uflisaTvis SeewiraT

erTs marGenali mamuli, meores erTaderTi xari,

am dros isaxeboda religia _ kavSiri adamiansa

da RmerTs Soris, am drosve daiwyo Surisgeba

kopalam, iaxsarma da `dev-kerpTa gadamsxvave-

belma~ sxva RvTisSvilebma. maTi brZolebis

dagvirgvineba ki, Gven viciT, miwa-wylis ga-

moxsnasTan erTad saymosa da kultis Seqmna iyo.

es kargad Gans iaxsris TavgadasavalSi.

iaxsari Tavis brZolas iwyebs Suafxodan,

ufro zustad, avisgoridan, sadac is gamxveura

xxxii

devs sasaxles ungrevs, da is aqve Semoikrebs

Tavis saymos. Gven gvinda andrezis safuZvelze

warmovidginoT, rogor Seiqmna devebisagan dar-

beul adamianTa jgufidan saymo, mwyobri sa-

zogadoeba. ra roli ekisreboda im xalxs, ro-

melic unda gardaqmniliyo saymod da damkvidre-

buliyo `nadevar~ teritoriaze? sad aris am

dros is xalxi, romlis gulisTvis

RvTisSvilebma datoves morige RvTis kari da

ebrZvian devebs? xom ar arian isini ubralo

Semswreni am ambebisa da brZolis aRsasrulis

pasiurad momlodine mayurebelni?

rodesac adamianTa miwa-wylisaTvis mebrZolma

iaxsarma abudelauris tbaSi ukanaskneli devi

mokla da misi sisxliT Sekruli tbidan veRar

amodioda, ai, swored maSin _ am gadamwyvet vi-

TarebaSi iqmneboda iaxsaris saymo da misi teri-

toria; saymo, romelsac, iaxsaris mier naSvels,

Tavad unda eSvela àbudelauris simurGi

natyvevari~ iaxsrisaTvis, Tavisi momavali pa-

tronisaTvis. es ambavi gadmocemulia erT sa-

kulto simReraSi.

iaxsari edevneba ukanasknel, gaqceul devs:

êrTi isivac gameqca, aRar ubrune Tavia,

sagmiro wamauqadle, kldes maafara Tavia.

klde samad gavaglejine, erT gamovsTxare

Tvalia.

imasac karga scodniyva abelauris tbania.

mived da meac Tan Gavxyev, me, TviTon iaxsaria,

xxxiii

Gaved da veRar amoved, sisxliT demebnes

mxarnia.

Gem ymaTac karga iZives oTxrqa, oTxyura

cxvaria.

maiyvanes da Gamokles, RmerTo, daswere

jvaria!

winwin ro kldeze Samavxe, Samovibertyen

mxarnia.

pirwaRma Samavtrialdi, gamasaxviyo jvaria.

`RmerTo, Sen mamec SaZleba, Senve amixsen

mxarnia!~

mandiT karates amoved, mand davaquGen ymania.

laxtzeda SamamikideT Gemi batara zaria.

davxkra da axads wamodges Gemi pirquSis yma-

nia.

(77, #94-T).

abudelauris tbis napiras xdeba pirveli

misteria saymos sakralur istoriaSi: gamor-

Geuli cxvari ikvlis (pirveli saklavi, pirveli

msxverplSewirva _ dasabami mravalgzis Sewi-

ruli msxverplisa). wmida sisxli uwevs iaxsars

da is ara mxolod mxaraxsnili, aramed fer-

nacvali, mtredis saxiT amofrindeba tbis

siRrmidan, sadac man ukanaskneli devi Gatova.

magram oTxrqa, oTxyura saklavis sisxli ara

mxolod tbis Sekrul zedapirs gaxsnis, aramed _

rogorc am simReris erTi gudamayruli varian-

tidan Gans _ casac gaxsnis da mtredi,

RvTisSvilis niSani, TiTqos erTdroulad

xxxiv

tbidanac amodis da cidanac Gamodis, rogorc

naTlisRebis dros iordaneze, roca dasabami

mieca axal religias.

maiyvanes da damakles oTxrqa, oTxyura

cxvariao,

zeciT Gamodga naviao, gamexsnes sisxlis gza-

niao,

Gamovjde brolis qvazedao, men xati iax-

sariao,

trediviT SamovRuRundi, amovibertye

mxarniao.

(38, #255802)

rogorc vxedavT, iaxsris momavali saymo ara

mxolod mxilvelia am misteriisa. aramed misi

monawilec aris: misi SemweobiT gardaiqmneba

iaxsari jvrad da mtredis aRiT gafrindeba

Tavis saarso adgilisaken, sadac is waiyoliebs

Tavis saymos, rogorc ambobs:

mandiT karates amoved, mand davaquGen ymania.

`mandiT~, e.i. abudelauris tbis napiridan,

sadac adamianTa jgufma pirveli saklavis dakv-

liT saymod Seqmna Tavisi Tavi, miiRo ufleba

gahyoloda Tavis patrons devebisagan gawmedili

miwa-wylisaken.

karatiT karates mame Toki zed gasavalia,

ase gavide Tokzeda, vervin mamkidos Tvalia.

avisgors SamamkidodiT Gemi patara zaria,

davkra, xma axads gavardes, gamoisaxon

jvaria.

xxxv

rom dadgen locva-wirvaze Gemis pirquSis

ymania.

miduReT salude qvabi, ymano, gewerosT

jvaria (77, #94-ig)

avisgorze, iaxsris saboloo samkvidro

adgilze Gamokidebuli zari, romelic ityo-

bineba mis dabrunebas fSavis xevze, dev-kerpTagan

gaTavisuflebul miwaze, es `patara zari~, saymos

momxmobi erT SesakrebelSi, Tavisi xmis bgeriT

mouxazavs saymos mis kuTvnil teritorias.

kvrivi

miwa-wyali, sadac saymo saxlobs, wmida

adgilia, radganac is jvaris mier aris mopove-

buli da am mopovebis ZaliT gamokveTilia

danarGeni samyarosagan. is wmidaa erTianad,

magram saymo masSi ganicdis da aRiarebs iseT

adgilebs, romlebic gansakuTrebuli siwmidiT

arian mosili. am adgilebs saymo kvrivs uwodebs.

ra Tvisebis realobas aRniSnavs kvrivi anu

samwerlo eniT, mkvrivi. `qarTuli enis ganmarte-

biTi leqsikonis~ Tanaxmad, mkvrivi aris `mWidro

da myari, mtkice, magari~. raimeTi `savse da gat-

enili~, anu iseTi Tvisebebi nivTisa Tu mov-

lenisa, rac upirispirdeba dunes, cariels, fu-

Ruros, da a.S. sabas ganmartebiT, mkvrivi aris

ùRruo da unaxvreto~. es sityva saymos sak-

ralur leqsikonSi niSnavs rogorc fizikur

SeuRwevadobas, aseve zneobriv Seuvalobas, rom-

xxxvi

lis simbolod jvarTa teritoriaze dgas mkvri-

vad nagebi koSkebi, sadac Sesvla ubralod

SeuZlebelia imis gamo, rom maT ar gaaGniaT

Sida sivrce. aseT koSkebs ewodebaT kvrivebi.

`kvrivi qvian imitom, rom is aSenebulia kvrivad

da Sesasvleli ara aqvs^~ (60, 41). fizikuri

SeuRwevadoba zneobrivi akrZalvis metaforaa.

Tumca, aseTi teritoria _ nakrZali ar aris Se-

mozRuduli raime xiluli sazRvriT, magram mas

saymos cocxal gancdaSi aqvs uxilavi sazRvari,

romlis SigniT sruliad gansxvavebuli realoba

ganicdeba. `kvrivi~, rogorc `futuros~ sawi-

naaRmdego movlena, mrTelia, mTliania. es aris

WeSmariti sinamdvile. is aris romelic aris anu

namdvili arseboba.

kvrivi aris jvris kvali miwaze. jvari qmnis

kvriv adgils Tavisi daarsebiT, rogorc mete-

ori, romelic tvifravs miwas, sadac is ecema.

amitomac kvrivi koSkebi dgas im adgilebSi, sa-

dac saymo kultis dasabamSi jvarGenas xedavs:

`kvrivi adgilia, sadac pirvelad xati mosula,

iq mere Tass udgamen da zed xati dajdeboda.

kvrivs veZaxiT adgils, sadac ar SeiZleba adami-

anis Sesvla, gin koSki iyos, gin sxva adgili~ (6,

55). maTuris mTavarangelozis jvarGenis an-

drezis Tanaxmad, cidan svetad Gamosuli jvari

jer sayaWis wverze ìkidebs koWs~, mere eklesi-

aSi (adgilis saxelia), bolos ki iq, sadac amJa-

mad kvrivebi dgas; iq adamiani ar Sedis, is imde-

xxxvii

nad wmida da miukarebeli adgilia, rom xucesic

ki ver uaxlovdeba mas da, roca misi ganaTvlaa

saWiro, sisxlian Tovlis gundebs esvris mis

kedlebs (38, #25502).

jvari avsebs Tavisi arsiT im adgilas, ro-

melsac is saarsod irGevs; jvarGeniT is

àkvrivebs~ adgils, ùxrwnels~ xdis mas. Tavisi

ontologiiT jvaris kvrivs analogia jvarisave

ganZSi aqvs, romlis miTosuri saxe yovelTvis

oqrod aris warmodgenili (mag., Tamaris Sewi-

ruli oqros Tasebi xaxmatis kultis dasabamSi

da laSa giorgis oqros jvari laSaris wmida

giorgiSi). s.averincevi wers, rom nivTierebis

simkvrive (ïëîòíîñòü) da simWidrove oqroSi uxr-

wnelobas aniWebs mas, rac SesaZleblad xdis mis

warmosaxvas xorcis ganRmrTobis emblemad (113).

marTlac, kvrivi SegviZlia warmovidginoT

oqrod, raSic daunjebulia jvaris sakraluri

Zala; amitomac kvriv adgilebs, rogorc oqros,

mowiwebiT ekideba kaci, erideba mis dalaxvas,

Tuki jvarisagan ara aqvs neba miRebuli. `^verca

fSavi verca Pevsuri, ukeTu iSovnos oqro anu

vercxli, veraraid ixmareben Tavisad, aramed mi-

uZRvnis laSasjvarsa~ (75, 533), wers vaxuSti ba-

toniSvili. aq aRniSnuli Gveulebis ukan imaleba

ontologiuri kavSiri oqro-vercxliT war-

modgenil ganZsa da kvrivs Soris, sadac jvaria

daarsebuli. rogorc oqros ver moixmars sayo-

facxovrebo miznebisaTvis moyme, aseve ver

xxxviii

dalaxavs is jvaris kvrivebs, ver moxnavs, ver

daTesavs kvrivs. dalaPva adamianuri moqmedebaa:

adamiani Tavis yoveldRiurobaSi Tavisi yofa-

cxovrebis yoveli gamovlinebiT tvifravs im mi-

was, sadac is saxlobs. adamiani Tavisi nabije-

biT, rac zneobriv Sinaarss iZens, warmoqmnis

nalaPs. misi sacxovrebeli, d. guramiSvilis sit-

vebiT rom gamovxatoT, `sawuTros fePiT nalaPi~

miwaa, romelic Tavisi rRvevadi struqturiT

upirispirdeba jvaris kvrivs. nalaxSi, rogorc

adamianis samyofelSi, aris ukiduresad dace-

muli adgilebi, romlebic Tavisi arsebiT

sruliad uaryofen jvaris kvrivebs. es aris mi-

wis rioSi mdgomareoba anu Seryvnili da yalbi,

aranamdvili mdgomareoba.

nalaxidan, anu kacTa sacxovrebeli adgili-

dan kvrivSi Sesvla, rac yovelTvis dakavSire-

bulia zRurblis gadalaxvasTan, SeuZlebelia

ganwmedis gareSe. adamiani unda amaRldes nal-

axidan, raTa kvrivSi SeRwevis ufleba mieces;

amisaTvis mas unda daesvas kvrivis anu siwmidis

beWedi, romelic SeiZleba jvris niSniT iyos ga-

moxatuli. saklavis sisxliT `Pel-mPar ganaT-

luli~ xevisberi Sedis kvrivSi, an qadagi, ro-

melsac `Saiyvanen, saca kvrivi, beRelSi dasmen^~

(68, 66). rigiTi yma ganaTvliT ipovebs uflebas,

Tundac droebiTs, kvrivis dasalaxad. ardotis

saymos dReobaSi _ datiobaSi amgvarad iqmneba

`mezRvnis~, anu jvarSi ZRvenis mimtanis statusi:

xxxix

`meZRvnes xucesi SublSi Tavis saklavis sisx-

liT jvars gaukeTebda. datioba iyo oTxi dRe

da am xnis ganmavlobaSi is pirs aRar daibanda;

ise ufrTxildeboda, rom sisxli ar gascloda

Sublidan da jvari ar Sereuliyo. am jvariT mas

ufleba hqonda yovel diliT misuliyo jvarSi,

daelia da eWama. Tu Sublze sisxlis jvari ar

eqneboda, ise jvarSi misvla akrZaluli iyo da

sisxlis jvari qonda marto mezRvnes. sisxlis-

jvrianebi ise Tavisuflad midiodnen da iqceod-

nen dReobaSi jvarSi, rogorc jvris gamZRoni

iqceodnen da dastur-xelosnebi^~ (63, 146).

kvrivSi Sesul adamians gansakuTrebuli qceva

marTebs. sinais mTaze asul moses, romelic

misda uneburad kvrivebSi moxvda, moesma uflis

gafrTxileba: `nu moeaxlebi aqa! wariPaden Pam-

lni ferPTagan SenTa, rameTu adgili ege, ro-

melsa sdga Sen, queyana wmida ars~ (gamosvl. 3,5).

mose aRmoGnda `wmida miwaze~ anu, ufro zustad,

`wmida niadagze~ (ebr. admaT kodeS). qarTuli

`kvrivi~ kargad gadascems ebrauli sakraluri

cnebis _ `kodeS~-is Sinaarss. moses msgavsad

iqcevian xadaSi begoT saRvToze mimavali

mlocvelebi: `^vinc iq wavalis salocavad, im

adgilas fexSiSveli unda wavides, verc sar-

tyel, verc qalmeb, egeTi wes-wyobilebaa^~ (40,

50). kvrivSi Sesuli adamiani gaiSiSvlebs fexs,

raTa sawuTros nalaxi mtveri ar Seitanos

kvrivSi. es simboluri qmedebaa. vaxuStis cnobiT,

xl

qvaTaxevis taZarSi `ârvin Sevals ferPcmulis,

aramed ferPSiSvelni, siwmidisaTvis~ (75, 340). ase

iqcevian meomarnic, roca wmida realobasTan

Sexeba moeliT: `^maSin ganiSiSvles ferPebi maTi

da wariZRuanes droSaY da aRemarTnes orsa mas

qedsa mTasa lomisisasa^~ (96, 108); xolo lomisis

mTa da xadas begoT saRvTo mTiuleTisa da

xadis saymosaTvis igive sinais mTaa, sadac

ufali ecxadeba maT. amitomac unda ganiwmidon

iq amavalni, rogorc is mRvdelni, romlebic si-

nais mTis kvrivebSi daapirebdnen asvlas uflis

saxilvelad mosesTan erTad (gamosvl. 19, 22).

kvrivSi mxolod `kvrivi~ adamiani Tu SeaRwevs

dausjelad. `sazRvari Semouwere xalxs irgvliv

da uTxari: ekrZaleT mTaze asvlas da nu

miekarebiT mis kalTebs. vinc ki miekareba mTas,

sikvdils ver gadaurGeba. xeli aravin miakaros,

Torem Gaiqoleba an SubiT ganigmireba. gind pi-

rutyvi iyos, gind kaci, aravin gadarGeba cocx-

ali~ (gamosvl. 19, 12-13). es sazRvari, rogorc

iTqva, uxilavia; is Tumca warmosaxviTia, magram

aranakleb STambeWdavi, vidre xiluli dabrk-

oleba gzaze, Tundac iyos igi mcveli qerubimi

iqcevisi maxviliT xelSi. uxilavi zRurbli say-

mos cocxal gancdaSia GabeWdili. is mijnavs

xiluls uxilavisagan, adamianurs RvTaebrivisa-

gan, xorciels sulierisagan, dasaxlebuls

dausaxlebelisagan. aq vawydebiT kvrivis para-

doqss: kvrivi principulad dausaxlebelia _

xli

asea yvelgan tradiciul sazogadoebebSi. mag.,

aTenelni TavianTi qalaqis sakralur centrs _

wmida Walas, `Seuval~, `daulaxav~, `nakrZal~ da

sabolood, `dausaxlebel~ adgilad Tvlidnen,

sadac fexis dadgmac ki ikrZaleboda (ix. so-

fokles òidiposi kolonebSi~), _ magram misi

arseboba, rogorc wmida adgilisa, aucilebelia

dasaxlebul teritoriaze. is, WeSmaritad,

qveynis marilia, romlis ganqarebiT iSleba, ir-

Rveva miwa-wyali, niadagi, qveyana, adamianTa

sacxovrisi.

m. eliade wers, rom `kvrivi (The Sacred,

`wmida~), rogorc samyaros Suaguli, saukeTeso

adgilia, saiTkenac adamiani miiswrafvis

sacxovreblad~ (154, 43). magram es ase ar unda

iyos. marTalia, Suaguli saukeTeso adgilia

mTels samyaroSi, magram saSiSi adgilia da iq

sruliad warmoudgenelia adamianis cxovreba; es

aris RvTiuri Zalis gamocxadebis adgili, rom-

lis aura iakobma sizmarSi igrZno da ga-

mofxizlebulma amgvarad gaiazra: àrs ufali

adgilsa amas da me ara vicode. da SeeSina da

Tqua: viTar saSinel ars adgili ese, ara ars

sxuai ese, garna saxli RmrTisaY da ese bWe

zecisa~ (dab. 28, 16-17). yofiTi adamiani aseTi

adgilis aRmoGenis Semdeg gardaiqmneba re-

ligiur adamianad da, misgan saRvTo SiSiT uku-

qceuli, kvlav ubrundeba mas, rogorc Tay-

vanismcemeli. Tavs iGens wmida adgili anu kvrivi

xlii

da ibadeba misi pirveli mlocveli. es adgili

taZris winasaxe xdeba. àRdga iakob ganTiad da

aRiRo lodi igi, romeli edva sasTunalad, da

aRmarTa igi Zeglad da daasxa zeTi Tavsa mis

lodisasa. da uwoda saxeli adgilsa mas saxli

RmrTisa^~ (dab. 28, 18-19).am adgilze, romlis WeS-

mariti xati mxolod GvenebaSi SeiZleba yo-

filiyo xiluli, Gaisaxa am kacis, iakobis, pi-

radi religia, romelic momavalSi mTeli misi

STamomavlobis religiad unda gamxdariyo, rac

Gans misave sityvebSi: `^da aRTqua aRTqumaY ax-

ali da Tqua: ukueTu iyos RmerTi Gem Tana da

damicves me gzasa mas, romelsa me mival da mces

me puri Wamad da samoseli Semosad, da mo-

maqcios me cocxlebiT saxlsa mamisa Gemisasa,

iyos ufali Gemi RmrTad Gemda, da lodi ese,

romel aRvidgi Zeglad, iyos saxlad RmrTisa

Gemisa da yovlisagani, raodeni-raY momces me,

aTeuli mivsce mas~ (dab., 28, 20-22).

kvrivi adgili, am azriT, adamianis aR-

mzrdelia da amitomac aucilebeli elementia

teritoriisa. is religiis dasabamia, magram amave

dros samSoblos grZnobis dasabami da wyaroc

aris. kvrividan swavlobs adamiani im adgils, im

miwis siyvaruls, rogorc kargad SeniSnavs vaJa-

fSavela erT Tavis moTxrobaSi: ès adgili

Tavis nangrevebiT Seqmnilia xalxis sulier,

zneobriv aRmzrdelad. erma Tu wminda adgilis

istoria kargad icis, ar aris saWiro daajero

xliii

xalxi da uqadago, rom es adgili wmindaa, Rirsi

xsovnisa, pativiscemisa, radgan TviTeuul maT-

gans didad swams, am nangrevebSi, am daxavsebul

lodebs Soris Zlieri, yovladSemZlebeli RvTi-

uri suli ganisvenebs da yvela imaTgan, vis wina-

parTac ulocniaT es salocavi, STamoebamac

ilocos _ miarTvas ZRveni _ xari Tu cxvari,

sanTeli, qada-xmiadi, raTa ar moevlinos xatis

risxva, ar `moamizezos~ (27, 84).

marTalia, kvrivi, rogorc iTqva, gamoricxavs

adamianis dasaxlebis azrs, magram is aucilebe-

lia adamianTa sacxovrisisaTvis. magram kvrivis

paradoqsi is aris, rom is, adamianTa sacxovri-

sis antipodi, iqmneba swored adamianis dasax-

lebis SuagulSi. es SeiZleba ar iyos wesi,

magram xSirad xdeba ase, ris gamoc amgvari xasi-

aTis kvrivGena erTi tipis sakmaod gavrcele-

buli andrezis Sinaarsad aris qceuli.

saymos miwa-wyali kvrivGenis mudmiv molod-

inSia. potenciurad yoveli adgili SeiZleba

iyos kvrivi, radgan mTeli miwa-wyali jvars

ekuTvnis, sadac man Tavisi xeliT daasaxla

saymo. is xSirad Tavs iGens maT SuagulSi, gaar-

Rvevs maT sacxovrebels, risi Sedegia nasax-

larebi (`naxolarebi~) da nacixvarebi, mitove-

buli adgilebi, romelTa upatronoba aRZravs

fiqrs maT uxilav patronze, romelic saymos

warmodgeniT mxolod jvari SeiZleba iyos. ada-

mianisagan mitovebuli saxl-kari da cixe in-

xliv

greva, magram is ar ubrundeba bunebas, ar iqceva

qaosad adamianuri kulturis mimarT, aramed,

piriqiT, misi arseboba ufro maRal safexurze

adis, raki mas saymos SegnebaSi atyvia jvaris

xeli. masze devs amieridan jvaris mZime xeli. es

mZime xelia, kvrivad rom xdis mas.

sadac wydeba adamianis cxovreba da aRebulia

adamianis xeli, iq iwyeba jvaris arseboba. aseT

adgilebs ewodeba buxreuli anu `gabuxrebuli~

adgilebi. SemGneulia, rom kvrivi adgilebi

xSirad swored buxreuli agilebia. buxreuli,

rogorc termini, or aspeqts gamoxatavs: adami-

anuri, yofiTi TvalTaxedviT, is aris dawyev-

lili adgili (Zveli aRTqmis xerem), jvaris

TvalTaxedviT ki wmida adgili (kodeS). jvari

arTmevs adamians adgils da wmidad aqcevs mas.

kvrivis mniSvnelobiT saymos metyvelebaSi ix-

mareba agreTve bortvi* _ gabalaxebuli miwa,

yamiri, an uxnavi an naxnavi da mere gabalaxe-

buli (98, 195). adamianis sacxovrebeli an yana

ubrundeba xeluxlebel da yamir mdgomareobas,

gadadis iseT zonaSi, romlis gadalaxva samara-

disod ekrZaleba adamians. kvrivi, buxreuli,

bortvi _ samudamod xelSeuxebeli da daulaxa-

via saymosaTvis, rogorc mis mier Tavisi pa-

tronisaTvis msxverplad gaRebuli samkvidre-

beli, romelsac is ukan veRar daibrunebs uku-

* kvriv adgils saneSi (gudanis `mTawminda~) `bortvis nakveTi~ ewodeba, romelic arc ixvneba

da arc iTeseba; mowmidaris garda veravin Seva iq, saqonlis gamosadenadac ki (64, 715)

xlv

niTi ukunisamde. Sewirvis Tavdapirveli mniSv-

nelobac xom imaSi mdgomareobs, rom saymos mier

salocavSi mitanili `gawirulia~ anu datovebu-

lia iq jvris sakuTrebad, samaradisod.

kvrivis aRmoGena

kvrivi iseTi realobaa, romlis aRmoGena ar

aris damokidebuli adamianis nebaze. rogorc

aucilebels saymos miwa-wylisaTvis, mas aRmo-

aGens igive Zala, romelmac miwa-wyali misca say-

mos. es Zala aris jvari. kvrivi SeiZleba gani-

martos, rogorc monakveTi miwisa, romelzedac

dadebulia jvaris xeli. kvrivis gamoGena ami-

tomac aris iracionaluri, adamianisaTvis gauge-

bari; is moulodnelia, TiTqos gaumarTlebelic

ki. teritoriis sruliad umniSvnelo, fizikuri

TvalisaTvis sruliad ganurGevel monakveTze

gadmodis xarizma da gamoarGevs mas sxva

adgilebisgan, rogorc jvari gamoarGevs saymo-

dan Tavis rGeuls. iseve, rogorc adamiani Tavis

Tavs ver airGevs jvaris rGeulad, aseve ar

SeuZlia mas Tavisi nebiT, Wkua- gonebis moxmo-

biT airGios kvrivi, gamoarGios is miwa-wyali

sxva nakveTebisagan. Tu, cxadia, es adamiani

Tavad ar aris daWerili jvaris mier da ar mo-

qmedebs jvaris nebiT; maSin is arc ekuTvnis

Tavis Tavs, rogorc bunebis movlena an pirutyvi,

romlebic, rogorc wesi, mTavari personaJebia

kvrivGenis andrezebSi. kvrivi adgilis migneba

xlvi

minebebulia ugunuri arsebis gumanze, radgan

swored gumania erTaderTi Seucdomeli:

cxovelis alRo, gumani, romelic cxaddeba mis

qcevaSi, moZraobaSi, svlaSi, xmaSi _ aris is

arxi, romelSic unda idinos RvTiurma nebam.

xari, yorani, mtredi _ ai, is arsebani, ro-

melTac swored TavianTi ugunurebis ZaliT

ekisrebaT iseTi misia, rasac brZenkaci ver kis-

rulobs. amis saukeTeso magaliTebs iZleva ek-

lesiebisa da salocavi adgilebis andrezebi,

romlebic farTod aris gavrcelebuli mTels

msoflioSi da, kerZod, saqarTvelos mTasa da

barSi.

Tavisuflad gaSvebuli uReli xari miagnebs

im adgils, sadac xalxma eklesia unda aagos an

xati unda daasvenos (amgvarad iqna aRmoGenili

kalis zemoT lagurkas adgili, svaneTSi), an

daarsdes romelime wmindanis salocavi (wm.

maqsimes salocavi leGxumSi); pirutyvis gauazre-

beli moqmedeba-svla gadawyvets xalxis sagone-

bels, radgan pirutyvis svlaSi Tu dadgomaSi is

xedavs wmidanis nebis gamovlinebas. pirutyvis

qcevis uneburi sakraluroba ufro TvalsaGino

xdeba, rodesac is moulodnelad aRmouGens ada-

mianebs wmida, kvriv adgils. ai, sruliad upre-

tenzio, magram mniSvnelovani ideis Semcveli an-

drezi aWaruli folkloridan: jansaRi xari ver

aRwevs im adgilamde, sadamdisac xalxi saqonels

denis da sadRac, Sua gzaSi ecema. dacemis

xlvii

adgili sayurbane (msxverlis Sesawirav) adgilad

Seiracxeba. am tipis andrezebSi xSirad xaris

ara mxolod SeGerebis, aramed sikvdilis

adgilia gamocxadebuli kvriv adgilad. aseve

kvrivi da gamorGeulia is Sualedebi gzaSi, sa-

dac yovndeba, isvenebs xari. am motivzea agebuli

lomisis, xevis sparsangelozis, Zarwemis wmida

giorgis da sxva motacebuli xatebis ukand-

abrunebis andrezebi. motacebulma xatma gza

unda gaikvlios ucxo qveynidan, unda moZebnos,

xelaxla aRmoaGinos Tavisi saarso adgili _

kvrivi. im Svidi aTasi kacidan, romelic xatTan

erTad unda dabrundes tyveobidan, aravin ga-

moGndeba, rom waruZRves xatsa da xalxs da

Seucdomeli gziT miiyvanos Tavis adrindel

saarsomde. andrezSi xatis transportad ga-

moGndeba xari, romlis rqebze unda iyos xati

dasvenebuli. aqedan unda Gandes, rom andrezis

Semoqmedis TvalsazrisiT xari gzas ikvlevs ara

sakuTari nebiT, aramed xatis nebiT. xats mohyavs

ukan xari da Svidi aTasi tyve qarTveli. xari

TiTqos gaivlis xatis sakralur gzas da Seyov-

nebiT moniSnavs kvrivebs, sadac mogzauri xalxi

mgzavri xatis niSebs aRmarTavs. `^gamouZRveba es

xari, sadac dawvebodis da daisvenebdis, yvelgan

niSi aaSenes. fasanauris aqeTacaa niSi, memre ro

movida, aqac (mleTas), aqac daisvena, aqac niSi

dadges. wverze ro movida, iq ganisvena suli,

gaYskda^~ (40, 114).

xlviii

analogiuria Zarwemis wminda giorgis xatis

dabrunebis andrezic: xati lekeTSia datyveve-

buli da azaralebs xalxs. molas ecxadeba xati,

mozvris rqaze mimakariT da nebaze gamiSviTo.

`miakres xati mozvris rqebs da gauSves mozveri.

midis mozveri, xati gzas uGvenebs. miva ZarwemSi,

Tavis Zvel adgilze da erTi askilis ZirSi

daisvenebs. Zarwemel mRvdels daesizmreba xati,

romelic etyvis: momZebneT da sadac mnaxavT, iq

amiSeneT eklesiao. mRvdeli gagzavnis xalxs.

ipovnian rqebze xatmikrul mozvers. moxsnian Tu

ara xats, mozveri imwamsve mokvdeba (`gaskda~). im

adgilas aaSeneben eklesias da daasveneben wmida

giorgis xats~ (9, 212). amave motivebzea agebuli

rkonis RvTismSoblis xatis andrezic (3, 115). Tu

xari ar kvdeba, mas msxverplad swiraven; Tu

uremia, urems SeSad xmaroben saklavis mosaxar-

Sad; msxverplis Sewirvis adgilze ki xati ars-

deba (53, 252).

am tipis andrezebis arqetips vadasturebT

Zvel aRTqmaSi, sadac moTxrobilia filis-

timelTa qveyanaSi datyvevebuli RvTis kidobnis

dabrunebis ambavi: misanTa rGeviT filistimelebi

or mewvel Zroxas Seabamen uremSi, zed RvTis

kidobans daadeben da Tavis nebaze miuSveben pi-

rutyvs. Zroxebi gadalaxaven israelis sazRvars

da erT-erTi israelianis yanaSi SeGerdebian;

xalxi kidobans gadmoasvenebs urmidan, urems

SeSad daGexaven, Zroxebs ki msxverplad

xlix

Seswiraven. es adgili GaiTvleba kvriv adgilad,

sadac karga xans iqneba kidobani dasvenebuli (I

mef., 5-6).

miuxedavad im avbediTi reputaciisa, romelic

aqvs yorans xalxur sityvierebaSi da yofaSi,

erTi moxevuri Tqmuleba mas ukavSirebs xevis

upirvelesi siwmidis, samebis taZris aSenebas,

ufro sworad, sataZre kvrivi adgilis aRmoGenas.

rac samma qarTvelma (qarTlis, kaxeTisa da

imereTis) mefem ver gadawyvita, wyvets Savi

yorani Tavisi bunebrivi moqmedebis meSveobiT;

radgan is atarebs RvTiur nebas. brZeni mcxe-

Teli berikacic ki uZluria iracionaluris

(rac kvrivis mignebaSi mdgomareobs) winaSe.

magram berikacs Seswevs rGevis unari: man uwyis

yornis zne da is WeSmariteba, rom misi bune-

brivi qcevis wiaR, mis ukan, wmida samebis neba

moqmedebs. mcxeTeli brZenkaci urGevs mefeebs:

`mefeno, furberwi dahkaliT da misi samgorveli

(menjis nawili) soflis bolos daagdeT, mova

Savi yorani da, sadac mas gamoxravs, samebac iq

aaSeneTo~. aseT ucnaur rGevebs mxolod brZeni

xalxi iZleva zRaprebSi an imgvari Segnebis sa-

zogadoebaSi, sadac arsebobs rwmena imisa, rom

yoveli arsi Tu movlena _ qva iqneba, frinveli

Tu Weqa-quxili _ emorGileba uzenaesis nebas.

yorans miaqvs ganzrax dagdebuli samgorveli da

yvelgan, sadac igi mis gamosaxravad dajda,

xalxs jvari an niSi aRumarTavs samebis sax-

l

elze. mTavari taZari anu samebis mTavari kvrivi,

misi saarso iq aSenda, sadac am grZneulma frin-

velma sabolood gamoxra Zvali da miagdo,

wavida ra Tavisi gziT (53, 226-7).

saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi gavrcele-

bulia Tqmuleba yvavze, romlis Tavganwiruli

saqcieli àfuZnebs~ kvriv adgils, sadac sas-

waulis mxilveli xalxi aSenebs eklesias, ro-

melsac am SemTxvevis aRsaniSnavad `yvavisaydari~

Seerqmeva (99, 247; 103, 126-7; 84, 304-5).

mtreds, rogorc jvaris niSans, da mis aRes,

pirdapiri da bunebrivi kavSiri aqvs kvriv

adgilebTan, maT aRmoGenasTan. sadac mtredi da-

jdeba, is ueWvelad gamorGeuli adgilia. mtredi

monawileobs alaverdis taZris dafuZnebis an-

drezSi, romelic Gawerili aqvT k.koxsa da

o.spensers saqarTveloSi mogzaurobis wignSi (48,

250).

moviyvan erT TuSur gadmocemasac danoelTa

xatis daarsebis Sesaxeb, romelic Tavisi Si-

naarsiT mogvagonebs xevis samebis daarsebis an-

drezs, oRond aq yorans enacvleba mtredi misi

bunebidan gamomdinare yvela cvlilebiT. roca

danos mosaxleobam gadawyvita soflis axlos

gadmoetana jvari, mimarTa mtreds, rogorc sa-

jvare anu kvrivi adgilis àRmomGen~ frinvels.

ai, Ganaweric, rogorc is mosmenili iqna: `winav

danoelebs soflis TavSi jvar ar hyvandiv. memr

meambv, romev aStoTa gamoviyvanoTav, soflis

li

TavSiiTaY kargada gvipatronebsav. erT tred

deWir danoelebs. geSv is aStoTaY. Yes siac da-

jdebav, iq davawesoTav cxva jvariv. is tredic

soflis TavSi, gorze damjdariyv, jvar kiden

Yagr gameyvan aStoTaY: erT kacs droSa gedv

mParze, sanTel-zedaSe eRv, erT beber diac ukven

gaxyoliv tyavis kalTaebis bartyuniT: `gamoqSi,

gamarjvebulov, gamoqSi, gamarjvebulov^~ im

dRiTaY xyavis danoelebs axaljvari~ (Gawerilia

sof. danoSi e.TaTaraiZis mier 1980 w.).

es scena Tavis moqmedebebiT da realiebiT _

mtredi, kaci droSiT mxarze, sanTel-zedaSe, be-

beri `nawminduri~ diaci da misi SeZaxili `ga-

marjvebulo~ (RvTisSvilTa epiTeti, romelic

gvaxsenebs im brZolebs, saidanac isini gamarjve-

bulni gamovidnen), mcire masStabiT warmogvid-

gens jvarTa daarsebis preistoriul suraTs. aq

kvrivis teritoriis aRmoGena emTxveva jvaris

daarsebas; sityvebi ìm dRiTaY xyavis^~ migvaniS-

nebs, rom jvarma mignebuli adgili samaradiso

samkvidreblad airGia. Tu andrezis suliskveTe-

biT gavimsWvalebiT, unda vifiqroT, rom es aqti

saymosa da misi teritoriis dasabamSi pulobs

adgilsa da dros, anda amiT unda iwyebodes misi

ganaxleba.

jvarGena (ifani keriaSi)

is adgili, sadac salocavi aris daarsebuli,

saymos Suaguli adgilia, saidanac ifineba

lii

siwmide mTel saymoze, romelic gansaxlebulia

jvaris Tvalsawierze, misi zaris xmis sawierze,

cxovrobs RvTisSvilis mier mopovebul miwa-

wyalze, rogorc misi mkvidri anu namdvili yma.

aq mivadeqiT Gven Suagulis problemas saymos

ara mxolod sakralur, aramed yoveldRiur yo-

faSi.

am Suagulis klasikuri gansaxierebania

mTeli fSavisTvis laSaris muxa da xevsureTSi

xmalas alvisxe, romelsac andrezis Tanaxmad

wmida mironi swveTda gamudmebiT da iqve, mis

Ziras Gamarxul qvevrebSi grovdeboda, raTa iqi-

dan mTeli xevsureTis salocavebSi ganawilebu-

liyo. adgili, sadac mironis wyaroa, wmida say-

mos Suagulad unda viguloT, rogorc mTeli

qristianuli saqarTvelosTvis sveticxoveli,

romelic, saeklesio legendis Tanaxmad, mi-

ronmdinari alvisxis adgilzea agebuli. la-

Saris muxa ki imiT iyo SesaniSnavi, rom is

oqros SibiT iyo cas gamobmuli da am SibiT,

rogorc iakobis naxilvebi kibiT, morige RvTi-

sadmi ZRvenis asatanad adi-Gamodiodnen

RvTisSvilebi. miwidan saymosgan ahqondaT

msxverplis kvamli da locva-vedreba, cidan Ga-

mohqondaT saymosaTvis madli da wyaloba.

cxadia, is xe, romelic aerTebs cas da miwas,

samyaros SuagulSia amosuli.

andrezulad ar SemorGenila xsovna imisa, Tu

rodis dairga an aRmocenda RvTis nebiT fSavisa

liii

da xevsureTis am SuagulSi muxa da alvisxe.

maT, SesaZlebelia, kosmosis dasabamSi udgaT

fesvebi. xolo es is xanaa, romelic saymos cno-

bierebis miRmaa darGenili, is ar ekuTvnis saymos

istorias, magram saymos axsovs sxva xeebis

amosvla, romlebic calkeuli saymoebis Suagul

adgilebSi dgas.

sofokles èleqtraSi~ moTxrobilia moax-

loebuli Surisgebis winaTgrZnobiT moculi

klitemnestres sizmari: àmboben, unaxavs

mamaGveni, kvlav samzeoze gamocxadebuli. Turme

keraSi Tavisi kverTxi GaurWvia, romelic mas

odesRac xelT epyra, axla ki egisTes xelSia.

maRla azrdila totebSefoTvlili da mTeli

mikeni dauGrdilavs~ (str. 417-423).

SemaSfoTebelia xis aRmoceneba keraSi, sadac

cecxli unda enTebodes. sizmari, cxadia, sabe-

disweroa da keTils arafers moaswavebs misi pa-

tronisaTvis. kverTxi agamemnonisaa da misi

ganedleba da SefoTvla imas unda moaswavebdes,

rom agamemnoni dabrundeba; rom mova patroni da

daepatroneba kvlav Tavis keras, romelic am

sizmarSi mTeli mikenis gansaxierebaa. magram

agamemnoni ar aris cocxalTa qveyanaSi, is miwa-

Sia; da swored imis gamo, rom is miwaSia, man

aafesviana is xmeli kverTxi imis niSnad, rom

oreste _ misi norGi nergi _ gaswevs agamemnono-

bas, rom mikenis miwas agamemnoni moevlineba or-

estes saxiT. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, agamemnoni

liv

afoTlebuli kverTxis saxiT brundeba qveyanaSi,

rogorc misi RvTiuri patroni, rogorc gmiri _

heros (Zveli berZnuli mniSvnelobiT), rogorc

salocavi. kverTxis keraSi GarWoba da misi xed

aRmoceneba imasac niSnavs, rom adgilis cru pa-

tronma unda datovos kera da dauTmos mis WeS-

marit patrons.

SesaZlebelia, am sizmris siuJeti damoukide-

beli saxiT arsebuliyo elinur samyaroSi, ro-

gorc garkveuli simbolizmis Semcveli miTosi;

Tumca misi kvali ar Gans dRemde SemorGenil

werilobiT wyaroebSi. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom

mas arc ki SemuRwevia mwerlobaSi zepirsit-

vierebis sferodan. misi arsebobis erTaderTi

dadastureba sizmris saxiT sofokles dramaSia.

im simbolizmis mixedviT, romelic mas sizmarSi

aqvs dakisrebuli, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom is

mikenis daarsebis miTosi yofiliyo, rogorc

lokaluri gansaxeba kosmogoniuri miTosisa, sa-

dac samyaros dasabamSi uzarmazar, mTels

qveynierebaze totebiT gadmomxobil xes vxedavT

(gavixsenoT Tundac skandinavuri iggdrasili-

ifani, rogorc saerToindoevropiuli arqetipis

erTi kerZo gamovlena).

klitemnestres sizmris igiveobriv siuJetzea

agebuli aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi

gavrcelebuli erTi tipis andrezi, romelsac,

rogorc jvarGenis amsaxvel siuJets, saymos

dasabamSi gadavyavarT. mas martivi kompozicia

lv

aqvs da TiTqmis ar gaaGnia variantebi: misi ar-

qetipuli saxe cxadad Gans nebismier variantSi.

sqema aseTia: keraSi amodis ifani (xSirad

gvelic amohyveba) imis niSnad, rom am adgils

RvTisSvili daepatrona da ojaxma unda dasto-

vos saxli. es adgili jvaris kvrivi xdeba. ai, am

andrezis nimuSi cocxali monaTxrobis mixedviT

(ambavi exeba gudanis jvaris daarsebas):

`îq did sofel yofilas. maSi jvar ar yo-

fil. erTxan erTis kavkazauris saxlis yverfSi

ifn amasul. kavkazaurs ifn mauWrav. meores dRes

is ifn iqav amasula, isic mauWrav. mesame dRes

amasul ifni-d’ Tan gvel amaxyoliv. kavkazaurs

ifnic mauWrava-d’ gvelic aukafav^~ (91, 391).

yverfSi (keraSi) amosuli ifani gudanis

jvaris gamoGenis momaswavebelia. magram am Si-

naarsis andrezi mxolod gudanis jvariT ar

aris Semofargluli. amaoa imis Zieba, Tu pirve-

lad romeli jvarisa da saymos daarseba gad-

mosca yverfisa da ifnis siuJetma, magram faqtia,

rom misi gavrcelebis sfero gacilebiT farToa,

vidre jvarTdaarsebis da jvarGenis sxva ro-

melime tipis andrezisa. keraSi ifnis amosvliT

iGina Tavi da daarsda gudanis saRvTos garda _

xevsureTSi naParelas RvTismSobeli, Subnuris

wm. giorgis jvari (liqoki), roSkis mTavarange-

lozi, ukanPadus adgilisdeda, xaxabos wyaros-

goruli wm. giorgi, fSavSi cabaurTis

RvTismSobeli, gogolaurTis dedaRvTismSobeli

lvi

da sxvani. am andrezs aqvs tendencia gavrceldes

yvela mniSvnelovan jvarze da iqces jvarGenis

zogad andrezad aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTi-

aneTis sinamdvileSi. v.bardaveliZis cnobiT, am

Sinaarsis Tqmuleba fiqsirebulia zogierT

Grdilokavkasiel mTielTa Sorisac (5, 106, Sen.

30).

andrezis aucilebeli elementebia: kera, ifani

(iSviaTad naZvi) da gveli; ifnis samgzis amosvla

da saxlis patronis mier misi moWra, gvelis

akafva; ojaxis amowyveta. es ukanasknuli momenti

sxvadasxvagvarad aris warmodgenili vari-

antebSi. jvari sjis urG mosaxles an avadobiT,

an sxva ram faTerakiT; ojaxi ganwirulia dasa-

Rupad, magram aris SemTxvevebi, roca is drou-

lad gaecleba Zvel samosaxlos. matneli asa-

TaSvilebi, warmoSobiT ukanafSavlebi, am saxiT

inaxaven keraSi xis amosvlis andrezs, romelic

ganmartavs ukanafSavidan maTi gadmosaxlebis

mizezs: mama avalebs Svils cecxlis danTebas

saRamoxans. bavSvi midis cecxlis dasanTebad,

magram keraSi fiWvi (Tu naZvi) daxvda amosuli.

Svili mamis rGeviT wvers gadaugrexs fiWvs da

daanTebs cecxls. meore saRamos igive meordeba,

fiWvi ufro metad aris gazrdili, magram mainc

dainTeba cecxli. mesame Rames ojaxis ufross

sizmarSi jvari gamoecxadeba da ubrZanebs ayras;

ojaxi sxva adgilas saxldeba; mis nasaxlarSi

RvTisSvili gaiGens Tavis saarsos. mTxrobelni

lvii

am andrezul pirTa saxelebsac ki ar iviwyeben:

mama iyo berxundi, Svili _ giorgi. SeiZleba vi-

fiqroT, rom jvaris daarsebis saerTo andrezi

erTi sagvareulos andrezad aris qceuli. aq ar

figurirebs gveli, romelic Gveulebriv keraSi

aRmocenebul xes amohyveba xolme. SesaZloa, ami-

tomac ara aqvs tragikuli dasasruli

ukanfSaveli asaTaSvilebis monaTxrob Tqmule-

bas.

garkveuli azria imaSi, rom es andrezi Tavis

arqetipSi swored tragikuli ambis _ ojaxis Tu

sagvareulos gawyvetis gadmomcemia. iTqva, rom

jvaris urGi ojaxi sxvadasxvagvari sikvdiliT

iRupeba. rogorc Gans, gvelis amosvla mesame

dRes xesTan erTad ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi

epizodi. xSir SemTxvevaSi yverfisa da ifnis an-

drezs amgvari gagrZeleba aqvs: mas Semdeg, rac

moiWra mesamed amosuli ifani da aikafa masze

amoyolili gveli, ojaxi Sekrebilia yverfis

garSemo da elodeba kerZs, romelic ixarSeba

sakidelze Gamokidebul qvabSi. gveli zemodan

Gamoyveba sakidels, GaZvreba qvabSi da kerZTan

erTad ixarSeba. kerZi wamlavs yvelas, vinc ki

mas pirs daakarebs. gadarGebian mxolod misi uW-

melni _ ojaxis rZali da akvnis bavSvi.

zogierTi variantiT, ueno bavSvi xedavs rogor

GaZvra gveli qvabSi, amitom ar ekareba kerZs.

sxva variantiT, dedac xedavs, magram ver arwmu-

nebs ojaxis wevrebs, radgan isini jvarisagan

lviii

arian Tvalabmulni. erTmaneTs upirispirdebian

metyvelni, romlebsac TvalisGini warTmeuli

aqvT, da mxedveli Gvili bavSvi, romelic ver me-

tyvelebs (gavixsenoT moris meterlinkis

`brmebi~). es bavSvi, rogorc ucodveli, gvaris

gamagrZelebeli Seiqneba, im sagvareulosi, ro-

melic axladGenili jvaris saymod unda Gamoy-

alibdes.

yverfis wiaRidan ifns amoyolili gveli, ro-

melic akafes jvaris urGebma, axla im samgzis

moWrili ifniviT aRorZinebuli, zemodan Gamo-

hyveba sakidels, rogorc sasjeli urGobisaTvis.

Tumca qvabSi GamZvrali gvelis ambavi damou-

kidebladac aris gavrcelebuli zepirsityviere-

baSi, magram yverf-ifnis andrezs is organulad

ukavSirdeba.

andrezuli TvalTaxedviT sruliad bune-

brivia, rom xe swored keraSi amodis, Tumca kera

cecxlis adgilia da ara xisa. magram, rogorc

cecxli, aseve xe, Suagulis cocxali niSnebi da

simboloebia. xis amosvla keraSi, cecxlis

adgilSi, kidev erTxel gaxazavs da warmoaGens

mis Suagulobas. Suaguli TvalsaGinohyo jvarma,

roca cecxlis adgilze Tavisi amosunTqviT

ifani aRmoacena.

arsebobda sofeli, mosaxleoba, arsebobda

saxli, arsebobda cecxlis adgili am saxlSi,

magram jer kidev ar arsebobda saymo, radgan

jvars kidev ar eGina Tavi, is ar iyo jer

lix

daarsebuli. `îq kavkazaur yofilas dasaxle-

buli. iq did sofel yofilas. maSi jvari ar

yofil. erTis kavkazauris saxlis yverfSi ifn

amasul^~. es yverfi jer kidev ar iyo sakraluri

adgili, kulti mxolod potenciurad emarxa

masSi.

am winaistoriul, ufro sworad, kultamdel

xanaSi kera mxolod sayofacxovrebo daniS-

nulebis adgili iyo, is ar gamxdara jer sak-

raluri adgili. magram es adgili, rogorc noy-

ieri niadagi, aRmoacenebs kults Tavis wiaRSi,

vin icis ra droidan, Gamarxuli kvrivis Tes-

lisagan. kera Tumca iyo sacxovrebeli terito-

riis Suaguli, magram gancalkevebul ojaxs, ro-

gorc atoms, ganuyofel erTeuls, jer kidev ar

hqonda is gacnobierebuli Suagulad, wmida fo-

kusad (laT. kera), romlis irgvliv SemokrebiT

adamianTa yofacxovrebiTi erTianoba unda gar-

daqmniliyo saymod. mosaxleobas jer kidev ar

hqonia jvarGenis gamocdileba, rac arcTu

umtkivneuloa, rogorc yoveli gansacdeli, rad-

gan is dakavSirebulia msxverplTan: mosaxleobam

unda dakargos raRac _ am kerZo SemTxvevaSi,

Zveli sacxovrebeli teritoria, raTa moipovos

RvTiuri patronis mfarveloba, Sevides misi

mfarvelobis GrdilSi, moeWidos mis kalTebs.

ufro metic: adamianTa jgufis saymod qcevas

ewireba garkveuli nawili am jgufisa, RvTiuri

nebis winaRmdgomni, jiutni, viTarca `krebuli

lx

koresi~ _ `kacni ficxelni~, romelTac piri uyo

miwam da STanTqa (ricxv. 16), raTa am gan-

sacdeliT gamoxurvebuli da ganwmedili sa-

zogadoeba uflis unj saymod gardaqmniliyo.

andrezis suliskveTeba is aris, rom kaci,

romlis `yudroSi~ amodis ifani, nebayoflobiT

unda Tmobdes Tavis sacxovrebels axali

cxovrebisaTvis; Tmobdes, rogorc msxverpls,

swiravdes mas. raki misi saxli Seiqmna jvarGenis

adgili, Tavad ki gaxda jvarGenis mxilveli, _

is kera, is saxli, is adamianebi bednierni unda

yofiliyvnen, rom jvarma swored maT SuagulSi

ineba daarseba, magram kaci jiutobs da an-

drezic gvamcnobs, Tu ra mosdevs am sijiutes.

kaci jiutobs, radgan is jer kidev ar aris yma.

andrezi gadmogvcems im viTarebas, roca adami-

anTa jgufebi jer kidev ar warmoadgendnen say-

mos, aramed arian ùtni~, ùmecarni~, romlebic

cxovroben RvTaebrivi patronis gareSe. JamTasv-

lis romeliRac monakveTSi jvarma iGina Tavi,

rogorc patronma, magram adamians masSi ver ga-

moucnia Tavisi momavali patroni da is erGis

mas, rogorc mters. da ai, gandevnilebi sakuTari

keridan, romelic teritoriis Suaguli aR-

moGnda, isini kvlav Suagulisaken gaiweven,

magram es iqneba ara sayofacxovrebo, aramed

sakraluri Suaguli. saymo aris TiTqmis mzidan

gamosxletili dedamiwa, romelic iwyebs brunvas

Tavisi Zveli budis garSemo. istoriul xanaSi

lxi

Tumca jvaris saarso adgili saymos sacxovre-

beli teritoriis ganapiras imyofeba da ara mis

geometriul centrSi, magram is misi Suagulia.

im droidan, roca ifani aRmocendeba yverfSi da

mosaxleoba dastovebs nebiT Tu iZulebiT kvri-

vad qceul keras, uTmobs ra Tavis sacxovrebel

adgils RvTisSvils, amieridan adamianis sam-

kvidreblad Seuferebels da gamousadegars, _

arsdeba kulti da mosaxleobac iwyebs Tavis

axal arsebobas, is axal safexurze adis; am-

ieridan iwyebs arsebobas saymo. es metad mniSv-

nelovani momentia sazogadoebis istoriaSi,

romlis gariJraJze msxverplia gaRebuli.

x.ortega i gaseti amgvar Tvalsazriss gvTavazobs Suasaukuneebis evropuli qalaqis arsze da genezisze: `daumuSavebel, velur sivr-ceze vegetatiuri arsebobis xanas enacvleba qalaqur garemoSi kulturuli koncentraciis dro. qalaqi TiTqos zesaxlia; is kulturis ufro maRal doneze dgas, vidre saxli, radga-nac saxli igive budea, romelsac, yvelas kargad moexseneba, marto adamianebi ki ar ikeTeben, ara-med frinvelebic. qalaqi ufro abstraqtuli da ufro rTuli warmonaqmnia, vidre ojaxuri ��. qalaqi ukve respublikaa, ��, ro-melic qalebisa da kacebisagan ki ar Sedgeba, aramed moqalaqeebisgan. qalaqis warmoSobasTan erTad adamianuri arseboba axal ganzomilebaSi gadadis^ imaT, vinc guSin mxolod adamianebi iyvnen, xolo dRes ukve moqalaqeebi gaxdnen, mouwevT mTeli TavianTi Zal-Rone moaxmaron

lxii

imas, rom ufro metad aamaRlon am axali arse-bobis done~ (59-a,167).

aseTia saymoc, "mTis qalaqi", romlis "zesax-lobas" Tavad jvari Tavisi gardamqmneli mo-qmedebiT udasturebs mis `moqalaqeebs~.

jvarGena karatiswverze

keraSi ifnis amosvlis andrezi bevri jvar-

salocavis daarsebas daukavSirda. bevrgan Sex-

vdebiT jvaris teritoriaze, xSirad nangrevebs

Soris, amosul ifnis xeebs da gaigonebT misi

norGi nergebisagan moSlili, gangreuli keriis

tragikul ambavs. es tragizmi Zevs saymosa da

kultis genezisSi. am siuJetze agebul jvarGenis

andrezs pirobiTad SeiZleba vuwodoT

`xTonuri~, raki jvari miwis gulidan amosvliT

adasturebs Tavs. magram Gven viciT, rom jvari

ciuri warmomavlobis aris, rasac SesaniSnavad

gvimowmebs erT-erTi jvaris epiTeti `ciT svetad

Gamosuli~, kerZod, Girdilis (xevsureTis) wmida

giorgis jvaris miTologemuri saxelwodeba _

`saGales svetad Gamosuli, samkibals Suqis

damkravi~. jvari, rogorc RvTisSvili, cis

Svilic aris, amitomac misi gamoGena ufro metad

maRal mwvervalebzea mosalodneli da saymoc

jvarGenas swored maRal mTebSi elis. jvaris

cidan warmomavlobis motivi mkveTrad gamox-

atuli siuJetiT daukavSirda karatis jvaris

(liqokis kopalas) daarsebas karatiswverze. es

aris sruliad unikalur qargaze agebuli

lxiii

Tqmuleba, romlis msgavsi ar gvxvdeba sxva

jvarTa warmoSobis andrezad. ai, misi Sinaarsi:

karatiswverze, romlis erT mxares xevsure-

Tis sofelia _ Walaisofeli, xolo meore

mxares fSavelTa sofeli bulalaurTa, zafxu-

lobiT erTmaneTs xvdeba Tav-Tavisi soflebidan

samwyesurSi amosuli ucodveli qal-vaJi, ro-

melTac erTmaneTi uyvarT da-Zmuri siyvaruliT.

erT dRes qal-vaJs cidan moesmebaT wivilis xma,

rasac mohyveba saswauli: maT Tvalwin cidan Ga-

moeSveba Tasi da vercxlis Sibi. qals Sexvdeba

Sibi, vaJs _ Tasi; waiReben samwyesuridan am

nivTebs Tav-Tavis saxlebSi da winaswar

daTqvamen, ar gaumxilon es ambavi mSoblebs. vaJi

Tass WerxoSi (zeda sarTulze) damalavs karsu-

kan, qali Sibs _ puris kidobanSi. RamiT orive

saxlSi atydeba iseTive wivili, rogoric am

sagnebis gamoGenisas gaisma karatiswverze. meore

RamiTac rom igive ganmeordeba, bavSvebi

mSoblebs gaumxelen TavianT saidumlos.

mSoblebi midian mkiTxavTan, romlis rGeviT Sibs

orad Wrian, erT naWers misi gamoGenis adgilas

marxaven miwaSi, meore naWers _ liqokSi da zed

koSks aageben; Tass ki karatiswverze marxaven. es

adgilebia jvaris saarso adgilebi (60, 126-128).

sxva gadmocemiT: cidan cecxlis Sibi GamoeS-

veba; Sibi jvaris saxes iRebs (`ciTav cecxli Ga-

moGndav Sibis aRiTao, xatis aRe ki yofiliyvao~).

wilisyriT jvari qals Sexvdeba da gudiT sax-

lxiv

lSi waiRebs. Sinaurebs gudaSi frinveli egone-

baT (`fxawa-fxuw idgav ai gudaSiav, _ frinvel

daiWiriaev? _ uTqom i qalisad~); gudas Tavs

moxsnian da jvari frinveliviT daiwyebs frTxi-

als. qali gaqadagdeba da daawesebs karatis

jvaris kults (67, 180).

karatiswveri _ fSavisa da xevsureTis

soflebis gamyofi, magram qal-vaJis Seyris

adgili, umaRlesi mwvervali am aremareSi da

misi Sesabami are weliwadisa gazafxuli, `weli-

wadis droTa dedofali~, rogorc mas uwodebs

erTi Zveli avtori, qali da vaJi siymawvilis

asakSi, maTi ubraloeba da siwmide, wmida haeri,

romlis wiaR SeiZleba uxilavis xilva^ _ ai,

jvarGenis saukeTeso pirobebi am andrezSi. es

iqneboda saSineli movlena, rogorc mexistexa;

magram qal-vaJs ar gasGenia SiSis grZnoba, maT

bunebaSi rom yofiliyo niadagi SiSis gaGenisaT-

vis, isini verc ixilavdnen am saswauls. cxadia,

maTi uSiSaroba maTive ucodvelobis niSania.

ìmaT es dainaxes da aiRes, imitomao, amboben

xevsurebi, rom isini wmidad iyvnen, Torem Tu

maTi siwmide Selaxuli yofiliyo, maSin igini

verc dainaxavdnen da verc aiRebdnen Tassa da

Sibsao~ (60, 127). is qal-vaJi, romelic (ufro

qali) saymos genezisis monawile Seiqmna,

SeiZleba SevadaroT mxolod adam da evas _

samoTxis mkvidrT, romelTac jer kidev ar hqon-

daT nagemebi akrZaluli xili, da romelTa

lxv

sicocxle, SeiZleba iTqvas, ganuwyveteli jvar-

Genis winaSe gadioda. im adam da evas anareklebi

iyvnen es vaJi da es qali; isini aSenebdnen koSks

karatiswverze TamaS-TamaSiT (67, 162) da ar

icodnen, rom jvarGenamde mignebuli hqondaT

kvrivi adgili, sadac isini, rogorc sinais

mTaze mayvlovanis saswaulis mxilveli mwyemsi

mose, fexSiSvelani idgnen.

jvarGenis sagnebze _ Sibze da Tasze _ sa-

gangebod iqneba saubari. axla ki unda SeiniSnos,

rom mwyemsi qal-vaJi am sagnebs utyuari alRos

karnaxiT sawmido adgilas inaxaven, rogoric

aris puris kidobani da saxlis Werxo; Tumca am

wmida sagnebma, rogorc cocxalma arsebebma,

saswauliT aGvenes, rom adamianis sacxovrebeli

ar unda yofiliyo maTi adgil-samyofeli. isini

unda Gamarxuliyvnen miwaSi, raTa amozrdiliyo

kulti, Tundac ifnis saxiT (marTlac, erTi an-

drezis Tanaxmad, ifani amodis keriaSi Garguli

Tasidan (67, 185).

kultis dasabami iracion-

alurSia. es cxadia. magram misi

fesvi bavSvur ubraloebaSi

Zevs. andrezi gvamcnobs: is

qal-vaJi `mwyemsobas dadiana-d’

imaSi erT batara koSk gaukeTe-

bav, qvebisai. meore dRes

erTxan, rosam or misulan, i koSkze dayudebul

xat yofil^~ (67, 162). bavSvebis aSenebuli sa-

lxvi

TamaSo koSki aris pirvelsaxe im kvrivi koSke-

bisa, romlebic miGneulia jvaris daarsebis

adgilze agebulad uxsovar droSi. bavSvebi aSe-

neben koSks jvarGenis gaucnobierebel molod-

inSi. aris soflebi _ ori sofeli _ kara-

tiswveris orive mxares, aris mosaxleoba, aris

saqoneli, romelic yovel zafxuls ideneba sa-

Zovarze im aremaris umaRles mwvervalze, arian

mwyemsebic, magram es yvelaferi jer kidev ver

qmnis saymos, radgan am soflebs fSavisas da

xevsureTisas ara hyavT jvari, salocavi, ara

aqvT kulti. soflisTvis kulti, religia, araTu

axali, aramed saerTod religia, moaqvT am myem-

sebs saswaulebrivad cidan movlenili sagnebis

wyalobiT; am movleniT iwyeba istoria am

xeobaSi, rogorc skviTebis qveyanaSi oqros

nivTebis gamoGeniT, herodote rom mogviTxrobs

Tavis ìstoriaSi~: `^targitaiss hyavda sami vaJi:

lipoqsai, arpaqsai da umrwemesi _ kolaqsai. maT

dros cidan GamoeSva oqros iaraRebi: guTani-

uReli, culi da Tasi. da dacvivdnen skviTebis

qveyanaSi. pirvelad isini ufrosma dainaxa, ax-

los mivida asaRebad, magram miaxloebisas oqro

abrialda. is ukanve gabrunda. axla meore Zma

gaemarTa, magram igive ganmeorda. roca isini

oqrom Tavisi cecxliT moiSora Tavidan, mesamed

umrwemesi Zma mivida da cecxlic Gaqra da man

saxlSi waiRo es nivTebi. amis Semdeg ufrosma

lxvii

Zmebma scnes miniSneba da mTeli samefo mas

gadasces~ (IV, 5).

Zmebma samefo umcros Zmas gadasces, rogorc

zRaprebSi xdeba. magram aq mTavari is aris, rom

es oqros sagnebi, romelTac Semdeg `skviTi me-

feebi didis mzrunvelobiT inaxavdnen da yovel-

wliuri msxverplSewirvebiT mowiwebiT scemdnen

Tayvans~ (IV, 7), qmnian skviTebis manamde udabur

miwaze kacobriul kulturas, simbolurad ga-

moxataven ra sam funqcias adamianuri moRvaweo-

bisas: uReli-guTani _ miwaTmoqmedebas, culi _

meomrobas, Tasi _ kultmsaxurebas (124, 156). miwa

ixvneba, qurumi TasiT Rvris wmida saRvrels,

meomari culiT icavs miwis muSakis naWirnax-

ulevs da RvTismsaxuris mSvidobian sakralur

saqmes. mxolod am sagnebis aTvisebis Semdeg

SeiZleba laparaki skviTebSi adamianTa sa-

zogadoebis arsebobaze.

aseve, karatiswverze movlenili wmida sagnebi

qmnian saymos _ karatis jvari gzavnis Tavis ni-

Sans Tasis saxiT da misi xelyofis uflebas

aniWebs ucodvel mwyemsebs. Tu siwmidis xelyofa

maTi privilegiaa, es imis niSanic aris, rom isini

amieridan jvaris mier `xeldebulni~ an `daWer-

ilni~ arian. am sakralur sagnebTan Sexebam wer-

tili dausva ara mxolod maT bavSvobas da pas-

toralur yofas, aramed sruliad moswyvita is-

ini yofiT cxovrebas da sakralur sferoSi _

TiTqos kvrivSi, gadaiyvana. `memr gaxdil qadag

lxviii

is qali, gaqadagebul. gaugav xalxs, movklaTav,

uTqom. is qal xan sad malul, xan sad. i xats

Tan uyolebav. xat xan gafrindebis, xan mauv. im

qals arc meTveurobis wes xqonivas, arc qmri-

anobisa, arc mebosleobisa^ xalxs ar uyenebav i

qali^~ (67, 162).

es xalxi iseve ewinaaRmdegeboda qadags _

jvaris moenes da misi nebis gamomcxadebels;

iseve urGobs, rogorc is mosaxleoba, romlis

keraSi jvarGenis niSnad ifani amovida.

beTlemi _ jvarTa samSoblo

`pirvelad morigem xTiSvilni zecidan rom

gadmauSvna, maSin isini gergets daabinava^~ (60,

118), _ mogviTxrobs RvTisSvilTa am qveynad, ada-

mianTa miwaze, gamoGenis andrezi. gergeti casa

da miwas Soris aris aRmarTuli, is dgas, ro-

gorc duranqi _ `kavSiri cisa da miwisa~, rom-

lis erTi kerZo, Zalze gavrcelebuli gansaxeba

aris swored mTa (46, 125-7). raki RvTisSvilni

gergetze arian dabinavebulni, SeiZleba is

RvTisSvilTa olimpod migveGnia, rom erTi

dabrkoleba ar iyos: zevsisagan, RmerTTa da

kacTa mamisagan, gansxvavebiT morige RmerTs,

RvTisSvilTa gamGensa da qveynierebis dambade-

bels, gergetze ar udgas taxti. mas arasodes

dautovebia Tavisi kari caSi, romlis max-

loblad erTaderT RvTisSvils kvirias udgas

karavi. `dideba^ dids kviriasa, xTis maRlis

lxix

makarvesa!~ (56, 14), ase adideben mas. isic gacno-

birebulia, rom morige RmerTTan siaxlovis

Rirseba Tavad morige RmrTisgan aqvs miniWebuli:

`Sen gadidas, gagimarjos, kvirao xTisgan karavi-

ano!~ (56, 26). rogorc àngelozT meufroses~ (56,

67), mas gansakuTrebuli misia akisria, rac ga-

moGnda kopalasa da devTa Serkinebisas, roca

didi kviraes maTraxis moqnevam gadawyvita sabe-

diswero asparezobis bedi.

gergeti imiTac ar hgavs berZnuli RmerTebis

panTeons, rom is RvTisSvilTa droebiTi

samyofeli iyo, is iyo Suagza casa da miwas So-

ris da gergeti, rogorc duranqi, asrulebda am

funqcias. vidre udables sferoSi, adamianTa

samyofelSi daeSvebodnen, morige RmerTs isini

jer am Suagzaze unda daebinavebina, saidanac

unda moesminaT maT adamianTa ganwiruli Zaxili.

amis Semdeg unda daetovebinaT gergeti da Gab-

muliyvnen devebTan samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZo-

laSi. asec moxda.

yvela RvTisSvils sakuTari gza hqonda Tav-

isi saymosken, romelic morige RmerTma winaswar

Gaabara maT. gergetidan wamosuli xaduelTa

sameba, `koWis mokidebiT~ aGens ra gzadagza

salocav niSebs, adis crolis wverze da `yin-

vris loginian, nislis kotorSi gaxveuli~

jvaris saxels imkvidrebs (60, 178). ase sxva

RvTisSvilebic moevlinen Tav-TavianT saymoebis

mTawmindebs, jvarTa pirvelGenis adgilebs,

lxx

romlebic zemodan dahyureben saymoTa miwa-

wyals.

rogorc Gans, gergeti ZvelTaganve siwmidiT

yofila mosili qarTvelTa TvalSi. im adgilze,

sadac dRes samebis taZari dgas, tradicia an-

dria mociqulis kvals xedavs: pirvelwodebul

mociquls aq jvari aRumarTavs, riTac dasabami

miucia am aremaris sakraluri istoriisaTvis (71,

93). JamTa msvlelobaSi gergetis siwmides isic

aZlierebda, rom Znelbedobisas samebis taZarSi

inaxeboda mcxeTis sveticxovelis ganZi, maT So-

ris wmida ninos jvari vazisa (75, 357). qris-

tianul udides siwmideTa saxizaris statusi

ukuifineboda gergetelebzec, samebis saymoze.

p.umikaSvilisaTvis uTqvamT gergetelT: `ger-

getelis sisxli sami kacis sisxlaTa Rirs. vax-

tang gorgasali mefis Tarxani varT. yarauli

gviyenia mudam saydarTan _ zamTar-zafxulsa.

samTa mefis aSenebuli ymani varT. bagrationTa

nawyalobebi varTo~ (77, 351). gergetSi, rogorc

sveticxovlis saxizarSi, Tavad sveticxovlis

sakralizmi da madlia ganivTebuli misi sagan-

Zurisa da wmida ninos jvaris saxiT. aseTi

gaazreba aqvs saymos religiur SegnebaSi im is-

toriul faqts, rom gergeti mcxeTis

sveticxovlis saufloSi Sedioda (69, 196). isini

TavianT istorias gorgaslidan iwyeben, xolo

taZris aSenebas Tamaris andrezul xanas miaw-

eren (unda aRiniSnos, rom saymos cnobierebaSi

lxxi

Tamaris epoqa, rogorc sawyisi xana, win uswrebs

gorgaslis epoqas).

gergetis samebis wmida siZlieres misi saymos

piriT auwyebs sadidebeli:

didia wmida sameba,

cis kiduramde elavso^

sadideblis es sityvebi imasac gvauwyebs, rom

sameba qveynis SuagulSi dgas da aqedan afens

samyaros oTxiv kuTxisaken Tavis Saravands.

amitom ar aris moulodneli, rom jvris

uReltexilsaqeTa saymoebi TavianTi patroni

RvTisSvilebis `samSoblod~ gergets miiGneven.

v.bardaveliZes dadasturebuli aqvs gergetuli

koSkebi piraqeT xevsureTSi (barisaPos, buGu-

kurTis, ukenaPos da oPerPevis mTebze), romelTa

ageba ukavSideba gergetidan `TeTreulis~

(igulisxmeba vercxlis Tas-ganZis) gadmotanas (6,

34). gergeti maTTvis Zlierebisa da davlaTis

wyaroa, rogorc es ukanPaduuri simReridan Gans,

sadac Padus samebis ymaa Seqebuli:

meSvela milxauris Ze, niavo gergetisao,

kivkav darbazis gamtexo, momtano sirmaisao,

Tormetis Suris mZebnelo, Pelad momyvano

tyvisao

(38, #25441).

wmida mTaa gergeti da misi sameba _ qris-

tianul siwmideTa saxizari; magram samebaze

maRla, gergetis kldeSi aris wmidaTa wmida,

romlis midamoebSi, berebis gadmocemiT, rasac

lxxii

xalxuri Tqmulebebi scems dasturs, oqros

mtredebi dafrinaven (114, 111). mtredebs, romle-

bic imaginaciuri xilvis meore `wams~ frTian

jvrebad gardaisaxebian, RvTisSvilis mkadre Tu

wmida beri beTlemis qvabSi Sehyavs. beTlemis

legendas qristianul tradiciamde mivyavarT,

romelsac safuZveli palestinis beTlemSi aqvs.

aqedan gamosuli wmida tradicia xevis beTlemis

garSemo arsebul TqmulebaSi ganagrZobs

sicocxles. am tradiciuli, wmida andrezis uZ-

velesi Ganaweri vaxuSti bagrationis àRweraSi~

moipoveba:

`^myinvaris kldesa Sina arian quabni gamoku-

eTilni friad maRalsa, da uwodeben beTlemsa,

garna saWirod asavali ars, rameTu ars jaWvi

rkinisa, gardmokidebuli quabidan, da miT aRv-

len. ityvian uflis akuansa mun da abrahamis

karavsa, mdgomsa usuetod, usablod, da sxuaTaca

sakvirvelTa. aramed me vdumeb^~ (75, 357-8).

beTlemis qvabSi dacul sakralur

reliqviebs, romelTac vaxuSti GamoTvlis, sxva

cnobiT, emateba zeciuri mananis maragi da is

ZRveni, romlebic mogvebma axladSobil qristes

_ RvTis Zes anu RvTisSvils miarTves beTlemSi

(114, 112). TiToeuli realia aq mniSvnelovani re-

ligiuri simbolizmiT aris datvirTuli _ isini

moicaven Zveli da axali aRTqmebis sakralur

sinamdviles. abraamis, `mravalTa mamis~, karavi

aris igive wiaRi misi, saidanac gamovida uflis

lxxiii

rGeuli eri _ kacobriobis saxe Zvel aRTqmaSi;

amave dros, usvet-usablod mdgari karavi igive

cargvalia, romelic moicavs mTel qvenierebas.

simbolizmi karvisa ufro meti sakralizmiT

imoseba, roca is RvTis Zis samSoblod aris Se-

racxili: abraamis karavi Zveli aRTqmis sxva

sagnebTan da movlenebTan erTad RvTismSoblis

winaswarmetyveluri xatia. daviT guramiSvilis

vedrebaSi RvTismSoblis mimarT, romelic mis-

devs tradiciul qristianul simbolizms, vkiTx-

ulobT:

saxis* abramis karao, RvTis tevniT gulTa

myrdnobelo,

sjulT kidobano mosianT, RvTis mcnebis Ga-

sawyobelo,

viT Seuwvelo mayvalo, saRmrTo cecxl-

gauqrobelo,

miPsen, nu damwvav saPmiliT, ieso qristes

mSobelo!

(ld, 421)

beTlemis qvabSi Tqmuleba adgils miuGens

saswaulebriv sakvebs _ mananas, romelic egvip-

tidan gamosul ers kvebavda misi ufali udab-

noSi ormoci wlis manZilze (gamosvl. 16, 15-35).

uflis gamocxadebiT mosem mananis dRiuri

maragi Seanaxvina oqros takukSi, romelic

rjulis kidobnis gverdiT unda mdgariyo uflis

* albaT unda iyos: `saxiT~.

lxxiv

winaSe momaval TaobaTaTvis samaxsovrod. mogvi-

ano tradiciiT, mananiani es oqros WurWeli

Tavad rjulis kidobanSi inaxeboda: `^romelsa

Sina iyo takuki oqrosaY, savse mananaYTa~ (ebr. 9,

4).

beTlemis qvabSive, am sakraluri andrezis

Tanaxmad, inaxeba mogvebis mier qristes Sobis

dRes morTmeuli ZRveni òqroi, gundruki da

muri~ (maT. 2, 11), axladSobil yrmis mefuri

(oqro), RvTiuri (gundruki) da kacebrivi (muri)

Rirsebis aRsaniSnavad. da, rac mTavaria, aq dgas

is akvani, oqros akvnad saxeldebuli, sadac iwva

RvTis Svili. (me-2 makabelTa wignSi moTxro-

bilia, rogor Seinaxes saidumlo gamoqvabulSi

Zveli aRTqmis rjulis siwmideni: `mivida iq

ieremia da ipova gamoqvabuli da Sig Seitana

karavi, kidobani da sakurTxeveli, da dabeWda

Sesasvleli. xolo roca mis kvalze iq mividnen

zogierTni mis Tanmxleb pirTagan, rom mieniSnaT

gza, ver ipoves is adgili~ (me-2 makab. 2, 5-6).

Tu gergetis sameba erovnul qristianul

siwmideTa (ninos jvarisa da sxvaTa) saxizaria,

beTlemis qvabi saerToqristianul siwmideTa

saidumlo Sesakrebelia; garda palestinuri

beTlemisa _ qristes samSoblosi, romelic aris,

amave ZaliT, qristianuli rjulis dasabami,

xevis beTlemi simbolurad warmosaxavs rjulis

kidobansac, romelic moses karvis _ uflis

taZris pirvelsaxis _ wmidaTa wmidaSi idga. `da

lxxv

kidobansa Sina dahsxne saidumloni, romelni

migcne Sen~ (gamosvl. 25, 21), eubneba ufali

moses, rodesac sauflo kidobnis agebas ubr-

Zanebda. kidobani inaxavda saidumlos da is ami-

tomac unda mdgariyo saidumlo adgilze jer

karvisa da mere taZrisa, roca is aSendeboda.

amitomac beTlemi iseve miuwvdomelia, rogorc

ierusalimis wmidaTa wmida. `garna saWiro

asavali ars, rameTu ars jaWvi rkinisa, gard-

mokidebuli qvabidam, da miT aRvlen~ _ wers

vaxuSti. jaWvis arseboba niSnavs, rom adgili,

sadamdisac is aris gabmuli, Znelia misaRwevad;

is gulisxmobs ufskruls or sferos Soris.

magram amave dros, rac mTavaria, misi arsebobave

moaswavebs, rom kavSiri damyarebulia: jaWvi re-

ligiis simboloa, kavSirisa miwier da zeciur

samyaroTa Soris. aq isic sacnauri xdeba, rom

Znelad asaval jaWvze gadis gza mxolod

rGeulTa da wmidanTa, gza kvrivTa kvrivisaken,

sadac didi saidumloa damarxuli. beTlemSi

asvla Seedreba mRvdelmTavris Sesvlas

ierusalimis wmidaTa wmidaSi. amitomac beTlemis

Tqmuleba am saidumlo qvabSi amsvlelad

mxolod erTaderT mowmidar bers asaxelebs,

romelsac beTlemis wmida giorgis nebiT

daulaxavs beTlemis kvrivi. mas iq unaxavs yinu-

lis brwyinvale taZari, romlis Weri

varskvlavebiT yofila moWedili, iataki _ Tval-

margalitiT; SuaSi oqros akvani mdgara, romel-

lxxvi

sac mtredi arwevda. sakurTxevelSi sakvirveli

ram unaxavs, magram misi gamocxadebis ufleba

ara hqonia (55). rGeuls boZebuli aqvs, cxadia,

misi siwmidis jildod, saidumlos xilvis

ufleba, magram zogierTi ramis gancxadebis neba

mas ara aqvs. aseTia kultis saidumlos wesi.

amasve gulisxmobs vaxuStis fraza, romliTac is

amTavrebs beTlemis qvabis siwmideTa GamoTvlas:

`âramed me vdumeb~.

mainc gaxsnilia gza saidumlosaken, risi

nivTieri dasturia abrahamis karvisa da qristes

bagis xis naWrebi, romlebic Tqmulebis Tanaxmad,

beTlemidan dabrunebul bers mefe ereklesTvis

miurTmevia (11, 210-1; 129, 111,66). bagration mefes,

rogorc uflis naTesavs (`sadaviTo saxlis~

STamomavals) da RvTisSvilis, kerZod, gudanis

jvaris, moZmes, memkvidreobad gadaecema RvTis

ganxorcielebis niSani.

ai, aseTi saidumloebrivi da siwmidiT

mosili adgilidan, rogoric beTlemia, _ qris-

tianul siwmideTa Sesakrebeli adgili anu wmida

saganZuri, _ iReben dasabams xevsureTis

RvTisSvilni; morige RmerTma isini aq Sekriba,

raTa aqedan gamocxadebodnen qveyanas; isini aq

TavianTi simboluri saxiT arian warmodgenilni,

im saxiT, rogoriTac wmida mkadreebs SeuZliaT

maTi xilva. rac saymom icis maT Sesaxeb,

mkadreTagan icis, romelTa gamocdilebaSi

beTlems Suaguli adgili uWiravs, Tavad

lxxvii

beTlemSi ki _ oqros akvans RvTiuri yrmiTurT.

xevsuruli andrezi gadmogvcems:

`^gaxua wauyvanav xTiSvils gergetis Tava-d’

Sauyvanav beTlemis saxlSi. ro SevediT, Tqvisav

gaxuamav, _ savse iyvav is saxliv xatebiTao-d’

TamaSobdesav. zog xatebiv tredebiviT iyvao-d’

ireodav erTmaneTSiav. imTven iyvav xatebiv, rom

buzvebiviT gad-gamodiodesav. erTiv oqros akavan

idgao-d’ Sigav ymawvil iwvav, tredeb daRbrun-

evdesav Tavzedao-d’ ifqlis marcvlebs aWmevde-

sav^~ (67, 191).

beTlemi savsea `xatebiT~ anu jvrebiT

(igulisxmeba jvris niSani), romlebic wamierad

mkadris aRqmaSi mtredis saxes iReben. jvarica

da mtredic uxorco angelozebis aReebia. oqros

akvanSi mwolare mxolod imitom ar aris

Gveulebrivi yrma, rom masze mtredebi zrunaven;

saymos warmosaxvaSi angelozebi nebismier ymas

miakiTxaven, Tu is upatronod aris datovebuli.

erTi Tqmuleba mogviTxrobs: `dedas daviwyebia

samkalSi akvniT bavSvi. mofrenilan mtredebi da

angelozebi, Semsxdaran akvnis kamaraze. ange-

lozebi Turme akvans arwevdnen, mtredebi naninas

daRuRunebdnen~ (57, 275). am andrezs efuZneba

akvanis simReris Semdegi striqoni: `tredan ga-

RuRunebdeso, angelosni garwevdeso~ (80, #561-b).

akvnis bavSvi angelozTa garemocvaSia, msgavsad

beTlems Sobili yrmisa (Sobis ikonografiaSi

isini aucilebeli personaJebi arian). oqros

lxxviii

akvanSi mwolare ymawvilis bedi saidumloebiT

aris moculi; andrezebSi ar Gans misi kvali, is

TiTqos unda warmosaxavdes RvTisSvilis Sobis

maradiul xats da arasodes gasula beTlemis

qvabidan. magram misi arseba unda vigulisxmoT

RvTisSvilTa meufrosis kvirias saxeSi. kviria

Tu kvirae igive `kvirios~ _ berZn. ùfali~, xom

morige RvTis mokarvea, rogorc viciT, msgavsad

misi marjveniT mjdomarisa _ misi Zali da sa-

marTali. saymos religiur SegnebaSi mas gan-

calkevebuli adgili aqvs miGenili: `kviria ar

erevis jvrebSi^ sakuTrad udgas karavi, sa-

kuTrad unda daeklas saklavi, sxva angelozeb-

Tan nawils ar iRebs^~ (38, #25405). arc mis sax-

els acxadebs, romelic saidumlod aris

damarxuli. ymaTa bage marxulia qristes saxelis

warmosaTqmelad, qriste mis berZnul epiTetSi _

`kvirae~-Sia Gasaidumloebuli.*

aSkaraa, rom qristianuli tradiciiT

STagonebuli andrezuli `beTlemis saxli~ is

wiaRia, sadac damarxulni arian jvar-xatebi,

saidanac gamodian isini saymoebSi dasanawile-

blad. jvarTa am saganZuridan Tu saxizaridan

mkadres gamohyveba erT-erTi jvari da wauZRveba

RvTisSvils miwieri sabrZanisisaken. `beTlemis

* aseve gasaidumloebulia wm. giorgis saxeli zogierT saymoSi: uZilaurTaSi da SuafxoSi (fSav-

isxevis TemebSi) wm. giorgi Sesabamisad kopalad da iaxsarad iwodeba. am naSromSi es sa-kiTxi ar aris ganxiluli.

lxxix

saxlis~ zemoT moyvanil andrezs amgvari

gagrZeleba aqvs:

`^gaxua iqiT ro wamosula, wamouyvanav erT

mfrinav xati. es xati nawiliani yofil, ro

RamiTav SuqT uSobdisav. ro mavidod gaxuai, xat

TavisTavad win wamimZRvebodisav, Tu(rme) icod

gaxuam, yoris wyalze ro mavediTav, icodis

gaxuam, bibin raim dadgao-d’ xatic kldis Tavze

Gajdav^ mavidesav tredis aRiTav reebimao-d’

SuqT utevdesav. oqroqsoil maitanesao-d’

romenic gaxuas maxyvebod, im xats Gaacves, Tavad

gamaxyv gzas. ukan gaxua maxyvebod. iqiT wama-

sulT dRe da Ram viareTao-d’ gaTenebisad gudan

mavedidiTav, is beRelSi Savidao-d’, me karSi

davrGe. iqiT dawyebul gaxuaisa-d’ mfrinavis xa-

tis erTad siaruli^~ (67, 191).

jvari manaTobeli mtredis saxiT mTidan ba-

rad eSveba. is stovebs ciur beTlems, beT-lexems

_ `saxls purisas~, sadac ifqlis marcvlebiT

kvebaven axladSobil yrmas, da Sedis gudanis

beRelSi, RvTisSvilis, amjerad wmida giorgis,

miwieri saarsos kvrivSi. es gza, romelic

gamoiara mfrinavma jvarma Tavis mkadresTan er-

Tad, qmnis uxilav jaWvs am or beRels Soris.

mfrinavi jvrebi

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTels mTianeTSi,

sadac ki xalxi RvTisSvilTa mfarvelobis qveS

saymoebad cxovrobs, gavrcelebulia andrezebi

e.w. `mfrinav jvrebze~. potenciurad TiTqmis

lxxx

yvela jvari (RvTisSvilis nivTieri niSani)

mfrinavia, magram zogierT saymoSi es Tviseba

jvaris (RvTisSvilis) mudmiv epiTets qmnis. mag.,

xadus saneba ase ixseneba sadidebelSi: `mfrinavi

angelozi crolis wverisa~ (62, 10). am mfrinav

angelozs anu samebas croliswverisas jvarGenis

da mgzavrobis Tavisi andrezi aqvs.

sxva jvarTa msgavsad crolis wveris saneba

(sameba) gergetis beTlemidan aris wamosuli,

magram vidre crolis Tavze daarsdeboda, is

manamde `mindorGi~ yofila daarsebuli; es misi

winaistoriaa, romlis andrezi SemorGenili ar

aris. rogorc amboben, barSi (anu mindorSi)

siwmide Selaxula imdenad, rom iq samebas aRar

daedgomeboda. `^bolos saneba iqamdin gamwyr, ro

aiyar mindorGiiTa, wamavid mTaGi siwmidis guli-

sad, sofels arc aq miekara-d’ maRals mTaze

crols daarsd, PmelT SuaGi^~ (62, 1-2).

aseTia am jvaris moZraobis ritmi: mTidan

(beTlemidan) barad (`mindorGi~), baridan kvlav

mTaSi (crolis wverze), Tumca rogorc davinax-

avT, is crolis mTazec ar Gerdeba mudmivad. mis

am ritms istoriuli safuZveli, albaT, Znel-

bedobis xanaSi aqvs, roca barSi rjuli

ibRaleba da siwmideebi an idevnebian, an mtris

xels ganridebulni, saxizarebs miaSureben

mTebSi. romeli saymos patroni iyo beTlemidan

barSi wamosuli saneba, an saqarTvelos romeli

kuTxe igulisxmeba am mindorSi, andrezs ar Se-

lxxxi

mounaxavs, radgan `mindorGiiT~ ltolvilma

xadus sanaxebSi sruliad axali saymo Seqmna,

saymo, romlis cnobierebaSi maTi Semkrebi

jvaris preistorias ar SeuRwevia. saymos axsovs

mxolod misi jvarGena crolis wverze, jvarGena

naTlisa da mtredis saxiT. saymos isic axsovs,

Tu vin iyo Semswre jvarGenisa anu misi àRmom-

Geni~; es iyo Garglidan ukacriel xadus

sanaxebSi wamosuli kaci _ qeraulTa sagvareu-

los eponimi vinme qera. mas SeumGnevia naTeba

crolis wverze, wasula da unaxavs, `rom tredis

saxiT ijd maRals qvazed mfrinav angelozi-d’

TvalT ar iyrid. qeras gon aPdiva-d’ gonT ro

masul, iq aRara ibadebodao-d’ muPlmayril vi-

jdiv im adgilzedav, sadac mfrinav angeloziv

vnaxev^~ (62, 2). marTalia, jvarGenis mtredi

gauGinarda, magram isaxeba kultis xiluli

mxare: qera crolis wverze aSenebs koSks anu

kvrivs jvarGenis niSnad da samaxsovrod, dar-

bazs da saqvabes _ sakulto teritoriis au-

cilebel nagebobebs dReobaTa warsamarTavad.

ase arsdeba kulti xaduSi, rac amave dros say-

mos daarsebac aris.

is jvari, romelic freniT movida crolis

wverze, istoriul xanaSic ganagrZobs frenas.

jvaris mogzauroba adgil-adgil, `koWis

mokidebiT~, dakavSirebulia saymos teritoriis

wmidayofasTan, rac imavdroulad aris misgan am

teritoriis daufleba. is, Gveulebriv, mkad-

lxxxii

resTan erTad mogzaurobs, magram kidobanSia

Gasvenebuli da mxolod maSin amoabrZaneben,

roca amis saWiroeba dadgeba. kidobani, cxadia,

SemTxveviTi sadguri ar aris jvarisaTvis: aq

unda gavixsenoT, rom swored kidobanSi malavs

qali karatiswverze gamoGenil niSs jvarisas _

oqros Sibs. kidobnis ideam SeiZleba uflis ki-

dobnamde migviyvanos, sadac israelis umTavresi

siwmideebi iyo daculi. sanebis jvaris erTi an-

drezi aseT ambavs inaxavs: RilRvelTa mxareSi,

sadac sanebis jvarioni begaris asakrefad iyo

wasuli, misi mkadre wmidad ver daicavs Tavis

fiqrebs, ris gamoc jvari swyreba masze. Tumca

is ufro adre RilRvelebze yofila gamwyrali

da kidobnidan amofrenils aRar usurvebia arc

am mxareSi gaGereba da arc kidobanSi GabrZaneba.

`sTxoves pativeba, magram saneba Zalian gamwyral

iyva-d’ aRar dadg iq. gamaxyv mkadreica-d’ das-

turebic. ro madiodes, mauZRvebodaT, ukan

jvarionn maxyvebodes. neTxiskar ro mavides, iq

erTi Zalian lamaz RilRvlis qal Saxvd

jvarionT, ro imisTana lamaz qal meore ar iqne-

bod. mkadre ar iyv xnier kaci-d’ am qalze gulSi

raicaR cud gaifiqr. aba saneba gulTa mxilavi

asa-d’ gaig es ambavi, ro Gemm mkadremav gulSi

cud raim ifiqrav qalzedao-d’ gawyra-d’ am mkad-

resa-d’ sxvaT jvarionTac TvalSiiT gauqr^~ (62,

208).

lxxxiii

aq gamoGnda misi, rogorc `mfrinavi ange-

lozis~, buneba. unda vifiqroT, am SemTxvevis

gamo mieca mas es saxeli. miTxodan freniT wamo-

suli jvari gzadagza `koWs ikidebs~, adgil-

adgil aGens kvrivebs, sadac mis salocavad

dReobebi dawesdeba: kaloTanaSi da SituSi

(arxoti), win-PaduSi, sadac is ifns gahkravs

frTas, PorielSi, maWexas muxis nergze, sadac

`baris sanebis~ saxeliT dawesdeba misi locva;

Sefrindeba sajangis tyeSi, sadac kvrivs auSene-

ben mas; bolos, dadgeba zais, sadac is irGevs

Tavis saboloo, saarso adgils. amrigad, mfrinav

angelozs _ sanebas ori sabrZanebeli aqvs: erTi

sofelSi, meore _ croliswverze; Tumca isto-

riul periodSi croliswveris sanebas safar-

veli aqvs dadebuli da mkadreebsac aRar ecxa-

deboda. siwmidis daklebam gamoiwvia misi gauGi-

nareba.

rogorc iTqva, andrezis Tanaxmad, crolis

saneba baridan aris amosuli imis gamo, rom ba-

rad xalxSi siwmide SebRalula. crolis saneba

am mxriv ar aris gamonaklisi. baridan, dablo-

bidan maRla afrena jvarisa sakmaod gavrcele-

buli movlenaa jvar-xatebis istoriaSi. jvars

aRar moswons Tavis saarso adgili da maRla

mifrinavs. Sardeni Tavis `mogzaurobaSi~

mogviTxrobs xeTis mTavarangelozis xatis am-

bavs, romelic mas adgilobriv mcxovrebTagan

mousmenia: `âmboben, rom es xati Tavdapirvelad

lxxxiv

Waobis maxloblad mdgar eklesiaSi esvenao; aq

uamravi bayayi yofila, romelTa yiyinsac

gaubruebia; moqanculi xati mTis wverze

gaqceula^~ (89, 154).

es aris erTi uZvelesi werilobiTi dadas-

tureba mfrinavi xatebis arsebobisa qarTvelTa

religiur warmodgenebSi. aseve dablidan maRla

aris afrenili zemo svaneTis ganTqmuli siwmide

_ e.w. Salianis xati (romelic warmoadgens

jvars macxovris gamosaxulebiT); Tamar mefis

naGuqari es xati jer sofel adgilas esvena,

magram raRac mizeziT am adgilidan afrenila da

kalis mTis mwvervaze dafrenila, sadac mas ek-

lesia auges da Sig daasvenes (97, 149).

dablidan maRla afrenili da mTaze daarse-

buli jvar-xatebis ambebi, gansakuTrebiT, aRmo-

savleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis saymoTa an-

drezebSia Semonaxuli. jvari gaurbis am wuTi-

soflis `Waobs~, im adgils, romelic ukidure-

sad dalaxulia adamianis uwmindurobisagan.

xSirad adamianuri yofa, romelsac gaurbis xati,

mis mier moSenebuli, uwmiduri cxovelebiT aris

gasimbolurebuli. mag., xadis mTavari salocavi

xati _ `begoT saRvTo~ adre begoT-karis cixeSi

yofila dabrZanebuli, magram mamlebis yivilsa

da Rorebis Wyvitins ise Seuwuxebia, rom erT

maRal mTaze afrenila axali saarsos saZebne-

lad (50, 119). am axal, maRal sabrZanisSi daarse-

buls unda mieRo axali saxeli `saRvTo

lxxxv

maRali~, rogoradac cnobilia is xadis say-

moebSi. `saRvTo maRalis~ saxeliT cnobil

salocavebs, romlebic mTiuleT-gudamayris

maRal mwvervalebze arian dabrZanebulni, yvelas

amgvari Tavgadasavali unda hqonodaT.

aris SemTxveva, andrezSi dadasturebuli,

rom adamiani Tavis nalax yofas upirispirebs

jvars da Segnebulad iWreba mis kvrivebSi;

iWreba ara sakuTari fexiT, aramed uwmiduri

cxovelis fexiT, romelic adamianis gauwmidure-

buli, antijvaruli cxovrebis niSania. gudama-

yarSi yvebian ambavs vinme mirianeulze, romlis

jvarTsawinaaRmdego qceva gamxdara mizezi

jvaris amaRlebisa soflidan mTis wverze.

`mirianeuli yofila erTi da Rorebi hyolia

mravali. es Rorebi, saca e xati brZandeboda,

wveris angelozi, iq uvlevia. uvlevia iq es

Rorebi da es xati gafrenila memre da iqaT

gadasula, gairidebia. iqac miurekav, iqidanac

afrenila da, koSkis maRals veZaxiT, _ iq ari

yore _ iq dabrZanebula. iqac gaurekav Rorebi.

memre aTnoxs gasula aqedan (aTnoxs ician axla

es wveroba)^~ (38, #25562). sxva GanawerebSi ufro

dazustebulia es adgili, sadac devnili xati

daarsda:

`âfrinda xati da su wverze avida, _ Walis-

Tavis wvers. yamiria, iqeTac aravin ar gasTibs.

iq qvebia gaTlili, nasaydralia. iq Rorebi

veRar avidoda~ (67, 195).

lxxxvi

mTis wverze asvlisas jvars xvdeba bunebri-

vad wmida, adamianisagan daulaxavi da tradi-

ciiT ganwmedili adgilebi _ yamiri da nasay-

drali, romelTa dasabamieri xeluxlebloba da

siZveliT gaZlierebuli siwmide gadaulaxav

zRurblad iqceva qvemodan moZalebuli,

gauwmidurebuli sinamdvilisaTvis.

sazogadod, Rori, romelsac ukanasknel

xanamde ar yoliobdnen saqarTvelos mTaSi,

siwmidis mtrad aris Seracxili saymos yofaSi

da cnobierebaSi. Rorebi, maTi andrezebis mixed-

viT, ara mxolod jvar-xatebs upirispirdebian da

uteven, aramed wmida berebsac. `sofel gvidaqeSi

ucxovriaT berebs. iq hqoniaT eklesia. iq aris

raRac daufvlilio berebis mier. Gven winapars

eTxara ormo da raRacam daiwkriala da guli

wauvida. unjia raRaca. mkiTxavi eubneba, is

adgili unda awmindoTo. rodesac nikalai Se-

movidnen, Samaiyvanes Rorebi, ese ityodake pa-

paGemi. am uwmidurebis Samosvla ver aitanes

berebma da iq wverze dasaxldnen. aages eklesia

bua^~ (40, 100-1). sagulisxmoa, rom moxevuri an-

dreziT, Roris xorcis uWmeloba da, sazogadod,

am pirutyvis uwmidurad Seracxva berebs

daudgeniaT: `wmida beTlemSi berebi ro cxov-

robdes, iq Rorebi Txrides da berebma Tqves,

Rori aRar eWamaTo~ (19, #.29).

lxxxvii

vaxuSti batoniSvils xevis samebis garda

aRwerili aqvs sveticxovlis siwmideTa kide

erTi saxizari:

`^leGxumis samxriT da odiSis aRmosavliT

ars eceri. aqa ars eklesia suetiad wodebuli,

saxizari suetis cxovelis samkaul-saunjisa,

romelsa Sina ityvian suetis-cxovelis kanklis

yofasa dResaca, romeli moiRo gorgasal in-

doeTidam, wiTlis iagundisa qmnili. aramed saGi-

nod arian awca xatni da juarni oqro-

vercxlisani da mooWvilni qviTa, mravalni da

patiosanni, didni da mcireni, romelTa zeda

aqusT sasoeba da pativ-scemen. aramed umjobesi

xati ubiaT ZewkviTa oqrosaTi da ityvian: ùkeTu

auSvaT, dalewavs yovelsave aqa myofsa xat-

juarTa, da esoden ugunur arian TvisTa ucno-

belobiTa, aramed Tu Sevides mun sasukiduno anu

tyue, veraraisaRa uyofen, garna ganuteveben Tav-

isuflad~ (75, 78-8).

Tumca tradiciulad yoveli qristianuli

taZari unda ifaravdes devnils (am mizniT Zveli

aRTqmis qveyanaSi sagangebod iyo gamoyofili

saTavSesafro, Sesaxvewebeli qalaqebi), magram

eceris svetias saxelwodebasTan erTad mcxeTis

sveticxovlisagan iseTi Zlieri sakraluroba

aqvs miniWebuli, rom mas Sexvewili damnaSave,

sikvdilis Rirsic rom iyos, samudamod Tavisu-

fldeba bralisagan. damnaSaves ganwmeds aq

daunjebuli sruliad saqarTvelos erovnuli

lxxxviii

qristianuli siwmideni. maT Soris Gvens

yuradRebas ipyrobs oqros jaWviT dabmuli xati.

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTis saymoTa tradici-

aSi jaWvi anu Sibi jvaris bunebrivi Tanmxlebi

elementia. karatiswveris andrezebSi cidan mov-

lenil jvars axlavs oqros Sibi; ufro sworad,

jvari SibiT aris caze dakidebuli, rogorc

RvTisSvili wm. giorgi laSarisa, romelic am-

bobda: `cas vebi oqros SabiTa^~.

vidre jvari fenomenur samyaroSi, adamianTa

TvalsawierSi Semovidodes, is SibiT aris dab-

muli. is varskvlavia, romelic varskvlaveTs wy-

deba da caze gadaivlis. asea jvarGenac. roca

karatiswverze mwyemsma qal-vaJma cidan GamoSve-

buli jvari Tavisken moswies, is moswyda cas;

maT xelSi ki aRmoGnda jvari masze gamobmuli

Sibis naglejiTurT, romelic amieridan Tan ax-

lavs jvars, rogorc aucilebeli atributi, misi

ciuri warmoSobis niSnad. Sibis nagleji xdeba

jvaris, rogorc sulieri arsebis, simbolo, ro-

gorc es jvari, romelic gamoGnda adamianur sam-

yaroSi, aris simbolo im jvarisa. Tu `beTlemis

saxli~ jvarTa RvTiuri samSoblos xatia am

qveyanaze anu morige RvTis kari, maSin iq

TavSeyrili jvarni SibiT unda iyvnen dabmulni,

rogorc dabmulni arian isini morige RvTis

karze. mkadrem, romelic RvTisSvilTa gangebiT

moxvdeba beTlemSi, unda axsnas jvari, rom mas

SeeZlos Tavisi unaris ganxorcieleba, radgan

lxxxix

bunebiT is angelosuri arsebaa _ `mfrinavi an-

gelozi~. axsnili jvari mxars gaSlis da win

waruZRveba Tavis gamZRos (es aris jvarisa da

mkadris urTierTobis paradoqsi, razec sxvaga-

nac iqneba saubari: jvaris gamZRo sinamdvileSi

jvarisagan aris gaZRolili).

am paradigmis erT-erTi uZvelesi mcireazi-

uli varianti romaul mwerlobaSia dadasture-

buli. tviroselebs apolonis qandakeba daubamT

kvarcxlbekze jaWviT, radgan erT maTgans

dasizmrebia, TiTqos RmerTs qalaqis datoveba

surso gasaWirSi, roca aleqsandre makedonelma

qalaqi aiRo, apolonic axsna da uwoda mas àle-

qsandres megobari~.

jaWvze dabmuli jvar-xatebis legendebi ele-

mentarul movlenebzea damyarebuli: maT, ro-

gorc dinamiur arsebaT, ar gaaGniaT simZimis

Zala, isini ar emorGilebian gravitaciis kanons.

rogorc haeriT savse burTebi, isini mudam

maRlisken miiswrafian da kidec dastovebdnen

adamianTa sferos, rom adamiani ar amZimebdes

maT, an Tavad sakuTari nebiT ar mZimdebodnen

adamianTaTvis.. isini `miwdebian~ TavianTi bune-

bis sawinaaRmdegod, raTa adamianebTan darGnen,

risTvisac `gadmouSvna~ isini morige RmerTma.

Tumca saymom SeiZleba ifiqros, rom axsnili

jvari dastovebs adamianur samyaros, an Tavad

Seecdeba Tavis daxsnas, raTa Tavdaxsnilma

amiraniviT dalewos iqauroba (Tu saymo mrisxane

xc

aspeqtiT warmoidgens mas). magram andreziT say-

mos ar axsovs, rom odesme jvars gamoeGinos da-

mangreveli Zala, garda im unikaluri

SemTxvevisa dasabamSi, roca is ifnis aRmocene-

biT amoangrevs keras.

Gveulebriv, jvaris mkadre Tu gamZRo miwaze

dgas, gravitaciis Zalas damorGilebuli; magram

legendur mkadreebs levitaciis unari aqvT mini-

Webuli jvarisagan. gaxuaze, gudanis jvaris

mkadreze, aris Tqmuleba, rom mas jvarTan erTad

ufrenia (38, #25395); aseve dumacxos (gudamayari)

saRvTo maRalis dekanozze, focxveraze am-

bobdnen _ droSiT mxarze saRvTo maRalis

wveridan xatebis adgilamde frendao (38, #25536).

magram adamiani xorcielia da, is Tundac mkadre

iyos, mudmivad ver inarGunebs uwonadobis mdgo-

mareobas; roca sxeuli mZimdeba, suli veRar ai-

tacebs mas, veRar zidavs. gaxuaze is Tqmulebac

aris darGenili, rom pur-yvelis Wamis Semdeg,

rac marxvis gatexas niSnavs, jvars miutovebia

is. `mepuryvele~ ukve SeuTavsebelia mkadris

funqciasTan, mas ukve nawili aRar udevs jvar-

Tan _ is damiwebulia. garda `mepuryveleobisa~

jvaris samkadreod SeuTavsebelia colSvil-

ianoba (gavixsenoT gvelismWamel mindias trage-

dia), rac ufro metad amZimebs adamians, miT

umetes mkadres, wuTisoflis nalax realobaSi

GaflviT moswyvets ra mas jvar-xatebis wmida

xci

realobas. `megrelaur gasdgomiv col-Svilobas.

gascliv i xatic^~ (67, 194).

roca mkadre mZimdeba, _ amis mizezi xandaz-

muli asakic SeiZleba iyos, _ is veRar misdevs,

veRar swvdeba jvars; maSin mkadre da mfrinavi

jvari sxvadasxva realobaSi aRmoGndebian da

mkadre cdilobs jvaris damZimebas, rom man

veRar SeZlos frena. anatoris mTavarangelozis

mkadres, romelic liqokidan mtredis saxiT ga-

mofrenilma jvarma mis mxarze `koWis mokidebiT~

Tavis wmida kacad airGia, ukve dauZlurebuls,

imis gamo, rom `veRar daxyvebod jvars, lursman

daukrav mParze xatisad~, risTvisac, cxadia,

`gaswyromiv xat^~ (38, #26084). sxva tradiciiT,

oqromWedels mxolod dauRirebia dasaWedeblad

lursmani _ is oqrosi yofila, xats mxolod

nalursmnali datyobia da gaswyromia ara

mxolod mkadres da oqromWedels, aramed mTel

saymosac. andrezi swored xatis daWedvis mcde-

lobas Tvlis anatorelTa tragediis mizezad:

anatori Jamma gawyvita, ris nivTier dasturad

anatoris akldamebs uGveneben dResac. magram,

rac mTavaria, ukanaskneli mkadris (andrezs misi

saxelic Semounaxavs: saRira, badurikaT papa) be-

diTi saqcieli amTavrebs erT periods saymos

sakralur istoriaSi: `daWril~ xats mouSlia

`mPriT frinva~ da Gveulebriv salocavad

gadaqceula; anatorelTa nafuZarze sxva saymo,

SatilionTa saymo aRmdgara da mTavarangelozis

xcii

Zveli kulti aRorZinebula, magram jvarGenebi,

roca jvari mkadres xelze mosdioda, Semwydara

samudamod (64, 728-729).

`mfrinavi jvaris~ devniT Tavmobezrebul,

qancgawyvetil zogierT mkadres uaresic Gaude-

nia: mas daumiwebia jvari am sityvis pirdapiri

mniSvnelobiT. gudanis `mfrinavi jvari~, ro-

melic, rogorc vTqviT, gaxuas hyavda `wamoyva-

nili~ gergetis `beTlemis saxlidan~ da ro-

melic Tavis gamZRos gzasac unaTebda Tavisi

SuqiT, rogorc israels naTlis sveti misi

mgzavrobisas, _ mis mkadres, vinme bunvelas,

sadRac klde-RreSi daumalavs da zed qvebi

dauyria. `Sen damabnele da dagaboloebo~,

uTqvams xats mkiTxavis piriT ukanaskneli

mkadrisaTvis (38, #25395).

mkadre, romelic sulieri dacemisa Tu fizi-

kuri uZlurebis mizeziT mxars veRar usworebs

`mfrinav jvars~, arsebas, romelmac mas Tavisi

Tavi Gaabara, rogorc gamZRos (sinamdvileSi ki

Tavad Seiqmna misi gamZRo), tragikuli pirovne-

baa. adamiani, rogorc xorcieli, ver uZlebs

jvarGenas Tavis dasazRvrul arsebaSi, is

midrekilia dacemad. jvari mas gamoarGevs,

aRazevebs, magram adamiani daecema; aseTia misi

cxovrebis ritmi _ aRzeveba da dacema, ris ga-

movlenasac vxedavT vaJas `gvelis mWamelSi~.

Tumca mindia ar aris jvaris xelkaci, magram mas

aqvs mkadrisa da qadagis utyuari Tvisebebi da

xciii

unari; jvari gamovlenilia mis pirovnebaSi (anu

jvarGenilia) RvTiuri codnisa da davlaTis

saxiT, rasac sWirdeboda mzrunveloba da dacva

wuTisoflis nalaxi sferosgan, moiTxovda ada-

mianisagan Tavganwirulobas da `soflis Tmobas~,

rac man ver SeZlo.

zogierTi saymos mexsierebam Semoinaxa an-

drezi erTgul mkadreTa, romlebic stoveben

yelafers anu sTmoben sofels da misdeven

jvars, rogorc dasTmo abraamma Tavisi sofeli

da gahyva idumal xmas ucnobi qveynisaken.

xSirad, roca siwmidis daklebis mizeziT jvari

stovebs, rogorc amboben, `baris baRdads~ da

mifrinavs mTebisaken, gauwmidurebuli saymodan

mas mosdevs erTaderTi mkadre, romelsac SerGa

siwmide, rogorc marTal noes _ warRvnis gmirs

sayovelTao katastrofis win.

ardotis mTavari salocavis (somxos goris

giorgis) daarsebis andreziT (63, 127; 38 #26041),

kaxeTidan mtredis saxiT gamofrenil jvars ukan

mosdevs mkadre Tu xucesi. Sua zamTaria. mkadre

koWlia da SiSveli. siSiSvle gveubneba, rom

jvaris erTguls uyoymanod, raime gansjis

gareSe _ es iqneboda erTi Zlieri GaZaxeba

SuaZilSi _ dautovebia Tavisi sofeli da mTeli

warsuli da gahyolia erTaderT Tavis saunjes,

rasac misTvis jvari warmoadgenda. meore bolo-

dan Tu SevxedavT am ambavs, Tavad mkadre aris

jvaris unji, romelic man gamoarGia mTeli say-

xciv

modan. mkadre perangisamara, zamTris susxSi

koWlobiT, WirTa TmeniT misdevs jvars, raki mis

gareSe azri ekargeboda mis arsebobas,

sicocxles Tundac mSobliur sofelSi. sadac

dadgeboda jvari anu dafrindeboda mtredi, iq

iqneboda misi samSoblo. amitom aseTi su-

liskveTebiT aRZruli gaudgeba gaqceul jvar-

Tan erTad `yovladve ucnaursa da uvalsa

gzasa~, radgan mas ar ecodineboda jvaris

saboloo sadguri.

amave tipis aris xaxabos wyarosgoruli

giorgis daarsebis andrezi, oRond Zveli

adgilidan mTaSi garbis ara jvari, aramed kaci,

vinme bataria (eponimi xaxabos erTi sagvareu-

losi), romelsac Tvistomi Semokvdomia matanSi

(kaxeTSi). is garbis motacebuli jvariTurT, ro-

melic gulze aqvs mixutebuli, rogorc sulze

utkbesi ram; an iqneb, Tavad iyo jvars mixute-

buli Sevrdomebis niSnaT, rogorc Surismge-

belTagan devnilni Seuvardebian sakurTxevlis

jvars; ltolvili Tan daatarebs Tavis msxnels,

Tu Tavad msxneli gadaatarebs mas mTagorebs

Suagul zamTarSi. jvari ganwmedis mizniT fex-

SiSvelsa da tanSiSvels daatarebs mas TovlSi,

yinvaSi aTbobs da amsubuqebs mas `^Turme Tov-

lze ise midioda, rom fexi dabla ar uvarde-

boda~. gzaSi TiTqos kaci frens da ara jvari,

magram xaxaboSi misvlisas jvari mtredis saxiT

xcv

gaufrindeba kacs xelidan da wyaros gorze

daarsdeba (63, 1).

garkveuli tipis andrezis

mixedviT, `mfrinavi jvari~

gzaSi irGevs Tavis mkadreebs,

romlebic arasodes stoveben

mas, erTgulad misdeven misi

axali samkvidrebelisaken. s. makalaTias

moTxrobili aqvs xevis sionis RvTaebis jvaris

Tavgadasavali, romelic mravalmxriv ipyrobs

Gvens yuradRebas:

`sionelebi mRvTaebis am jvars taZridan ara-

sodes ar gamoasveneben, radgan xalxs misi ga-

frenisa eSinia. xalxuri TqmulebiT mRvTaeba

erTxel Turme gafrenila da is angelozis

saxiT sisaursa da cofurs Gvenebia. orive es

gvari mas dasdevnebia da mRvTaeba martyofis

kldeSi dafrenila da isinic iqve dabinavebulan.

es berebs gaugiaT, martyofSi misulan da moxev-

eebisaTvis ukiTxavT maTi gadmosvlis mizezebi.

moxeveebs upasuxniaT, rom aq Gveni xatis

sabrZanisiao. berebi gamoqvabulSi Sesulan da aq

mRvTaebisaTvis Tayvani uciaT, Semdeg misTvis

malulad oqros Zewkvi SeubamT da es RvTaeba

tfilisSi waubrZanebiaTo, aq mis sabrZanisad

sionis taZari augiaTo. magram xati aqac ar

damdgara da isev martyofis kldeSi dabrunebu-

lao. amitom xalxis rwmeniT misi mTavari

xcvi

sabrZanisi martyofia, Semdeg ki xevis da

tfilisis sionio~ (53, 217).

am andrezSi gvecnaureba vaxuStis àRweraSi~

dadasturebuli Tqmuleba svetis eklesiis dab-

mul jvarze, an ninowminduri legenda `dabmul~

da àxsnil~ wmindanze. xevis sionis RvTaebis

jvaric dabmuli unda yofiliyo, rom ar ga-

freniliyo; berebma Seabes mas Zewkvi, rom

daekavebinaT adgilze, magram amaod: is bunebiT

aris `mfrinavi jvari~, romelic miikvlevs gzas

Tavis mier arGeul adgilisken. RvTaebis (igive

macxovris) jvars miewereba ori wmida adgilis

gaGena: martyofSi aris misive saxelobis (RvTae-

bis) eklesia, xolo TbilisSi _ sionis taZari,

romelic saxelwodebas xevis im eklesiidan

iRebs, sadac is Tavdapirvelad esvena. am

xalxuri sakraluri TqmulebiT, Tbilisis sioni

xevis sionis gamoZaxilia, misi wiaRidan gamof-

renili jvaris ZaliT aris daarsebuli, oRond

ara uSualod, aramed martyofis gamoqvabulis

gavliT. andrezi inaxavs, rogorc Gans, im isto-

riul faqts, rom martyofis RvTaebis (macxov-

ris) xati 1752 wels Tbilisis sionis taZarSi

iqna gadmosvenebuli (114, 82), xolo xalxuri

warmodgeniT, siwmidis gadatana axal adgilze,

rogorc wesi, axali sakulto centris dafuZne-

bis niSania.

es anaqronuli andrezi asaxavs im tradiciul

kavSirs, romelic arsebobda mTis sakulto

xcvii

adgilebsa da baris saqarTvelos centralur

salocavebs Soris, gamoxatuls siwmideTa

gadanacvlebiT erTi adgilidan meoreze. mTisa

da baris religiuri konsolidaciisaTvis

udidesi mniSvneloba unda hqonoda im faqts, rom

mTis salocavebi tradiciulad saqarTvelos

qristianuli centrebis saxizarebad iyo ganwese-

buli. magaliTisaTvis, wmida ninos jvari amodis

mTaSi, kerZod, xevSi da isadgurebs gergetis

samebaSi (es moxda monRolebis batonobis dros);

SedarebiT mSvidobian xanaSi es jvari, cxadia,

sxva siwmideebTan erTad brundeba sveticxov-

elSi, Tumca ki ver aRwevs Tavis bude adgi-

lamde; `koWis mokidebiT~, mTielTa sakraluri

gamoTqma rom vixmaroT, gaivlis arSis cixes,

ananurs da gadis ruseTSi, raki im xanad

ruseTisken iyo daZruli qarTveloba. xevis

sionis RvTaebis jvaris (romlis gamosaxuleba

dabeWdili aqvs s.makalaTias Tavis wignSi `xevi~,

gv. 216) gamofrena barisaken, unda vifiqroT, an-

drezulad warmogvidgens siwmideTa dabrunebas

Tavis Zvel sawmidarebSi (unda vivaraudoT, rom

xevis sionic baris siwmideTa saxizari iqneboda).

aRsaniSnavia, rom martyofis udabur gamo-

qvabulSi dasadgurebuli sionis jvari Tavisken

izidavs berebs, romlebic, rogorc andrezidan

Gans, gamocxadebis ZaliT Seityoben mis `mofre-

nas~ am udabnoSi. RvTaebrivi xilviT

STagonebuli berebi SeuWirveblad miagneben

xcviii

martyofis udabnos da jvars da Tayvans scemen

mas, rogorc saswauliT movlenil siwmides.

cxadia, jvaris gamoGena maTTvis mxolod imas

niSnavda, rom es udabno, sadac mTiT movlenilma

Tu dabrunebulma siwmidem moisurva davaneba,

samonastrod iyo gankuTvnili; rogorc xdeba

agiografiul TxzulebebSi, sadac eklesiebisa

da monastrebis daarsebazea laparaki; mag., ro-

gorc martod myofma kacma, vinme Puediosma àra

Tu Zilsa Sina, aramed cxadad~, GvenebiT ixila

is wmida adgili, sadac unda aSenebuliyo

xanZTis pirveli eklesia da dasabami miscemoda

samonastro mSeneblobas; an rogorc grigolsa

da sabas gamoecxadaT ìSxnisa pirveli dide-

bulebaY~ imis niSnad, rom iq maTi RvawliT ga-

naxlebuliyo samonastro cxovreba (ix. `grigol

xanZTelis cxovreba~). martyofis udabnoSi mo-

sul berebs da im moxeveebs, cofurs da sisaurs,

romlebic gzad Seeswren jvarGenas da am jvarSi

TavianTi salocavi Seicnes, saerTo siwmide aqvT

im `mfrinavi jvaris~ saxiT. is andrezuli faqti,

rom mTidan Gamosul jvars, romelzec macxovris

jvarcma da mociqulTa simboluri saxeebia ga-

moxatuli, cnoben berebi da aRiareben sakuTar

siwmided, ris niSnadac oqros Zewkvs Seabamen

(Tumca Zewkvi SeiZleba gaviazroT Sibad, rac

jvar-xatis erT gansazRvrul adgilze dakavebis

niSania) da mihyavT saqristianos centrSi _

TbilisSi, sadac mis dasamkvidreblad missave

xcix

saxelze sioni igeba. es faqti barisa da mTis

tradiciul religiur erTianobas mowmobs.

mtredi-jvaris niSani

g.SaraSiZe wers: `RvTisSvilis `mfrinavi~

saxiT gamocxadeba TavisTavad warmoadgens

RvTiuri arsis adamianisaTvis aRqmad mani-

festacias. amgvari aspeqtiT imoseba xati

mxolod imitom, rom daamyaros urTierToba ada-

mianur samyarosTan an Gaerios saaqao movle-

nebSi~ (149, 671). meore mxvriv, `mfrinav jvrebs~

Gven saymos genezisSi vxedavT; is am saxiT ga-

moGndeba mxolod maSin, roca es-es aris iqmneba

saymo, roca irkveva misi dasaxlebis adgili da

pirobebi am miwaze. adamianis aramdgradi, daum-

kvidrebeli yofis gamomxatvelia xSirad `mfri-

navi jvari~, romelic moZraobs, icvlis

adgilebs gzadagza `koWis mokidebiT~, vidre

Tavis mierve arGeul saboloo saarso adgils

moZebnides. `mfrinavi jvris~ cTomilisebri

moZraoba, daudgromloba, TiTqos xetiali, See-

satyviseba qmnadobaSi myofi saymos gaurkvevel

mdgomareobas. xolo roca jvari wyvets

`xetials~ da myardeba Tavis saboloo kvrivSi,

ai, maSin SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saymoc daarsebu-

lia Tavis miwaze, Ruza GaSvebulia niadagSi.

gamocxadebuli jvari `mfrinaobiT~ avlens

Tavis mouxelTebel bunebas. marTalia, jvari

unda mofrindes transcendenturi sinamdvilidan

c

imisaTvis, rom, rogorc g.SaraSiZe wers, gamo-

ecxados adamians, magram am gamocxadebaSi nak-

lebia sicxade, metia bundovaneba, radgan ange-

lozur arss ara aqvs myari garsi fizikur sam-

yaroSi.

jvaris yoveli gamocxadeba kosmogoniuria,

misi xati TiTqos qaosSi ibadeba da isaxeba ada-

mianisaTvis aRqmad sagnad; magram arc erTi sa-

gani ar SeiZleba iyos misi saboloo gamoxatu-

leba, radgan Tavad jvari, rogorc sulieri

arsi, ver miiRebs erTxel da samudamod gamyare-

bul, obieqtur samyaroSi arsebul saganTa saxes.

is denadia, rogorc plazmuri sxeuli an nisli

da misi konturebis garGeva mxolod jvarisave

rGeul mkadreebs Tu SeuZliaT. am movlenis ga-

mosaxatavad saymos SegnebaSi gamomuSavda meta-

foruli saxe `nislis kotori~. `gudanis jvari

roca xelze moudioda, maSin ToTia Soridanve

naxavda nislis kotors momavals. mere gudanis

jvari xelze mouvidoda. nislis kotori niSnavs

imas, rom roca gudanis jvari modioda, nis-

liviT korianteli mohyveboda. am dros ToTiac

moemzadeboda, xelze gadaifenda samkadreos^ da

gudanis jvari mtredis saxiT zed daajdeboda~

(60, 145).

nislis kotoris gamoGena jvarGenis niSania,

TiTqos jvari usaxuri nislidan unda gamoikve-

Tos, is `daibadeba~ mtredis an jvaris niSniT da

mkadris xelze hpovebs adgils.

ci

laSaris wmida giorgize gamoTqmul saweso

simReraSi aseTi striqonebia:

laSarelais lurjasa

fafar asxavis giSrisa,

Sajdeba, gaemarTeba

kotor gahyveba nislisa.

mTeli saymos Tu rGeuli mkadres Tvalwin

mxedrad gamocxadebuli wmida giorgi wasvlisas

nislis kotors stovebs Tavis ukan nislSi, nis-

lis kotorad uGinardeba da roca kvlav fizi-

kur samyaroSi Semodis, imave nislis kotoridan

ibadeba. nislis kotori TiTqos sizmareuli

saxea, romelic potenciurad inaxavs sxva

saxeebs, magram is ufro usaxobaa, romelic

RvTisSvilis manifestaciis mouxelTeblobas ga-

moxatavs. mxolod mkadrem icis, ra aRiT aris

damjdari mis samkadreoze RvTisSvili _ mtre-

dis, xatisa Tu jvrisa. rodesac gaxua me-

grelaurs `beTlemis saxlidan~ `mfrinavi xati~

wamohyva, erT adgilas, albaT, Sua gzaze, xati

oqroqsoviliT Semoses. magram ras mosavda

gaxua, xats _ RvTisSvilis nivTier niSans, Tu

mtreds _ mis cocxal simbolos, es gaxuas, ro-

gorc mkadres saidumloa. jvari, xati, Sibi po-

tenciurad cocxalni da dinamiurni arian, maT

yovel wams SeuZliaT feriscvaleba. maT wamier

saxecvlilebebs mxlod mkadres maxvili Tvali

Tu daiWers.

cii

petre iberis cxovrebaSi aseTi epizodia

moTxrobili: ymawvilobisas, rodesac is bizan-

tiis imperatoris sasaxleSi izrdeboda,

ierusalimidan mosuli berebisagan patiosani

jvaris nawili SeiZina, romelsac oqros Wur-

WelSi inaxavda, kviradReobiT da did dResas-

waulebze amoiRebda xolme, dailoceboda,

emTxveoda mas da isev Tavis adgilas Gaasvenebda.

erTxel, erT-erTi mesawoleTagani ymawvili ixmo

da sTxova, masac eloca jvaris nawilze da

mTxveoda mas, magram jvari mtredad gadaiqca,

xelebidan gausxlta patrons da sarkmlidan

gauGinarda (20, 273). aseve mtredis saxiT

amofrinda mwyemsis gudidan jvari Tu Sibi da

caSi gauGinarda karatis jvaris daarsebis an-

drezis erTi variantis mixedviT (137, 110).

`mfrinavi jvari~, marTalia, fizikur si-

namdvileSi Semodis, raTa adamianma SeZlos misi

xilva, magram misi mxilveli ar aris

Gveulebrivi adamiani. jvari ecxadeba mxolod

imas, visac RvTisSvili amoirGevs da daanaxvebs

Tavs. is rGeulia, masze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is

imave wmida realobaSi imyofeba, sadac mfrinavi

jvar-xatebi moZraoben. gareSe kacis TvalSi

SeiZleba arafriT gamoirGevian TavianT saqmeze

mimavali mwyemsebi, is cofuri da sisauri, rom-

lebmac TiTqos SemTxveviT dainaxes axali saar-

sos saZieblad gamofrenili RvTaebis jvari. am

orma TavianTi patronis xilvisas datova cxvari

ciii

da qveyana da sabolood damkvidrda martyofis

qvabebSi, sadac maTma jvarma isurva daarseba. am

dros maT daadastures, rom jvaris rGeulebi

arian an iyvnen SobiTganve da axla, roca Jami

dadga, gamoGnda maTi rGeuloba. maTze gadmovida

RvTisSvilis xarizma. amitomac maT ar SeeZloT

sxvanairad moqceuliyvnen. roca adamians jvari

axilvinebs Tavs, am xilviT gamowveuli gancda

waruxocelad rGeba maTSi. amieridan is sxva ad-

amiania, misi ubraloeba uGveulo SaravandiT

imoseba, rogorc wers poeti:

iq, sadac aragvs uerTdeba mdinare

mtkvari^

Segvianebul gziT gaivlis xevsuri

mwyemsi,

da misi suli, varskvlavebis sulze uvr-

cesi,

ocnebobs mTvaris siTeTreSi, viT qan-

dakeba.

mas Tan mihyveba ubraloTa mSvidi

gangeba^

andrezi arasodes gvamcnobs jvaris rGeulis

gansakuTrebul Tvisebebs _ `mas Tan mihyveba

ubraloTa mSvidi gangeba~, _ wers poeti

rGeulze, romelsac zebunebrivi sinamdvilis

xilvis unari Seswevs. is xedavs wminda giorgis,

romelic Tavisi raSiT mis saSvelad aris wamo-

suli, magram es `mSvidi gangebis~ xalxi Tavi-

anTi cxovrebis dramatul fazaSi Sedian, roca

civ

jvari akadrebinebs Tavis xilvas, Tumca mxolod

xilviT ar sruldeba maTi ambavi. xevsurul an-

drezSi anatoris mTavarangelozis jvarGena am-

gvarad aris gadmocemuli:

`liqokiT aris mosul, liqokiT gamamfrinda-

lav, anator damjdar, aqiT gafrenil da Pones

damjdar mtredis saxiT. saRira yofil baduri-

kaT papa, imanav, gaqceulm, aiarisav anatoris

kuWzev SaPdisav, mtred daujdisav mParzedav^~

(38, #26084).

jvari mxarze ajdeba kacs, is poulobs

sayrdens mokvdavis uZlur mxarze _ legenduri

mkadreni ar gamoirGevian fizikuri ZaliT (`Gixa

kac iyv~ _ ase amboben maTze). aq sxva Zala izi-

davs jvars, wmida adgili, wmida adamiani, ro-

gorc `daulaxavi adgili~. ai, aseT adgils

irGevs jvari miwazec da adamianSic. mkadre

`mxarkvrivia~, anu misi mxari, romelzec `koWi

moikida~ jvarma an gahkra angelosuri frTa,

kvrivia. Tu kvrivis niSnad miwaze koSkia aRmar-

Tuli, mkadreSi amis niSani mis mxarze Gamom-

jdari mtredi an jvaria; mkadres mxarze dam-

jdari mtredi jvarisa da mokvdavi adamianis

SekavSirebis niSania, Tumca es kavSiri SeiZleba

warmavali iyos, radgan mtredi samudamod ar

rGeba mis mxarze. amaSi mdgomareobs sxvaTa So-

ris, mkadreTa tragizmi, rac calke saubris Te-

maa.

cv

rogorc crolis mTidan gamofrenilma same-

bam, gamoSurebulma Tavisi miwieri sabrZanisi-

saken, erTxel mxari gahkra ifns, wmindahyo ra is

ifani, aseve am kacis _ badurikaT papis mxarsac

gahkra Tavisi frTa liqokidan wamosulma jvarma

da gakvesa. amiT daavala mas siwmidis dacva, rom

ar warxociliyo misi mxridan jvaris Sexeba

(aseTi kontaqti RvTiur arsebasTan, sxvaTa So-

ris, aqadur onomastikaSia asaxuli: erT-erTi

mefe atarebs saxels lifiT-iSTar, rac niSnavs

`Sexeba iSTarisa~). amis gamo inaTlaven `mPar-

mklavs~ xatis msaxurni imis niSnad, rom im

pirvel legendarul mkadreebs swored `mPar-

mklavze~ Seexo jvari.

jvaris mxilvelni SemTxveviT ar arian mwyem-

sebi; is moxeveni _ cofuri da sisauri, mwyemsebi

iyvnen, romlebmac TavianT salocavis gulisaT-

vis gawires sacxovari da aRar mibrunebulan mi-

sken. beTlems _ qristes Sobis adgils, ange-

losebis GagonebiT, pirvelad mwyemsebi miadgnen.

mwyemsebi iyvnen am saidumlo Sobis pirvelmxil-

velni. Gvens andrezul tradiciaSic mwyemsebs

vxedavT jvaris pirvelmxilvelebad da, unda

vTqvaT, maTi wridan arian gamosulni pirveli

mkadreebi. kistnis jvaris daarsebis andrezSic

mwyemsi monawileobs:

`kistnis mTaSi masul gamafrenil mtredi.

mtredi mavidav, gamafreniliv, mwyems unaxav,

mTaze dajdav, memre im mwyems xalxisad uTqomav:

cvi

mtred zis gorzedav, aRar Sordebav, ori dReiav.

qadag wasul da saklav daukvlevinebav. rom

davxkaliv, xucess eTqv, mtredmav niskart

dahkrav sisxlsav samjerav da memre gafrindav

gudaniskedav. memre xalxs uTqomav, aq gad-

movidav, dalocviliv, aRar gvindav gudan denaiv.

memre xalxs, mTaiv ician, kistnis Tav augebav

koSki. am xats ase iPseneben: TeTri mTis qoro

Tergvaulo^~ (38, #26082).

msgavsad noes kidobnidan gaSvebuli mtre-

disa, romelmac warRvnis damTavrebisa da xme-

leTis gamoGenis niSnad zeTisxilis rto moitana

niskartiT, gudanis jvaridan kistans gamof-

renili mtredi kvlav gudanisaken mifrinavs

saklavis sisxlSi amowebuli niskartiT imis

saswaulad, rom kistanSi daikla pirveli

saklavi, anu daarsda kulti. cxadia, am mtre-

disTvis mwyemss SemTxveviT ar moukravs Tvali;

mas frinvelma uxilavad gahkra frTa da mere

mTaze Semojda yvelas dasanaxad. mwyemsi,

SesaZlebelia, ar ekuTvnoda axaldaarsebul say-

mos, magram gorze sam dRes dayovnebul mtredSi,

romelic iq `koWs ikidebda~, mfrinavi jvari am-

oicno. mwyemsi potenciuri mkadrea, radgan is,

rogorc mdevneli da gamZRo Tavisi farisa

ukeTesi saZovrebisaken, im jvars emsgavseba bune-

biT, romelic Tavisi sasurveli saarsos

saZebnad aris gafrenili. amave dros mwyemss

gansxvavebul fizikur sinamdvileSi uxdeba

cvii

yofna _ maRal mTebze. am dros misi suli

marTlac `varskvlavebze uvrcesia~, misi

samyofeli miwieri amaRlebulobis simboloc

aris. mose swored mwyemsobis dros airGia

RmerTma Tavis `mkadred~ da qadagad, roca man

sinais mTaze yvelaze maRal adgils miaRwia. ar

aris SemTxveviTi, rom begoT saRvTo (xadis erT-

erTi salocavi) mecxvaris napovnia. mas Semdeg,

rac mtredis saxiT Genili is monadires mxarSi

dauWria da, soflis xmaurisagan devnili, erTx-

ans dakarguli iyo saymosaTvis, mwyemss unaxavs

mTebSi da miuyvania mis saboloo samkvidre-

belSi. mwyemsisave xeliT yofila Sexveuli

oqroTi misi daWrili mxari (Gawerilia begoT-

karSi, 1983 wels).

kistans daarsebuli Tergvauli isev mtredis

saxiT gadadis SatilSi _ `pirvelad gudaniT

jvar kistan gadasul, mere Satil^~, im saymoSi

dasaarseblad, romelic agreTve gudanidan _

samaganZuros Zireuli saymodan aris gadmosuli

(mtredis gza asaxavs WinWaraulTa svlas

gudanidan Satilamde _ kistani, sadac mtredi

`koWs ikidebs~, maTTvis Sua gza iyo).

`Satil zen vakes, erT balRs unaxav mtredi.

agerav, Gitiv, uTqvams mamisad. mamas diacisad

uTqmav: wadiv, Pbo mamiyvanev. im kac Pbo dauklav

da koSk augav TeTr Tergvaulisad^~ (iqve).

aq gadmocemulia jvaris daarsebis tipiuri

scena: mtredis gamoGenis adgilze saklavis

cviii

dakvla da koSkis ageba. TiTqos iqmneba saojaxo

kulti, romlis SeqmnaSi monawileoben mama, deda

da Svili. magram yvelaferi bavSvidan iwyeba. is

aris jvaris frinvelis pirvelmxilveli. bavSvi

Tavis ubiwo mzeriT xedavs da gamoicnobs imave

frinvels, romelic urwevda akvans da kvebavda

mas uxilavi ifqlis marcvlebiT _ zeciuri pu-

riT. aseTia bavSvi, romelic xedavs saymosaTvis

umniSvnelovanes movlenas, Tumca is bavSvuri

eniT metyvelebs. àgerav, Gitiv!~ _ ambobs is

jvaris mogzavnili mtredis danaxvaze im

bavSviviT, romelic sakidlidan kerZis qvabSi Ga-

mavali gvelis danaxvisas afrTxilebs ojaxs:

`Wia, Wia!~ Tumca amao aRmoGnda misi

gafrTxileba, radgan jvarma am xalxs mzera

daubinda, rakiRa gadawyvetili hqonda maTi da-

Rupva urGobisaTvis. aq ki, SatilSi, kulti unda

daarsebuliyo da amitomac bavSvis Zaxili àg-

erav, Gitiv!~ _ usaTuod unda gaegona mamas.

jvarGenis pirvelmxilveli bavSvis, iseve, ro-

gorc mwyemsis suli, kvlav poetis sityvebi rom

gavimeoroT, `varskvlavebis sulze uvrcesia~.

imis gamo, rom is jer kidev ar amosula im akv-

nidan, romelsac angelozebi arweven da am

frTosanTa wreSia gareuli.

`mama-Svili ganTqmuli monadireni iyvnen.

erTxel wavidnen sanadirod. erTi frinveli

dainaxes, romelic sakvirvelad anaTebda^~ es

jadosnuri zRapris dasawyisia, magram igi jvar-

cix

Genis andrezis dasawyisadac gamodgeba. frin-

veli, romelic sakvirvelad anaTebs, jvarGenis

andrezSi mxolod da mxolod im frinvels

SeiZleba gulisxmobdes, romlis saSualebiTac

jvari acxadebs Tavs. es frinveli ki mtredia,

jvarGenis erT-erTi niSani.

gudanis jvarze, romelic mtredis aRiT gamo-

ecxada xalxs, naTqvamia: `ro dajdav, iseT Suq

utevdisav, ro kaciv TvalT ver Saayridav^~ (67,

192). is zRapruli frinveli da andrezebis

mtredi erTnairi saxiT avlenen Tavs fizikur

samyaroSi. rasakvirvelia, im ganTqmulma mona-

dire mama-Svilma unda moinadiron ucxo frin-

veli. andrezis monadirec, nadiris mZebneli,

sadRac mTebSi waawydeba ucnaur mtreds. mona-

dire xelcarieli brundeba mTidan, magram mas

mtredi hyavs napovni. Tumca mtredma Tavad air-

Gia monadire _ ipova WiuxebSi gzadakarguli da

Tavis mkadred aiyvana. mkadre jvaris gamZRos

niSnavs, magram amjerad Tavad jvaria monadiris

gamZRo, gzis maswavlebeli.

didgoris jvaris daarseba roSkaSi, adgilo-

brivi andreziT, monadire Turmans miewereba. an-

drezi inaxavs misave naambobs pirvel pirSi:

`SarvanSi rom Gavedi, mtredi amyvao. rom dav-

isvenebdi, Sors wavidodao; rom avdgebodi, wa-

sasvlelad, axlos modiodao. saZelis uReltex-

ilze rom movedi, samjer Semohkra mPrebi erT-

maneTs da gaenTo cecxli, cecxlis burjRumi

cx

wamovidao. wamovida cecxli da goraze, roSkis

samxreTiT Tavberaulis simagreSi cecxlis ali

Gaikrifao^~ (38, #25434). bunebrivia, rom mona-

dires ahyva mtredi, radgan sanadirod wasvlamde

is marxulobda da iwmideboda jvaris msaxu-

riviT sulierad da fizikurad, rom ufleba

moepovebina nadirT patronis wmida samflobe-

loSi Sesvlisa da xeli Sewyoboda nadirobaSi.

amgvarad marxuli da gawmedili monadire,

TiTqmis jvaris mkadris mowmidarul mdgo-

mareobaSi imyofeba. garkveuli azriT SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom wmida mTebSi Sesuli monadire igive

mkadrea, romelsac ufleba aqvs dalaxos kvrivi

adgilebi da jvar-xatTa cocxali simbolos _

mtredis gamocxadebis mxilveli gaxdes (127, 137-

8).

monadires ara marto ecxadeba jvari mtredis

saxiT, aramed mas SeuZlia (iqneb evalebodes

kidec) `gaqceuli~ jvaris moZebna da misi ukan

dabruneba. s.makalaTias aseTi andrezi aqvs Gaw-

erili xevis sparsangelosze: raRac mizezis gamo

sparsangelozis xati Turme Tavis sabrZanebelSi

ar Gerdeboda (gavixsenoT xevis sionis RvTaebis

`mfrinavi jvari~) da erTxelac Turme yuris

mTisken gafrenila, veravis mouxerxebia misi

povna, garda monadirisa, romelsac miuxelavs

jvari da kvlav mis sabrZanebelSi mouyvania.

roSkioni monadirisa da mtredis urTierToba

mTels gzaze tipiuri urTierTobaa mkadrisa da

cxi

jvarisa (ix. zemoT gaxuas mgzavroba gudanis

jvarTan erTad gergetis beTlemis saxlidan),

magram is wydeba mas Semdeg, rac mtredi, jvaris

frinveli, aGens Tavis namdvil bunebas da mona-

dire soflis sazRvarTan ukve jvarGenis Semswre

xdeba: aqamde uwyinari da TiTqos mfrTxali

frinveli, romelic gzaSi gaurboda monadiris

siaxloves, cecxlis burjRumad gardaiqmneba mis

Tvalwin da nacixvarSi, potenciur kvrivSi, sa-

dac jvari poulobs Tavis samkvidrebels, GaeS-

veba. am adgils ki, rogorc kvrivs, romelic

TiTqos cecxlis daRs atarebs, veRar miekareba

monadire. misi mowmidaroba, rac sanadiro

adgilebSi gzas uxsnida, kvrivis dalaxvisaTvis

sakmarisi aRar aris da am nacixvarTanve, sadac

man ukanasknelad Seaswro Tvali mtreds,

uTavdeba jvaris gamZRos efemeruli funqcia.

Tumca andrezis sxva variantis mixedviT mtredis

dafrenis adgilas monadire koSks agebs kvrivi

adgilis mosaniSnavad, riTac safuZvels uyris

kults (62, 340).

monadiresve miewereba Goxis wminda giorgis

daarseba gudamayrul andrezSi. aq monadire

itacebs jvars, radgan is devebis tyveobaSia.

`berasa YZaxebulan da Turme nadirobs.

wasula cirasebSi, mTazeda^ da erT patara

kldeSi jvari naxa; gaaneba nadirobas Tavi da es

jvari amoiRo. aiRo da gudaSi Gadva da wa-

movida. deedevna devio, deedevna ukanao da

cxii

moxyva, moxyvao da ver deewiva, saca exla Goxis

xatia, im adgilzed miitana da es jvari iq

dadva. da i devic mihyva da iqamde ver mivida,

saca is jvari idva^~ (38, #25560).

sxva variantebiT, jvari mtredis saxiT

amofrindeba gudidan da xeze Sefrindeba, riTac

soflis gzas gadauRobavs devs^ (38, #25552).

mtredma am adgilas gaaGina pirveli niSi da

gaavlo mijna sofelsa da gare samyaros Soris.

cirasebis kldeSi, vin icis, ra xnidan

gadamaluli jvari, ZvelTagan dafluli da

Tilismadadebuli ganZis kategoriaSi eqceva. mas

devi darajobs, Tumca ver ekareba, radgan misi

Sexebisagan devi unda iferflebodes. meore

mxriv, aq SeiZleba asaxuli iyos winaistoriuli

brZola devsa da RvTisSvils Soris. jvari dev-

nilia devisagan, an tyved aris wayvanili, ro-

gorc fSaur andrezebSi RvTisSvili kopala.

jvari Tavs aRwevs devTa tyveobas da

Tavdaxsnili gadamwyvet brZolas gaumarTavs de-

vebs. gudamayrul andrezSi monadires wilad

xvda dafaruli jvaris migneba. is TiTqos ganZis

aRmomGenelia, msgavsad farnavazisa da sxvaTa,

romelTac ganZi Tavad gamouGens Tavs. Gvens an-

drezSi jvari sakraluri nivTia, romlis xely-

ofa mxolod mowmidars da jvaris rGeulebs

SeuZlia. jvaris, rogorc sagnis, sakraluroba,

rac dauSvebels xdis mis xelyofas SemTxveviT

cxiii

Tu gareSe pirTagan, kargad Gans erT

gudamayrulsave TqmulebaSi:

`baGikelas Samauvlia RamiT, beqauri iyo is

kaci _ Rame modenila. mand jvari mouPelav

TorRaanT, jalabaurs, vercxlis jvari da sax-

lSi miitana. hoda, iqidan dauZaxnia, me vera

vxedavdio: _ `baGikelao, jalabaurs uTxar, roma

i jvari ro waiRoo, gamaitanoso, Torem ar

SevarGenTo, Gveniao~. ram damiZaxa, ver vxedavdio,

uPilavad, egre^~ (38, #25577)). mTxrobeli

fiqrobs, rom muqaris xma devis xma iyo. devi am

SemTxvevaSi _ Tumca is uwmiduria da jvaris an-

tipodi, SesaZloa, swored amitomac _ jvaris

sakralizmze, mis xelSeuxleblobaze

migviTiTebs. Tu am patara TqmulebaSi jvari sa-

kuTar saxlSi miaqvs mparavs, rac sakraluri

nivTis profanuli mizniT gamoyenebis cdas war-

moadgens, Goxis wmida giorgis andrezSi mona-

dires jvari miaqvs ara sakuTar saxlSi, pirad

sakuTrebad, aramed soflisaTvis, romelsac is,

rogorc mkadre, kults ufuZnebs.

marTalia, monadire aTavisuflebs devisagan

datyvevebul jvars, magram mTels am gzaze,

cirasebidan soflis sazRvramde, sadac jvari

mtredis saxiT amofrinda gudidan, jvari icavda

monadires mdevari devisagan da man miaRwevina

uxifaTod saymos sazRvramde.

mTels saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia

Tqmulebebi naeklesiar adgilebze, romelTac

cxiv

uRran tyeSi nadirs dadevnebuli monadire aRmo-

aGens. niSandoblivia, rom Zvel naeklesiarTan

yovelTvis ganZia Gafluli. monadire _ eklesi-

isa da ganZis aRmomGeni, salocavs ganaaxlebs da

iqve dasaxldeba (23, 10, 28). cxadia, am tipis an-

drezebSi eklesia da ganZi (sefi, ris gamoc Sem-

deg aRorZinebul sofels sefieTi ewodeba)

ganuyofelia erTmaneTisagan. ganZi ueWvelad ek-

lesiis sakralurobis nivTieri gamoxatulebaa.

Telavis RvTaebis eklesiis daarsebaze am-

gvari Tqmulebaa Semonaxuli: sanadiro tyeSi

rusiSvils sizmrad gamocxadebuli moxucis Se-

gonebiT mouTxria is miwa, sadac iwva; miugnia

gamoqvabulisaTvis, sadac xati yofila dasve-

nebuli, xats win ori wmida sanTeli enTo.

moxucisve rGeviT am gamoqvabuls zemoT eklesia

unda aSenebuliyo RvTaebis saxelze. rusiSvilma

tye gakafa, eklesia aago da Tavadac Tavisi

sagvareuloTi aq gadmosaxlda (83, 5).

sxvaTa Soris, crolis sanebis àRmomGenic~,

romelmac ixila jvaris naTeba croliswverze _

vinme qerauli, baridan amosuli monadire iyo.

man miagno sacxovrebel adgils da am adgilis

RvTiuri patronic gamoecxada.

mtredi _ eklesiis maSenebeli

mefe-patarZlis dalocvis erT teqstSi Gar-

Tulia striqonebi, romlebic pirveli qris-

tianuli saidumlos simbolikas Seicavs:

cxv

mtredma Tavis sindisiTa

elusamel koSkSi dadgao,

zed saydari aaSena,

Sig mironi gubed Gadgao^ (79, #550-

g).

sakiTxavia, saidan moxvda es fragmenti xse-

nebul dalocvaSi; is iwyeba mtrediT da

mTavrdeba mironiT. SesaZlebelia, mas gagrZele-

bac hqonoda, radgan mironi uqmad ar Gadgeboda

gubed. yovel SemTxvevaSi es striqonebi

gvagonebs sxva leqss, sadac mironis gubes Tav-

isi funqcia aqvs:

qalaqSi sion-saydari

bagrationT aagesa,

maRla caSi aiyvanes,

Tavs gumbaTi daadgesa,

qveS mironi gubed dadga,

ymawvilebi danaTlesa (100, #24).

mtreds aq cvlis bagrationi, ierusalims

(èlusameli~) _ qalaqi anu Tbilisi, romelic am

leqsSi uswordeba mcxeTas, romlis saydarSi,

sveticxovelSi, rogorc wyarosTvalidan, saek-

lesio andreziT, romelic sveticxovlis saga-

lobelSi aisaxa, mironi moedineboda. es iyo em-

bazi qarTvelTa da is ymawvilebi, romlebic aq

gubed damdgar mironSi danaTles, pirveli qarT-

veli qristianebi iyvnen. mcxeTa meore ierusali-

mia, rasac eTanxmeba bagrationTa andrezi _

daviT ebraelTa mefis modgmidan maTi warmoSo-

cxvi

bisa. ai, am meore ierusalimSi, sadac xalxi

xedavs qristianuli religiis dasabams, kultisa

da, kerZod, naTlisRebis saidumlo ritualis

geneziss, xdeba saswauli: mtredi dgams koSks da

zed aSenebs taZars. aq vxedavT suliwmidis mo-

qmedebis nivTier kvals fizikur samyaroSi.

mtredi _ suliwmidis frinveli _ dakavSirebu-

lia naTlisRebasTan; is gamoGnda iordanes

Tavze gadaxsnili cidan da daadgra qristes

(maT. 3, 16-17). naTlisReba ki aris pirveli

saidumlo qristianuli religiisa _ sxva

saidumloTa dasabami.

`mtredma Tavis sindisiTa^~ _ am mcire,

TiTqos umniSvnelo leqsSi asaxulia mtredTan

dakavSirebuli unikaluri simbolika, ramac

SeiZleba adreqristianuli xanis azrovnebamde

migviyvanos. II-III ss.-is apologeti tertuliane

qristianul taZars simbolurad `mtredis saxls~

uwodebda; `Gveni mtredis martivi saxlio~,

werda is, upirispirebda ra mas warmarTTa daxu-

rul da labirinTebian sawmidarebs, romelTa

simbolod is gvels, `naTlis moZule~ arsebas

saxavda. gveli usinaTlo xvrelebSi iSenebs

sabudars, mtredi ki _ naTelSi, radgan mas, ro-

gorc `suli wmidis xats, aRmosavleTi _ qristes

xati uyvars~.

Gven davinaxeT, rom mtredi aris kvrivi

adgilebis mimaniSnebeli frinveli; is jvaris

manifestaciaa da adamianebs aRmouGens im

cxvii

adgils, romelsac fizikuri TvalisaTvis safar-

veli afaria, da sadac jvars surs damkvidreba.

magram mTis saymoTa andrezebSi amiT ar amoi-

wureba mtredis funqcia: is ara mxolod auwyebs

saklavis sisxlSi samgzis amowebuli niskartiT,

rom axal adgils jvari daarsda, aramed aSenebs

kidec am niskartiT eklesiis saxes.

aseTi andrezi jerjerobiT mTiuleT-

gudamayarSia dadasturebuli da dakavSirebulia

mxolod da mxolod erTi salocavis _ dumacxos

zegardis wmida giorgis daarsebasTan.

gadmovcem erT-erT variants, Gawerils du-

macxoSi:

mTiuleTis sofel lakaTxevSi qarGaiZes xe

uWria saxlis asaSeneblad: `^xe uWria aqa da moa

tredi, dascems WoWsa da waiRebs. dafiqrda e

kaci, sad miaqvs e nafotio tredso. adga, roca

moWra e xe da gaxyva am tredsa. gafrindeba, da-

jdeba, gafrindeba, dajdeba. da Grdilia didi da

iq aquGebs, rogorc eklesia, ise agebs. amdgara,

gonieri kaci yofila, da eklesia uSenebia im

kacsa iq, wminda giorgisa. da wasula, misula

afciaurebTan da uTqom am afciaurebsa, ro

rasac mogvTxovT, mogcemT. xars mogvTxovT,

Zroxas mogvTxovT, Tu rasac mogvTxovT, mog-

cemT. uari ar ari. wasula, jalab devekiTxebio.

misula _ cxra Zmani yofilan. `jalafno, ese, ese

maZleveno da ra gamovarToo, fuli gamovarTo,

Tu Zroxao, Tu cxorio?~ zog cxori uTqom, zog

cxviii

Zroxa uTqom, zogs xari uTqom. patarZal hyolia

erTi da, modio, patarZalsac SevekiTxoTo, `ra

gamovarToTo~. uTqomT patarZlisaTvis. `me Tu

mkiTxavTo, arc cxori gindaTo, arc Zroxa gin-

daTo. saklavi ro daikvlis, uwin Tqveni daik-

laso, Tu iq iqnebiTo da ro mudam xatobaSi:

`wyalobde qarGaiZesa! gamrevdes qarGaiZeebi! wy-

alobde!~ araferi gindaT magaze metio. da dRe-

sac ro ai _ mudam wels xatobaa _ Tu esenia mo-

suli, imaTi saklavi unda daiklas dRemdi, qar-

GaiZeebisi, `qarGaiZeebo! vin ari, moides! swy-

alobdes eklesiis amSenebelsa!~ (38, #25551).

qarGaiZe lakaTxevSi sacxovre-

beli saxlis agebas apirebs,

magram gangebam mas dumacxoSi

eklesiis aSeneba daakisra. saxlis

masalad gamzadebuli xis na-

fotebi mtreds miaqvs da maT erT-

maneTze awyobs eklesiis saxed. mtredis mo-

qmedeba saxlis mSenebels Gaagonebs, rom man

saxlis aSenebas unda mianebos Tavi da eklesiis

Senebas mihyos xeli. xe, romlis GamonaTali na-

fotebisagan mtredis mecadineobiT eklesiis saxe

iqmneba, ukve sakraluria da misi masalisagan ad-

amianis sacxovrebeli saxli ar unda aSendes.

qarGaiZec sakralizmiT imoseba, is dumarcxosken

mfrinav mtreds mihyveba, rogorc mkadre mihyveba

Tavis jvars, da mtredic aGvenebs mas kvriv

adgils, romelic dafarulia adgilobrivi mo-

cxix

saxleobisaTvis. mtredi aGvenebs mas, TiTqos as-

wavlides eklesiis saxes anu models. namdvilad,

qarGaiZe, roca is Tavisi saxlisaTvis masalas

Wrida, misda uneburad monawileobda im eklesiis

modelis SeqmnaSi, romlis agebas RvTis gangeba

avalebda. es is modelia, romelic xelT upyriaT

xolme taZris kedelze gamosaxul ktitorebs,

romlebic TiTqos amboben: ài, eklesiis saxe,

romelic Gven aRvaSeneT~.

ase GaiTrevs mtredi sakralur saqmianobaSi

ubralo kacs _ jer mkadred, mere eklesiis mSe-

neblad, rac kultis dafuZnebis badalia. da

Tumca qarGaiZe misTvis ucxo mosaxleobas aR-

mouGens jvars, magram is, rogorc am jvaris

uymo yma, mis kultSi sakargymo wils idebs.

gaibmeba solidarobis Sibi lakaTxevis

saRvTo maRalsa da dumacxos wmida giorgis So-

ris. Sibi, rogorc religiuri kavSiris simbolo,

gahyavs mtreds, RvTisSvilis gina suliwmidis

macnes.

am andrezis sxva, SesaZloa, ufro gavrcele-

buli variantis Tanaxmad, ambavi iwyeba ara

lakaTxevidan, sadac, rogorc davinaxeT, qarGaiZe

saxlisaTvis xes Wrida, aramed gzis meore

bolos, dumacxos mxareSi, saiTkenac qarGaiZe

sanadirod aris wasuli. es varianti agebulia

GvenTvis nacnob monadirisa da mtredis motivze

(38, #256196, #.25537, #25613).

cxx

monadire Rames aTevs tyeSi da esizmreba, rom

mtredi am adgilas budes iSenebs; sanadirodan

dabrunebuli, Rames aTevs berebis nasaxlarSi,

sadac cxadliv xedavs, rogor iwyobs mtredi

sabudars. rogorc vxedavT, monadire aRmoGndeba

ara ubralo, SemTxveviT adgilze, aramed

kvrivSi, iseT adgilas, sadac Sewyvetilia sak-

raluri cxovreba da axla, rogorc Gans, Jami

dadga misi aRorZinebisa, ris niSansac aq mofus-

fuse mtredi iZleva. mtreds Sehyavs monadire

didi xnis gauqmebul sawmidarSi, romelsac

adgilobriv mcxovrebTaTvis safarveli hqonda

dadebuli. mtredi monadires, rogorc Tavis

mkadres, Tvals auxels da Seiyvans am adgilis

saidumloSi.

Sio mRvimelis cxovrebaSi moTxrobilia epi-

zodi, sadac monadire mtredis wyalobiT, misi

gamZRoobiT, _ cxadia, aq RvTis xeli moqmedebda,

_ aRmoaGens martomyofi beris wmida samyofels.

mtredis wyalobiT, safarveli exdeba saidumlo

adgils, raTa is wuTisoflisTvisac cnobili

gaxdes.

`îneba zegardmoman gangebaman, raiTa ara

iyos dafarul brwyinvale igi varskvlavi.

amisTKs gamoacxada igi kacTa Soris, xolo saxe

gamocxadebisa misisa esreT iyo. rameTu mas Jamsa

iyo vinme mTavari, saxeliT evagre, qristes mo-

yuare da saRrmToTa wignTagan swavluli da

dResa erTsa hrqua SvilTa TKsTa da monaTa:

cxxi

`ganvideT nadirobad~. da ganvles mtkuari da

ganvides damarTebiT adgilsa mas, sada mjdomare

iyo beri. xolo yovelnive midamoibnivnes da eva-

gre dgas marto da mimoixedvida, raYTa ixilos

nadirTagani raime. xolo miSuebiTa RmrTisaYTa

ixila tredi igi, romel muarTumida sazrdelsa

Sios. xolo evagre ganicdida mkKrsed da ixila,

sada-igi Sevida. xolo viTarca inadires,

warvides saxed TKsad, da xvalisa dRe kualad

ganvides. da viTarca yovelni movidodes da

mTavari evagre dga maxloblad quabisa mis, sada

mjdomare iyo beri. da, aha, kualad ixila tredi

igi da moaqunda sazdeli berisaTKs. da viTarca

ganicada netarman evagre tredi igi, gankKrda igi

da Seudga kualsa missa da ixila wmidaY igi Sio

mjdomare quabsa Sina^~ (95, 219).

hagiografi, msgavsad xalxuri andrezisa,

mogviTxrobs dafaruli siwmidis, rac igive

saidumloa, gamoGenis ambavs. dafarulis, anu

saidumlos gamocxadeba ki erT-erTi qris-

tianuli esqatologiuri WeSmaritebaa. `saqme

uGino~, rogorc vkiTxulobT `qarTlis mo-

qcevaSi~ mcxeTis eklesiis aSenebis gamo, `cxad

didebaSi~ unda gadavides. `cxovrebaSic~ da an-

drezSic mtredia monawile am gamocxadebebisa.

Tu andrezis mixedviT, mtreds Tavisi `WoWiT~

nafotebi miaqvs gangebiT miniSnebuli adgili-

saken da Tan xis mWrels Tu monadires gaiy-

oliebs, `cxovrebaSi~ wmidanis mkvebav mtreds

cxxii

martod darGenilma monadirem, evagrem, Tvali

unda mohkras da mihyves mis kvals, `raYTa ara

iyos dafaruli brwyinvale igi varskvlavi~.

mtredi moqmedebs `miSuebiTa RmrTisaYTa~, rad-

gan evagre SiosTan erTad eklesiis mSenebeli

unda Seiqmnas momavalSi, raTa `saqme qmnuli uGi-

noY~, rac martodmyofi beris sulier RvawlSi

(asketizmSi) mdgomareobda, `cxad didebad~ ga-

moGndes. gana aseve RvTiuri gangebis `miSuebiT~

ar moqmedebs andrezis mtredi, roca mas mona-

dire Tu xis mWreli berTa Tumca gauqmebul,

magram maTi Rvawlis kvalwauSlel sadgome-

bisaken mihyavs, rom Zveli siwmidis gasaaxle-

blad eklesia _ mtredis saxli _ aaSenebinos?

zegardis wmida giorgis andrezis variantTa

Soris aris kidev erTi versia, romlis Tanaxmad

kvrivis aRmomGenia ara lakaTxeveli qarGaiZe,

aramed kacis kvlis mizeziT gadmoxvewili qisti,

romelsac sofelma wili ar misca Tavis miwa-

wyalze. roca qistma xis Wra daiwyo saxlis

asaSeneblad, `qedani movida da, ramdeni nafotic

Seagdebina xesa, imdeni nafoti aiRo da daagrova

iqa, saca is salocavi ari. Gamovida da uTxra

sofelsa, ro eseTi ambavia^ waviden, naxes da

Tqves, ro albaT salocavi gvTxovso aqao, ra-

Raca avaSenoTo^ sTxoves, ro vin aaSenebs,

xelosani vin ari, exla da _ qarGaiZe yofila

xelosani, waiyvanes is qarGaiZe, miiyvanes da

aaSenebines eklesia^~ (38, #25625).

cxxiii

qisti, ucxoTesli, romelic sofelma ar mi-

iRo Tavis wiaRSi, misda uneburad soflisaTvis

axali salocavis aRmomGeni xdeba. kaci erT-

droulad wils idebs sofelSi da eymoba im

salocavs, romelic misi mizeziT soflis miwa-

wyalze aRmoGnda. saidanRac mofrenili qedani

misi sacxovrebeli saxlisaTvis gankuTvnili xis

nafotebiT aSenebs eklesiis saxes, riTac gzas

uxsnis qists sofelSi dasasaxleblad. mopove-

buli salocaviTurT, rogorc sasyidliT, is

Sedis sofelSi saymos sruluflebian wevrad,

amrigad qistis mier sacxovrebeli saxlis da-

fuZneba religiuri aqtia, raki igi dakavSirebu-

lia kultis daarsebasTan.

`qalaqis damfuZnebeli, _ wers fiustel de

kulanJi, _ aris kaci, romelic asrulebs re-

ligiur aqts, romlis gareSe qalaqi ver iarse-

bebda. es is kacia, vinc daaarsa kera, sadac ma-

radiulad unda enTos wmida cecxli; es is

kacia, romelic Tavisi locvebiT da ritualebiT

mouxmobs RmerTebs da samudamod amkvidrebs maT

axal qalaqSi. gasagebia is pativiscema, romel-

sac miageben am sakralur adamians. vidre is

cocxalia, masSi xedaven kultis Semqnels da

qalaqis mamas; sikvdilis Semdeg is xdeba saerTo

winaprad Taobebisa, romlebic mas misdeven;

qalaqisaTvis es igivea, rac ojaxis pirveli

winapari. misi xsovna iseve ar qreba, rogorc

keris cecxli, romelic man daanTo^~ (155, 161).

cxxiv

fiustel de kulanJis azriT, romelic da-

fuZnebulia Zvel romael matianeebze, qalaqis

daarseba yovelTvis religiuri aqti iyo, xolo

misi damaarsebeli _ sakraluri piri. dumacxos

masStabSi es gadmoxvewili qisti imave rols as-

rulebs, rasac im Zveli qalaqebis damfuZne-

belni; isic maT msgavsad sakraluri piria _ man

axali sakulto cxovreba misca sofels, Seqmna

ra misgan axali saymo zegardis wmida giorgis

garSemo da gaxda misi pirveli dekanozi. man

dasabami daudo dumacxoSi afciaurTa erT Stos

_ aspanianT (Tavisi saxelis aspanis mixedviT),

saidanac gamodian zegardis wmida giorgis deka-

nozebi; maT Soris ki saymos axsovs legenda-

ruli focxvera, romelic mxarze droSagade-

buli freniT eSveboda dumacxos saRvTo

maRalis mwvervalidan soflis salocavamde.

jvarGena tyveobaSi

Semonaxulia andrezebi datyvevebul da

tyveobidan Tavdaxsnil jvar-xatebze, romelTa

Tavgadasavali maTsave epiTetebSia gakvrivebuli.

jvarTa tyveoba ar aris fantaziis nayofi, is

istoriuli sinamdvilea, Gveni qveynis bedukuR-

marTi warsulis gamoZaxil andrezebSi. ai, Tun-

dac, erTi magaliTi: `qk s:sv: yaeni wamovida

ulusiTa saqarTvelosa; saqristianoTa xatTa da

jvarTa atyuevebdes^~ (69, 335). qarTlis cxovre-

baSi SeiZleba davadasturoT konkretuli

cxxv

SemTxvevebi jvarTa datyvevebisa Semoseuli

mtris mier: `âmsave Jamsa movides sarkinozni,

romelTa uxmobdes sajobiT da moatyuenes

kaxeTi, da dawues juari da mcxeTa, da Seiqces,

da warvides da waritanes Tana juari patiosani

daWrili^~ (73, 265). mteri, urjulo, ebrZvis

jvars, rogorc sulier arsebas, rogorc devi _

RvTisSvils, da is ara mxolod wartyvenilia,

aramed daWrilic aris.*

datyvevebuli jvaris Semdgom beds ucxo

mxareSi gvamcnobs garkveuli tipis Tqmuleba,

romelic mravali variantiT aris cnobili qar-

Tul folklorSi. ai, am Tqmulebis fabula:

qarTvel tyveebTan erTad gatacebulia xatic.

mtris qveyanaSi xati saswauls axdens: Svidi

wlis manZilze miwa nayofs ar iZleva, adamianic

da pirutyvic gaberwebulia, epidemia anadgurebs

mosaxleobas. misani xvdeba ubedurebis mizezs;

xats sjian (wvaven, sakireSi agdeben), magram

verafers akleben: is uvnebelia. bolos, misnis

rGeviT, xats xaris rqaze miakraven da tyveebTan

erTad Tavisuflad gauSveben. xari moisaklisebs

erT koWl dedakacs da mxolod maSin daiZreba,

roca is dedakaci SeuerTdeba saymos. xari mi-

uZRvis tyveebs samSoblosaken da Gerdeba im

adgilas, romelsac xati Tavis sabrZanisad am-

oirGevs. * daWril-dalewili xatebis Tavgadasavali moTxrobilia xatmebrZoleobis amsaxvel qristianul

legendebSi.

cxxvi

aseTi Tavgadasavali aqvs rkonis

RvTismSoblis (3, 115) da Zarwemis wmida giorgis

xatebs (92, 212). magram es istoria sayovelTaod

cnobili gaxada mTiuleTis saymoTa saerTo

salocavma _ saxelganTqmulma lomisis wmida

giorgis xatma, romlis Rvawli amgvarad ix-

senieba sadideblebSi: `gaumarjos lomisas, xo-

rasanT tyveTa damxsnelsa~ (56, 35). lomisis

wmida giorgis tyveobisa da misi Tavdaxsnis am-

bavi mraval variantad aris Gawerili da da-

beWdili (50, 168-9; ##527-8; 40, 114). Tumca xo-

rasans tyveTa mxsneloba ar darGa mxolod

lomisis wmida giorgis privilegiad; unda vi-

fiqroT, rom lomisis wmida giorgis xorasnul

Rvawls hqonda tendencia Sesuliyo mTavarmowa-

mis `saerToqarTul~ cxovrebaSi, rogorc erTi

mniSvnelovani epizodi. ra uSualo kavSiri unda

arsebuliyo warsulSi lomisis wmida giorgis

saymosa da ZimiTis (guria) wmida giorgis ekle-

sias Soris, rom gvevarauda am miTologemis

gadasvla mTiuleTidan guriaSi. magram ZimiTis

wmida giorgis xatis kubos amSvenebs warwera,

saidanac mogvesmis mTiuluri sadideblis

sityvebi: `q. eha, Sen dido mxneo mxedaro da

RvawliT Semosilo da xvarasanT tyveTa

mxsnelo, saswaulT moqmedo axovano da wmidao

mowameo giorgi^~ (36, 25).

XVIII saukunis werilobiT wyaros Semounaxavs

andrezi, sadac tyveTa mxsneli urjuloTa

cxxvii

qveynidan awyuris (samcxe) RvTismSoblis xatia.

beri egnataSvilis àxali qarTlis cxovrebaSi~,

sadac aRwerilia XV-XVI saukuneebis samcxis vi-

Tareba, vkiTxulobT: samcxis dalaSqvris Semdeg

àiyara yaeni da warvida sayaenosa Tvissa da

tyue hyves xati awyurisa RmrTismSobeli, da

wariyvanes queyanasa maTsa. da iqmna didi glova

da mwuxareba miuTxrobeli sruliad mesxTa

zeda. aRdges yovelni da STavides qarTls,

vidremdis mwirobdes mun Svid wel^ maSin odes

movida uzun-asan mZlavriTa laSqriTa da wariy-

vana xati igi awyurisa RmrTismSoblisa queyanasa

mas ucxo TeslTasa, eseviTari risxva RmrTisa

miavlina; arca Soba dedakacman, arca pirutyuman,

arc hyo xeman nayofi, arca miwaman aRmoacena. da

iqmna didi gamoZieba maT Soris ucxosa amisTvis

saqmisa da ityodes: `raY-me ars ese?~ romelnime

ityodes: `SecTomiT iqmna~, xolo sxuani sxua-

saca rasame mizezsa moiRebdes. xolo ubrZnesTa

kacTa mis queyanisaTa esreT Tques: òdes-igi

saqarTvelos vilaSqreT, maSin erTisa didisa

saydridaRmen ficari erTi, Semkuli mravliTa

pativiTa, vixileT da warmoviReT; da mgzav-

robasa mas Guensa ucxo saswauli vixileT mis-

gan, rameTu mwuxrsa GavasueneT uRrmessa

adgilsa bargisasa da, viTarca ganTendes, aR-

movides siRrmidan da maRlad mjdomare ixilve-

bodis da viTarca mze brwyinevdis. da saqme ese

ueWvelad misgan iqmna queyanasa Guensa da, Tu

cxxviii

gnebavs ganrineba Wirisa misgan, igi moviZioT da

queyanasa maTsa ganuteoT~. maSin moiZies wmida

ese xati da, hpoves ra, esreT ganizraxes: `move-

diT da davakraT kicusa uPedsa da, ukeTu

warvides marTliad gzasa Tvissa, uwyodeT,

rameTu amisgan ars ese yoveli; da ukeTu mi-

iqcios sxviT-kerZo, maSin SecdomiT rame iqmna

da ara amisgan~. da viTarca daakres kicusa mas

zeda ese xati, esreT marTliad warmoemarTa

gzasa samcxeT momyvanebelsa, viTarmca saGino

mPedari da aRviriTa mpyrobeli da mmarTebeli.

da viTarca ixiles ucxoTeslTa sakvirveleba

ese, ganixares sixaruliTa didiTa friad, da

warmogzavnes pativiTa. da Tanawarmohyva sim-

ravle cxenebisa friadi, romelsa zurgebi

Gadrekilebi dResca hqadagebs maSindelsa sas-

waulsa. xolo ucxoTeslTa maT ara-ra izrunes

cxenebisa maTisaTvis, vinaTgan uzomosa mis

Wirisagan Psnasa moelodes. da gangebiTa

saRrmToTa mciredTa JamTa samcxes moiwia

adgilsa, romelsa aw elavsi ewodebis, da iqmna

didebuli saswauli. rameTu myis ganaTlda

sruliad samcxe da gabrwyinda wesisaebr

pirvelisa. da viTarca ixiles yovelTa anasdaTi

igi Secvaleba bnelisa naTlad da mixedes

adgilsa mas da saxed elvisa brwyinvida xati

yovlad-wmidisa, gankvirvebulTa Tques: `ra-me

ars ese elvis saxed brwyinvale?~ da mieriTgan

ewoda adgilsa mas elavsi. da Sekrbes yovelni

cxxix

da mivides da ixiles xati ese yovlad-wmidisa

RmrTismSobelisa brwyinvaled mjdomare kicusa

zeda da simravle cxenebisa garemosa missa;

gankvirdes ucxosa mas zeda sakvirvelsa da

adides RmerTi da yovlad-wmida RmrTismSobeli

da cremliTa mPurvaliTa RaRadyues missa mi-

marT: `kurTxeul ars mosvla Seni, dedao sax-

ierisa RmrTisao, raYsaTvis dagviteven eseodenTa

JamTa bnelTa Sina, romelTa Sen mier vixileT

saRmrTo naTeli Zisa Senisa?~ da viTarca esma

xatisa saswauliTa mosvla mesxTa qarTls

myofTa, viTarmed samcxe ganaTlda, ganixares

sixaruliTa didiTa friad da Tques: ùeWvelad

xati yovlad-wmidisa mosuenda. aRvdgeT da

warvideT queyanasa Guensa~ (74, 479-481).

es vrceli monakveTi, romlis Sinaarsi arse-

biTad igiveobrivia lomisis xatis andrezisa

(principul gansxavebas ar qmnis xaris Senacv-

leba uxedneli kviciT, romliTac brundeba ukan

RvTismSoblis xati), aq im mizniT aris motanili,

rom yuradReba mivapyraT arqauli miTosisaTvis

damaxasiaTebel zogierT moments. rodesac

babilonelTa qalRmerTi iSTari stovebs qvey-

anas da qvesknelSi Gadis, dedamiwaze wydeba nay-

ofiereba, rogorc cxoveluri, ise mcenareuli;

kacTa modgmasac ki gadaSeneba emuqreba, radgan

qveynidan wasulia gamravlebis impulsi. àrc

Soba dedakacman, arca pirutyvman, arca hyo xeman

nayofi, arca miwaman aRmoacena~ _ vkiTxulobT

cxxx

saistorio TxzulebaSi da es sityvebi Tavisu-

flalad SeiZleba gavimeoroT iSTaris gauGi-

narebiT qveyanaSi Seqmnili viTarebis dasax-

asiaTeblad. Tumca es saswaulebi xdeba urju-

loTa qveyanaSi, sadac xatia datyvevebuli, da

ara samcxeSi, xatis saymoSi, saidanac rogorc

iSTari _ radgan ucxo mxareSi wasvla qvesk-

nelSi Gasvlis badalia _ wasulia xati; magram

arc samcxe, xatis saymo, ar aris dalxinebuli:

`da iqmna glova da mwuxareba miuTxrobeli,

aRdges yovelni da STavides qarTls, vidremdis

mwirobdnen mun Svid wel~ _ gvamcnobs saisto-

rio Txzuleba savsebiT realur istoriul

faqts: mesxebis Gasvlas qarTlSi da droebiT

maT iq yofnas, anu mwirobas. mesxni stoveben mi-

tovebul qveyanas rogorc israelianebi, romle-

bic gaurbian SimSils da Gadian egvipteSi.

SesaZloa, mesxTaTvis qarTli, sadac `STadian~,

simbolurad iyo egvipte, sadac maT Svidi weli

unda dahyon mwirad _ ganTqmuli Svidi weli

unayofobisa, romelic dgeba nayofieri Svidi

wlis Semdeg. arc `Stasvla~ da arc `Svidi

weli~ ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi mesxTa

TavgadasavalSi, romelic SeemTxvaT maT maTi

mfarveli RvTismSoblis xatis datyvevebis Sem-

deg. gadis Svidi weli da samcxeSi brundeba ga-

marjvebuli, uxednel kvicze, rogorc erT dros

misi Ze, amxedrebuli RvTismSobeli, kidev ufro

gabrwyinebuli da meti didebiT mosili, da

cxxxi

mesxnic brundebian Tavis qveyanaSi.

RvTismSobeli kvlav Semoikrebs Tavis saymos,

romelic Svidi weliwadi ùcxo~ qveyanaSi mwi-

robda, sadac mas qarTlis mefe konstantine, ro-

gorc faraoni iakobis naSierT, akavebda (`xolo

knstantine ayenebda da ara utevebda warsvlad;

da viTarca hpoves Jami marjue, aRdges Ramesa

erTsa da warmoemarTnes yovliT saxleuliT ma-

TiTurT~ (74, 481). es aris ambavi mesxebis ga-

mosvlaTa maTi mwirobis qveynidan da Sesvla

maTi RvTiuri patronis qveyanaSi. am Tavgadasav-

alSi kargad Gans, rom am xalxisaTvis sacxovre-

beli teritoria warmoudgenelia misi RvTiuri

patonis gareSe; aq isic Gans, rom xati Tavisi

dabrunebiT xelmered moupovebs Tavis saymos

dakargul miwa-wyals.

lomisis xati da misi ymebi erTad arian qvey-

anaSi datyvevebulni. TqmulebaTa am rkalSi Se-

modis xevis sparsangelozis andrezic, romlis

teqsti Gawerili aqvs s.makalaTias. ai, misi Si-

naarsi:

sxva tyveebTan erTad sparseTSi erTi moxeve

qalic yofila akvnis bavSviT. aTengenobis wina

dRiT akvanTan mjdari wverisangelosze ocnebam

gaitaca. gamoecxada angelozi da uTxra: Taro-

dan Gemi sayure gadmoiRe da xevis gzas gaude-

qio. dRe me gmalav, Ram-RamobiT Suqze gatarebo.

iqve gaGnda xaric, romlis rqaze Sejda wveri-

sangelozi da qals win gauZRva. snoSi aTengeno-

cxxxii

bas miuswro qalma da maSinve wverisangelozSi

avida, sayure xatisTvis Seuwiravs, xari dauk-

lavs da angelozic am adgilas dafrenila (53,

252).

mTiuleTisa da xevis mTavari salocavebis

saswaulebi ukavSirdeba mniSvnelovan gan-

sacdelebs maTi saymoebis istoriaSi. SesaZle-

belia, es gansacdeli maTi Seqmnis, saymod Gamoy-

alibebis safuZvelic ki iyos, vinaidan sadac ar

aris gansacdeli, iq xsnac ar aris; xsna ki,

gadarGena, Tavdaxsna, xelaxali Seqmnis da

xelaxali Sobis, gamococxlebis badalia. amitom

aris mxsneli macxovari, ganmacocxlebeli.

tyveoba da sikvdili rom tolfardi movlenebia,

amis dasadastureblad aucilebeli arc aris

Zveli miTosis moxmoba; es cxaddeba sruliad

aramiTosur, yofiT gancdaSi, roca adamiani

mTeli sisavsiT ganicdis tyveobis gansacdels.

amas gvidasturebs erTi adgili nikoloz bara-

TaSvilis kerZo werilidan: `^xom ici, tyveoba

da sikvdili Gvens dedakacebs erTi hgoniaT,

metadre lekis tyveoba~ (1848 wlis 2 maisi).

`metadre lekis^~ amas Tavisi datvirTva aqvs:

leki* urjuloa da urjuloTa qveyanaSi tyveoba

(gavixsenoT guramiSvilis gansacdeli) gaZliere-

bul mniSvnelobas iZens, roca qristianis da

misi xatis tyveobazea laparaki. * lekebSia datyvevebuli, Tqmulebis Tanaxmad, rkonis RvTismSobeli (3,115) da Zarwemis

wmida giorgis xati (99, 212), romelTa Tavgadasavali `xorasnuli Rvawlis~ motivzea agebuli.

cxxxiii

xats jojoxeTidan, qvesknelidan amohyavs

tyvedqmnili, damonebuli xalxi. magram xatic

xom tyvea, jer xom man unda daixsnas Tavi, rom

xalxis gaTavisufleba SeZlos? ufro meti: isic

usaTuod tyveobaSi unda iyos, rom ixsnas Tavisi

xalxi; is gveleSapis SiganSi unda moeqces,

STaenTqas gveleSaps, rom misi muclidan gamoiy-

vanos STanTqmulni. jer xatma unda daixsnas

Tavi da es misi TviTdaxsna aris swored jvar-

Gena ucxo qveyanaSi.

SeniSnuli iyo, rom jvarGena sastiki movle-

naa, sastiki Tavad sakuTari saymosaTvisac ki,

Tavisi unji ymisaTvisac ki, romelsac daadebs

Tavis Zlier xels. miT umetes, sastiki da daun-

dobeli unda iyos is, roca datyvevebulia da

TavdaxsnisaTvis unda iGinos Tavi. jvarGenis

niSnebia _ da amas xvdeba ucxo qveynis misani _

nayofierebis Sewyveta qveyanaSi, adamianTa da

cxovelTa siberwe, Jamianoba da sxva epidemiebi.

jvari qveynis gamanadgurebeli saSualebebiT

iGens Tavs, rogorc israelis RmerTi egvipteSi,

roca faraoni akavebda damonebul xalxs da ar

uSvebda monobis qveynidan. xats saswaulebiT ga-

mohyavs Tavisi saymo xorasnidan Tu lekebidan,

rogorc iahves Tavisi eri egviptidan iq datri-

alebuli sasjelebis _ gvemis, ganadgurebis, sne-

baTaSeyris, stiqionTa aboboqrebis, pirmSoTa

amoxocvis Semdeg; aqac da iqac xalxis patroni

aGenda Tavis marjvenas, romlis winaSe uZluri

cxxxiv

iyo damTrgunveli qveyana. ar SeiZleboda am

xalxis tyveoba, radgan is uflis sakuTreba iyo,

misi unji (segulah), rogorc Tavad eubneba maT:

`radgan Sena xar wmida eri uflisaTvis, Seni

RvTisaTvis, Sen gamogarGia ufalma, Senma

RmerTma, rom misi unji eri yofiliyavi^~ (2

rjl. 7, 6). rogorc ar SeiZleboda motaceba da

datyveveba RvTis kidobnisa da aki filis-

timelTa RvTaebis _ dagonis taZarSi gamom-

wyvdeulma Semusra maTi kerpi da mere, sadac ki

gadaitanes, yvelgan _ geTSi, ekronSi _ uwyalod

musravda xalxs da ase grZeldeboda Svid weli-

wads, vidre misanTa rGeviT or mewvel furSi

Sebmul uremze ar daasvenes da ar gagzavnes

Tavis wilxvdomil qveyanaSi; rogorc ar SeiZle-

boda datyveveba, xelis xlebac ki imisa, razec

devs uflis xeli, dawyebuli saSineli RvTis

kidobniT da adamianiT damTavrebuli. rac

uflisTvis wmidaa (kodeS), is xelSeuxebelia.

uflis siwmidis Selaxvis kerZo faqtad, rac

unda ucnaurad ar mogveGvenos, unda GavTvaloT

erTi SexedviT gaugebari istoria, rac saras

SeemTxva, Semdeg rebekasac, _ misi dakaveba jer

egvipteSi faraonis da mere gerarSi am qveynis

mefis mier, ris gamoc `didad SeaWirva ufalma

faraoni da misi saxli~ (dab. 12, 17) da `yvelas

dauxSo ufalma saSo abimeleqis saxlSi~ (dab.

20, 18). mis xelmyofelTa es `damizezeba~ gardau-

vali iyo, imis niSani iyo, rom sara unda

cxxxv

dabruneboda Tavis patrons, radgan is iyo

aRTqmis aRsrulebis erTaderTi WurWeli, sai-

danac ufals Tavisi wmida eri unda warmoeSva.

xati da saymo erTad arian tyveobaSi. maTi

erTad yofna imas niSnavs, rom xati ar stovebs

Tavis xalxs upatronod, Tumca monobis qveyanaSi

xati jer farulad aris, is imarxavs Tavs, jer

ar gamoGenila, is sdums. roca is alaparakdeba,

ai, maSin xdeba jvarGena da iwyeba gamosvla,

magram jvarGena _ obieqturi faqti _ adamianis

suliskveTebazea damokidebuli.

gavixsenoT: mravali xani itanjeboda xalxi

egvipteSi, magram RmerTi dumda. xalxs,

SesaZloa, namdvilad ase iyo, daviwyebulic ki

hyavda Tavisi mama-papis RmerTi; aRarc ki ax-

sovda, Tu odesme hyolia, magram roca ise

damZimda, rom metis atana adamians aRar SeeZlo,

xalxi akvnesda da RmerTs miswvda misi kvnesa,

radgan is ar iyo umisamarTo, ar iyo umweo, upa-

trono monis kvnesa, aramed adamianisa, romelmac

gaixsena Tavisi vinaoba da warsuli; sZlia sa-

tanis moqmedebas, romelic aviwyebda mas, rom is

ufliswuli iyo, rom is samyaros Semoqmedis

unji sakuTreba iyo (rogorc unda iyos yvela

xalxi). ai, swored maSin moxda jvarGena sinais

mTaze, sadac devnili mose mwyesavda Tavisi si-

mamris faras.

unda movelodeT, rom yovel aseT dros _

ukidures gasaWirSi ibadeba, ufro swored,

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aRdgeba gawyvetili kavSiri adamiansa da mis

mfarvels Soris. jojoxeTSi, veSapis mucelSi,

ibadeba sasoeba, rwmena; aq lbeba guli, ar

qvavdeba. qali swuxs ucxoobaSi, enatreba Tavisi

mTavarangelozis adgilsamyofeli da dReoba

(adgili da dro, rogorc erTiani Jam-kari _

kultis piroba) da natvraSi, roca is aRar

grZnobs Tavs umweod, aris religiis dasabami.

dasabami aris am qalSi, akvans rom uzis, rogorc

pirvel qadagSi _ minanSi, sanaTaSi, wmida ninoSi,

mariamsa da marTaSi. Gumi kvnesa natvrasTan er-

Tad aRmomxdari aranakleb esmis mTavarange-

lozis xats, vidre egvipteSi damonebuli xalxis

ufals misi gamayruebeli godeba.

saymo aRdga kvlav, is Seikriba Tavisi xatis

garSemo, uklebliv yvela, im upatrono, yvelasa-

gan daviwyebuli koWli dedakacianad, romelsac

_ ukanasknels _ elodeboda xati. saymo aRdga

tyveobis qveyanaSi, roca alaparakda xati, da

ganmtkicda gzaSi, roca is miuZRoda maT qveyni-

saken. isini mtkicdebian da kidev ufro er-

Tiandebian gzaSi, radgan erTi mimarTulebiT

uxdebaT yureba. israeli xedavda Tavis win

dRisiT Rrubels, RamiT _ naTlis svets. eseni

xedaven dRisiT da RamiT mTavarangelozis an

wmida giorgis xats, aRmarTuls xaris rqebze, _

TavianT winamZRols da mxsnels, romelic sama-

radisod aRibeWda maT SegnebaSi.

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qa-javeTis ganZi `qajaveTi~, romlis kavSiri `qa-jeTTan~ eWvs ar unda iwvevdes, tradiciulad _ es tradicia, rogorc Gans, `vefxistyaosanma~ gaaZliera _ iseTi qeyanaa, sadac viRac unda iyos datyvevebuli: is, vinc motacebulia Tavisi qveynidan da xsnas elis. qajeTi tyveobis qveyanaa da Tavad mTeli qveyana qajeTisa erTian cixed aris warmodgenili, cixe ki unda gaitexos; amaze TaTbirobs mis misadgomebTan misuli sami gmiri. fSav-xevsureTis andrezebSic laparakia qa-javeTis gatexvaze _ `qajaveTi ro gautexav RvTiSvilTa^~ _ rom ZaliT wamoiRon iqidan, rac wamosaRebia, wamoiyvanon, rac wamosayvania; xolo rac moaqvT Tu mohyavT, aucilebelia saymosTvis, misi arsebobisTvis (rogorc nestani tarielisT-vis), Tu ara da gaugebari iqneboda mis wi-naaRmdeg galaSqrebul RvTisSvilTa Tanganwirva.

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ras mogviTxrobs qajaveTis gatexis Tqmuleba? xaxmatis jvaris winamZRolobiT xevsureTis RvTisSvilni gaemarTnen qajaveTis dasalaSqra-vad; Tan iaxles erTaderTi mokvdavi, adamiani, magram ara ubralo mokvdavi, aramed jvaris mkadre, romelsac jvari `xelze moudioda~. is xSirad, _ misi saxeli iyo gaxua megrelauri (WormeSavidan), _ dadioda jvarTan erTad; am-boben, `xandixan daikargisao. erT-ori TviTge mavidisav, safarvel dadebul daxyvandisav xTiSvilTa Tanav~ (67, 193). kidev ambobdnen, rom `jvarTan jvar yofil, xatTan xat yofil is kaci~. miuxedavad jvarTan aseTi siaxlovisa, RvTisSvilTa Soris gareva mas ar SeeZlo xor-cieli saxiT, miT umetes, qajaveTSi SesaRwevad _ es axasiaTebs am qveyanas, rogorc gansxvavebuli ganzomilebis sivrceSi mdebares _ mas unda daeTmo sxeuli; suli misi unda gayroda mis sxeuls, is uxorco unda Sesuliyo qajaveTSi. amitom RvTisSvilebma misi suli amoaZvrines misi sxeulidan. SeuZlebeli iqneboda am faqtis mesame piriT gadmocema, rom is Tavidanve pirveli piriT ar yofiliyo Tqmuli, ar gaecxa-debina amgvari gansacdeli Tavad mis ganmcdels. `^sul amamaZvrinesav, Tqvisav gaxuama-d’ gvamiv qviSaSi GaRmarxesav~ (67, 190); `damawvinesav, sul amamaZvinesav. mec angelozebTan viarev^~ (67, 18)).

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mas Semdeg, rac xaxmatidan daZrulebma gaxuas sulamoride-buli gvami velkeTilze, daTvisjvaris misadgomebTan, sadRac kldis èxSi~ damales Tu miwaSi (`qviSaSi~) Gafles, Tu xeze miayudes, rom ukan dabrunebisas kvlav GaeZvrinaT masSi suli, is ki gauZaliandeboda RvTisSvilT, raki mis gvams suni eqneboda adenili da mxarzec Tagvis naWami eqnebda damGneuli, _ amis Semdeg Gven vkargavT maT kvals. cnobilia gza xaxmatidan daTvisjvaris uReltexilamde, radgan mas xor-cielis nabijebis kvali amGnevia _ mokvdavi, sanam xorcieli iyo, xom fexdafex misdevda mfrinav xatebs, _ magram sruliad gamoucnobia gza daTvisjvaridan qajaveTamde, radgan is uxi-lavma arsebebma gaiares ise, rom kvali ar daum-GneviaT miwaze da verc veravis moukravs maTTvis Tvali. es uxilavi gza, romlis toponimebi uc-

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nobia andrezisaTvis, sruliad sxva ganzomile-baSi mdebareobs. midioda gza, mere is gadatyda daTvisjvarTan, gadavida piriqiTSi, irealurSi, sadac xorciel gaxuas ar SeeZlo SeRweva. ami-tom unda vifiqroT, rom RvTisSvilTa dasalaSqravi qajaveTi ar mdebareobs fizikur samyaroSi, Tumca misken mimavali gza is gza aris, romelsac tradiciulad adgas saymo, rodesac piraqeTi xevsureTidan daTvisjvaris gadavliT miTxos soflebis dasalaSqravad mie-marTeba. es marSruti asaxulia sagmiro-salaSqro poeziaSi: velkeTil amaiares, xania SvaRamisao, daTvisjvar gadaiares, nam gadaGqvifes mTisao. miTxos pirdapir Gavides, alagzed leven Gdilsao (75, #48). daTvisjvar erTad Sagrovdes, damSvenda mTa da baria, daT-visjvars gadadioda Sav-nabadais jaria (78, #61). arsebobs Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad qa-javeTis TqmulebaSi asaxuli unda iyos qarT-velTa tomis mravalgzisi laSqrobebi uSualo mezoblebis _ qistebis winaaRmdeg (67, 81-97. es realisturi mosazrebaa, romelic eyrdnoba am tomebs Soris saukunovan urTierTobas maTi me-zoblad cxovrebis manZilze. magram ise ar unda warmovidginoT, TiTqos andrezSi qajaveTis saxiT qisteTi igulisxmebodes. realuri laSqrobebi saymosi qisteTis winaaRmdeg iZleva models qajaveTis winaaRmdeg laSqrobisaTvis, _ ai, am azriT unda iyos asaxuli istoriuli si-namdvile qajaveTis andrezSi, romlis mizan-dasaxuloba sruliad gansxvavdeba sagmiro-salaSqro eposisagan. amJamad interesis sagans ar Seadgens sakuTriv brZola jvarTa da qajTa

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Soris; gvainteresebs mxolod laSqrobis mizani da misi saboloo Sedegi; Tu ra naxes mo-laSqreebma qajaveTSi, ra saidumlos aexada iq farda. rogori qveyanaa qajaveTi? qajaveTs, ro-gorc qveyanas, aqvs Tavisi Suaguli, iseve, ro-gorc adamianTa sazogadoebas, saymos. Suaguli, rogorc kera, sadac amozrdilia mironmdinari alvisxe an oqros SibiT cas gamobmuli muxa laSaris gorze. cxadia, jvari dgas saymos SuagulSi. ras warmoadgens qajaveTis Suaguli? es is adgili iqneba, sadac yvelaze adre unda SeaWenos cxeni molaSqre RvTisSvilma. rodesac zurab erisTavi ganizraxavs xevsureTis gatexvas, is pirvel rigSi miadgeba xmalas salocavs da mis alvisxes mosaWrelad; fSavis xevSi aseT adgilad mas eguleba laSaris muxa, romlis moWriT is darwmunebuli iqneboda, rom daimor-Gilebda laSaris saymos anu fSavis Tormet Tems. momxdurma icis, ras daartyas pirvelad, sad SeaWenos cxeni. qajaveTSic aris aseTi adgili, es aris samWedlo. es aRniSnulia le-qsSi: sinas SWeds qajTa mWedeli, mivaswver wur-vazedao. qurTemul mauglejie, cxeni Savagdi zedao^ qajaveTis centri samWedloa; Tu sam-Wedlos gatexavs wmida giorgi, qajaveTic gatex-ilia, misi saidumlo amoxsnilia. amas niSnavs `mivaswver wurvazedao^~ yoveli xeloba sak-ralur-saidumloebrivia, gansakuTrebiT mWed-loba, romelic sakulto qmedebamdea ayvanili. devebi adamganebs umalavdnen mWedlobis saidumlos. aseve es saidumlo saqme qajeTis ux-ilav da miuval qveyanaSia daculi, sadac xor-cieli ver SeaRwevs. mWedloba qajaveTis relig-

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iaa da samWedloSi, rogorc kvrivSi, gareSem ver unda Seixedos. magram RvTisSvili _ xaxmatis wmida giorgi Sedis samWedloSi; ufro metic: gaxurebul grdemlze daamGnevs Tavisi cxenis nals, rogorc qajaveTis gatexis niSans samara-disod (amboben, qajaveTidan wamoRebuli qurTe-muli, romelsac nalis tvifari aqvs, xaxmatis jvaris kvrivSi inaxeba dRemde). mainc ras war-moadgens qajaveTis ganZi _ nadavli, romelic erTnairad esaWiroeba batonsa da mis saymos, romlis xorcieli winamZRolia gaxua? cxadia, es ar iqneba grova SemTxveviTi sagnebisa, romelic qajaveTis Suagulis _ samWedlos afeTqebis Sem-deg SeiZleba xelSi moxvedrodaT gamarjvebul molaSqreebs. roca inana, uruqis qalRmerTi da misi patroni, eriduSi gaemarTa Tavisi qalaqisaTvis saWiro faseulobaTa _ nivTierTa Tu univToTa wamosaRebad, man icoda, ra unda wamoeRo da risTvis iyo saWiro es yvelaferi. mas mohqonda saganTa da mcnebaTa mTeli er-Toblioba, sistema, romelic safuZvlad unda dadeboda uruqis civilizacias (46, 161-6). es iyo inanas ZRveni, Tavisi saymosaTvis boZebuli. man xomaldiT mozida ganivTebuli ìdeebi~, kultisa da kulturis safuZvlebi, da uruqis navsayu-delSi gadmotvirTa. Gveni RvTisSvilebis mo-tanili ganZic Seadgens saganTa sistemas, ro-melic safuZvlad udevs saymoTa sakulto-sazogadoebriv yofas. qajaveTis ganZSi Semavali sagnebi SeiZleba sam jgufad davyoT. sakuTriv sagnebi: Tasi, sakideli, oqros fanduri, oqros saceri, qurTemuli (grdemli), furis rqa. saqoneli: xar-Zroxa. qajis qalebi, mTavari maT

cxliv

Soris _ samZivari. rogorc vxedavT, qajaveTuri ganZi ar gamoirGeva saganTa mravalferovnebiT. cxadia, isini arc Tanabari mniSvnelobisa arian _ vgulisxmob sakuTriv sagnebs, romelTa Soris Tass umaRlesi adgili uWiravs. is dgas saganTa ierarqiis TavSi, rogorc yabaxze Semodgmuli oqros Tasi, rogorc mizani, romliskenac aris mimarTuli yvelas mzera. aseve miuwvdomelia sa-kulto yofaSi sakralizmiT Semosili Tasi, ro-melic, rogorc davinaxeT, simbolurad gamox-atavs mTels kults. SeiZleba gvefiqra, rom RvTisSvilebs TavianTi saymoebisaTvis am sagne-bis, maT Soris, Tasis, saxiT moaqvT sayo-facxovrebo kultura; rom TiTqos es yvelasaT-vis cnobili da kargad nacnobi sagnebi yoveldRiuri daniSnulebisani arian. magram es ase ar aris. pirvel rigSi, imis gamo, rom isini RvTisSvilTa mier arian wamoRebulni, maTi xelmonakidia da jvarSia mitanili, raTa iq imyofebodnen samudamod. maT azis jvaris uxi-lavi niSani, zogierTs xilulic (rogorc qur-Temuls wmida giorgis cxenis nali), rogorc jvaris sakuTrebas. sxva saWiroebisaTvis maTi gamoyeneba dauSvebelia. sakraluria da jvaris ganZSi imkvidrebs adgils is Tasic, romelic moymes mtris qveynidan moaqvs. ase umRerian ukan-xadus sanebis ymas, meSvelas, romelic motace-buli TasiTa (saxelad `sirma~) da tyviTurT brundeba Tavis saymoSi, riTac is TiTqos qa-javeTis gamtexi RvTisSvilis saqciels imeorebs: meSvela milxauris Zev, niavo gergetisao, kivkav darbazis gamtexo, mamtano sirmaisao, Tormetis Suris mZebnelo, Pelad mamyvano tyvisao (38,

cxlv

#25441). (RvTisSvilTan analogiaze migvaniSnebs moymis epiTeti `niavo gergetisao~: andreziT viciT,rom crolis saneba gergetidan aris wamo-suli). davaxasiaToT TiToeuli maTgani, vnaxoT, ra rols asruleben isini, rogorc andrezebis personaJebi, da ganvsazRvroT maTi sakulto funqciebi erTmaneTTan damokidebulebaSi. Tasi Tasi Zevs kultisa da kulturis dasabamSi. es aris niSani, romliTac adamiani cxovelisagan ganirGeva, rac kargad Gans `gilgameSis eposis~ gmiris, enqidus magaliTze. misi gankaceba, kul-turuli cxovrebisadmi ziareba gamoxatulia imiT, rom is swavlobs xelSi Tasis daWeras da miT wyurvilis dakmayofilebas; roca is amas SesZlebs, is ukve adamiania; misi arseboba gadaizrdeba kulturul yofaSi, rasac is mok-lebuli iyo, roca udabnoSi `maradJams jogTan erTad wyals ewafeboda~ _ arseboba, romelic SeiZleba daxasiaTebuli iqnas, rogorc uTasoba, rogorc kulturis nulovani mdgomareoba. roca diogenma, romelmac uxsovardroindeli kul-turis niSnad erTaderTi sagani _ Tasi daitova, wylis peSviT amomRebelis danaxvisas isic mois-rola, rogorc usargeblo ram nivTi; am aqtiT man uari Tqva kacobriuli kulturis uZveles da ukanasknel elementur niSanze. diogeni ukuagdebs, uaryofs Tass, enqidus xelSi aZleven mas gankacebis niSnad. ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom lemnosis ukacriel kunZulze mitovebul filoktetes kacobriuli kulturis niSnad aqvs erTaderTi WurWeli _ Tavisive xeliT ga-moGorknili Tasi, rasac mravalnacadi odisevsi ironiulad `ganZs~ uwodebs (ix. sofokles drama

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`filoktete~, str. 35-7). odisevsis ironiul sityvebSi, maTi warmomTqmelis uneburad, WeS-maritebaa gacxadebuli: Tasi marTlac aris ganZi kacobriobisaTvis, kerZod, misi umciresi ujre-disTvis _ saymosTvis, romlis cnobierebaSi es ori cneba ganuyreli erTianobiT aris GabeWdili da qmnis kidec sakralur SenaduRs _ es aris Tas-ganZi. roca kulti (da kultura) isaxeba, ai, maSin gamoGndeba Tasi. an, piruku, roca Tasis Gena (TasGena) xdeba, andrezi gvauwyebs sakulto cxovrebis dasawyiss. SeiZleba asec iTqvas da es dasturdeba Gvens andrezebSi: Tasi Tavad aris saSo sakulto cxovrebisa; Tasidan, rogorc keriidan ifani, aRmocendeba kulti. am dros Tasi TiTqos kargavs Tavis uSualo, Tavdapirvel funqcias da itvirTavs imaze mets, rac yoveldRiur yofaSi akisria mas. am dros is aRar ekuTvnis adamianis mier damzadebul sa-ganTa rigs; is zeciuri warmoSobisaa, rogorc sakulto sagani upiratesad. amitom aris, rom Tasi kultis genezisSi cidan Gamodis, rogorc mwyemsi qal-vaJis Tvalwin karatiswverze oqros SibiT GamoSvebuli Tasi. am jvarGenis Tasi rom amaRlebulia Tavisi yofiTi daniSnulebis doni-dan, iqidanac Gans, rom andrezis variantSi mas enacvleba jvari, romelic sxva araferia, Tu ara RvTisSvilis niSani. karatiswveris jvarGenis Tasi ara marto ganudga Tavis pirvelad, bunebiT daniSnulebas, aramed sruliad gaeTiSa amqveniur saganTa wres: cidan Gamosuli, is imarxeba mi-waSi, efareba adamianis Tvals, rogorc Gamarx-uli Tesli, rom iqidan kulti aRmocendes. aq Tasi, rogorc fuZe da saSo, gvevlineba Tavisi

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dedruli aspeqtiT, rac kidev ufro ikveTeba Subnuri jvaris (liqokSi) daarsebis andrezSi. gadmocemiT, am jvarma Tavi iGina ifnis saxiT, romelic aRmocenda romeliRac mosaxlis keriaSi Gamarxuli oqros Tasidan (60,. 130). aseve sof. GirdilSi (xevsureTi) vinme daTvias nacix-varSi darGenili sami Tasi Seiqna safuZveli soflis SuagulSi RvTismSoblis jvarGenisa da mosaxleobis ayrisa. Tasi miaqvs saymos erT nawils, roca is axal teritoriaze esaxleba, rom axal adgilze Zveli salocavi gadanergos. am dros Taszea dakisrebuli kultis mTeli simZime, misi sicocxlisunarianoba. Tasi kultis aRorZinebis WurWelia. saidumloebrivia jvaris aRmoceneba Tasidan; xiluli nivTidan uxilavis warmoSoba _ vgulisxmob jvarGenas Tasis fu-Zeze, roca Tasi ara mxolod niSania jvarGenisa, aramed misi warmoSobis wiaRic aris. jvaris mkadreTa legendur xanaSi Tasi iyo andamati, romelic izidavda `mfrinav xats~, RvTisSvilisagan Tavisi nebis gamosacxadeblad movlenils. im xanaSi Tasi, rogorc saswaulmo-qmedi WurWeli, TiTqos aGenda jvars da es iyo jvarGenis demonstracia mcire masStabSi saymos Tvalwin. ìm mPriT mfrinav xats sxva xalxic xedavd. mamaSGemic minaxav. sakadri xqondav. gadaifinisav, aimaSi koWoba Gadgisav. ro mavidisav, ciT mavidisav i xatio-d’ imasav (koWobas) xan erT gverdze miekrisao, xan meo-rezedav. exvewisav, exvewisav e mkadreio, memr Sig Gajdisav, ai koWobaSiav~ (68, 98). es `ciT mosuli xati~ (anu jvarGenis niSani), romelic ekvris saxuco koWobis kides, mtredis saxiTac ecxadeba

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saymos. Tasi, rogorc jvarGenis WurWeli, an-damativiT izidavs mtreds, jvaris manifestaciis frinvels. `^sayeenos ro svemdes, am dros ucbad gamocxadd Paxmatis jvaris xati mtredis saxiT, sayeenos Tasis pirze dajd^~ (62, 569). zogjer mtredi amofrindeba Tasidan, rogorc jvari sa-Sodan: `PelSi naWer ludian TasGiiT winwel amadiodisav tredi~ (1, 48). amgvari jvarGenis niS-nad vercxlis sakulto Tasebis kides amkobs wyvili mtredis vercxlisave figurebi, romle-bic erTmaneTisaken arian pirisaxiT mimarTulni. mtredebi Tasze imasac moaswaveben, rom Tasi jvaris, RvTisSvilis sakuTrebaa. Tasis kideze mjdar mtreds da mtredebs vxvdebiT adreqris-tianul xanaSi katakombebis kedlebze: mtredebi ewafebian barZims da isini gamoxataven qris-tianTa sulebs, romlebic eziarebian ukvdavebis sasmels (140, 176). katakombebis mtredebsac, msgavsad jvaris Tasebis mtredebisa, Tavze jvari aziT. mtredebiani Tasis uZveles nivTier dadas-turebas warmoadgens mikenuri oqros Tasi, e.w. `nestoris Tasi~ Zv.w. XVI s.-isa, romlis msgavsi ìliadas~ XI simReraSia aRwerili (148, #1085)). Tumca es mtredebi, rogorc fiqroben, ki ar ewa-febian TasSi mdgar sasmels, romelic ambrosia unda iyos, aramed Tavad arian misi momtanni. ras gulisxmobs Tasi fSav-xevsureTis sakulto yo-faSi? `sasmel WurWels (yanwi iqneba, Wiqa Tu jami) fSaveli Tass uwodebs, metadre Tu xevis-bers upyria xelT dasamwyalobeblad an xatis dasadideblad. Tasi saRvTo sagania fSavelisaT-vis~. _ martivad, magram amomwuravad pasuxobs d.xizaniSvili am kiTxvaze (105). `Tasi samRvTo

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sagania~ _ es ganmarteba meti siRrmis momcveli xdeba, roca GavukvirdebiT wina frazaSi naTqvams: `^metadre Tu xevisbers upyria xelT^~. Gveulebrivi, yoveldRiurad saxmari WurWeli iqceva Tasad mxolod maSin, roca mas xevisberi daiWers xelSi. Tasi jvaris aris, magram mas Ta-sobas, rogorc funqcias, kultis msaxuri ani-Webs. aq igulisxmeba e.w. saxuco koWobi, romel-Sic, rogorc xevisberis kuTvnil TasSi, daunje-bulia misi sakraluroba, risi nivTieri gamox-atulebac aris Semowirulobani, romlebiTac daxunZlulia saxuco koWobi. samkauli gamox-atavs Tasis pativs da amave dros mis kuTvnile-bas jvarisadmi: jvrebi, mtredebi, Sibebi _ sam-kaulebia, magram isini jvarGenis niSnebic aris da amitomac Tasi maTi bunebrivi Sesakrebelia. Tasis sakralurobas mowmobs agreTve sakulto praqtika, misi gamoyenebis wesi: mTavari Tasidan svamen mxolod da mxolod jvarTan axlos myofi pirebi _ jvaris xelkacni, romelTac ufleba aqvT misi xelSi daWerisa. zogierT saymoSi im-denad Zlieria mTavari Tasis sakralizmi, rom misgan `piriT Sasma ar SeiZlebda, vavsebdiT, sanTel davakravdiT da iqidan sxvaSi gadaviReb-diT^~ es iyo xitaleSi (xevsureTi) petre mo-ciqulis saymos Tasi (38). Tasi jvaris Tas-ganZis nawilia, amitomac is iziarebs mis idumalebriv bunebas (Tas-ganZi xom samalavSia, SeiZleba iTqvas, safarveldadebuli), rasac warmoaGens swored saxuco koWobi _ Tasobis umaRlesi ga-moxatuleba, romelsac weliwadSi erTxel gamo-abrZaneben (mxolod ase iTqmis Tasze) saymos Tvalwin, romelic mas muxlmoyrili elodeba;

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mxolod erTxel, rogorc Zveli aRTqmis mRvdelmTavari weliwadSi erTxel Sedis wmi-daTa wmidaSi _ is Sedis saRvTo wyvdiadSi, es ki, saRvTo TasiTurT gamodis dRis sinaTleze: pirveli wardgeba uxilavi erTis winaSe, meore ki warudgeba mTels saymos, romelic Sehyurebs mas, Tass, sasoebiT, rogorc wmida graalis Tass Sexedavdnen mrgvali magidis raindebi, graalis saymo, rogorc sayovelTao jvarGenas. misi da-kargviT xom gamoecleboda saymos sasoeba da Suaguli, romelic uWiravs Tass mis sakulto cxovrebaSi; iseTive Suaguli, rogorc sami an-gelozis winaSe trapezze mdgar barZims. moac-ileT es barZimi da iSleba samebac: isini xom am WurWelisTvis sxedan, maT winaSe sicariele war-moudgenelia. aseve warmoudgenelia carieli Tasi; is mainc, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi jvarGe-nis simboluri sagania, rGeba WurWlad, romel-mac unda miiRos wmida sasmeli saymos saziare-blad. Tasi ziarebis WurWelia upiratesad da amaSia misi sakraluroba da simboluri daniS-nuleba. magram es simbolizmi ar aris ganyenebuli. ziareba realuria saboloo aqtiT _ saRvTo ludis SesmiT saerTo Tasidan _ da misi ganmapirobebeli saerTo SromiTi aqtebiT: mTeli saymo realurad da potenciurad monawileobs jvaris mamulebis damuSavebaSi, romlis Wirnax-ulidan mzaddeba sadReobo ludi. jvaris msaxurni da potenciurad mTeli saymo, warmo-madgenlobis saxiT, svams luds saerTo Tasidan, riTac isini erTianobas adastureben. saymos er-Tianobis gamomxatvelia dReobis dasasruls sa-gangebo ritualiT dadgmuli sayeino Tasi, pir-

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Tamde savse, romelsac saTiTaod xelSeuxeblad unda daewafos TiToeuli moyme. ra warmoSobac ar unda hqondes istoriulad da eTnografiulad sayeino Tasis dadgmis wes-Gveulebas, Tavad misi Sesrulebis wesi migvaniSnebs, rom am ritualis dros, riTac faqtiurad mTavrdeba dResaswauli da iwyeba ferxisaiT Gamosvla salocavidan, saymo erTxel kidev adasturebs Tavis erTiano-

bas. saxuco koWobs eaxlebian, iGoqeben mis winaSe Tavdaxrilni, gulxeldakrefilni Seaxeben bages, mosvamen; sayeino TasTan, romelic sipzea dasve-nebuli, midian da aseve muxlmoyrilni ewafebian, exebian mxolod bageebiT. am dros saymo TiTqos stumaria Tasisa. Tasi dgas, saymo eaxleba mas. magram Gven viciT da es isedac cxadia, rom Tasi ar aris Tavisi bunebiT uZravi sagani, gansxvave-biT qajaveTidan wamoRebuli qurTemulisa, ro-

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melic uZravad devs xaxmatis jvaris kvrivSi da maszec, rogorc sxvagan sagangebo sipze, idgmis sayeino Tasi. Tasi, rogorc meteori gamoGnda karatiswverze; is gudiT purTan erTad waiRes saxlSi da roca gudas Tavi moxsnes, mtredad qceuli lamobda amofrenas Tu, sxva tradiciiT, amofrinda da gauGinarda caSi. Tasi moZravia; is graalis TasiviT xan aq gamoGndeba, xan iq. is Se-mouvlis saymos, rom yvela aziaros erTs. Zveli aRmosavluri GveulebiT, romelic dResac mo-qmedebs aRmosavleTis qveynebSi, erTma Tasma unda moiaros Tanameinaxeni da daubrundes mas, vinc pirvelad Sesva da gadasca sxvas. ritualis azri naTelia: erTi Tasi, romelic xelidan xelSi gadadis, TiTqos erTiani jaWvis rgole-bad aqcevs erT sufrasTan msxdomT. Tormeti mo-ciquli moiara erTma Tasma da isini eziarnen qristes sisxls. pavle mociquli wers: `puri, romelsac Gven vtexT, gana qristes sxeulis ziareba ar aris? vinaidan puri erTia, Gven ki mravalni _ erTi sxeuli, radgan yvelani erTi puridan veziarebiT~ (1 kor., 10, 17). mociquls SeeZlo eTqva (radgan qristiani eziareba ro-gorc qristes xorcs, aseve sisxls): `vinaidan Tasi erTia, Gven ki mravalni _ erTi sxeuli, radgan yvelani erTi Tasidan veziarebiT~ (TasSi aq, cxadia, igulisxmeba is sasmeli, romelic wmida sulis moqmedebiT qristes sisxlad aris gardaqmnili, _ Tasi ara rogorc mxolod Tasi, aramed WurWeli, romelSic dgas ziarebis sas-meli). Tasze, rogorc sakulto saganze da er-Tianobis niSanze, uadgilo ar iqneba movitano erTi elinuri legenda, romlis personaJebia

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Svidi brZeni da oqros Tasi. diogenes laerti-usi gadmogvcems, rom erTma arkadielma sikvdilis Semdeg datova oqros Tasi aseTi an-derZiT: mieces mas, vinc yvelaze meti sikeTe ga-akeTa Tavisi sibrZniT. misces Taless, rogorc yvelaze brZens, Talesma sxvas gadasca da Tasma moiara eqvsi brZeni. sabolood isev Taless daubrunda Tasi, man ki apolons Seswira is (122, 71). sxva tradiciiT, oqros barZimi viRac berZenma miiRo krezesgan im pirobiT, rom mas elinTa Soris ubrZenesisTvis mieZRvna igi. man barZimi miarTva Taless, romlis xelidan ga-sulma moiara yvela brZeni da bolos qilonis xelSi rom moxvda, qiloni daekiTxa piTiel apolons: `vin aris Gemze brZenio~ da miiRo pasuxad: musoni (122, 72). ras gvaswavlis es leg-enda? pirvel rigSi imas, rom Tasi ar SeiZleba iyos piradi sakuTreba vinmesi, Tundac yovlad brZenisa. is gaivlis TiToeulis xelSi, magram aravisTan ar dayovndeba. gamogzavnili Tasi aR-moaGens Svid brZens, daartyams wres da gava wridan, dastovebs ra uxilav kvals, jaWvs, maT SemakavSirebels erT sxeulad. Tasi ubrundeba pirvels ara imitom, rom is yvelaze brZenia, aramed imitom, rom Seikras wre. agreTve imitom, rom am TasiT gamocxaddes maTi Tanasworoba si-brZnis winaSe, rogorc RvTiuri arsisa, romel-mac adamianis xeliT mouvlina maT es Tasi. wri-dan gamosuli Tasi, romelic ar ekuTvnoda aravis, legendis logikuri dasasruliT, Sewi-rul iqna sawmidarSi, iseve rogorc paraleluri Tqmulebis (gviambobs igive diogenes laertiusi) oqros samfexi, romelic meTevzeTa bades amoyva

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da delfos orakulis gadawyvetilebiT elinTa Soris ubrZness, Taless miekuTvna; Talesisagan ki yvela brZenis gavliT solonamde mivida, ro-melmac delfos Seswira is, _ RmerTia yvelaze brZenio. WeSmaritad, yvela nivTi ubrundeba Tavis patrons. esec Zveli sibrZnea, oqros sam-fexi, romelic okeanis ufskrulidan amoisrla sibrZnis RmerTma (misi taxti xom okeaneSi dgas Zveli aRmosavluri warmodgeniT sibrZnis RmerTsve ubrundeba eladaSi. dabolos, Tasi, xucesTa mniSvnelovani atributi, uSualod aris dakavSirebuli xucobis, rogorc sakraluri qmedebis, procesTan. rogorc savsea is ludiT xucesis xelSi, aseve savse unda iyos xucesis piri warmosaTqmeli sityviT, romelic daubrk-olebliv unda moedinebodes misi bageebidan. ro-gorc Tasi moiTxovs wmida sasmels, aseve xucess moeTxoveba wmida metyveleba. Tass ar uyvars du-mili, arc maSin, roca saero sufris gamZRols uWiravs igi, arc miT ufro maSin, roca xucesis xels upyria. es kargad Gans sizmrebSi, romle-bic jvarisagan saxucod amorGeul kacebs esizmrebaT: `^moida erTi gaTeTrebuli kaci^ xelSi vercxlis Tasi eWira^ moida, dawolili viyav da marjvena xeli mxarze damado, mamawvada is Tasi da me, locva ar vici-meTqi, vuTxari^~ (38, #25456). furis rqa ì cal rqa Zroxa ro mauyvanav, imisTvis rqai mautexav, uTqvam i wmida giorgis, ro Gems luds ro moxarSavTo, am qa-javeTuri furis rqiT awyeviT salude forio. ai, exla maSindel sawyav gvidgas, im furis rqis wyei. is rqa ki, ai, cixeSi dgas, aRar iqnebis axla, _ dalpeboda^~ (88, 595). rogorc vxedavT,

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qajaveTuri furis rqas sakraluroba aqvs mini-Webuli, ara mxolod imitom, rom es uzarmazari furis erTaderTi rqa iyo. calrqiani furis gamo verafers vambobT damatebiT, radgan is am Tqmulebis gareSe arsad ar gvxdeba, rogorc mi-Tologiuri personaJi. gaugebaria agreTve, Tu ra kavSiri aqvs am furs suleTSi mxvnel `cal-rqa~ xarTan, romelic epizodurad gvxvdeba erT xevsurul leqsSi: suleTs Pari Pnavs cala-rqa, baraqa mestumreTia (88, #560). aris cda maT So-ris igiveobis dadgenisa da am rqaSi cnobili `siuxvis rqis~ danaxvisa (94, 49-50). rogorc Gans,, cala-rqa xari Tu furi romeliRac miviwyebuli miTosis personaJia, romlis mxolod uaRresad gamkrTalebulma kvalma moaRwia Gvenamde. zemoT-motanili monaTxrobi xevsuri kacisa (xaxmatis wmida giorgis ymis) metad mniSvnelovania miTo-suri Segnebis TvalsazrisiT. mTxrobelis cno-bierebaSi gabmulia Sibi andrezuli xanis dasawyissa da mis dasasruls Soris. misi piriT xaxmatis jvaris saymo aRiarebs, rom qajaveTuri furis rqa `dalpeboda~, anu saymos es Taoba Seeswro am sakraluri nivTis ganadgurebas. magram isic faqtia, rom sagani ukvalod ar gam-qrala: amis dasturia misi anabeWdi saymos sa-kulto cxovrebaSi _ es aris misi `wye~, romli-Tac saymos wmida giorgis GagonebiT evaleba misTvis salude foris awyva. am `wyis~ saSuale-biT saymos SeuZlia warmodgena iqonios qa-javeTuri furis rqis tevadobaze. roca mTxrobeli ambobs _ `dalpeboda~, es SesaZloa misi kerZo azric ki iyos da ara saerTo war-modgena saymosi, erTgvari saxecvlileba im

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Sexedulebebisa, rom am andrezul sagans, re-alurad arsebuli `wyis~ arqetips safarveli aqvs dadebuli da uxilavia imis gamo, rom misi adgil-samyofeli iseT kvrivSia, sadac aravis SeuZlia SeRweva. es Tvalsazrisi Gans vaJaseul tradiciaSi: ìm furis rqa, romelSiac erTi kodi puri Gadis, exla xaxmatis jvaris monaSe-nobaSia Senaxuli, magram Tqven fereebs ki imas ar vaGvenebTo~ (30, 155). magram miuxedavad imisa, arsebobs Tu ara nivTierad dResdReobiT, saymos cxovrebis istoriul xanaSi, es andrezuli Wur-Weli, is mainc ganagrZobs moqmedebas misgan `mas Jamsa Sina~ awyuli `wyeebis~ saxiT. ludis meoxe-biT, romelic jvaris dResaswaulis umniSvnelo-vanesi elementia, qajaveTuri furis rqa, rogorc ganZis nawili, ukavSirdeba qajaveTursave warmo-mavlobis Tass. rqasa da Tass Soris unda war-movidginoT ludis damzadebis mTeli procesi, romelic iwyeba salude foris awyviT da das-ruldeba, roca ludi, xucesisgan nakurTxi, TasebSi isxmis. amis gamo, unda vifiqroT, cala-rqa furis rqa ufro metad aris gasaidumloe-buli; is imarxavs, SeiZleba iTqvas, ludis damzadebis saidumloebas. SesaZlebelia ludis, rogorc wmida sasmelis, idea, swored am cala-rqa furis motanili iyos, ufro sworad, misi rqis, rogorc saswaulebrivi WurWlis, Tundac `siuxvis rqis~ saxiT; analogiisaTvis SeiZleba mivmarToT germanul, kerZod, skandinavur mi-Tologias, sadac wmida sasmelis warmoSoba da-kavSirebulia salude qvabis mopovebasTan: RvTaeba tori devur arsebas (xiumirs) mostacebs am WurWels saRvTo nadimisaTvis (132, 175). raki

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am rqasTan, rogorc salude foris `wyesTan~ aris dakavSirebuli sawyisi etapi ludis damzadebisa, mkacrad Tu ganvsjiT, misi dakargva unda moaswavebdes am sakraluri saqmianobis moSlas da, saerTod, kultis Seryevas, Tumca es realurad ar momxdara xaxmatis jvarSi, imis mi-uxedavad, rom saymos SegnebaSi is rqa `dam-palic~ iyo. isic SesaZlebelia, rom aseTi gan-wyobileba andrezuli siwmidis mimarT jvaris sakraluri organizaciis rRvevis niSanic iyos, rac zogjer gamoixateba xolme poeziaSi, mag., laSaris jvaris mimarT: fSavelTa laSaris jvari, neta, ar dauberdaa? amboben daberebasa, netar, ar maukvdebaa? (77, #64)). cxraZaliani oqros fanduri. vaJa fSavela `gvelismWamels~ aseTi sceniT iwyebs: sastumros isxdnen xevsurni, ludi eduRa wiqasa, isxdnen banze da Rreobdnen, TasebiT svamdnen imasa. zogni ukravdnen fandursa ^ ludi _ Tasi _ fanduri^ yuradRebas vamaxvilebT imaze, rom es sami sagani erTmaneTs mezoblobs poemis am umcires monakveTSi, Tumca gansakuTrebuli araferi unda iyos imaSi, rom isini saerTo konteqstSi gvxvde-bian. stumrobisas, roca erTad iyreba saymo, Tundac kerZo kacis saxlSi, magram mainc jvaris dasturiT, es sami ram aucilebelia. Tasisa da fanduris urTierToba jer wminda formalur mxriT izidavs Gvens yuradRebas. arian Tasianebi da arian uTasoni, romelTac fanduri uWiravT xelSi da Tasianebs umRerian. es stumrobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani ritualia _ dialogi Ta-sianebsa da mefandureTa Soris. al. oGiauris Sekrebili uxvi masalidan movitan sanimuSod

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ramdenime adgils: ùTasoebi, vinc dganan iq, Ta-sianebs umRerian fandurze^ Tasianebi mReris dros eubnebian imaT: ` daurGiT erTucs, didix-anmc imRereT kai guliT~ da cot-cotas daleven. bolos erTi Tasiani imRerebs da sxvebic Gveulebriv ayvebian^ simRerebis mReriT TavianT Tasebidan daalevineben pirvel momRerlebs da etyvian dalevis win: `nasvam gaamas, Senis gamar-jvebisa~ da cot-cotas daleven. bolos Tasis patronebi TviTon gamoclian Tavis Tasebs da Gveulebriv muxlze dajdomiT GamoarTmeven Tasebs. mere adgebian da Tasebs Tavis adgilze dadgamen~ (61, 303). `^smis dros miscemen yvelas xelSi Tasebs, erTs visme miscemen xelSi fan-durs: is xalxis boloSi dajdeba (cal muxlze), daukravs fandurs Zalian mZimed da romelime sagmiro simReras daamRerebs. sagmiro simReras jaris xalxi Zalian didis yuradRebiT usmenen da xelSi TasebiT Zalian Gumad sxedan, rom Ti-Toorola xandaxan ori sityviT daarRvevs siGumes8 `didxansac imRer kai guliT~. Sua mRe-ris dros erTi vinme Tasiani adgeba, momRerali isev cal muxlzed zis da fandurs ukravs. Ta-siani kaci imRerebs da wamova TasiT xelSi pirveli momRerlisaken aseTi simReriT: Tofma Tqva: GemTa wamalTa Svidrigad unda duRili, maisis berGi ganayan, memr naxan Gemi quxili, memr naxas Gemma patronma Gemis daWrilis wuxili. am sityvebiT Tavis Tass miarTmevs pirTan Tavis xeliT, is Tan fandurs ukravs da Tan ludsa svams^ mere Gamovareba am simReris (moyvanilia magaliTisaTvis sagmiro simRera, z.k.) irgvliv saubari. erTi vinme moyveba am ambavs, raze aris

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es simRera gamoTqmuli. magaliTad, zemoT moyva-nili pirveli simReris irgvliv ase ityvian: `gviambe, rogor iyv~. erTs visme ufross sTxoven da igic siamovnebiT moyveba am ambavs: gorgani yofilan Zalian monadireni^~ (61, 315-8). aq aRwer-ili wes-Gveuleba, Tumca is gacilebiT gvian aris Gawerili, mxatvrul gamoZaxils poulobs `gvelismWamelis~ Sesaval scenaSi. vagrZeleb zemoT moyvanili teqstis citirebas: zogni ukraven fandursa, zed damRerian didada, msme-nelTa grZnobas udebdnen sagmiro ambebs xidada; aRgznebiT gmirTa saxelebs leqsebSi sTvlidnen wmidaTa; moxucni Gibuxebs swevdnen, boli exviaT nislada, ganmartavdian maT ambavs, Sandoba Tqvian gmirTada. axlebis sawurTnelada ixseneb-dian qebiTa: `Tqven iciT, amas iqiTa kacad vinc gamosdgebiTa!~ Tasi-fanduri-simRera-andrezi. fanduri warmoSobs hangs, hangi gadadis sim-ReraSi, simReras moaqvs sityva, sityva inaxavs andrezs, saymos warsuls. fanduris xma aRviZebs, ganaaxlebs saymos cnobierebaSi andrezs, pirvel qmedebas, `mas Jamsa Sina~ momxdars, romelic unda meordebodes Taobidan TaobaSi, yovel àmas iqiT~, yovel Jams. fanduris xma amagrebs im jaWvs, romliTac, rogorc sakideliT, yma Tavis winaprebzea dabmuli. Tumca fandurs ar gaaGnia is sakraluri muxti da simbolurobis potencia, rogorsac atarebs, mag., Tasi, magram gansakuTre-bul viTarebaSi is mainc itvirTavs jvaris sak-ralizms; mas SeuZlia amaRldes Tavisi utili-taruli sferodan jvarTa simaRlemde da moe-qces maT wreSi. roca xaxmatis jvari qadagis piriT mimarTavs romelime RvTisSvils, moxedos

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misgan Serisxul ymas, avtoritetul RvTisSvilebTan erTad is uxmobs oqros fan-dursac qajaveTidanve wamoRebul qurTemulTan erTad, romelsac atyvia wm. giorgis cxenis nalis anabeWdi: `^gaxvewebav xTis nasaxTav, saxmTosav gudanurs gaxvewebav, karatis jvars gaxvewebav, Subnursav, fandurs gaxvewebav oqro-sasav, qurTemuls gaxvewebav sinisasav^~ (68, 42). sakideli es sagani ar aris SemTxveviTi qa-javeTis ganZSi. ganasaxierebs ra saxlis siwmides da Suaguls keriasTan erTad, misi Ga-moxsna da wamoReba mtris saxlidan gamarjvebis niSania. keriis cecxlis Gaqroba da sakidlis Ga-mogleja Tanabari mniSvnelobis moqmedebebia, romlebic moaswavebs mtris saboloo ganadgure-bas. martias gamauvlian gare-kaxeTis mTania, er-isTvianeb uxocav, cecxlzed dausxam wyalia, sa-kidel Gamouglejav, saxlis umtvrevav karia (88, #29-g) ambobs xevsuruli leqsi. martias gmi-robas, rogorc yovel aqts, Tavisi arqetipi aqvs RvTisSvilTa qmedebaSi. qajaveTis gatexa sim-bolizebulia ori wmida sagnis _ Tasisa da sa-kidlis motacebiT, rogorc amas vxedavT fSav-xevsureTis RvTisSvilTa sadideblebSi, sadac miTologemurad aris warmodgenili maTi Rvawli: dideba SenTvis, mgzavro PaPmatis jvaro, qa-jueTis gamtexelo, oqros Tasis wamamRebelo! Pmalas wmidao giorgio, qajueTis jaWvis amgle-jelo! (38, #25460). sakideli unda yofiliyo qa-javeTis mTavari kultis niSani, miT umetes, Tu is dakavSirebulia mWedlobis saqmesTan. Gven ki viciT, rom samWedlo qajaveTis Suaguluri adgilia da, SeiZleba, mis sakulto centrad

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miviGnioT. qajaveTis Suagulidan RvTisSvili Ga-moglejs sakidels da gamarjvebis niSnad moaqvs Tavis sabrZanisSi, saymos SuagulSi. amasve moelian martia misuraulisgan, roca is qistebis dasalaSqravad aris wasuli: exla mogviva zafx-uli, martia velad gagviva. saxelis moyvarulia, qisteTs salaSqrod wagviva. WerTiT sakidels moitans, sanes xatSiac mogviva (88, #29-b). xor-cielic RvTisSvilis kvalze imsaxurebs, rom misi Rvawli am qmedebiT iqnas aRniSnuli _ `martia misurauli, qisteTs sakidlis amgle-jeli~. qajebis samWedloSi gamoWedili sakideli moaqvT, rogorc nadavli da gamarjvebis niSani, an Tundac rogorc niSani momavalSi gamosaWedi sakidlebisa, romlebic unda ekidon saxlebSi da jvaris darbazebSi, _ magram is mainc ciuri war-momavlobisaa. osebSi gavrcelebuli Tqmulebis Tanaxmad, sakidlebs kerisa da sakidlis mfar-veli RvTaeba safa Wedavs caSi; man misca osebs pirveli nimuSi anu arqetipi keriis jaWvisa. sxva gadmocemiT, vasTirjis (wmida giorgis) zogierT salocavSi (`ZuarSi~, igive jvari) arsebuli sa-kideli zecierma mWedlebma gamoWedes caSi da safam Gamoagdo miwaze. vinme mTxrobeli imasac gadmogvcems, rom misi sakuTari keriis sakideli erT-erT mis winapars upovnia mravali Taobis winaT, roca is safas Gamougdia (144, 174). Tu sa-kidlis, rogorc gansakuTrebuli funqciis matarebeli nivTis, idea jaWvSia mocemuli da igi jaWvis erT-erTi saxeobaa, maSin rac an-drezebSi jaWvs exeba, sakidelsac unda Seexe-bodes. kerZod, laparakia jaWvis, anu Sibis zeciur warmoSobaze, rasac vadasturebT kara-

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tiswveris andrezSi. am andrezis erTi variantis mixedviT, Gven viciT, rom jvarGenis erT-erTi sagani iyo Sibi, romliTac oqros Tasi (varian-tiT, jvari) cas iyo gamobmuli. roca qal-vaJma Tass GasWida xeli da Tavisken mozida, Sibi gawyda da wiviliT avarda caSi, saidanac iyo Ga-moSvebuli. aseve, pirvel rigSi, zeciuri warmo-Sobis aris is oqros Sibi, romliTac laSaris wmida giorgi cas iyo gamobmuli (`cas vebi oqros SibiTa~). roca muxa moWres, es Sibic aseve wiviliT aiWra zecaSi. aseve keris Tavze saxlis Weridan _ `cidan~ aris Gamokidebuli keriis jaWvi anu sakideli. is TiTqos aerTebs keras, dedrul sawyiss, casTan _ mamrul sawyisTan. jaWvi am SemTxvevaSi aris duranqis gansaxiereba. magram sakideli warmoudgenelia keris gareSe da maTi erTianoba gamoxatavs dedrul-mamrulis erTianobas; am dros sakideli mamruli bunebis aris. amitomac, xalxuri warmodgeniT, sakidlis Gamovardna mamakacis, xolo keris dangreva dedakacis sikvdilis momaswavebelia (12, 112), radgan sakideli mamakacis niSania, kera _ deda-kacis; am warmodgenis ZaliT samkiTxao beWze di-asaxlisis niSans `yverfi~ (kera) ewodeba (92, 185). amave ideas kargad gamoxatavs erTi xalxuri striqoni _ `yma gasul-gamosuli sjob, qali keraGi najdomi~ (32, 107). magram, rogorc viciT, sakideli eulad ar aris Gamokidebuli yverfis Tavze: kera-sakidels enacvleba sxva wyvili _ sakideli da qvabi, romlebic aseve sqesuri principiT upirispirdeba erTmaneTs da mamrul-dedrulis erTianobas gamoxatavs kompozituri saxelwodebiT _ qvab-sakideli, sadac qarTuli

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enis wesisamebr pirveli adgili dedrs uWiravs. erTmaneTze mibmuli es ori sagani ojaxis er-Tianobis simboloa (128, 38). qvabi sakraluri WurWlis iseTive kerZo saxea, rogorc Tasi, Tumca misi siwmidis xarisxi naklebia (mag., is ar SeiZleba iyos jvarGenis sagani). qvabisa da sa-kidlis dapirispirebisa da maTi erTianobis analogias vxedavT karatis jvaris jvarGenaSi, roca mwyemsi qal-vaJis Tvalwin gamoGnda Tasi da Sibi. aq orni arian mxolod. saganic oria. ganawilebis or SesaZlo variantSi, am saganTa simboluri daniSnulebis gaTvaliswinebiT, bune-brivia, vaJs Sexvdes Tasi, qals _ Sibi, rac am-gvarad SeiZleba ganimartos: vaJs, bunebis wesi-samebr, unda Sexvdes qali, qals _ vaJi. marTlac andrezi gveubneba, rom `qalma aiRo Sibi, da va-Jma Tasi^~ (60, 127). raki nivTebi Tavidanve Tavi-anTi bunebisda mixedviT danawilda, isini imave wesiT hpoveben Sesanax adgilebs: `^qalma Sibi miitana da purian kidobanSi damala. vaJma ki Tasi Tavis Werxos karebis ukan dadga^~ (iqve). Werxo samamakaco da, amave dros, sawmidari adgilia da, cxadia, Tasi mainc aq unda moxve-driliyo, Tu vaJi ar isurvebda masTan ganSore-bas. magram niSandoblivia qalis mier Sibis Senaxva maincdamainc kidobanSi, romelSic inaxeba puris Teslic, da ara sxvagan sadme. unda vifiqroT, rom kidobani SemTxveviTi adgili ar aris SibisaTvis, ufro sworad, Sibis nagleji-saTvis (radgan jaWvis mTavari nawili ukanve ai-keca caSi), romlis vaJur bunebas gvixatavs erTi xalxuri leqsi: vaJao, dediserTao, gazrdilo mindor-velTao, oqros Sibais naglejo, wamosar-

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tymelo welTa^ (47, 73). òqros Sibais nagleji~ _ vaJis misamarTiT naTqvami, ar aris metafo-ruli azrovnebis nayofi; misi warmoSoba simbo-luri azrovnebis wiaRSia saZiebeli, rogorc xvaramzes ganTqmuli striqoni, sadac is Tavis Tavs, roca vaJs mimarTavs, Tasad warmoidgens: vercxlis Tasadamc maqcia, ro RviniT agevse-bodi^ Tasis qalurobaze, da sazogadod, Tas-Sibis, rogorc qal-vaJis, urTierTkavSirze Tav-isi garegnobiT metyvelebs adre naxsenebi saxuco koWobi, romelic miviGnieT Tasis, ro-gorc Tasis anu Tasobis umaRles gamoxatule-bad. saxuco koWobi anu, rogorc zogan, zog say-moSi uwodebdnen, mTavari Tasi, pativis niSnad Semkulia Sewiruli samSvenisebiT, romelTa So-ris Warbobs vercxlis Sibebi. asec ityvian, saxuco Tasi vercxlis SibebiT aris Semkulio. magram Sibi xom, rogorc yoveli samSvenisi ga-monaklisis gareSe (cxadia, jvaris saymoSi) qalis samkaulia, romelic qalis pirvel danax-visTanave TvalSi unda eces kacs (swored es aris misi daniSnuleba). aseTi wamieri STabeWdilebiT aris Seqmnili qalis portreti vaJas erT moTxrobaSi: `Tinas yelze vercxlis Sibi edva, mTels gul-mkerds ufaravda. erT-maneTze vercxlis jaWviT gadabmuli vercxlis fulebi _ abazian-uzalTunebi erTi meoreze iyo akinZuli. Siga da Sig patara vercxlis jvrebi hqonda datanebuli; am jvrebis totebzedac yun-wiT hqonda dakidebuli vercxlisave fulebi^~ (25, 238). sxva TxzulebaSi vkiTxulobT: `^da wai-yvanes tyved mSvenieri qali, romelsac imdeni samkauli aqvs yelsa da gulmkerdze, rom qals

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uZneldeboda misi tareba: `yeli Gamoaqvs mZivsao, SehxvdebiT leqsSi^~ (27, 83). aseve, misi simZimis gamo mkadres uWirs saxuco koWobis xelSi daW-era (miT umetes, roca is ludiT aris savse), ro-melic Sewiruli SibebiTa da vercxlis sxvadasxva samkaulebiT aris daxunZluli. es analogia ar gamoparvia gustav rades, romelmac Tasebis SemkulobaSi qalis samSvenisebi amoicno; mas Tavis wignSi dabeWdili aqvs kidec amgvarad Semkuli Tasis gamosaxuleba SeniSvniT, rom masze `vercxlis mTeli sadiaco mokazmuloba aris dakidebulio~ (137, 99). vaJi amkobs Tassac da qalsac: samkaulebi _ gansakuTrebiT, Sibi, va-Jis niSania maT sxeulze. aseTia Sibi-sakideli TasTan urTierTobaSi: jvarGenaSi isini erTad gamoGndebian da erTadve arian sakulto yofaSi. magram rogorc yovel sagans, sakidels aqvs da-moukidebeli mniSvnelobac, rac ar aris ganpi-robebuli sxva sagnebTan mimarTebiT. is am dro-sac ametebs Tavis uSualo daniSnulebas da sim-bolur mniSvnelobas iZens: `Gamomavloba Zalian isi as. GvenSi ician kacisai: rkinis sakidliT dabmuliao. gind sawyal kac iyvas, mainc max-Pelavs Tavis Gamomavlobis sityvas~ (2, 60)). am naTqvams, albaT, ar esaWiroeba ganmarteba. SeiZleba davZinoT mxolod, rom aq sakideli warmogvidgens ara marto STamomavlobis, aramed tradiciis, andrezulobis saxesac. tradicia aris uwyveti jaWvi, romlis TiToeul rgolSi dgas adamiani; is ar gadis jaWvidan, radgan misi gasvliT jaWvi wydeba da iqmneba xarvezi. ai, ra misia akisria calkeul adamians, moymes Tavis saymoSi: maszea damokidebuli jaWvis simrTele.

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isic cxadia, rom mas erTaderTi adgili uWiravs am jaWvSi da rom swored am adgilze asrulebs is Tavis movaleobas saymoSi, rac `ginda sawyal kac iyvas~. jaWvi da Sibi gzis metaforaa fSav-xevsurul dialeqtSi (`Sibi~ niSnavs mTis biliks, romelic jaWviviT miuyveba kldes _ `Sibn gaiarna kldisani~); abudelauris tbidan amosulma iaxsarma gaaba Sibi _ gzasavali karatemdis, sadac airGia kvrivi da erTmaneTs daukavSira es ori adgili. aeqiT karatemdina ars Sibze gasavalio, egre gavivli Sibzeda, vervin momkidos Tvalio. aseve uxilavi SibiT _ is xiluli xdeba jvarGenis dros _ ukavSirde-bian erTurTs RvTisSvilebi, erTmaneTis stumar-maspinZelni: `dideba karatiswveris angelozo, liqokiT karatemdina oqros jaWvze erTurTis moarulo stumar-maspinZelno~ (38, #25460) `fSaveli darwmunebulia, _ wers d.xizaniSvili, _ rom imisi salocavebi Ram-Rame Gamodian cidan Tavis sabrZanisebSi, saTav-dReobo sabrZanisidan niSamde an erTi niSidan meoremde. fSavelis azriT, xati Toks abams da zed gadis. Toki naTlisaa da TiTon xatic naTlis burTis sax-isad gadaiqceva da ise gasrialdeba gabmul Tokze~ (106). konkretuli magaliTi am movlenisa fSavis sakraluri sinamdvilidan mohyavs vaxtang razikaSvils erT ifanTan dakavSirebiT, ro-melic vaJas mzrunvelobis sagani gamxdara: `âm ifnis Sesaxeb Zveli, xalxuri gadmocema mogviTxrobs, viTom es ifani iyos xatis ifani. xevisberebis da moxuci kacebis saubridan Ganda, TiTqos am ifanze laSarisken xat-xevidan mo-mavali angelozi koWs ikidebda. xat-xevis salo-

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cavi aris Garglis mTis saSubis gadaRma, ivris xeobaSi. aqedan aris oqros Sibi gabmuli ukana fSavis SuagulSi mdebare laSaris salocavam-dis, da es oqros Sibi gadis Garglis ifnis wverze, sadac angelozi isvenebs. am ifans mama-Gemma Tavisi xeliT Semoavlo qvis yore^~ (70, 31-1). jaWviT RvTisSvilTa kavSiri maTi moZmeobis niSnad kargad Gans axielis (arxotSi) salocave-bis magaliTze. arxotis mTavari jvari miqiel mTavarangelozi, romelsac Tavisi adgilmde-bareobis gamo `qveqvuri jvari~ Seerqva, jaWviT aris dakavSirebuli gabriel mTavarangelozTan, romelic ufro maRla mdebareobs da `mTis jvari~ ewodeba, maT Soris gabmuli jaWvi mi-uyveba gors, romelzec erTmaneTis maRla gan-lagebulia arxotis sxva salocavebi da jaWvi maTac akavSirebs erTmaneTTan (60, 41). RvTisSvilTa gza uxilavia, magram, rogorc iTqva, is jvarGenis dros xdeba xiluli: oqros jaWvi aris nakvalevi, datovebuli RvTisSvilis mier, romelic cecxlis saxiT dadis niSidan ni-Samde, moZmidan moZmemde. ai, moaruli RvTisSvilis jvarGenis erTi magaliTi. vaJa-fSavelas deda igonebs Tavisi ymawvilqalobis-droindel xilvas: `me da Gems biZaSvils qals sxlovans gareT derefanSi gveZina. SuaRame iqnebda, dgandgari, brdgniali dadga iseTi, megona mTa-bari Tu iqcevao. SeSinebuli wamovje loginSi, gavixede da mTeli ca ganaTebuli iyo. ori oqrosferi jaWvi iyo wamosuli, erTi Wiauris goridan, meore sxlovanis goriTa, gad-abmulebi, zed cecxlis balRebi adiodnen da Ga-modiodnen da iseT mwkepr (wminda) xmaze ga-

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lobdnen, ise tkbilad, RmerTo, imaze kargs ras gaigonebs kacis yurio~ (86, 55). es xilva imiTac aris RirsSesaniSnavi, rom masSi Tavs iGens iako-bis kibis motivi, xolo kibe, rogorc Sveuli komunikaciis saSualeba, xSirad jaWvis saxiT aris warmodgenili (mag., beTlemis TqmulebaSi); jaWvis xidis rolsac asrulebs mag., mcxeTur legendaSi, romlis Tanaxmad jvaris taZarsa da sveticxovlis gumbaTs Soris gabmul `jaWvis xidze~ wmida berebi gadadiodnen da gamodiodnen (135-a, 21); SesaZlebelia, es Tqmuleba asaxuli iyos jvaris monastris adgilobriv saxelwode-baSi _ `jaWvis saydari~ (18, 61). sagulisxmoa, rom `jaWvis gza~ _ es poulobs analogias RvTisSvilTa gzasTan _ wmida gzaa, romelzec berebs mxolod wmida fiqrebiT SeuZliaT mi-mosvla, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi jaWvi wydeba da beri iRupeba (38, # 9815). vaJa-fSavelas dedis naxilvebi jvarGena, eWvi ar aris, imave tradi-ciiT unda iyos nasazrdoebi, romlis wiaRSic xmalas alvisxis andrezia Seqmnili: ^ RTis karze sakvexurada zdgomian alvisxenia, wverzed xqonia mombuli cxra-kecad Sibi grZelia, zed isxdes angelozebi, mParT ebnes oqros Tbenia, isen wvrili PmiT galoben, yureba sanatrelia (88, #541). es `cxra-keci~ Sibic gamoxatavs kavSirs, magram ara mxolod erT sibrtyeze myof RvTisSvilebs Soris, aramed ierarqiuli kibis safexurebs Soris. aq myardeba kavSiri Sveul xazze RvTisSvilsa da morige RmerTs Soris, kavSiri, romelic ufro gamokveTilad Gans la-Saris TqmulebaSi, romelic xmalas alvisxis Tqmulebis analogiuria: beri giorgi mec viyav,

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cas vebi oqros SibiTa; goraze medga bermuxa, zed avdiodi kibiTa, Gems saymoT Samanazeni RmerTTan amqonda iqiTa (77, #60). am patara le-qsSi Warbad aris warmodgenili saSualebani, romlebiTac ori samyaro erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba: xe da mTa cisa da miwis kavSiris anu duranqis klasikuri saxeebia (46, 125-131), kibe, cnobili kibe iakobisa, romelic man sizmarSi ixila (èsizmra, miwaze kibe dgas da TaviT cas wvdeba. uflis angelozebi adi-Gamodian kibeze. aha, ufali dgas kibis TavSi^~ (dab., 28, 12-13) da, bolos, Sibi. aseTia suraTi laSarSi: mTaze dgas muxa, muxaze kibea Sedgmuli, kibis TavSi RvTisSvilia, romelic SibiT _ sakideliT cas aris gamobmuli. RvTisSvili am gziT adis Tavisi saymos mier Semowiruli ZRveniTurT RvTis karze. mas aaqvs `Semonazeni~ _ locva-vedreba, sasoeba Tu saklavis sisxli, ganatifebuli, ro-gorc sakmevlis kvamli. RvTisSvili Suamavalia casa da miwas Soris; is aris Tavad Sibi, ro-melic am or sferos akavSirebs erTmaneTTan. sabolood, unda iTqvas, rom raki jvarGena re-ligiis gamocxadebaa adamianisaTvis, Sibi an sa-kideli, rogorc jvarGenis niSani, religiis sim-boloc aris. sityva religia (`kavSiris aRdgena~), iseve rogorc ebrauli beriT (`kavSiri~, romelic Zveli tradiciiT iTargmneba àRTqmad~), xom imasve niSnavs etimologiurad, ra funqciac Sibs Tu sakidels akisria. da-vukvirdeT laSaris muxisa da xmalas alvisxis andrezebs: RvTisSvili mistiris warsuls, roca muxac iyo, oqros Sibic iyo da saymos Sesawiravic misdioda morige RmerTs. anu iyo

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kavSiri, iyo religia _ Sibi, magram Sibi gawyda _ amas gvamcnobs xmalas alvis xis leqsi: alvis xe gadaaqcies, Zir ar gawires, wveria. Sib gawyda, ciske wavida, wioda rogorc gvelia (8, #541). da dedamiwis am adgilze gawyda cisa da miwis kavSiri _ religia. cxraeniani zari Tu Tasi, fanduri, sakideli sayofacxovrebo sagnebic aris da adamiani iyenebs maT yoveldRiur, saero yofaSi, rogorc elementuri kulturis sagnebs, zari, SeiZleba iTqvas, pirwmidad sakulto sa-gania; is mxolod da mxolod sakulto daniS-nulebiT Segvxvdeba saymoSi, maSinac ki, roca is mavani ymis pirutyvis kiserzea Sebmuli, radgan es zari, zanzalaki, miuTiTebs, rom es pirutyvi samsxverplo pirutyvvia. sakulto cxovrebaSi zars igive funqcia akisria, rac zemoGamoTvlil sagnebs _ is mowodebulia gaaerTianos jvaris ymebi, gaaxsenos, rom hyavT saerTo patroni, rom isini saymos Seadgenen. erTi avtori, romelic ikvlevs sazogadoebrivi Temis kulturuli gare-mos problemebs, sxvaTa Soris, wers: `^SuasaukuneebSi Temi upiratesad religiuri iyo, ris gamoc umTavresi misi instituti iyo eklesia, eklesiasTan midioda yvela gza; ufro metic, eklesia Tavze dahyurebda Temis yvela Se-nobas, uqmnida ra xalxs masze damokidebulebis gancdas. eklesiis zarebic ki TamaSobda Tavis rols, ramdenadac isini sazRvravdnen Temis teritorias. cxovreba zarebis xmis smenadobis farglebSi moqceuli Temis SigniT cxovrebas niSnavda~ (148, 134). swavlulis es sityvebi SesaniSnavi ganmartebaa iaxsris leqsSi daxatuli scenisa, sadac patara zaris xmas

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ekisreba saymos teritoris SemosazRvra avis-gors SamikidodiT Gemi patara zaria. davkra, Pma aPads gavides, gamoisaxon jvaria (88, #542-z). Tu Sibi gamoxatavs saymos mTlianobas droJamul modenilobaSi, zaris xma akustikurad aerTianebs saymos ara mxolod im azriT, rom is mouwodebs mas jvarisaken, saerTo SesakrebelSi, raTa da-dasturdes es erToba, aramed im azriTac, rom is yovel moymeSi erT saerTo fiqrebs da sasoebas aRviZebs. zogierT tradiciaSi zari Sibis vi-zualur saxes iRebs. saymos teritoriis umaR-les adgilze aRmarTuli sazaris TiTqmis usxeulo, xSirad euli (rogorc mag., iremTkaloze, uZilaurTis Tavs) silueti aris erTaderTi mowme da niSani imisa, rom es adgili wmida miwaa da jvars ekuTvnis. sadac zaria, is wmida adgilia, radgan zari kultis genezisSi aris Gawerili. abudelauris tbidan Tavdaxsnili iaxsari gafrinda liqokisken da karatiswverze moikida `koWi~, ris niSnad iq agebulia orad-ori Senoba _ mcire koSki, romelic sinamdvileSi qvis yorea, da sazare. aqedan, andrezis Tanaxmad, ubisTavs misuli, iqac, karated saxeldebul adgilze, ìkidebs koWs~, sadac Sendeba agreTve koSki da sazare (65, 68). rogorc vxedavT, sazare jvaris daarsebis niSnad dgas da sadac is dgas, iq wmida miwaa anu kvrivi. amitomac kvrivs xSirad ganmartaven rogorc iseT adgils, sadac sazarea an ganZia dafluli. zaris gaTanabreba ganZTan am ganmartebaSi ar aris SemTxveviTi. zars Tavisi funqcia aniWebs ganZis statuss: ro-gorc jvaris xmis gamomtevebels, mas gaunaTlavi xeli ver Seexeba dasarekad; da zog SemTxvevaSi,

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rogorc ganZi, samalavSi inaxeba. aseTi siuJetia Seqmnili iaxsris zarze: xevisbers daaviwyda zaris samalavi, ver moZebnes, ifiqres, iaxsari daadebda safarvels. wavidnen zaris sayidlad. jvaris kacebs RvTisSvili iq daxvdaT, sadac zari unda eyidaT, iaxsari mtredad daajda erT zars imis niSnad, rom swored es zari unda eyi-daT mis xelkacebs (65, 79-80). mtredi _ jvaris frinveli _ dabrZandeba zarze, rogorc legen-daruli mkadris mxarze an sakadrisgadafarebul xelze. xolo rasac mxars gahkravs jvari, _ SemTxveviT ki arafers ar gahkravs mxars _ is wmida sagani xdeba. is, msgavsad Tasisa, SeiZleba jvarGenis niSanic iyos (38, #25464). zari, ro-gorc sakulto sagani, ukavSirdeba kultmsaxurebis erT mniSvnelovan elements _ samsxverplo pirutyvs; ara mxolod im azriT, rom zari mis Sewirvamde qedze hkidia mas. zari da saqoneli _ es sagani da cocxali arseba _ Tavs iyrian xucesis ufleba-movaleobaTa er-TobliobaSi. saymos klasikur xanaSi ùfros Tavxevisberad is iTvleboda, visac zari da saklavis dakvla evaleboda^~ (65, 387). naxiri saqoneli, cxadia, adamianis sarGoa, misi cxovre-bis saxsari. magram is SeiZleba ufro meti iyos, vidre sazrdo. sakulto azriT, pirveladi masSi swored is aris, rac sazrdoze metia. saqonelze igive SegviZlia gavimeoroT, rac iTqva Tasze, rom tradiciul kulturaSi is aris erT-erTi im saganTagan, romelsac SeuZlia itvirTos imaze meti, rasac bunebiT warmoadgens; amaRldes, ada-mianma aamaRlos is mis elementur daniSnule-baze maRla; ufro meti azri SesZinos sa-

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zogadoebisaTvis, vidre aqvs sakvebs fizikuri arsebobis SesanarGuneblad. es gacnobierebulia indur kulturaSi, es Segnebuli hqondaT zoro-astruli himnebis _ gaTebis Semqmnelebs, es savsebiT gaazrebulia Gven saymoebSi. saqoneli wmida, sapativebeli arsebaa. ras niSnavs es? rob-ertson smiTi, romelmac Seiswavla mesaqonle da mwyemsi xalxebis, kerZod, semiti tomebis Gveulebani saqonelTan dakavSirebiT, wers Sem-degs: `Sinauri cxovelebi pativiT arian mosilni dedamiwis sxvadasxva kuTxis mwyems xalxebSi. is-ini, erTis mxriv, miGneuli arian adamianis mego-brebad da Tvistomebad, meores mxriv, RvTiuri bunebis arsebebad; maTi daxocva mxolod gansa-kuTrebul viTarebaSia nebadarTuli, da aseT drosac ki ar gamoiyeneba kerZo, yoveldRiur sakvebad, aramed mxolod da mxolod saerTo dResaswaulebze. afrikis erT-erT momTabare tomze amboben, rom maT erTaderT sarGos cxvris farebi da saqoneli warmoadgens. roca saZovari uxvia wvimebis Semdeg, isini ikvebebian rZeSi Sezavebuli sisxliT, romelsac iseve, rogorc arabeTSi, cocxal pirutyvs uReben; xolo gvalvebis dros beberi an sneuli cxovelis xorcs Wamen. magram pirutyvis damkvleli uw-midurad iTvleba maT TvalSi^ saqoneli wmida arsebaa, radgan is warmoadgens adamianis cxovrebis saxsars. mas klaven mxolod gasaWiris dros da misi damkvleli uwmidurad iTvleba, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom dakvla pirutyvisa ukeTuri saqmea^ yoveldRiuri sakvebi afrikis bevri mesaqonle xalxisa aris rZe an nanadirevi, saqoneli ki, romelsac isini mwyesaven, iSviaTad

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ikvlis sakvebad; mas mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi klaven, mag., laSqrobis gamocxade-bisas, bavSvebis winadacveTisas da qorwilSi; an klaven samoselisTvis an imitom, rom pirutyvi dasaxiGrebulia an beberi^~ (157, 277-9). TiTqos paradoqsia: saqoneli adamianis erTaderTi sar-Goa, risTvisac kaci Tavs dadebs, magram is ar ikvlis yoveldRiuri purobisaTvis; ufro meti: misi dakvla uRvTo aqtia. swored imitom, rom saqoneli Gveni saymos sicocxlis saxsaria, misi imedi am wuTisofelSi, is ar ikvlis yoveldRi-uri sakvebisTvis, aramed rogorc mesaqonle semiti tomebi iqcevian, is ikvlis laSqrobis win jvarSi, jvaris dResaswaulebze, jvarSi gayvani-sas, qorwilSi, micvalebulis xarjebSi. saymos cxovrebis am mniSvnelovan, gardamtex peri-odebSi SeiZleba gaiwiros, Seiwiros saqoneli.

xari iwireba

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saymos genezisSi, rogorc davinaxeT, adamianis yofna-aryofnis zRurblze da es gasdevs mis cxovrebas, Tavs iGens kerZo da saerTo mniSv-nelovan SemTxvevebSi. xari, Gven viciT, dgas kultis dasabamSi: devebisgan Seuracxyofili, sasowarkveTamde misuli kaci gaixsenebs Sesawiravad yvelaze saukeTesos, rac ki gaaGnia qveyanaze _ TeTr xars, romelic aris pirvel-gaRebuli msxverpli Gvens andrezebSi (60, 119) _ pirveli dakluli saqoneli adamianis Rirsebis gadasarGenad. gana am zRurblze TeTrma xarma ar itvirTa religiis dafuZnebis mTeli simZime, roca adamiani eZebda xsnas uzenaesisagan? misi sisxli iseve wmidaa da Zvirfasi, rogorc winapris daRvrili sisxli, Sewiruli misi keTildReobisaTvis. xars angelozebi unTeben rqebze sanTels, jer angelozebi, mereRa adami-anebi, roca is samsxverploze mihyavT. sxva dros xars rqaze mtredi azis da miuZRveba mas jvaris sabrZanisisaken, romelsac adamiani TavisiT ver miagnebda. xaris rqaze asvenia mTavarangelozis an wmida giorgis xati da miuZRvis samSoblo-saken Svidi aTas Tavdaxsnil tyves. amis gamo xari ar ikvlis mxolod da mxolod sakvebis mopovebis mizniT. is religiuri aqtia Tavisi warmoSobiT, aseve mizniT da ritualuri formiT: xelxanjliani msaxuri kultisa simZimes sZens am aqts, romelic ritualis gareSe mkvlelobad GaiTvleboda saymos TvalSi; is damwyalobnebis teqstis warmoTqmiT àkvrivebs~ drois monakveTs; roca saklavi ikvlis, am dros iq Sekrebili saymo ecnoba Tavisi religiis mrwamss, Tavis rjuls; mis cnobierebaSi erTxel kidev ibeWdeba

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RvTisSvilTa saxelebi maTi dadgenili Tanamim-devrobiT. iseve, rogorc ludiT savse Tasi sadideblis gareSe mxolod Rreobis niSans iZleva, aseve _ analogiurad xanjali mdumare damkvlelis xelSi, roca ar ismis damwyalobne-bis sityvebi, mkvlelobis niSania. saklavi ikv-lis, unda daiklas, yvelas Tvalwin, sajarod, ara farulad; is potenciurad ekuTvnis yvelas, mTels saymos. es sajaroba ritualuri qmedebi-TurT aniWebs pirutyvs saklavis statuss. ro-gorc religiur-zneobrivi realobis, daniS-nuleba gamoxatulia saxelwodebaSi, romliTac is damwyalobnebis teqstSi ixseneba: samsaxuri. pirutyvi samsaxurSia _ xorciels eZleva saSu-aleba misi meSveobiT emsaxuros jvars. saqoneli dgas adamiansa da RvTisSvils Soris. amitom is ar SeiZleba ar iyos wmida. siwmidiT aris Se-mosili yvelaferi, rac masTan aris dakavSire-buli mis samsaxureblad moyvanisas: qsovilic, romliTac Subli aqvs gakruli; zanzalakic, qedze rom hkidia, rac jvarSi rGeba, da bolos, sisxli. `^ moxsenebuli samsaxuri Sena samTavroi as, Sena gasamarjod xTis karze mosaxmarad^~ (56, 14). `wamoyenebuli samsaxuri, moxsenebuli, RvTi-sad gindodes, RmerTs maaxsenidi, kvireisad gin-dodes, kvires maaxsenidi, ara _ TviTon miiT-valeT Rirsada, Rirseulada, Svidada, Svideu-lada, xsnilada, kurTxeulada^~ (38, #25449). saklavis suli, romelic mis sisxlSia, adis dedamiwidan maRla, RvTisSvilze maRla, morige RvTis karamde. gana amis Semdeg es saklavi ar aris duranqi _ `kavSiri cisa da miwisa?~ saklavi, romelic aris upiratesad xari, saymos

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akavSirebs RvTisSvilTan, xolo RvTisSvilis meoxebiT morige RmerTTan, radgan masTan aaqvs RvTisSvils `wamoyenebuli samsaxuri~. magram igive saklavi, rogorc msxverpli, saymos kon-solidaciis, misi simtkicis erT-erTi pirobaa. es kargad Gans `xar-qvabiT Seyrilobisa~ da mokveTilis Semorigebis ritualebSi, sadac saklavs gadamwyveti roli akisria. romelime susti gvaris warmomadgenlebi gaZlierebis mizniT ekedlebian Zlier gvars, risTvisac, wesis dayenebiT, aduReben luds (`qvabi~), jvarSi daklaven saklavs (`xari~) da erTgulebis fics sdeben, rom ar uRalateben Tavis axal gvareu-lobas, aRiareben ra mis salocavs da winaprebs. es wesi moqmedebda aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis TiTqmis yvela saymoSi, rac dadas-turebulia saeTnografio literaturaSi (54, 79; 51, 71; 49, 91). xariT SeyrilTa Soris, iseve ro-gorc sisxliT naTesavTa Soris, qorwineba dauS-vebeli iyo. am wes-Gveulebis fonze, romlis drosac xaris dakvla aucilebeli aqtia ori gvaris sisxliT danaTesavebaSi, niSandoblivad ikveTeba sapirispiro wes-Gveuleba, romelic erTi gvaris orad gayris da am gayrilTa Soris sisxlis naTesaobisa da misgan gamomdinare val-debulebaTa gauqmebis dros sruldeba. gudama-yarSi gavrcelebuli andrezis Tanaxmad, wik-laurTa da beqaurTa winaprebma _ wikvam da be-qam, im mizniT, rom erTmaneTSi qorwinebis neba hqonodaT, dakles ZaRli, orad gaglijes da maT Sua gaiares. Tu ucxoTa erTianobisTvis wmida saklavi ikvlis, raTa ori gvaris warmo-madgenelT saSualeba hqondeT simbolurad ez-

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iaron saerTos saklavis xorcis WamiT da amiT samudamod daamowmon erToba, amis sawinaaRmdego qmedebisas, roca gvari iyofa, klaven uwmidur cxovels, anu, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, ànti-saklavs~, romelic ar iWmeva, rogorc usurmagi da, cxadia, ver Seasrulebs ziarebis funqcias. analogiuria wesi, romliTac yma ikveTeba saymo-dan: `^ZaRlis mokvliT moikveTen maSin, Tu naTe-savi SeirTo colad, an Tu aRar emorGileba Tavis gvars da Gadis raime uwesobas^ erTi vinme ZaRls moklavs tyviiT da iZaxebs: momikveTav am ZaRlis sisxliT (mokveTilis saxeli), eg Gemi aRarai as dReis Semdega-d’ me magis aRarai or^~ (66, 40). ZaRlis sisxliT mokveTili gvarSi Tu TemSi mxolod wmida saklavis sisxlis meSveo-biT aRdgeba (iqve, agr. 61, 356). mokveTilis Seri-gebis ritualSi xarTan da ludTan erTad, ro-gorc mniSvnelovani elementebi, monawileoben qvabi da Tasi _ aseve qajaveTis nadavlis sagnebi. `mokveTilma saTemo xats unda Seswiros erTi qvabi da vercxlis Tasi, agreTve unda dauklas erTi xari da ludic auduRos^~ (54, 97). Tasi, qvabi, saklavi, ludi _ ai, es aris TiTqmis yvelaferi, razec aris dafuZnebuli kultis mTeli ritualuri mxare; es yvelaferi exmareba mokveTils, aRidginos Tavi jer jvarSi, mere saymoSi; aRidginos Tavi winaparTa salocavisT-vis, rom kvlav hqondes ufleba, moisminos jvaris karze damwyalobnebis sityvebi: `^ Sens karze sanTeli aunTia, Tasi auvsia, samsaxuri wa-mouyenebia, RvTis karze maixmare, gamarjve-bulo^~ (38, #25557). saklavad moyvanili xari, romelic myar mdgomareobas uqmnis ymas saymoSi,

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bunebrivia, mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdes mtris Semorigebis da, sazogadod, Zveli sam-kvdro-sasicocxlo mtrobis ganqarebis dros. xari am dros _ sagangebod aris gaxazuli misi feri da garegnoba _ Serigebis niSanic aris da ficis ganmamtkicebelic. mkvleli, SurismaZie-beli, ase mimarTavs fSavis saymoTa saxeliT ga-budayebul TorRvas: samjer mamixve, TrRvao, sami dagikal cxvario, meoTxed mosuls dagikal TeTri qorai Pario^ (88, #44). iyo saubari, rom TeTri xari figurirebs kultis genezisSi, rom misi wamoyenebiT daedo dasabami samxvewro msxverplSewirvas, rogorc erT-erT umniSvnelo-vanes rituals sxva ritualTa Soris. roca is-toriul xanaSi viTareba meordeba mcire masStabiT, ganmeorebisas TeTri xari imave daniSnulebiT aris `wamoyenebuli~. gansacdels gadarGenili TuSi TiliZe, fSavelTa mosisxle da maTi araerTgzis amklebi, aRTqmisamebr TeTr xars swiravs laSaris wmida giorgis. `^TiliZes fSavelebisaTvis Serigeba uTxovia da laSarobas zvarakad TeTrqora xari miuyvania, sadac orive mxare Zmad gaficula da Serigebis niSnad iqve samanic GausvamT da TuSebs laSarSi Tavisi sa-jarec gaumarTavT~ (51, 200); `^ simtkicis niSnad TiliZes laSaris droSa TuSeTSi gadmoutania da aq GiRos mTaze aRumarTavs, sadac laSaris es xatic augia~ (49, 199-200). rogorc vxedavT, Til-iZe uarsebs TuSebs laSaris jvars, romelic man Tavdapirvelad pirad salocavad airGia: ma-droveT, fSavelT Svilebo, maloceT Tqveni jvaria, movsulvar saxvewnelada, momiyvania Pa-ria^ (49, 92). sagulisxmoa isic, rom Serigeba or

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saymos Soris da salocavis daarseba erT-drouli aqtia da rom TiliZe Tavisi TeTrqora xariTurT Sesulia damafuZnebel andrezSi. xaris sakulto mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebis Semdeg unda davaskvnaT, rom sxva sakralur sagnebTan (Tasi, sakideli, zari^) erTad qa-javeTidan wamosxmuli naxiri sakulto daniS-nulebis aris da is ekuTvnis jvars, kerZod, xax-matis jvars, romelsac istoriul xanaSi hyavda Tavisuflad gaSvebuli kuratebi, daukodavni da uRelSi Seubmelni, jvaris sakuTrebis niSnad. sagmiro leqsebSic ki, sadac gmiri RvTisSvilTa arqetipul qmedebas imeorebs, _ saqonels ita-cebs qisteTidan (qajaveTis amqveyniuri oreuli-dan) _ motacebul saqonels ara sakuTar sax-lebSi, aramed laSaris gorze arekaven, saidanac daiZra laSqari. ^ modian nasaxelarni, gadmov-len sayaWisasa. xuTSabaTs dilas Gamovlen, maabuqeben miwasa. Gamovlen laSaris gorsa, Ga-maixdian binasa, xatis samRvTosa Gadian xarisasa da RvTisasa, niSa xars rqaze uWdeven pirdapir Tamarisasa (51, 86). saqoneli, rogorc jvaris nadavli, raki misi ymebis xeliT aris modenili, mis teritoriaze ikvlis. amas gulisxmobs fSavelTa erT-erTi beladisa da xevisbris sityvebi: gara var Turmanauli, me bevrgan miqnan ziani, mixocavs laSaris gorsa qistis xarebi rqiani (51, 84). da erTi xevsuruli leqsis frag-menti, sadac jvaris saqonlis gamtaceblad uSu-alod RvTisSvili gvevlineba: martuam gudanis jvarma daanaxevra jaria, anadgurebda laSqarsa lurjais natotaria. martuam amaibruna TereTe-goelT cxvaria, beRel-beRlis kars uPdebis

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miTxoelT Paris rqania (62, 668). samZimari `qa-javeT viarebodidio, naxirs aiqiT vadendidio~ _ am sityvebs aTqmevinebs Tavis qadags, meenes, qa-javeTidan wamoyvanili qajis qali. xaxmatis wmida giorgim samZimari gamoitaca Tu gamoixsna qajaveTidan qajaveTur ganZTan erTad. axla ki samZimari ambobs, qajaveTSi davdiodi da saqonels iqidan movdenidio. zmnis xolmebiTi kilo _ `viarebodidi~ _ TiTqos mowmobs, rom samZimari xaxmatis jvaris msgavsad periodulad mgzavrobs qajaveTSi. xom ase mimarTaven am RvTisSvils _ qajaveT rad iarebi, giorgi mglisa ferao? Gans, TiTqos, samZimari da wmida giorgi drogamoSvebiT ìarebian~ qajaveTSi, magram andrezi da simRera gadmogvcems mxolod erTgzis mogzaurobas xaxmatis jvarisas qa-javeTisaken da isic samZimaris gareSe, radgan am dros samZimari qajaveTSia da, SesaZloa, elis mxsnels. marTalia, wmida giorgi masTan erTad brundeba ukan, magram ar Gans, rom qajis qali modenides iqidan gamorekil naxirs, romlis mwyemsad TqmulebaSi dasaxelebulia karatis jvari kopala da ara samZimari. SeiZleba misi es sityvebi (`qajaveT viarebodidio^~) misi bi-ografiis romelime epizods gulisxmobdes, ro-melsac ukve mouswria daviwyeba. dRevandel samZimars ki naklebi kavSiri aqvs qajaveTis nax-irTan da, saerTod, saqonelTan. xaxmatis jvarSi mas sruliad gansakuTrebuli funqcia akisria da Taviseburi Tavgadasavali aqvs, rasac is Tav-isi qadagis piriT amxels. jer visaubroT mis warmomavlobaze, romelic winaaRmdegobrivia da ori urTierTgamomricxveli tradiciiT aris

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cnobili. erTi tradiciis Tanaxmad, qajis qalebi _ samZimari, mzeqali da aSeqali ZaliT arian motacebulni. Turme ambobdnen: àqve dagvxoceT da TqvenTan (RvTisSvilebTan) ar wamovalTo~; ar mohyvebodnen, vidre xaxmatis jvarma ar aRuTqva maT saarso wilis micema xaxmatis miwa-wyalze da `Zalisa da SeZlebis~ ganawileba maTTvis; hpirdeboda maT, rom RvTisSvilTa uflebiT iqnebodnen daarsebulni xaxmatSi anu iqnebodnen jvarni. ai, am pirobiT gamoatacebina Tavi xaxma-tis wm. giorgis samma qajma qalma samZimaris ufrosobiT (60, 107-8). sxva tradiciiT, romelic TiTqos xucesTa sityvebis _ `tyveno, eajeT, naP-sarno~ _ ganmartebas warmoadgens, xaxmatis jvaris `modeni~ qajaveTis tyveobidan arian ga-moxsnilni, rogorc nestani. asec amboben: `qa-jeTis naPsroba kiden ase niSnavs, viTom datveve-bulebi hyvandes da aPsnes am angelozebm da wa-maiyvanes~. magram rogor moxvdnen tyveobaSi es qalebi, amis andrezi ar Gans. zRaprebSi da sag-miro eposSi gamoxsnili qali, mzeTunaxavi, ro-gorc wesi, gamomxsneli gmiris sacolea. gmirs sacole mohyavs qajeTidan, brolis koSkidan, qvesknelidan, sadac mzeTunaxavs ar surs dar-Gena da exmareba Tavis rGeuls, aswavlis gzasa da xerxs ucxo qveyanaSi. Gveni andrezi sak-raluri Tqmulebaa, radgan is exeba kultis da-fuZnebas, amitomac gamoxsnili qali, Tundac is iyos mzeTunaxavi (aseTadac aris miGneuli qajis qali), ver iqneba sacole misi gamomxsneli gmirisa, radgan es gmiri aris RvTisSvili, ange-lozi, uxorco arseba. xaxmatis wmida giorgis tyve qalebi Tavis modeebad mohyavs xaxmatSi, maT

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Soris pirveli da mTavari samZimari, xolo samZimari ase alaparakebs Tavis qadags: `wamamiy-vana giorgimao, me xo qal viyav qajisao, mama-naTvliva qriste RmerTsao, gavPe PorcielT salocavio~ (60, 113). rogorc vxedavT, qajeTidan wamoyvanas, iqidan daxsnas, gansakuTrebuli aspe-qti aqvs: is niSnavs rjulis Secvlas, ufro sworad, mas mohyveba gaTavisuflebuli qal-wulis gaqristianeba. samZimarze kidev yvebian aseT ambavs: `^ is samZimar qajT Pelmwifis qal yofil. iq gveleSap yofil. imas Tu und SeeWam erT vin sofelSiiT, wylispirSi dausvemdes. is samZimar dausom. misul giorgi, uTqom, ro gaga-Tavisuflebav Senav. mamas uTxariv, ro wagiyvanav. cxrajer wyalSi gaibanev, samiv saklav dakaliv^~ (67, 193). vavsebT am epizods sxva Ganaweris mixed-viT (versia igivea, xaxmaturi, oRond odnav gansxvavebuli redaqciiT): `^maSin Gven giorgis daurtyams veSapisTvis Subi da wamouyvania samZi-mari. moiyvana Tavis jvarSi, mounaTlia samZimari Tavis rjulze. dasdva safarveli da veRar naxa samZimari xalxma~ (6, 79). ar aris Zneli am monaTxrobSi wmida giorgis umTavresi saswaulis danaxva. epizodi agebulia sayovelTaod gavr-celebul motivze, romelic adreve daukavSirda kapadokieli wmidanis saxels da myari agili daikava mis biografiaSi. wmida mxedari daixsnis warmarTi mefis asuls gveleSapisagan, romelsac miuyvanes is msxverplad da am saswaulis ZaliT qristes rjulze moaqcevs qalwuls, mefes da mTel qalaqs. eWvi ar aris, rom samZimaris epi-zodi qajaveTis TqmulebaSi wmida giorgis gmi-robis xevsuruli variantia; rom is wmida gior-

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gis kanonikuri `cxovrebidan~ modis da ver GaiTvleba saerTaSoriso siuJetis adgilobriv, damoukidebel variantad. xaxmatis jvari _ xax-matis wmida giorgi imeorebs Tavisi mosaxele wmidanis arqetipul qcevas, qajaveTi enacvleba im warmarTul qalaqs, romelic wmida mxedarma gveleSapis Zaladobisagan ixsna, xolo qajis qali im usaxelo ufliswuls, romelic man gve-leSapis xaxas gamostaca da qristianul rjulze moaqcia. xsna am qristianul andrezSi WeSmarit sarwmunoebaze moqcevis tolfasia. qa-javeTisa da warmarTuli qalaqis (lasiis) igiveoba ufro TvalsaGinoa qajaveT-qisteTis igiveobis fonze, radgan qistebs da, sazogadod, Grdilo kavkasiis mezobel mahmadian tomebs qarTvel mTielTa saymoebi upiratesad sarwmu-noebrivi niSniT upirispirdebian, rogorc ur-juloebs rjulianebi, romlebic wmida giorgis religias aRiareben da amis dasturad, Zveli me-matianis TqmiT, `juaris msaxurni arian~. gansxvavebiT wmida giorgis mier moqceuli war-marTuli qalaqisagan, qajaveTi qajaveTadve darGa; amis sanacvlod qajTa xelmwifis asuli samZimari xaxmatis wmida giorgis wyalobiT RvTisSvilis rangSi amaRlda da sruliad uni-kaluri adgili daiWira sxva RvTisSvilTa So-ris; is xaxmatis jvarma Tavis `moZmed~ wamoiyvana xaxmatSi da ise Rrmad SeeTvisa mas, rom es ax-ali moZme saymos warmodgenaSi `giorgi’ samZimar erTni’ ~ (68, 42); saymos ar abrkolebs is gare-moeba, rom giorgi mamria, samZimari _ dedri: `giorgi’ samZimar erTni’ , erT xTiSvili’ ~. roca axseneben xaxmatis jvars, saymos cnobierebaSi

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Gndeba ori piri erTi jvarisa, erTi RvTisSvilisa _ `giorgi naRvarmSvenieri~ da `xeli samZimari, yel-Riliani~. saymo Wvrets erT RvTisSvilSi, erT RvTiur arsebaSi anima-animusis erTianobas. qajaveTisken gaemarTa mxedari, `naRarSi meburTvali~, _ oboli animusi da dabrunda iqidan animasTan erTad, raTa samu-damod gaerTianebuliyvnen xaxmatis jvarSi. xax-matis jvari yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi mo-qmedebs ara rogorc calke mamri da calke de-dri, aramed Tavisi mTliani bunebiT, dedrul-mamruli erTianobiT; dedri Wvirvalebs mis mamakacur gamocxadebaSi, rac TvalsaGinod ikveTeba sxva RvTisSvilTa fonze, rogorc mag., am leqsSi: laRno, sad mizdiT, Pevsurno, sad mixqriT qarebulasa. win gidgasT gudanis jvari, yviroda Parebulasa, mogyvebasT PaPmatis jvari, tiroda qaleburasa (88, #171), mamri iGens Tavs raRac saxiT mainc mis dedrul gamocxadebaSi, rogorc gvarwmuneben samZimaris naqadagarebi, sadac misi ucnauri Tavgadasavalia moTxrobili. samZimaris naqadagari da misi andrezi erTmaneTs avsebs; erTi da meore sxvadasxva aspeqtiT gvimx-els samZimaris bunebas da misi movlenis, anu saymoSi misi gamocxadebis arss. andrezi aseTi Sinaarsis aris: vaJs samZimari sruliad konkre-tuli qalis saxiT ecxadeba, cxovrobs mis sax-lSi, diasaxlisobs. eWvs aiReben, rom is ar aris Gveulebrivi qali, an sulac qali ar aris; samZi-mari saswaulsac Gaidens da saxlidan wava. mogvyavs T. oGiauris Ganaweri: `PaPmatis jvar qalis aRiT SGvenebiv xoligas kistan. imas sdob-nivas saerboe kasris ZirSiiT oqro zaltisa da

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beWdis gamaReba. Tavis nebiT masvlivas diacad, juaT elene viTom orav. dedamTils Rgonebiv Gemis Svilis diaciav. is ki ar vic, ramTven xan yofil. erTxan dedamTilisad uTqom _ Sin mindav wasvlaiv, masanTon* miqneniv. TviTon qneniv, uTqom dedamTils. Sautyvav, ro esiv qal ar TuklaR asav. i dedamTil wasul; ro masul, did qvab idgav, oTx-xuT Gareqamde Gadiodisao. xaviw duRdav, Gavxeneo, ai saerboe kasrSiav TiTa iyvav amasmuliv. i zalteiod beWedaiv gverdi exsnesav. is aba ras etyod. memr i masanTon ro uqnian, samjer Gaudgam TiTi, uTqm _ eesr xqniTidav, ee-siav Gem wesiv. maSi qoo gamacxadebul. jer cix-eSi misul lebaiskar, masanTon maunTian, memr iqiT gamafrindal, wovais wyal misul. iqac dam-jdara, iqiT gadamxtar aq masul. i xoligas gastrelebivas _ esiv qal arTuklaR asav. RamiT gulzed Pel Gamausom, kaciviT xqondav, qaloba ar etyobodav. uTqom dedisad, romav es qal ar unda iyvasav~ (68, 45). samZimaris efemeruli, vi-Tom qmari da dedamTili, rwmundebian, rom es `juaT elene~ sruliadac ar aris juaT elene; ufro meti: is arc aris Gveulebrivi diaci. dedamTili mis uGveulobas imaSi xedavs, rom es `juaT elene~ erTi TiTis amoweba erboTi acxobs masanToebs; xvdeba raRacas, magram frTxili diaci arafers ambobs. `qmari~, xoliga, ufro mets xvdeba. is atyobs, rom misi `coli~ araTu juaT elene ar aris, aramed, SesaZlebelia, dia-cic ki ar iyos. ì xoligas gasatrelebivas~, e.i. xoliga daeWvebula: misi coli qals hgavs,

* `masanToni~ _ saweso namcxvrebi; naqadagarSi am sityvas enacvleba `salaRobelni~.

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magram qalis niSnebi ar atyvia. monaTxrobidan ar Gans, iyo Tu ara maT Soris col-qmruli urTierToba; xoligas ukvirda mxolod, rom mis cols ratomRac mkerdi ar aGnda, `qaloba ar etyobodav~. es niSani tipiuria samZimaris an-drezebSi misi bunebis samxelad. vinme buloelas samZimari uwveboda colis magivrad: `^mausom Peli-d’ ara Rbadebiv imas gulzed. kaciviT yo-fila-d’ gamatrialebul~ (68, 49). ès qal ar unda iyvasav~, gamofxizldeba sabolood gaognebuli qmari, romelmac ver moaxerxa, rac col-qmars Soris unda momxdariyo. erT monaTxrobSi aseTi viTarebaa: `^dedakacTan ro dawvebian, is ro unda meqnisav, daikargisav. kac-diac ro Sadgebian aisra, daikargisav^~ (68, 49) `daikargisav~, _ am-bobs gawbilebuli kaci, anu qrebodao, radgan samZimari mouxelTebelia kac-diacis saqmisaTvis. gadmocemidan ar Gans, ra mizniT maqcierobs xax-matis jvari mokvdavis ojaxSi. nuTu mxolod imisTvis trialebs iq nacnobi diacis saxiT ram-denime xans, rom gaaognos deda-Svili, an dauto-vos andrezad Tavisi wesi _ masanToSi TiTis samgzis GaWdoba, rogorc naqadagarSi aTqmevinebs Tavis meenes _ salaRobelni davacxvnidio, sam-kana TiTi Gavadgidio? nuTu aseTi saqcieli mxolod qajuri naSTi da kvalia morjulebul samZimarSi? gavecnoT samZimaris naqadagar te-qstebs. naqadagarebSi, romlebic T.oGiauris mier aris gamovlenili da GarTuli samecniero kvle-vis sferoSi (68, 45-7), samZimaris Tavgadasavali mokvdavis ojaxSi sxva kuTxiT aris danaxuli da gadmocemuli. Gven saqme gvaqvs poetur teqsteb-Tan, sadac didi STambeWdaobiT, sakmaod Zunwad,

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rac aZlierebs eqspresiulobas, gadmocemulia samZimaris qcevebi, rasac is Tavis arGeuli `qmris~ saxlSi sGadis. dedakaci trialebs ojaxSi, saqmianobs: `sacersa, varclsa Gau-jdidio~, `Wima-laxtaras vzidevdio~, is Tavs im-kobs da keklucobs dedakacis wesisamebr: `naoWiani Gavicvidio, qoqomon gavabrialnidio~, `yurze sayursa videbdidio, qoqomiansa vicom-didio~, `davigruSnidi Tavmandilnio~^ cxadia, ra mizniT irTveba da lamazdeba qali. mizansac aRwevs, rogorc es Gans naqadagarSi: abule-TaurT saRirasao qali sacoled mavswondidio, Gavexvividi, Gauwvidio, ZuZu-mkerds* gamavix-vividio^ magram am dros araferi ar xdeba. samZimars zRurblamde mihyavs Tavisi rGeuli, Tavad ki ukan ixevs; is ar aZlevs uflebas xor-ciels, gadalaxos zRurbli. rogorc ki vaJi amas Seecdeba, rac naqadagarebSi odnav Sefaru-lad aris gamoxatuli _ `qali sacoled mamin-domao~ an `colad wayvana mamindomao~; samZimari garbis, saxtad stovebs ra vaJs da saidumlosac safarveli exdeba. cxadi xdeba, rom aq samZimari iyo, ris dasturadac misi nabijebisa da kidev sxva ramis kvali rGeba. momyavs erT-erTi tipi-uri naqadagari, sadac mokled aris gadmocemuli es ambavi: abuleTaurT cixeSiao medges loginni GardaxSiao. abuleTaurT xoligamao qali sacoled mamindomao. im Gemsa gamonafrindobsao iqav aGnian nakoWarnio. pur-satan mamGnes Rele-Siao, Pelis saponi wyaroSiao. momxyvebod Sana-codrobiTao (77, #27). aqedan cxadad Gans, rom * Tumca prozauli gadmocemidan viciT, rom samZimars mkerdi `kaciviT xqondav, qaloba ar

etyobodav~.

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samZimaris logini abudelaurT cixis GardaxSi srulebiT ar aris gamzadebuli col-qmruli urTierTobisaTvis, is ar aris saqorwino sare-celi. samZimari gaurbis axlo kavSirs vaJTan, imaze mWidros, ris uflebasac Tavad qali iZleva, stumaric garbis ukanmouxedavad; maTi yovelgvari urTierToba wydeba, xolo vaJs zed-meti vnebis gamoGena, rogorc zneobrivi kanonis darRveva, codvad da sircxvilad eTvleba, razec migvaniSnebs teqstis bolo striqoni `momxyvebod SanacodrobiTao~. ai, ras ambobs mwyralad wasuli samZimari vaJze, romlisTvisac ukve cxadia, rom Sescoda da amiT daarRvia urTierToba; moindoma, risi ndomac gulSic ar unda gaevlo. amitom ambobs samZimari mitovebul vaJze, _ codvis GamdeniviT momyvebodao. moralur akrZalvas sqesuri urTierTobisas Tav-isi gamoxatuleba aqvs am aqtis fizikur SeuZle-blobaSi. prozaul andrezebSi, rogorc davi-naxeT, vaJi qalis niSnebs ver atyobs samZimars an urTierTobis zRurblTan misvlisas qali qreba (`daikargisav~). es fizikuri ucnauroba Tavidanve gacxadebulia naqadagarSi samZimaris piriT: `vi-arebodi qaliviTao^~, `memra qalada maviqcidio^~, `qalura Gamauaridio^~, `qalis fafanag Gavicvidio^~ da sxva, rac mxolod imas niSnavs, rom samZimari, rogorc jvari, angelo-zuri arseba, ar aris qali da mas, roca gare-moeba moiTxovs, mxolod uxdeba qaliviT moqceva. ras unda niSnavdes samZimaris es ucnauri saqcieli, romelsac Znelia gamarTleba da axsna moeZebnos Gveulebrivi, yofiTi TvalsazrisiT. misi saqcieli iseve auxsnelia da bundovanebiT

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moculi, rogorc xevsureTis saymoebSi erT dros mtkiced gamjdari, TiTqos sazogadoebriv institutad qceuli sworfrobis wes-Gveuleba, romlis iniciatorad, damfuZneblad SeiZleba gvevlinebodes samZimari Tavis naqadagarebSi.* SesaZlebelia, amiT ar ixsnebodes sworfrobis wes-Gveulebis gamocana (ar vcdilob misi isto-riuli fesvebisa da warmoSobis kvleva-Ziebas), magram es analogia saSualebas gvaZlevs gavdoT Sibi sworfrobis realur sinamdvilesa da mis miTosur sinamdviles Soris. safuZvliani aRwer-iloba am wes-Gveulebisa, romelic gamoricxavs zerele damokidebulebas mis mimarT da gareSe Tvalsazriss masze (4), gviGvenebs, rom is war-moadgenda, saymos arsebobis dekadansSic ki, mkacrad dadgenili wesebis sistemas, sadac gaT-valiswinebulia yoveli wvrilmani da mosalod-neli kazusi. am GveulebaSi iniciativa qals ekuTvnis, is iwvevs vaJs masTan Seyrisa da saubris surviliT, da erTad yofnis (konkretu-lad, wolis) drosac is ganagebs urTierTobas, udebs ra zRvars vaJis vnebebs da sworfrobis wesiT akrZalur gamoxdomebs. iqmneba STabeWdileba TiTqos am Gveulebis wesebi qalis dadgenilia da mTeli Gveulebac misgan iRebs dasabams, iseve rogorc qali dgas, xevsuruli andrezis Tanaxmad, jvaris qadagebis institutis genezisSi. sworferTa Soris _ es gardauvali wesia _ ikrZaleba ara mxolod xorcieli kavSiri, aramed kanonieri col-qmrobac. am Seu-vali kanonis SemSlelni rjulis gamtexebad

* aseTi Tvalsazrisi gatarebulia g.jafariZis TezisebSi `wminda dafebi~ (111, 11).

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Seiracxebian da iseve moikveTebian saymodan, ro-gorc incestis Gamdenni. erTad `wola-dgomis~ ganmavlobaSi, rogorc adgilobriv uwodeben am Gveulebas (sworfrobas), rogorc ki qali Seatyobs, rom mis sworfer vaJs `sxva~ siyvaru-liT uyvars igi, qali stovebs sworfrobis sa-wols da midis, raTa aRar dabrundes ukan, aRar moixedos am vaJisaken. xorcieli qali iqceva, rogorc samZimari, imeorebs mis arqetipul saqciels, rom aRkveTos vaJis survili. vaJma ar unda Seiyvaros Tavisi sworferi, rogorc deda-kaci _ es kanoni gafrTxilebasaviT gaismis samZimaris sityvebSi, romlebic daJinebiT gadadis naqadagaridan naqadagarSi: àbuleTaurT imedasao qali sacoled mavswondidio~, `me-grelaursa gaxuasao sacoled vewonebodidio~, àbuleTaurT imedamao colad wayvana mamindo-mao~^ aSkaraa am sityvebis sayveduriani kilo, romliTac is krZalavs sworferTa qorwinebas da maT uxvedrobas awesebs. mas SeeZlo eTqva: èesiav Gem wesiv~, rogorc kistneli xoligas ojaxSi misanToebze sami naWdevis gamo Tqva, roca daawesa es Gveuleba: èesr xqniTidav, ee-siav Gem wesiv~, da moefara Tvals. amiT amoi-wureba qajaveTis ganZi, romlis yvela sagani sakraluria Tavisi bunebiT da sakulto daniS-nuleba aqvs. daviwyeT TasiT da davasruleT samZimariT, romlis mudmivi epiTeti `yel-Riliani~ qaluri niSniT TasTan iGens msgavsebas, da Tasi xom qalis samkaulebiT aris Semkuli. droSa zogierT saymoTa andrezebis Tanaxmad, erT-erTi im sam droSaTagani, romlebic aTan-genobis dros gamoaqvT sajarod, xevsurebs qa-

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javeTidan moutacniaT (58, 9). iseve, rogorc sa-kidlis Gamogleja qajaveTis `keridan~ moas-wavebda qajaveTis Suagulis dangrevas, aseve droSis motaceba sruli gamarjvebis niSani unda yofiliyo. es niSani axla jvaris umniSvnelova-nesi atributia da gansakuTrebul rols as-rulebs saymos cxovrebaSi. sakralurobis xarisxiT mas SeiZleba gavuTanabroT mxolod Tasi, kerZod, saxuco koWobi, romlis Sesaxeb iTqva, rom is qalis samkaulebiT aris Semkuli. igive iTqmis droSaze, romelic Tumca ganwmedil da xelmxar ganaTlul mamakacs uWiravs xelSi, magram qaluri warmomavlobis sagniT aris age-buli. droSa aris sawmido-samamakaco sagani, is brZolaSi win miuZRvis saymos da, SeiZleba, iRe-bebodes sisxliT, magram mis SeqmnaSi monawileobs qalis xeli, romelic misi ga-naTvlis Semdeg kvlav verasodes Seexeba mas. droSas ebmis qalTagan Senawiri, raime mizezis gamo Senawiri, _ beWedi, yelsabami, Sibi, magram, rac mTavaria, droSas àSenebs~ sakadrisebi (an samkadroebi), romlebic qalis Sesamoselis nawils Seadgens. qsovilis is naWeri, rasac Gven mandils vuwodebT, droSis ZiriTadi elementia. `droSa Semosilia feradi TavSaliT. droSis Sesamoss qalebi swiraven^~ (54, 262); `Sexvewilebi xats swiraven TeTrsa da Wrel sadroSe xila-bandebs, romlebsac dekanozi arTmevs da dro-Saze Seabams~ (49, 199). erTi aqvT samoseli dro-Sasa da qals. qalis mandili potenciuri sa-kadrisia da, sanam qali mas Tavze moixvevdes, rogorc samZimari ambobs qadagis piriT _ `davi-gruSnidi Tavmandilio~, is, SesaZlebelia, dro-

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Sis alami gaxdes. aq TiTqos paradoqsia: erTsa da imave sagans vxedavT or, erTmaneTis sapirispiro adgilze _ droSaze jvaris niSnad da qalis Tavze pativis niSnad. ra ufskrulic ar unda iyos siwmidis mxriv dedakacsa da jvars Soris, aris erTi viTareba, sadac isini erTi da imave funqciiT gvevlinebian: es aris SuRli say-moSi, rasac Tanabrad ver iTmenen jvari da qali da, ai, mandili da sakadrisi maT xelSi mSvido-bisa da Tanxmobis niSania. sakmaod cnobilia eT-nografiuli yofidan qalis mier mandilis Gagdebis Gveuleba moSuRarTa Soris. ai, ras wers vaJa-fSavela Tavis narkvevSi `xevsurebi~: `^ Tu Gxubi gaZlierda da cudis Sedegis momas-wavebeli Seiqmna, moGxubrebs qalebi gadaudge-bian Suaze, mandilebs moixdian da imaT win ga-disvrian: èmas dasdeviT pativi, geyoT, daS-veldiT~^ xSirad xalxis gasaSveleblad xevis-berebi droSebs gamoitanen xolme~ (35, 49; ix. agreTve besarion gabuuris `xevsuruli ma-salebi~, ori nakveTi saTauriT `SuRli da droSa da SuRli da qali~ (17, 123-4). jvaris droSis Tavisebureba, Gveulebrivi droSisagan gansxvavebiT, is aris, rom igi im saxiT ar aris daculi, ra saxiTac mas moqmedebaSi vxedavT, roca is gamobrZanebulia saymos win dResas-waulis dros. yoveli gamobrZanebisas droSa xelaxla unda àSendes~, àibas~, `Seikazmos~, _ moirTos da Seimkos rogorc dReobaze gamosuli qali. misi samkaulebi inaxeba sagangebo zardax-SSi, rogorc Tas-ganZi. droSis àSenebis~ anu `Sekazmvis~ ufleba mxolod imas aqvs, visac xelT unda epyras is dResaswaulze da brZo-

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laSi. es Sedis medroSes anu mkadris sakralur movaleobaSi. es pirni, roca moawevs droSis ab-mis dro, fexSiSvelni da qudmoxdilni, GoqiT mieaxlebian im adgils, sadac droSis `samoseli~ da samkauli _ baRdadebi, jvrebi, zanzalakebi, Sibebi da sxva. _ inaxeba, da exvewebian RvTisSvils, visi droSis asaSenebladac arian misulni: `dalocvilo wyaros gorisao, Senis droSais sabrZanisis karisa-d’ kamalais dalaPx-visa-d’ nu gagviwyrebi~ (63, 7-8); magram vidre mkadre Tu medroSe droSis Sekazmvas Seudge-bodes, is samgzis unda iyos ganbanili wyaros wyalSi (62, 174). droSis abma saidumlo ritu-alia, romelic srul mdumarebaSi mimdinareobs (62, 275). mkadreebi TiTqos amzadeben, qmnian RvTisSvilis amqveniur sxeuls, rom misi xilva yvelas SeeZlos; droSa TiTqos jvarGenis saxea, romelsac adamiani amzadebs, iwvevs Tavisi xeliT. droSis gamobrZaneba saymosaTvis marT-lac jvarGenis movlenaa, is ufro mets xedavs jvarSi, vidre gareSe kacma SeiZleba dainaxos: `Pmalais droSaiv iseT marTul iyvisav, ro SoriT gaigonebdiTav imis zarebis Jrialsav. aisrav baRdadebiT iyvisav marTuliv, ro Tvali ar iyridisav~ (62, 572). `TvalT ar iyridisav~ _ rogorc xdeba jvarGenis dros, roca RvTisSvili Tavisi brwyinvalebiT acxadebs Tavs xorcielis Tvalwin: `^ auPdav kidobnisad Tavi-d’ kidobanSiiT amamxtar xati-d’ damjdar kidob-nis Tavze tredis aRiT. ro dajdav, iseT SuqT utevdisav, ro kaciv TvalT ver Saayridav~ (68, 192). rogorc vxedavT, saymos religiur SegnebaSi droSa uTanabrdeba jvarGenis bunebriv sagans,

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romelsac jvari irGevs Tavis manifestacisaTvis. saymos da jvaris msaxuris (medroSaes) mizanic es aris: droSaSi dainaxos da ganicados jvaris Zala. amitomac is ara mxolod sakraluri nivTia, aramed cocxali arsebac aris, Tumca ad-amianis xeliT Seqmnili, romlis mimarT xor-cieli iseT sityvebs moixmobs, mxolod adamiane-bis mimarT rom ixmareba. droSa ki ar gamoaqvT, aramed mas gamoabrZaneben, ki ar dasdeben, aramed daabrZaneben da a.S. analogiuri viTarebaa Zvel qarTul teqstebSi _ am niSniT erTmaneTs upirispirdeba sakraluri da saero nivTebi: `da moiyvannes mijnaZorTa xatni wmidaTa mociqulTa petresi da pavlesi da nawilni wmidisa barT-lome mociqulisani da moixunes sigelni^~ (96, 8). droSas, rogorc cocxal arsebas, romelSic suldgmulobs RvTisSvili, SeiZleba hqondes Tavgadasavali, iqces andrezis gmirad, iyos sa-kuTari Tavis gamomxsneli tyveobidan, riTac mogvagonebs wmida giorgisa Tu mTavarangelozis saswaulebs urjuloTa qveyanaSi. aseTia droSa vaJa-fSavelas moTxrobaSi `droSa~, sadac mcire masStabiT is marTlac imeorebs RvTisSvilTa saswaulebriv Tavgadasavals, Tumca nawarmoebi savsebiT realisturia da erTgvarad publicis-turic ki, mimarTuli imaT Sesagoneblad, vinc am sakralur saganSi ùbralo joxis~ mets verafers xedavs, rogorc is moxeleebi, xevis-bers rom ZaliT gamoglejen xelidan droSas. avtori Tavis moTxrobaSi, rogorc ambis gad-momcemeli da Tavad mTavari gmiris _ droSis Sinagani bunebis aRmwereli, saymos poziciaze dgas da Signidan ganicdis mis yovel sakralur

cxcvi

realias. momyavs amonawerebi `droSadan~, ro-gorc saymos Tavisi siwmidisami damokidebulebis pirvelwyaro. àrc erTi deda Svils ar ufrTx-ildeboda ise, rogorc beki droSas ufrTxil-deboda, mTeli Zala da dideba xatisa _ da xalxisa _ bekis warmodgeniT am droSaSi iyo SaerTebuli. droSis waRebasTan erTad waRebuli iqneboda fSavis xevis iRbali, wasuli iyo imis saqme^~. `^ vidre droSa arsebobs qveyanaze, xevisberic unda iyos da xatoba-dReobebic im saxiT, ra saxiTac dRes vxedavT; droSa Tavia, xolo danarGeni yvelaferi da yvelani mxolod tani. roca tans Tavi mohSordeba, maSin tanica kvdeba usaTuod. maSasame, mRvdlisa da boqaulis sazrunavi iyo wartyvena droSisa. xalxi imas dasdevs Tan, rogorc cxvris fara namarilevs~. droSis datyvevebis Semdeg: `yvela grZnobda Tavs uTavouxelfexod, _ hgrZnobda ise, rom da-rajebma mohkveTes naxevari aso da ise gauSves TviTeuli maTgani. gzakvalareul weroebsaviT aRar icodnen, ra eqnaT, saiT wasuliyvnen _ ganegrZoT gza, Tu ukan dabrunebuliyvnen; dro-Sam gaiyola Tan imaTi suli da guli; droSa, rogorc Gangali masze mibmul Tevzs, ise izi-davda Tavisken xalxis ocnebas. saca droSaa, RmerTic iq aris, Tunda boselSi Seitano. da amitom mlocavT droSa rom GixaurSi daJange-bul TofebTan erTad dayudebuli daenaxaT, iseve muxls mouyridnen, rogorc wmida giorgis salocavSi. dRes es droSa mtrisagan Seuracxy-ofilia, javri ar amoiyares^ `Gven Turme Gvenis uZlurebis gamo veraferi vuSveleT droSas, magram araferi uSavs. is TavisTavs uSvelis~. _

cxcvii

es fiqri uelavda yvelas TavSi da gulSi imedi esaxeboda, rom droSas, roca iqneboda, daepa-troneboda xevisberi da xalxic Gveulebrivad gahyveboda Tan mis sadideblad da sasaxelod^~. droSis Tavdaxsnis Semdeg: `xalxi, rogorc kruxs wiwilebi, ise misdevda ukan xevisbersa, yvela didad bednierad hgrZnobda Tavis Tavsa, rom eRirsa droSis gayolas^~. droSa _ xalxis winamZRoli, droSa _ gafantuli saymos Se-momkrebi da misi erTianobis sulis Gamdgmeli, droSa _ vnebuli da gamarjvebuli, sakuTari Tavis mxsneli tyveobidan, _ ai, rogorc aqvs warmosaxuli poets es mniSvnelovani sakulto sagani, misi cxovelmyofeli da dinamiuri buneba. aq iRebs sityvier gamoxatulebas tradiciad qceuli religiuri gancda, romelic eufleba saymos droSis gamoGenisas, roca is avlens Tav-isi sakralurobis maqsimums. poeti, cxadia, ga-moxatavs saymos cnobierebaSi gamomuSavebul warmodgenebs, magram is azrovnebs im sim-bolikiT, romelsac mimarTaven adreqristianul xanaSi religiuri WeSmaritebebis gadmosacemad (igulisxmeba warmodgena qristeze, rogorc ek-lesiis anu qristianTa `saymos~ Tavze da Tevzis simbolika mamaTa nawerebSi da katakombebis kedlebze). arasakulto leqs-simRerebSi droSa gaTanabrebulia gmirTan, romelic brZolaSi mi-uZRvis saymos; droSa ganuyrelia winamZRolis saxisagan, mas xedaven mxarze droSagadebuls, xolo es iseTi mdgomareobaa, roca adamians davlaTi dahbrunavs Tavze. davnatri dabadebasa xoSaras xaxaisasa, aisxams iaraRebsa, angelozsa Rgav cisasa, mxarze gadidebs droSasa laRis

cxcviii

laSaris jvrisasa, gamauZRveba fSavlebsa, sax-els axsenebs RvTisasa (37, 123). medroSe cen-traluri figuraa laSqarSi da misi dacema laSqris damarcxebis tolfasia: RmerTma icodes, mewyina sikvdili ereklisao, darGoma narovan-zeda medroSe bRaraisao, lekebisagan waReba bRarais borayisao (88, #60). mefis sikvdili, me-droSis daRupva, droSis motaceba _ ai, sruli damarcxebis niSnebi. rogorc brZolaSi bedis simbolo, droSa gamoGndeba simReris bolos brZolis dasasrulis sauwyeblad: yvelais sawyi-naria dadgoma borayisao, aRar xuodas droSai laRis karatis jvrisao (88, #59). aq laparakia karatis jvris anu kopalas droSis dadumebaze, rogorc marcxis niSanze. ai, ras gviamboben gudanis jvris salaSqro droSaze: `Gveni laSqari gamarjvdisao, ahyvirdis, ahyvirdis es droSaio da Tu PevsurT laSqari ver imarjveb-dao, dasGumdiso^~ (38, #23121). droSa Zalas matebs mis xelSi damWers. vaJas imave moTxrobaSi xevisberi, romelsac devebTan Widili daesizmra, ase ambobs: `^ xanjalma Zalian miSvela da droSac rom mWeroda xelSi, iqneba gavlaxavdi~. matebs ara mxolod Zalas, aramed gansakuTrebuli siwmindiT mosavs mas, droSasTan kontaqti sakralurs xdis pirovnebas. aleqsandre yazbegis `xevisber goGaSi~ amgvarad aris gadmocemuli es movlena: `xalxma gakvirve-biT Sehxeda xevis beris xelis Semxebs, namet-navad im dros, rodesac mas xevis siwminde, dro-Sis Tavi, xelSi eWira*~. erT fSaur andrezSi

* ix. g. jafariZis statia (110, 24-25).

cxcix

droSa monawileobs TasTan erTad da oriveni saerTo ZaliT saswauls axdenen xevisberis xelSi**. cabaurTis mTavarangelozis xevisberze, gamaxare xoxordaulze aseTi ambavia Se-morGenili. momyavs aleqsi oGiauris Ganaweri: èrTxel uZveles dros mTawmindas mekvleT didi Tovli mouvida. litania dRes cota Seicvala amindi, magram mekvleni mainc avidnen mTawmin-daze. yvela wesebi Seasrules. daiwyo Rame Tova, dilisaTvis yelamdin Tovli daiqca da wamosvla aRar icodnen rogor moexerxebinaT. sadReobo mTawminda iseT goraze aris, rom garSemo sul sazove adgilebi axvevia da daqanebuli gver-dali kldeebi. xan erT mxares moemzaden da xan meores, magram wamosvla ver gabedes. bolos Pe-visberi gaaqadaga mTavarangelozma. Pevisberi ga-maxare iyo xoxordauli. aiRo xelSi sami vercxlis Tasi, mxarze droSa gaido da qadago-biT pirdapir sazove kldeze daeSo pirTavqve. xalxi ver gadayva, gatyda mTis didi zovi da wamoiRo Pevisberi. zovma erTi didi klde wamoiRo, Tavze ganieri iyo es klde da Pevisberi am kldeze zed moxvda damjdariviT. zovma klde versnaxevarze ise waiRo, rom gverdi ar gadau-qcevia da Pevisberic Tan Gamoiyolia. Gamovida xatis pirdapir adgilobriv mzilas. Pevisberi ise mSvidad Gamovida, rom gulic ar SeSinebia. zovi da klde gaGerda, Pevisberi mSvidad gad-movida zovis Gamotanil kldezeiT da droSis wkaruniT gamovida xatSi. droSac mxarze edo da

** a. zisermanis gadmocemiT, dadanaSaulebul pirs ficis warmoTqmisas marjvena xelSi droSa

unda eWiros, marcxenaSi _ vercxlis Tasi (125,231). am ritualSi Gans erTad Seyrili droSisa da Tasis sakraluri Zala, romlis winaSe adamianis neba uZluria.

cc

Tasebic isev xelSi eWira^~ (65, rv. 19)*. droSa Tavisi sakraluri Zalis maqsimums xevisberis xelSi aRwevs, anu im piris xelSi, romelsac jvarisagan aqvs ufleba miRebuli xeli hkadros jvaris siwmides _ droSas. amitomac medroSes meorenairad mkadre ewodeba. `samkadreos droSas eZaxian^ mkadreeb avleven~ (68, 109). amrigad, arse-bobs garkveuli analogia droSasa da im legen-dur mkadreebs Soris, romelTac xelze sam-kadreo (anu sakadrisi) efinaT RvTisSvilis dasabrZaneblad. `^roca gudanis jvari modioda, nisliviT korianteli mohyveboda. am dros ToTiac moemzadeboda, xelze gadaifenda sam-kadreos. gaidauri Tavs gverdze daiWerda, ise elaparakeboda gudanis jvars^~ (60, 144). ase iqceoda ToTia gaidauri, gudanis jvaris mkadre da sxva mkadreebi, romelTa saxelebi SemorGa saymoTa xsovnas. samkadreo qsovili maSin amo-qmeddeba Tavisi funqciiT, roca mkadre amoiRebs mas da xelze gadaifens. aseve droSis samkadreo maSin iGens Tavis Zalas, roca amoRebulia ta-grucidan, sadac is inaxeba, da droSis tanzea Sebmuli. amrigad, mkadre, romelsac gawvdil xelze samkadreo aqvs gadafenili, SeiZleba SevadaroT imave samkadreoebiT Sekazmul dro-Sas. maT Soris sruliad garkveuli analogia arsebobs istoriul WrilSi; aq mxolod analo-giaze SeiZleba iyos laparaki. g.SaraSiZes, ro-melic sagangebod ikvlevs droSis funqciebs,

* es cabaurTuli andrezi vaJas, romlis gvari cabaurTis mTavarangelozis saymoSi Sedioda, ga-

moyenebuli unda hqondes moTxrobaSi `beriZe gautexeli~. oRond moTxrobis finali tragi-kulia: xevisbers stovebs davlaTi, romelic arwivis saxiT dahbrunavda xolme Tavze, da mas zvavi daitans.

cci

dasaSvebad miaGnia misi gaigiveba rogorc mis mtvirTvel adamianTan, aseve RvTisSvilTan, romlis manifestaciasac is warmoadgens (149, 671). marTalia, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, droSa sa-kadrisiT aRWurvili kultmsaxuris _ mkadris saxes warmoadgens, magram is Tavisi sakraluro-bis maqsimumSi Tavad jvaris Semcvlelia, ro-gorc es kargad Gans erT leqsSi: netavin Ga-magviGinna baburaulni Zmanio, anamc is liqokelebi, erTis droSais ymanio (60, 152). `droSis yma~ aq `jvaris ymis~ sinonimia. liqokelebi kopalas ymani arian. kerZod, kopalaze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom droSa misi arse-biTi atributia. erT TuSur leqsSi vkiTxulobT: nogiris wverze dabrZanda giorgi dobiliani, mTis ZirSi Semoegeba kopale bovrayiani

(49, 34). rogorc xaxmatis wmida giorgia dobiliani (`dobilSi~ samZimari igulisxmeba), aseve kopala `bovrayiania~ (droSiania). mTels aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis saymoebSi ganTqmulia kopalas droSa, romelSic am RvTisSvilis Zalaa daunjebuli. aris kidev erTi sagani, sadac samkadreos anu sakadriss Tavisi myari adgili aqvs miGenili. es aris xe, romelic, iseve rogorc legenduri mkadre, droSis rolSi SeiZleba mogvevlinos. wmida adgilas mdgari xe iqceva marTlac droSad, uzarmazar uZrav dro-Sad, roca mis totebze mlocvelebi sakadrisebs Seabamen; es maTi mciredi, magram wmida Sesawiravia. amgvarad Semkul xeebs mgzavri saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi Sexvdeba. Gven viciT, rom droSis samkadroebi, rogorc wesi, qalebis Senawiria; aseve qalebi swiraven ubralo qso-

ccii

vilis naWrebs xats da hkideben maT samudamod xis totebze. niSandoblivia, rom qsnis xeobaSi Sesamosels (TavSals, yelsaxvevs da sxv.), rom-liTac dedakacebi amkoben xatis teritoriaze mdgar xeebs, `droSas~ uwodeben (13, 130). xis totebi wmida SesawiraviT imkoba da es Sesawiravi _ sakadrisi, raki is wmidaa da xatis sakuTrebaa, SeiZleba Seexsnas xes da droSis tanze Seibas. is Tu moscildeba odesme xes, mxolod im mizniT moscildeba, rom misgan droSa Seikazmos. am dros saymo eswreba TiTqos droSis geneziss, `mas Jamsa~, roca droSa ibadeba. v.bardaveliZes naSromSi ìvris fSav-lebSi~ vkiTxulobT: `^Tamarisadmi Sewiruli feradi (TeTri, yviTeli/wiTeli da erTi Savi) `sakadrisebi~, romlebic Tamaris xatis galavanSi totebze ekida, Gamoxsnes, droSis tarze aabes, Semdeg tars zemodan Gamohkides da Tavze oqrosfrad moelvare liTonis jvari daamagres. ase gaGnda laSarobaze `xatis droSa~ (9, 134-5). sakadriss Gven kidev erT adgilze vxvdebiT: sakadrisiT rqebi aqvs gakruli jvarSi miyvanil samsxverplo pirutyvs. sakadrisi piru-tyvis rqebze imis niSania, rom pirutyvi jvaris aris da sakadrisic misi dakvlis Semdeg iqve mdgar xeze gadainacvlebs, an, SeiZleba, mas droSaze miuGinon adgili sxva sakadrisebTan erTad. saklavs yelze zanzalaki aqvs Sebmuli, romelic xmianebs imis sauwyeblad, rom is jvarisaa; misi dakvlis Semdeg zanzalaki jvarSi rGeba*, rogorc jvaris kuTvnileba. xatSi Sewi- * ukan-axos (xevsureTi) fuZis angelozis sazareze da iqve mdgar xeze uricxvi amgvari war-

momavlobis zanzalakia Gamokidebuli.

cciii

rulma zanzalakma SeiZleba droSaze gadainacvlos, radgan is droSis erT-erTi au-cilebeli elementia; radgan is droSis xmaa, romliTac RvTisSvili auwyebs saymos Tavis ga-moCenas.

F

saymo

saymo jvris karze

hegeli wers: àmgvarad moqmedebs xalxis

suli: is aris gansazRvruli suli, romelic

Tavisi Tavidan qmnis namdvil samyaros, romelic

mocemul droSi myofobs da arsobs Tavis re-

ligiaSi, Tavis kultSi, Tavis GveulebebSi^

Tavis dawesebulebebSi, Tavis qmedebebSi da

Tavis saqmeebSi. es aris misi saqme, es aris es

xalxi~ (117, 71).

es xalxi, romelic qmnis Tavis Tavgadasav-

als, Tavis istorias, Tavis andrezebs, saymoSia

gaerTianebuli, arsebobs rogorc saymo. cxadia,

is erTianobaSi moqceuli sazogadoebaa, magram

termini `sazogadoeba~ ver gamoxatavs am er-

cciv

Tianobis azrs. es termini gulisxmobs, rom ada-

mianebi gaerTianebulni arian raRac zogadis sa-

fuZvelze, magram es zogadi upirovnoa da, amde-

nadve, efemeruli. adgilobrivi termini `saymo~

gulisxmobs dinamiur da pirovnul Zalas, ro-

melic erT organizmad kravs adamianTa jgufs.

es Zala ar aris maTi gamogonili an maTi miR-

weuli, is maT gareSea.

termini sa-ym-o imdagvaradve aris agebuli,

rogorc sa-Zm-o; maT Soris sruli morfologi-

uri da semantikuri paralelizmia: yma-saymo-

moyme: Zma-saZmo-moZme. is Zala, romelic qmnis da

azrs aniWebs saymos, aris patroni (an batoni),

romlis ymebic arian saymoSi gaerTianebuli ada-

mianebi; aseve, saZmoSi Zmebi erTiandebian mamis

irgvliv, mamis mfarvelobis qveS. rogorc ymebi

gulisxmoben patrons, aseve Zmebi gulisxmoben

mamas. sabolood, patroni da mama erTi da imave

mniSvnelobis Semcveli sityvebia (patroni pater

`mama~), iseve rogorc `ymis~ amosavalia `yrma~ da

`Svili~. avTandili _ rostevanis yma, imavdrou-

lad Tavisi patronis Svilic aris, maTi

urTierToba mamaSviluria patronymulTan erTad:

patroni Gemi gamzrdeli, RmrTiTa da

RmrTeebr cxoveli,

mSobluri, tkbili, mowyale, ca wyalobisa

mToveli^

amasve ityoda yoveli jvaris yma Tavisi pa-

tronis, RvTisSvilis mimarT, radgan saymo, ro-

ccv

melsac is sisxlxorceulad ekuTvnis,

RvTisSvilis Seqmnilia da organizebuli, ro-

gorc cocxali TviTSegnebiT avsili arseba. say-

mos genezisSi, rogorc viciT, Zevs patronobisa

da mfarvelobis idea; saymo gaGnda, Gamoyalibda

maSin, roca devebis Zaladobam ukidures zRvars

miaRwia, ufro sworad, roca adamiani mixvda,

rom is kargavda adamianis saxes. am dros moxda

xorcielTa pirveli konsolidacia, maTi

Sekvriveba erT sxeulad, maTi gamoRviZeba jvris

saymod. rogorc kvrivi adgilebi Seqmna jvarma,

aseve Seqmna xorcielTagan Tavisi unji saymo,

rogorc jvaris ganZis (unjis) cocxali oreuli.

jvarma xorcielni gamostaca devebs, rogorc

ganZi, msgavsad israelis RmerTisa, romelmac

mTeli kacobriobidan gamoarGia israeli da

Tavis unj (ebr. segulah) xalxad Seracxa: ìqne-

biT GemTvis unjad yvela xalxs Soris, radgan

Gemia mTeli qveyniereba~ (gamosvl. 19,5); ìakobi

TavisTvis gamoarGia ufalma, israeli _ Tavis

unjad~ (fs. 135, 4)*; `radgan wmida xalxi xar Sen

uflis, Seni RvTisaTvis; Sen agirGia ufalma,

Senma RmerTma, rom yofiliyavi misi unji xalxi

yvela xalxs Soris, vinc ki aris dedamiwis

zurgze~ (me-2 rj. 7,6).

am ukanasknel muxlSi `me-2 rjulidan~

yuradReba unda mieqces Sesabamisobas wmidasa da * Zvel qarTul TargmanSi ikiTxeba: `rameTu iakobi Tvisad gamoarGia ufalman da israeli _

sabrZaneblad Tvisad~.

ccvi

unjs Soris: unjad anu ganZad arGeuli xalxi

wmida xalxia. Gven davinaxeT, rom adgilis

siwmidis erT-erTi piroba masSi Gamarxuli gan-

Zia; aseve jvaris mier arGeuli, saymod Seqmnili

adamianTa sazogadoeba wmidaa dasabamiT, Tavis

pirvel birTvSi. unji ymani, unji saymo _ isto-

riis genezisis xanis qmnilebaa, im xanisa, roca

jvari anadgurebda adamianis mtrebs. es aris say-

mos sakraluri istoriis umniSvnelovanesi

faqti, iseTive, rogoric aris israelisTvis misi

egviptidan gamoxsna da aRTqmul qveyanaSi dam-

kvidreba. `da misca qveyanaY maTi samkvidreblad,

samkvidreblad israelsa ersa Tvissa~ (fs. 134,

12). jvars gaRebuli aqvs msxverpli Tavisi say-

mosaTvis da am msxverplis sazRaurad saymo un-

jis kategoriaSi gadadis.

da axla jvari icavs, ifaravs Tavis ganZs _

saymos, rom is ar moitacos devma, romelic

yovelnairi xerxiT cdilobs mis xelSi Gagdebas.

jvari aris is Zala, romelic ugeriebs saymos

devTa Semotevas da amave dros misi meoxebiT

saymo ukavSirdeba morige RmerTs, romelsac

dedamiwaze, saymos teritoriaze, arsad ara aqvs

samkvidrebeli. jvaris es funqcia kargad aris

gamoxatuli cnobil sakulto leqsSi:

beri giorgi mec viyav, cas vebi oqros SibiTa;

goraze medga bermuxa, zed avdiodi kibiTa.

Gem saymoT Samonazeni RmerTTan amqonda

iqiTa^

ccvii

jvari Suamavalia saymosa da morige RmerTs

Soris. saymosagan Sewiruli msxverpli jvars

aaqvs morige RmerTis karze _ es aris Sem-

wirvelis davaleba, rogorc xsenebulia

saklavis dakvlis win xucesis piriT:

`wamoyenebulni macxovarni, buRaurni da rqa-

jangianni, danarGeni ZRveni, moxsenebulni, RvTi-

sad gindodesT, RmerTs maaxseneT, kvireisad gin-

dodesT, kvires maaxseneT. ara _ TviTon aiReT

da miiTvaleT Rirsada, Rirseulada, xsnilada,

kurTxeulada^~ (38, #25450). `Tu ara da Tavad

Tqven aiReTo~, _ sTavazobs saymo jvarT, magram

jvarni arafers itoveben TavisTvis; rasac Sei-

wiraven, maRla miaqvT, RvTisaken, raTa wyaloba

da madli gamoiTxovon misgan xorcielTaTvis.

dedamiwaze jvars emsaxurebian xorcielni sam-

saxuris wayenebiT, rogorc ymani Tavis batons,

maRla caSi ki, morige RvTis karze, igive jvari

Tavis saymos msaxuria. rogorc xorcielni

ikribebian jvaris karze misi samsaxurisaTvis da

erTgulebis dasadastureblad, aseve jvarni

ikribebian morige RvTis karze. `rogorc Por-

cielni Gven gvloculoben, egre Gven vlocu-

lobT marigesao~ _ ambobs RvTisSvili. safex-

urebriv adis locva da ZRveni uzenaesamde;

dedamiwidan zecamde adis locva, gaivlis

RvTisSvils da miaRwevs morige RvTis smenas.

RvTisSvilT ase mimarTaven damwyalobnebisas: `^

Tqven Tqveni gamGeni RmerTi ar mogiwyinesT, ar

ccviii

mogiZulebsT; Tqven Tqven saymos nu maiwyenT, nu

maiZulebT^~ (56, 24). xorcielTa saymo xedavs

uxorcoTa samyaroSi Tavis analogs _ jvarTa

saymos, oRond maT `saZmo~ unda vuwodoT, radgan

jvarni erTurTis moZmeni arian.

Zveli formaciis miTologiebSi adamians da

mis sacxovrebels Suaguli adgili uWiravs

samsknelovan samyaroSi. asea Suamdinarul, in-

dur, alTaur, skandinavur miTologiebSi; am-

gvarive dayofa universumisa gvxvdeba agreTve

xalxur zRaprebSi, sadac Suask-

neli zRapris gmiris samSobloa,

magram mas sxva sknelebSic

uxdeba yofa. adamiani cxovrobs

SuasknelSi, saidanac mas gza exsneba ori mimar-

TulebiT _ zecisaken da qvesknelisaken. am gzas,

xSirad samyaros RerZad warmodgenils, ganasax-

ierebs samyarouli xe, romelic msWvalavs sam

sknels. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, es xe Tavisi aR-

mocenebiT, rogorc indra Tavisi sami gadabije-

biT, qmnis samsknelovan samyaros. xis Ziri

Suasknelia, adamianis sacxovrebeli; xis fesvebi

_ qveskneli, romelsac gveli ganasaxierebs; xis

kenwero zesknelis xatia da mas frinveli war-

mogvidgens. aseTia, kerZod, SumerelTa miTosuri

xeebi (46,127-9) da skandinavelTa iggdrasili,

bumberazi ifani (131, 249; 133, 478; 134, 22).

Gvens samyaroSic dgas xe, magram misi Ziri ar

aris saymos sacxovrebeli adgili. xe, xSirad

ccix

ifani, kvrivzea aRmocenebuli, mis GrdilSi

ikribeba saymo sakulto dResaswaulebze da rac

aq xdeba, yvelaferi RvTisSvilis winaSe xdeba,

mis teritoriaze, mis ezoSi, rasac jvarTa enaze

kari ewodeba. saymo aq modis da moaqvs Tavisi

samsaxuri im imediT, rom mas daxvdeba jvari _

am adgilis patroni. saymo aq stumrad modis

Tavis patronTan, rogorc maspinZelTan. ymis

stumroba da RvTisSvilis maspinZloba xis Ziras

amgvarad aris gamoxatuli erT sakulto leqsSi:

Gvenis RvTisSvilis karzeda xe alva amosu-

lao,

wverad mausxam yurZeni, saWmelad Gamosulao.

magis uWmeli qal-vaJi udrood daSaulao.

saymo elis sawauls Tavisi RvTisSvilis

karze, saswauls, romelic andrezul xanaSia

dadasturebuli, roca xe-alva ukvdavebis nayofs

isxamda. am nayofis gemeba ver moswres adamma da

evam, pirvelma qal-vaJma, magram mas eziarebian

qristianul xanaSi, rogorc qristes sisxls, ro-

melic sulier da xorciel simrTeles aniWebs

maT. es funqcia akisria xis kenweroze sas-

waulebrivad mosxmul yurZens.

alvisxesTan dakavSirebuli realiebis safuZ-

velze, romlebic gvxvdeba sakulto simRerebsa

da andrezul prozaSi, SesaZlebelia, alvisxis

simbolikis aRdgena (112). Tu zemoT motanil

simReraSi alvisxis kenweroze ukvdavebis ziare-

bis yurZens elis saymo, sxva simReraSi is ange-

ccx

lozebis budea, saidanac maTi xmatkbili galoba

moismis:

zed isxdes angelozebi, mParT ebnes oqros

Tbenia.

isen wvrili PmiT galoben, yureba sanatrelia

(88, #541).

xolo xis im nawilSi, sadac Zveli mi-

Tologiis Tanaxmad xTonuri samyaro igulveba

gvelisa Tu gveleSapis saxiT, saymos mistiuri

Tvali anu saymo mkadres TvaliT xedavs mironiT

savse qvevrebs, saidanac angelozebi anawileben

qristianebis udides siwmides mTeli xevsureTis

salocavebisaTvis sakulto saidumlos war-

samarTavad. mironi wveTavs, rogorc viciT, am

alvis xidan da, aha, is im siRrmemde aRwevs, sa-

dac qveskneli eguleba Zvel miTologiebs. aq ar

aris wyvdiadi, aq naTelia; manZili wmida sinaT-

lis wyaroTi _ anTebuli sanTliT izomeba:

cxra-cxra fexi sanTeli sWirdeba iq Gasvlas da

imdenive iqidan amosvlas. es aris kvlav jvris

samkvidrebeli da ara SaveTi, xTonuri samyaro.

amrigad, jvars xis mTeli vertikali uWiravs

misi kenwerodan fesvebamde da kenwerodan maRla,

morige RvTis karamde. xolo xe _ alvisxe, muxa

Tu ifani _ dgas kvrivSi, rogorc sveti, cisa da

miwis SemaerTebeli.

Tu alvisxesa da laSaris bermuxas andrezul

warsulSi gadavyavarT, TiTqmis kultis

genezisSi, istoriuli xana icnobs ifans (Sdr.

ccxi

skandinavuri miTologiis iggdrasili _ odinis

ifani), romlis gareSe iSviaTad SevxvdebiT

jvaris kvrivebs. ifani wmidaa, mxolod maSin,

roca is jvaris teritoriazea aRmocenebuli,

rogorc viciT, jvaris iq myofobis niSnad. ara

yvela ifanze, aramed mxolod kvrivis ifanze

xdeba saGino mkadrisaTvis sakraluri realoba.

ifnze boinobs nasaxi, safarvel Gamodgeboda,

mesamsaxure gamZRoTad SuqiTa daadgeboda

(38, #1051).

naTqvamia erT fragmentul sakulto sim-

ReraSi. `nasaxi~, srulad `RvTisnasaxi~, jvaris

erT-erTi saxelwodebaa _ `RvTisSvilis~ si-

nonimi. leqsSi gadmocemuli suraTi _ ìfnze

boinobs nasaxi~ _ gamoxatavs RvTisSvilis

naTel da dinamiur bunebas da im saxes, rogorc

is ecxadeba mkadres. nasaxi, romelic Tavze

dahbrunavs ifnis GrdilSi Sekrebil Tavis say-

mos, mosalodnelia, gafrindes maRla, morige

RvTisaken, saiTkenac ifns, iseve rogorc la-

Saris muxas, awvdili aqvs totebi. magram, ro-

gorc leqsidan Gans, `moboine nasaxs~ safarveli

aqvs dadebuli am adgilis sakralurobisa da

saidumloebis niSnad. saymom icis, rom aq raRac

uxilavi xdeba; da rac xdeba, imis sityvieri xati

gadaecema saymos. aseve laSaris bermuxas exdeba

safarveli mkadris winaSe da aGens Tavis

saidumloebas, rac xatovnad gaecxadeba saymos.

ccxii

es leqsic mkadres mistiuri gamocdilebis

Sedegia, es misi xilvaa:

beri giorgi mec viyav, cas vebi oqros SibiTa,

goraze medga bermuxa, zed avdiodi kibiTa,

Gem saymoT Samonazeni RmerTTan amqonda

iqiTa^

xe mTlianad ekuTvnis RvTisSvils, is misi

gzaa saymos sakulto Sesakrebeli adgilidan

morige RvTis karamde; isic SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

xe RvTisSvilis, anu jvaris tania, romelic mi-

widan zecamdea aziduli; is, rogorc sveti, cisa

da miwis SemaerTebelia. aqedan Gans, rom mas

uWiravs Suaskneli adamianur da RvTaebriv sam-

yaros Soris.

yoveli xidan, romelic jvaris teritoriaze

dgas, iwyeba es gza, jvaris gza. es aris xis Ziri,

romliskenac miemarTeba yma `samsaxuriT~

(saklaviT) Tavisi soflidan, Tavisi karidan.

xolo misi sofeli, misi kari nalaxi adgilia;

yvelaferi _ wuTisoflis av-kargi, rac xdeba, aq

xdeba. roca dResaswaulis Jami dgeba, yma

GamoiferTxavs wuTisoflis mtvers da iwmideba

imisaTvis, rom Rirsi gaxdes jvaris karis

dalaxvisa, radgan jvaris kari wmida adgilia. am

wmida adgilze erTad modian yma da misi cxvari,

misi samsaxuris cocxali gansaxiereba, misi

xorcSesxmuli samsaxuri. garedan ise Gans,

TiTqos adamians mohyavdes aq pirutyvi. magram

sinamdvileSi, Tu jvaris mxridan gamovixedavT

ccxiii

jvaris karze amomaval mlocvelebisken, mivx-

vdebiT, rom swored cxvars mohyavs Tavisi pa-

troni, romelic am samsaxuris gareSe ver wa-

rudgeba jvarsa da xucess. yma codvilia, cxvari

_ ucodveli. ucodveli itvirTavs Tavisi cod-

vili patronis ganmwmedelis rols. am piru-

tyviT, ufro misi sisxliT, moipovebs is jvaris

karze amosvlis uflebas.

aris kidev ufro wmida adgili, sadac

mouwevs ymas asvla Tavisi gamomsyidvelis sam-

saxuriT: es aris mTawminda. mTawminda wmidaTaw-

midaa, aq ymas da mis `gamZRos~ _ sacxovars dax-

vdebaT zRurbli, romlis maRla iwyeba

RvTisSvilis gza miRmurisaken, sadac ukve

morige RvTis saufloSi, mis karze wardgeba

RvTisSvili Tavisi ymis samsaxuriT.

mTawminda

fSavis xevSi sami mwvervali atarebs mTawmin-

dis saxels. arsebobs cabaurTis mTawminda,

WiGos mTawminda, axadis mTawminda. magram Gven

SegviZlia pirobiTad vuwodoT mTawminda sxva

mwvervalebsac, romlebic dahyureben Tav-TavianT

saymoTa teritorias da sadac maTi samTo salo-

cavia dasabamidan. es is adgilia, sadac pirve-

lad daarsda jvari, amitomac is yvelaze kvrivi

adgilia; iq asvla evaleba ymas `muxlis dasaR-

lelad~, muxlis daRla ki aris misgan atanili

msxverpli mwvervalze wmida saklavTan erTad.

ccxiv

sadidebelSi Girdilis (xevsureTi) wmida gior-

gis jvari (anu `qvena jvari~) amgvarad iwodeba:

`saGales svetad Gamosuli, samkibal(s) Suqis

damkravi~. am frazaSi lakoniurad, miTologe-

muri saxiT aris gadmocemuli jvaris daarsebis

anu jvarGenis misteria. saGale Girdilisa da

kidev sxva jvarTa pirvelGenis adgilia, is maTi

mTawmidaa. svetad Gamosulma jvarma odesRac, sa-

kulto cxovrebis dasabamSi, romelic saymos

preistoriaSia sagulvebeli, Tavisi gamoGeniT

wmida hyo mTa, aqcia ra is sinaid, sadac moses

gamoecxada Tavisi xalxis ufali Weqa-quxilSi.

Gvenc viciT, rom jvari etaneba maRal mwver-

valebs, rogorc mexi; Gven es davinaxeT karatis

jvarGenis andrezis magaliTze. is, rogorc mexi,

ecema umaRles mwvervals da misi Suqi anaTebs

qvemoT aremares. saGalidan wamosulma Suqma

dahkra samkibals da mTawmindis siwmides aziara

igi; samkibali ki adgilia sofel Girdilis

teritoriaze, sadac jvaria daarsebuli.

aseve maTuris mTavarangelozze amboben, rom

is svetad Gamosula sayaWis wverze, aqedan ga-

mofrenila da `qusli moukravs~ eklesiaSi

(adgilis saxelia), sadac kvrivSi Gamarxula (38,

#25502). sayaWis wveri maTuris saymos mTawmindaa.

ccxv

yovel mTawmindas aqvs Tavisi wminda war-

suli, romelic dRemde fragmentulad SemorGa

saymos mexsierebas. is, rac dRes SeiZleba

Seikribos saymoSi, aris mxolod naSTi erT

dros arsebuli wmida andrezisa, romelSic

daculi iqneboda mTawmindaze kultis, sakulto

cxovrebis dasabamis ambavi. ai, gadmocema WiGos

Temis mTawmindaze, rogorc is v.bardaveliZes

aqvs Gawerili:

`mTawminda aris sul maRali mTa, misrianT da

WiGoelT zeviT, sul maRali mwvervali. TiTqmis

iq Tovli mkaTaTveSic aris da mariamobis TveSi

axalsac GamosTovs. rogorc gadmogvcemen, aq

yofila erTi beri, zamTar da zafxul iq

ucxovria. hqonia patara samlocvelo eklesiis

msgavsi da TviTonac Turme Sig cxovrobda. misi

samlocvelos xeebi da ficrebi isev ariso^ fi-

crebic da xeebic iseTi wiTelia, rogorc

cxvarT sisxlio. puri am berebs albaT zafx-

ulSi mihqondaT samyofio, Torem iq zamTarSi

misvla yovlad SeuZlebeliao. iq erTi qvevri

yofila, ar viciT wyali iqneboda Sig, Tu Rvi-

noo. imisi saxeli daviwyebulia. daviwyebulia

salocavis mfarveli angelozis saxelic, xolo

mTawmindas eZaxian da im beris nadgomSi kacis

misvla ar SeiZlebao~ (5, 179).

mTawminda da iq mcxvrebi martosuli beri

wmida andrezis saukeTeso elementebia, magram

andrezi TiTqos daviwyebulia, maSin tradiciac

ccxvi

gawyvetila; Tumca mTawmindas, viTarca wmida

berTa samyofels, siwmide mainc SerGenia, rac

imas niSnavs, rom tradicia raRac saxiT, safar-

veldadebuli an faruli dinebiT, ganagrZobs

arsebobas. siwmide Zlierad da Rrmad aris Gaf-

esvili mis niadagSi da misi miwa atarebs

siwmidis kvals, rac samudamod SerGa mis saxel-

wodebas. zemoT motanili gadmocema Tumca frag-

mentulia, magram is Seicavs mTawmindis saerTo

andrezis mniSvnelovan elementebs, romelTa Si-

naarsi SeiZleba sxva monacemebis meSveobiT

aRdges. rodesac laparakia imaze, rom berebi

mTawmindaze zamTar-zafxul cxovroben, Gvens

cnobierebaSi aRdgeba maradiuli gazafxulis

(Tu zafxulis) xati: mTawminda iseTi adgilia,

sadac an maradiulad grZeldeba zafxuli, an

zamTari ar avlens pirquS bunebas. crolis

mTaze, romelic ukan-xadus (xevsureTi) sanebis

samTo samkvidrebelia, gadmocemis Tanaxmad, zam-

TarSi `sicive ar scodniv, iseT Tbil yo-

filaisav xalxiv, ro mTel Ramesav ofl

gadazdiodisav^~. aseTive saswaulebrivia sta-

runiSis mTa (svaneTSi), sadac ZvelTagan agebuli

jgragis saydari mdgara da Tovli da sicive ar

scodnia, maradiuli zafxuli yofila (59, 37).

zemoT motanil gadmocemaSi laparakia purze,

romelic berebs zamTar-zafxul samyofi hqoniaT.

am purTanac saswauli unda iyos dakavSirebuli:

marTlac, WiGos mTawmindis andrezSi, ufro

ccxvii

sworad, dakarguli andrezis fragmentSi,

naTqvamia, rom erT xevisbers mTawmindaze erTi

naWeri puris amara gamouzamTrebia: ramdensac

mostexda am purs naWers, imdeni emateboda.

mTawmindaze ori qvevris arsebobas mivyavarT

qristianuli sarwmunoebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan

saidumlosTan, romelic, SeiZleba iTqvas, sa-

kulto cxovrebis cxovelmyofeli wyaroa: erTSi

zedaSea, meoreSi _ wyali, ziarebis aucilebeli

nivTierebani. magram is wyali, romelic ziarebis

elementad grovdeba erT-erT qvevrSi, ar aris

Gveulebrivi wyali; is ukvdavebis wyalia, ro-

melic axadis mTawmindis andrezis Tanaxmad

kldidan mosGqefs, rogorc macxovris gangmi-

ruli ferdidan.

yovel mTawmindaze, saymos GvenebiT, berTa

nasaxlarebia, daxavsebuli muxis ficrebi an

`cxvarT sisxlis~ feri ficrebis naSTi, rasac

veravin ekareba, rogorc buxreuls. yoveli

nasaxlari kvrivia, magram kvrivze kvrivia is

buxreuli adgili, sadac wmida berebs ucxov-

riaT odesRac: es wmida miwaa, radgan aq aris

religiis dasabami; es aris saymos sinai, rogorc

iTqva, sadac mosem miiRo rjulis gamocxadeba,

ris niSnadac SemoisazRvra misi Ziri, rogorc

akrZaluli zona (es iyo, Tu ar vcdebi, pirveli

kvrivis Gena saRvTo istoriaSi): `moerideT mTaze

asvlas da nu miekarebiT mis kalTebs. vinc ki

ccxviii

mTas miekareba, ver gadaurGeba sikvdils ^~ (ga-

mosvl. 19, 12).

mTawminda Zveli da axali aRTqmis re-

ligiebSi amqveyniuri samoTxis xatia; aq amodis,

aq ikribeba samoTxidan gandevnili adamis STamo-

mavloba. Gveni mTawmindebic atareben am sayov-

elTao, msoflio mTawmindis anu samoTxis niS-

nebs; mTawminda daculia dro-Jamis gamanadgure-

beli moqmedebisagan, aq ar SemouRwevia wuTi-

soflis anu bunebis kanonebs; aq sruli Sesa-

bamisobaa adgilsa da am adgilze mcxovreb

berebs Soris _ oriveni siwmidiT arian mosilni.

aq unda gavixsenoT Tamaris samefo, romelic

agreTve samoTxis xats atarebs: Tamars taxti

maRal mTaze udgas da iqidan ganagebs Tavis

samefos. maRal mTaze maradiuli gazafxulia

dasadgurebuli, ganxorcielebulia sakraluri

qronotoposi: maRali adgili _ weliwadis

maRali dro: adgilisa da Jamis sakraluri er-

Tianoba (43, 156); gazafxuli _ weliwadis droTa

dedofali batonobs umaRles mwvervalze da es

imis gamoa, rom Tamars dro-Jamisa da tarosis

momtani frinveli hyavs datyvevebuli. Tamari,

msgavsad mTawmindis berebisa, saswaulSi cxov-

robs da ar emorGileba bunebis kanonebs, is wu-

Tisoflis gareT dgas. magram sakmarisia Tamari

barad Gavides, rom frinvelma Tavi daixsnas da

gazafxulis dedofalma dastovos taxti, Tama-

ris samefoSi zamTari dadges. aseve icvleba ta-

ccxix

rosi staruniSis mwvervalze. Tumca svanur

TqmulebaSi samoTxis dakargvis miTosi Semofar-

glulia kerZo-sagvareulo istoriiT, magram amis

sanacvlod masSi religiuri momenti

monawileobs: jgragis mulzonma (wmida kacma,

sityvidan `monazoni~), romelic Tavisi xalxiT

staruniSis maRal mTaze jgragis eklesiis

gverdiT saxlobda, ver daicva misTvis mibare-

buli skivri, romelSic zamTris momyvani frin-

veli iyo gamoketili; frinveli amofrinda

skivridan da staruniSis mwvervalze pirvelad

movida Tovli. mulzoni Tavisi sagvareuloTi

iZulebuli Seiqna daetovebina staruniSi da ba-

rad Gamosuliyo. rogorc Tamaris, ise sta-

runiSis TqmulebaSi mkafiod ikiTxeba miTosi

adamianis dacemisa, misi gandevnisa samoTxidan.

ra moxda mTawmindaze? mTawmindac daikarga

adamianisaTvis da miuwvdomeli Seiqna. berebi

gadaSendnen im saswaulebTan erTad, romlebic

maT cxovrebas axlda. maradiuli gazafxuli,

ukvdavebis wyaro, zedaSis qvevrebi, dauleveli

puris arseboba _ es iyo umaRlesi religiuri

cxovrebisa da siwmidis gamoxatuleba. mTawmin-

daze Sewyda es cxovreba da amis mizezad an-

drezi siwmidis daklebas miiGnevs. andrezi

gveubneba, rom adamiani daeca, ris gamoc misTvis

daikarga samoTxe mTawmindaze. magram is ar gam-

qrala, is ar STaunTqavs wuTisofels; is, mar-

Talia, fizikuri TvaliT ar ixilveba, magram

ccxx

cocxlobs mkadreTa da rGeul pirTa xilvebsa

da idumal gamocdilebaSi, radgan, msgavsad

jvaris saidumlo ganZisa, masac safarveli aqvs

dadebuli.

samagaliTod mogvyavs ukanxadus sanebis

mTawmindis _ croliswveris andrezi, rogorc is

al. oGiaurs aqvs Gawerili:

`winav crols yofil darbasic, saqvabeic

sanebis jvarisai. iq udenav PaduelTac, kala-

TonelTac zamTar-zafxul sadReobod. iq

wasuls xalxsav arc sciodisao-d’ arc zvav mau-

vidisav. iq tye ar asa-d’ zamTris SeSa vercaiT

uzidav’ Porciv ucecxlod duRdisav darbasSiav.

saklav ro migvyvandisav, Tovlzed isr gaiarisav,

ro Tovl ar gautydisav. iq wasayvan saklavi

xalxs win Tu daudgisa-d’ Tao SaPdis crols

zamTris. sxvakan ro qarbuqv iyvisav, iqav Tbil

iyvisav, rosac dReoba iqnebod. iq yofil gamar-

Tul yvelai _ qvabi, saqvabe, darbasi, suyvelai.

weliwadSi (axal wels) mekvleTac iq udenava-d’

manamden iqiT mekvlen ar mavidodes, xalx Sin

yofilas patimari^ mekvleT mixqoniv marto san-

Teli-d’ Rame iq uTenebavis. sicive ar scodniv.

iseT Tbil yofilaisav xalxiv, ro mTels Rame-

sav ofl gadazdiodisav. Pel migexlaTav, qvaic

Tbil iyvisao-d’ miwaicav. mixqonebiv sefeebi ro-

gorc mekvleT wesi asa-d’ sefeebze dakrul san-

Tlebsac Taod gaekidisav. Tu vin an wmidad

namyof ar mividao-d’ an sofelGi namyofs naRa-

ccxxi

latar ra visad eqnebod, imis sanTels ar

meekidisav cecxlio-d’ mTel mekvlen Tu

masTxovdes madlsa-d’ Saexvewebodes^ sanebis

jvar raxan mavidisav, ganaTdisav iqaobaiv,

TvaliT ki verai vnaxidiTav, scodniv winaT, nax-

isav an mkadremao-d’ an xucesmaod, imas gama-

ucxadisav Tavis brZanebai. maSin Zalian wameba

yofilas, Zalian siwmide^ memr is wameba TanTan

daikarg, aRar swams xalxsa-d’ xTiSvilic TanTan

axPd. aRarc Porcm daiwy ucecxlod duRili,

aRarc sanTlebs ekidebod cecxli. xalxsac

scioda-d’ qarbuqvisgan veRar dadiodesa-d’

daanebes Tavi wvers siarulsa-d’ gaaGines dabla

salocavi^ imis memr maikargnes darbasi, saqva-

beic crol, ro aRarc vin icis sad iyvnes, verc

vin midiod iq, sadac eWvi iyvad^ mainc amobdes,

ro safarvel daedvav^~ (62, 203-4).

andrezSi aRwerilia saswaulebi, romlebic

atareben amqveyniuri samoTxis niSnebs, amave

dros gvixataven saymos religiur yofas mis

umaRles arsobriv gansaxierebaSi. aq gadmoce-

mulia kultis pirvelsaxe, misi Seuryvneli

mdgomareoba da yovelive es ymaTa rwmenaze da

siwmideze dgas. siwmidisa da rwmenis daklebis

Sedegad saswaulebi wyvets moqmedebas crolis

wverze da sakulto nagebobebs, rogorc graalis

Tass an uwmides ganZs rasme, safarveli efareba.

es ki imis imeds iZleva saymos SegnebaSi, rom es

yvelaferi _ wmida warsuli sabolood ar gam-

ccxxii

qrala da odesme mainc iGens Tavs. saymo mudam

elis jvarGenas, is elis agreTve sakraluri

warsulis Semobrunebas. ar arsebobs dafaruli,

rom ar gacxaddes. es xom mis rwmenaze da

siwmidezea damokidebuli. es icis saymom. ai, es

principi _ dafarulis saboloo gacxadeba _

udevs safuZvlad andrezs guroel monadireze,

romelic sikvdil-sicocxlis mijnaze miRweuli,

Seiqna mxilveli saymos sakraluri warsulisa.

grZeldeba crolis wveris `mTawmindis~ andrezi

al. oGiauris GanaweriT:

èrT menadires guroels kananaT mangias da-

Ramebiyv nadirobaGia-d’ uGin Rame yofiliyva-d’

ar scodniyv, sad iyv. misuliyva-d’ ex Rgonebiyv.

Sasuliyv RamiTa-d’ damdgariyv. sizmarGi maSGve-

nebiyv kaci. Taodac TeTri iyvav, ro TvalT ar

iyridav. maTraP eWirav PelSiao-d’ wamamkrav ma-

TraPis wveriv _ Senav aq ra gindodav, raad

Samaxvediv aqav. amav Rames unaxav sizmarSi Tavis

verZi oTxrqai. uTqom sizmarSi sxva kacs, ro eg

verZiv aq unda maiyvanao-d’ daxklav. ro ga-

maRviZebiv mangias, isiT Tbilad viweviv, ro ofl

gadamdiodao-d’ gaTenebuliyvav kidevac. amdgar

maSiva-d’ mauTxovav madli-d’ SauTqom is oTxrqa

verZi, ro zafxulis aq maviyonao-d’ ro kargad

gasinaTlebula, dauazreio-d’ darbasSi sadam ki

vweorav, Tqvis mangiam. yvela iyvav gawyobiliv

skamebiv, sacecxluriv, sakideliv, zedganic iyvav.

suyvela gamarTuloba iyvav spilenis qvab-

ccxxiii

tablebiv. gakvirvebul davrGiv, aq mavsulorav.

gamasul iqiTao-d’ unaxav meore karni Sasavalni.

Sasula-d’ aq saqvabe yofil gamarTul, qvab-

sakideli. did salude qvabi, SeSanic iqav iyvne-

sav qvabis ZirGiav^ mapativev, ro Sens karGia-d’

kamalaSi Samavvardnilorav Ramis sibnelis ga-

moTao-d’ aTengenas Gemi oTxrqaiT verZiT SamavP-

debiv^~ (62, 205-6).

sizmari da cxadi gadadis erTmaneTSi da es

ori mdgomareoba qmnis monadiris, viTarca

mkadris, gamocdilebas. Gven viciT, rom mona-

direni xSirad jvarGenis mowmeni arian: isini aR-

moaGenen jvaris niSnebs da axali jvari moaqvT

saymosaTvis. es imis gamoa, rom monadire Tavisi

mowmidarobiT TiTqmis mkadris statuss aRwevs.

am andrezSi ki vxedavT, rom mis winaSe gar-

Rveulia wuTisoflis sinamdvile da sakraluri

warsuli aGens Tavis realiebs, rogorc im leg-

endur mkadreTa winaSe, romelnic RvTisSvilebs

suliT aRtacebuli dahyavdaT jvaris safarvel-

dadebul siwmideTa saxilvelad. safarveli, ro-

melic adevs didi xnis winaT gauqmebul sa-

kulto nagebobebs, niSnavs, rom sakraluri si-

namdvile ganagrZobs arsebobas Tavis gansa-

kuTrebul dro-JamSi da Senaxulia im saxiT, ro-

gori saxiTac is moqmedebda warsulSi (mona-

direm ixila ara naSTebi, aramed dauzianebeli,

mrTeli sinamdvile kultisa) da rom iq SeRweva

da iqidan ambis gamotana SesaZlebelia; im si-

ccxxiv

namdvilis TviTmxilveli da ganmcdeli mkadre

Tu monadire sakuTari gansacdelisa da ga-

mocdilebis safuZvelze qmnis mTawmindis an-

drezs. mxolod am gziT iqmneba andrezi da iZens

sayovelTaobas.

saymo da ganZi

`^ aq fSavsa Sina ars eklesia laSasagan aSe-

nebuli, romelsa Sina arian mravalni xatni da

jvarni oqro-vercxlisani, WurWelni da wignni,

da uwodeben laSas jvars, da aquT sasoeba mas

zeda friad, rameTu verca fSavi, verca Pevsuri,

ukeTu iSovnos oqro anu vercxli, veraraid ix-

mareben Tavisad, aramed miuZRvnis laSas-jvarsa~

(75|, 533).

vaxuSti batoniSvilis es sityvebi zustad ax-

asiaTebs fSavel-xevsurTa da sxva kuTxis say-

moebis damokidebulebas napovni ganZisadmi. ganZi

jvars ekuTvnis, iseve rogorc misi sakuTrebaa

is teritoria, sadac mkvidrobs saymo. jvarma

saymos teritoria moupova, devebs gamohglija

miwa-wyali da adamianebs gadasca; amitomac yve-

laferi, rac ki am miwa-wyalze moipoveba, jvaris

sakuTrebaa. am WeSmaritebis saukeTeso gamox-

atulebaa kvrivi adgilebis arseboba saymos

teritoriaze. adre iTqva, rom saymos teritoriis

nebismieri adgili potenciurad atarebs kvrivis

gamovlinebis (kvrivGenis) SesaZleblobas. da ai,

aseTi SesaZlebloba Tavis ganxorcielebas pou-

ccxxv

lobs ganZis gamoGenis saxiT. m.eliade wers:

`ganZi aris sakraluris _ absoluturi realobis

grZnobadi xati~ (154, 135).

rogorc jvars hyavs Tavisi unji ymani, unji

saymo, aseve mas aqvs ganZi, nivTieri faseulobis

saxiT (Zvirfasi liTonebi, Zvirfasi samsaxure-

beli WurWeli da sxv.); ùnji~ da `ganZi~ sinoni-

mebia; zogierT saymoSi RvTisSvili iwodeba ùn-

jis yaraulad~ an ùnjis angelozad~. ukanxadus

mTavari jvari moixsenieba rogorc `sajanges

unjis angelozi, gmiri saneba~ (62, 56); aseve qmo-

stisa da Rulis kopala iwodeba ùnjis angelo-

zad~ (6, 103, 107); SatilSi erT-erT jvars ase mi-

marTaven: `laRo ganZis angelozo~ (6, 75).

jvari patronobs, yaraulobs Tavis saymosac

da ganZsac, romelic Tavis mxriv, rogorc kvrivi

materiis umaRlesi gamovlineba, RvTisSvilis

erT-erTi niSania.

amitom aris, rom `verca fSavi, verca Pevsuri,

ukeTu iSovnos oqro anu vercxli, veraraid ix-

mareben Tavisad, aramed miuZRvnis laSas-jvarsa~.

vaxuStiseuli daxasiaTeba fSav-xevsurTa imiTac

aris sagulisxmo, rom igi gvimxels ganZis sak-

ralur aspeqts. am sakralurobis Segnebis ZaliT

ymas ekrZaleba ganZeulis gamoyeneba sayo-

facxovrebo saWiroebisaTvis: is wmidaa da

mxolod da mxolod jvarSi unda inaxebodes da

jvaris samsaxurs xmardebodes. es Seuvali

kanonia jvaris saymoSi. da ara marto jvaris

ccxxvi

saymoSi. `^Tu vinme miwaSi raime samkauls ipov-

nida, eklesiaSi mihqonda da iq xatTan debda~,

adasturebs am Gveulebas s.makalaTia qsnis

xeobaSi (52, 8). am dauwerel kanons, romelsac

rogorc TavisTavad cxads, asrulebs jvaris yma,

akrZalvis saxiT vxvdebiT saeklesio samarTlis

dokumentSi `did sjulis kanonSi~: `WurWelTa

oqroYsa da vercxlisaTa da tiloTa nuRaramca

vin miixueWs saPmarad Tvissa, rameTu usjuloeba

ars^~ (21, 146).

rogorc yvela sakralur realobas, ganZsac

safarveli aqvs dadebuli; is miuwvdomelia

rigiTi ymisaTvis; is saidumloebiT aris moculi

da am viTarebis gamoxatulebaa jvaris ganZis

samalavebis arseboba. is dafarulia ara mxolod

gareSe TvalisaTvis da ara mxolod mparavis

SiSis gamo, aramed TviT saymos TvalisTvisac,

romelsac misi xilva mxolod did dResas-

waulebSi SeuZlia. adamianis mier dawesebuli

samalavi warmoadgens jvaris mier Tavis sagan-

Zurze dadebuli safarvelis imitacias. ra

mizeziTac ar unda SemoRebuliyo samalavebi

jvaris ganZisaTvis, es idumaleba, rasac ganZs

aniWebs samalavi, ganZis arsebiTi, miucilebeli

Tviseba Seiqna. jvaris ganZi saymos ver war-

moudgenia samalavis gareSe, romlis adgil-

samofeli saymoSi mxolod orma kacma SeiZleba

icodes. es ori kaci jvaris daniSnulia am sam-

saxurSi. maT ewodebaT meganZurebi. aq, sxvaTa

ccxxvii

Soris, unda SevniSnoT, rom arsebobs uTuo

kavSiri meganZuris daniSnulebasa da gudanis

jvaris saymos Zireul saxelwodebas Soris:

gudanis jvaris saymos ewodeba samaganZuro, al-

baT, imis niSnad, rom is, rogorc Tavisi jvaris

unji yma, jvaris ganZis mcvelia; saxelwodeba

TiTqos gvauwyebs, rom mTeli saymo maganZure-

bisgan aris Semdgari, Tumca istoriulad da re-

alurad ganZTan siaxlovis privilegia jvaris

mier arGeul ramdenime pirs aqvs miniWebuli.

ganZi, rogorc sakraluri ram, gareSeTagan

xeluxlebeli da miuwvdomeli unda iyos. is ar

unda Gandes, is saimedod unda iyos daculi da

dafaruli; ar unda Gandes miwis zedapirze, ar

unda iyos gamoqveynebuli am sityvis pirveladi

mniSvnelobiT. rogorc saidumlo, is miwaSi

marxia da ar unda enaxvebodes mzis naTels, ro-

gorc mzeTunaxavi. amitom ganZis miTosuri

adgilsamyofeli miwisqveSeTia an mdinaris

fskeri (rogorc, mag., nibelungTa oqrosi), an ga-

moqvabulebi, xelovnuri Tu bunebrivi, mitove-

buli nasaxlarebi da nacixvarebi, sadac am-

qveyniuri yofa-cxovreba karga xnis Semwydaria.

ganZi dafarulia, magram ar arsebobs dafaruli,

rom sabolood ar gamocxaddes. oRond dafa-

ruli yvelas ar gamoecxadeba, ganZi yvelasaTvis

ar iGens Tavs. Zvel eposebSi Zieba ganZisa, misi

xilva da mopoveba gansakuTrebuli warmoSobis

gmirTa xvedria. xSir SemTxvevaSi es epizodi

ccxxviii

ZiriTadi gamocdilebaa maT cxovrebaSi.

SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom `gilgameSianis~

prologSi sagangebod aris naxsenebi `saunjis

migneba da dafarulis gaxsna~ (aq `saunje~ da

`dafaruli~, rogorc vxedavT, sruliad iden-

turi realobebia). germanul-skandinavuri miTo-

sis sigurd-zigfridi Tavis saxelovan

Tavgadasavals swored ganZis xelSi GagdebiT

iwyebs, Tumca ganZis floba misTvis tragikuli

aRmoGndeba. aqedan unda dagveskvna, rom sigurdi

Tu zigfridi da nebismieri eposisa Tu miTosis

gmiri, romelsac Rupavs oqro, ar aris misi WeS-

mariti patroni. farnavazma miagno uxsovari

drois ganZs da am ganZma gaamarjvebina mas, rad-

gan is iyo STamomavali `TavTa maT qarTlisaTa~.

Gveni saymoebis andrezebSi ganZis Zieba, ro-

gorc wesi, jvaris mier aris STagonebuli.

jvaris rGeulni _ mkadreni midian jvaris

davalebiT saxifaTo laSqrobaSi ganZis wamo-

saRebad, romelic devebis sakuTrebaSia (an,

SesaZloa, devebisgan iyos mitacebuli da misi

dabrunebis dro dgeba). mkadre Tavs swiravs

jvaris davalebis Sesasruleblad, is safrTxeSi

igdebs sicocxles, Zlevs SiSs, romelic mas eu-

fleba im ucxo, araadamianur samyaroSi moxve-

drisas, rogoric SeiZleba iyos devTa saxli,

sadac devebis qorwilia, an qajTa cixis nan-

grevebi, `cixei qajTa Zveleburi, eexla yoreni.

ccxxix

iqiT amasataneb Tvaleb asav, uTqom gaxuas, jvar

meubnebisav, ialgundebiav^~.

mkadres gansacdeli

Tu ganZis qona aucilebelia jvarisaTvis, _

mkadrisaTvis, raTa is jvaris mkadre iyos, au-

cilebelia gansacdeli, romelic dakavSirebu-

lia ganZis xilvasTan da mopovebasTan. es gan-

sacdeli, romelSic misi sicocxle bewvze

hkidia, sadac is sikvdil-sicocxlis mijnamdea

misuli, SeiZleba iTqvas, aris mkadreobis skola

da man es unda gaiaros, Tu surs, rom iyos

mkadre. man unda gadaabijos zRurbls iqiT da

gadavides sxva samyaroSi, jvris samyaroSi. mas

SemTxveva eZleva aRmoGndes safarvelaxdili gan-

Zis winaSe anu, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, uxdeba

gareSeTaTvis uxilavis xilva. adgili, sadac

kacma unda ixilos ganZi, gansakuTrebuli

adgilia; is, SeiZleba iTqvas, arc ki ekuTvnis im

sivrcul sinamdviles, romelSic cxovrobs

saymo. misi gansakuTrebuloba, rac axasiaTebs

kvrivs, dauyovnebliv iGens Tavs, rogorc ki ada-

miani dalaxavs mis zRurbls. yvelaze gavrcele-

buli adgili ganZis Genis adgilTa Soris Zveli

nacixvarebia. maTi mxolod arsebobac ki warmo-

Sobs Tqmulebebs, romlebic SeiZleba sruli-

adac ar asaxavdes sinamdviles, raime kavSirs

realur viTarebasTan. TiTqmis yvelgan, sadac ki

nacixvaria, mis mezoblad mcxovrebis SegnebaSi

ccxxx

is raRac saidumlos inaxavs, rac xSiroad ganZis

saxiT aris warmodgenili.

nacixvari yvelafrianad, rasac is inaxavs, ux-

ilav-xilulianad, ara mxolod sxva sivrceSi

mdebareobs, aramed is sxva droSia moqceuli. es

adgilebi, romlebic soflis zemoT mdebareobs,

buxreulia, rogorc ganmdgari wuTisoflis si-

namdvilisagan; amitomac aq ikrZaleba yofiTi

saqmianoba. es iseTi adgilebia, sadac, vaJas

sityvebiT rom vTqvaT _

iq xom xvniT aravina hxnavs,

arc vin ras sTesavs TesiTa^

isini mitovebulni, `dawirulni~ arian jvar-

Genis molodinSi.

arxotions, vinme aliaT uSiSas aseTi ambavi

SeemTxva nacixvarSi. saymo ucvlelad inaxavs mis

monaTxrobs:

àliaT uSiSa ityoda: erTxel vxnavdi cixis

kiserao (nacixvari nasoflaris Tavze). saPnisi

rasam gamedo, da daJRarundao. Gavxene da qvabi

idga oqro-vercxliT savseo da zed wiTeli

oqros feri Pbo iwva da Tvalebs abobinebdao.

mere aRaraferi maxsovda, ra damemarTao da gonT

ro movedi, me da Gemi Par-guTani WalaSi Gavsu-

liyaviT areul-dareulio^~ (66, 61).

adgili, sadac oqro-vercxliT savse qoTani

emarxa, dakargula; unda vifiqroT, rom am are-

mareSi xvna-Tesva Sewydeboda da warmoiSoboda

akrZaluli sivrce. ai, sad ebjineba erTmaneTs

ccxxxi

andrezi da sinamdvile. kvrivma oqrosferi xbos

Tvalebis brialiT moisrola Tavisagan cno-

bamixdili xorcieli, ucabedad mxilveli

saidumlosi, romlis xilva mokvdavisaTvis

autanelia. nacixvaris ganZs, romelic `qvesk-

nelSi mavalma~ saxnisma aRmoaGina, _

saxnisma Tqva: qveSknels daval,

mzisa Suqi menatreba^

_ yarauloben ara devebi da qajebi, an qve-

warmavalni (skandinavelTa poetur enaze oqros

metaforaa `gvelis sawoli~), aramed gamoucnobi

xbo, romelic Tavzardamcemia swored Tvinieri

arsebisagan moulodneli Tvalebis bobiniT*.

ganZi, oqrosferi xbo, cnobis mixda _ am mo-

tivebze agebuli kidev ori andrezia fiqsire-

buli aleqsi oGiauris GanawerebSi. Tu aliaT

uSiSa SemTxveviT, xvnis dros waawyda ganZs, qve-

moT motanil andrezebSi RvTisSvils mihyavs

Tavisi mkadre saSineli saganZuris saxilvelad.

pirveli exeba karatisjvaris mkadres omas.

òma jvaris Pel-kaci iyva-d’ rwmunebuli. oma

koWla kac iyvisao-d’ codviT davidodisav.

magram karatis jvarsav xan sad daxyvandisao-d’

xan sadav. winav koWla ar yofilao-d’ gveleTSi

dakoWlebulav. masvliv omas karatis jvari Pel-

zeda gamaucxadebav, ro gveleT unda wavidaTav.

iqav samalaviao-d’ is unda amaiRav. gamaxyolios * oqros ganZi rom Tavisi Sesatyvisi feris cxovelis (Txis, xbos, xaris, cxenis, Zroxis da sxv.)

saxes iRebs, es dadasturebulia slavur folklorSi (113-a, 365-6).

ccxxxii

omai-d’ win liqokis xati gamazRoliv. aragvze

isr Gamauvlav, ro vervis unaxav; safarvel zde-

biv omaisacao-d’ karatis jvaris xatsac. gveleT

ro misul, sadac samalav iyv, imis karze gaGer-

dav xativ, iwro GasaZrom yofila-d’ GazRoliv

xati-d’ Gasul omai. Sig ro Sasulan, unaxav, ro

didZal Tas-ganZ yofil dadgmuli. Taro iyvao-d’

sru eWirav Tasebsav. vercxlis suraeb idgav

erTs Tarozedav, sru Sibianebi. erTiv vercxlis

yavarjen uyudav erTs kuTxeSiav. meores kuTxe-

Siav did qvab idgav saludei-d’ zedav oqros

feriv yviTel Pbo iwvav. raira asav am qvabSiav,

aim qvabsav jox Samavxkariv, dadgav jRar-jRuriv

qvabSiacao-d’ raic Tas-ganZ iyvav, suyvela Zirs

daecao-d’ dadgav jRrialiv. im jRar-jRurze

maibrunav Tavi, zed ro iwvav, im Pbomao-d’ Sama-

mibRvirav. oma SaSinebula-d’ gamavardnil ga-

reTi, gonT axPdiv, gamagorvil, gadavardnil

kldeTa-d’ damrGal aiq. gonT ro mavediv,

icodisav omamav, kldeT ZirSi vegdio-d’ erTs

fePsac veRar viyolebdiv. aRarc xati iyvav iqao-

d’ aRarc angeloziv. memr mwyemsebs mauPelav

omai-d’ gaugebiebav xalxisad^~ (62, 563)).

analogiuri gansacdeli gaiara xaxmatis

jvaris mkadrem SiSiam:

`êrTxel uTqom SiSiaisad PaPmatis jvars,

ro waedio-d’ ukanamSav (ukanafSavs) mamicadevo-d’

miac iq maolav, iqav erT saqmei gvaqvav

gasakeTebelio-d’ is gavakeTaTav. wamasul SiSi-

ccxxxiii

aio-d’ masul ukanamSav. ucdav aq ors dResa-d’

arcad masvliv jvari. mesames dRes Pelze masv-

liv tredis aRiT. unaxavs ukenamSavlebsaca-d’

mauyvanav kvamlis saklavi; saklaveb ro dauPocav

SiSiaisad gauwevav wyarosTaviske* jvars. wyaro-

sTav ro misulan, erT beRel yofil, sadac arvin

ar midiod. misul mfrinav xati-d’ mixyoliv,

Sasul xat beRlis nangrevSia-d’ Saxyoliv SiSi-

aic. iqav erT did sip idvao, jvarma saiT damiye-

nav, ro eg sip axPadev. auPdav sipi-d’ erT qvab

amaGenil oqro-vercxliT savse. zedav erT Pbo

iwvav yviTelio-d’ abobinebdav wiTelT TvalTav.

SiSias ro Pbo unaxav, daSinebula-d’ gonT aPdiv.

gonT ro mavediv, gamoveyvanev mSavlebso, wyals

masxemdesav. memr aRarc vin mixParebiv am beR-

els^~ (62, 567-8).

erTi SexedviT, am mkadreTa

Tavgadasavali TiTqos marcxiania: ad-

amiani ver uZlebs jvaris ganZisadmi

Tvalis gasworebas da mis pirispir

dgomas. Tumca mkadre xelcarieli

brundeba, magram mis SegnebaSi samudamod aris

GabeWdili jvaris ganZis xati _ es aris am gan-

sacdelis Sedegi. gansacdelma unda aRzardos,

Seqmnas mkadre. amitomac gansacdeli, romelsac

jvari SeamTxvevs maT, ar aris SemTxveviTi. arc

aliaT uSiSa wawydomia xvnis dros miwaSi

* adgili ukanafSavSi, sadac daarsebulia ukanafSavis saTemo xati giorgi wyarosTauli.

ccxxxiv

Gaflul ganZs SemTxveviT. aseTi gansacdeli,

rogorc Zlieri gamocdileba, jvaris rGeulebis

privilegiaa da mas TavisTavadi Rirebuleba aqvs,

imisgan damoukidebliv, Tu rogor damTavrdeba

Tavgadasavali. rasac mkadreebi xedaven, sxve-

bisaTvis uxilavia an ekrZalebaT dasanaxad. ras

xedaven isini? oma liqokelis xilva srul su-

raTs iZleva imisa, Tu ras warmoadgens jvaris

saganZuri: sakraluri sagnebi isea ganlagebuli,

rogorc asvenia isini dReobidan dReobamde

samalavSi, sadac oma moxvda viwro GasaZvromiT,

romlis siviwroves simboluri daniSnuleba aqvs.

erTis mxriv, samalavi gvagonebs darbazs da oma,

liqokis jvaris mkadre, nacnob garemoSia moxve-

drili, amitomac aq misTvis TiTqmis moulod-

neli da saSiSi araferi unda iyos. magram Tu

gavixsenebT, rom liqokis jvaris saarsodan vi-

wro samalavamde mTels gzaze xorciels safar-

veli aqvs dadebuli, unda vifiqroT, rom oma

miRma samyaroSia moxvedrili. iseve rogorc

gaxua megrelauris kvals vkargavT mas Semdeg,

rac RvTisSvilebma mas suli amoarides da

usxeulmyofeli gaiyolies qajaveTis gzaze,

aseve omas fizikur sxeulze dadebuli safar-

velic migvaniSnebs mis gadasvlas sxva samyaroSi.

omam, SiSiamac unda gadalaxon, dalaxon

zRurbli, romelic mijnavs erTmaneTisagan

nalax da sakralur sivrceebs. gasasvleli ki,

anu, rogorc gadmocemaSia naTqvami, `GasaZromi~,

ccxxxv

viwroa, rogorc bewvis xidi da is Gven gvagonebs

qvesknels, sadac Gadian (es maTi aucilebeli ga-

mocdileba unda iyos) Zveli miTologiuri

eposebis gmirebi. Gveni mkadreebic maT ricxvs

ekuTvnian, e.w. `maZiebel gmirTa~ ricxvs, ro-

melTa Ziebis Sedegi, sabolood, raRac WeS-

maritebis aRmoGenaa. maTgan gansxvavebiT Gveni

mkadreebi kultis msaxurni arian da Tu isini

raime WeSmaritebis aRmomGenni xdebian, es WeS-

mariteba jvarTan aris dakavSirebuli da isini

mas miwis gulSi daunjebuli ganZis saxiT Wvre-

ten. ganZi, rogorc WeSmariteba, saidumloebrivia

da is ar Zevs miwis zedapirze, is miwis siRrme-

Sia saZiebeli. es aris jvaris WeSmariteba da is

Tas-ganZSia ganivTebuli.

xaxmateli mkadre SiSia Tavis jvars sruliad

sxva sazogadoebis, sxva saymos teritoriaze

mihyavs ganZis saxilvelad. amasac Tavisi mniSv-

neloba aqvs andrezSi: jvarma icis da SiSiamac

unda ixilos da icodes is, rac ukanfSavelebma

ar ician, saxeldobr, ras imarxavs maTi mitove-

buli, ukve nangrevebad qceuli beReli (èrT

beRel yofil, sadac aravin ar midiod~); beReli

xom wmida nagebobaa, sadac jvaris mkadre fex-

SiSvela GoqiT Sedis; masze ufro wmidaa nabeR-

lari, sadac aravin ar Sedis.

saganZuris xilvas Tan axlavs SiSis gancda,

radgan mxilveli grZnobs, rom mas sakralur re-

alobasTan aqvs saqme. aq Gven vawydebiT iseT vi-

ccxxxvi

Tarebas, rodesac SiSi, saRvTo SiSi, religiuri

Semecnebis dasabamia. cnobil germanel mistikoss

iakob boemes aseTi gansacdeli hqonda si-

WabukeSi: samwyesurSi yofnisas is moulodnelad

aRmoGnda gamoqvabulis win, romelSic oqroTi

savse uzarmazari WurWeli idga. am saxilvelma

iseTi Tavzari dasca ymawvils, rom is ukanmi-

uxedavad sirbiliT gaecala iqaurobas. mas Sem-

deg gamoqvabuli Ria aRarasodes unaxavs (141,

185). gamoqvabuls masSi daunjebuli ganZiTurT,

mkadreTa eniT rom vTqvaT, safarveli daedo.

magram iakob boemesaTvis es ganumeorebeli

xilva mis momaval mistiur gamocilebas, RvTiur

WeSmaritebaTa gamocxadebas moaswavebda.

mkadre jvaris saidumlos da WeSmaritebas

ganZis saxiT ixilavs, radgan jvaris WeSmariteba

mis ganZeulobaSia ganivTebuli. magram mkadris

gamocdilebaSi oqro-vercxli da sxva ganZeu-

loba _ materialuri faseulobani, ar aris er-

TaderTi realoba, raSic daunjebulia jvaris

sakraluroba. kidev ufro Rrmad, vidre ganZi,

inaxeba mironi, SeiZleba iTqvas, kultis uxr-

wneli esencia, romlis unikaluri andrezi da-

kavSirebulia erTaderT jvarTan xevsureTisa _

xmalas mTavarangelozTan, odesRac bude-

xevsureTis SuagulTan, sadac ikazmeboda

saerTo-saxevsureTo salaSqro droSa, vidre

gudanis jvari gamoGndeboda asparezze da

aRzevdeboda.

ccxxxvii

ai, es andrezic im saxiT, rogorc is Gawer-

ili aqvs al. oGiaurs:

`^ am PmalaSi mdgar erTi Zalian maRal

alvis xe. im alvis xes mironi gamazdeniv. am

alvis xes ZirSi darani xqoniva-d’ maRla alvis

xis gverdze didi cixei mdgar, alvis xis Ziri

Sig am daranSi yofilasa-d’ am darans safarveli

zdebiv. gaxua ro yofil PeTaSauri, is angeloz-

Tan wilnayar yofila-d’ imaTTan uvlav. erTxan

gudanis jvar miuyvanav gaxua PmalaSia-d’ Gauxde-

nav daranSi. im siRrme Gasaval iyvav, icodisav

gaxuamav, ro cxra feP sanTeliv Gasaes damWir-

dao-d’ cxra feP sanTeli amaesasav. ro GavPediv,

iqaobaiv sanTlebiT iyvav garaprapebuio-d’ aTa-

sis rigis xTiSviln ad-Gadiodesao-d’ gaxqondiv

mironiv. alvis xes daWkdeuli xqondao-d’ iqiT

gadmadiodav mironiv. ZirSiav qoTan edgao-d’ Sig

ewveTebodav ais mironiv. erT angeloz edga

Tavzedao-d’ romenic xTiSvil mavidodav, maxqon-

dav samirone oqros boTlebio-d’ is angeloziv

usxemdiv mironsao-d’ istumrebdav yvelasav.

oqros sawyavi xqonda-d’ imaT uwyevdav. mia-d’

gudanis jvarsac magvcesav mironio-d’ wamavedi-

Tav. sakvirvel sanaxaoba iyvav iqaobaiv, ro sru

raprap iyvao-d’ Pma amauReblad Sad-gadiodesav

xTisnasaxniv^~ (62, 572).

xmalas salocavi da mironmdinari alvis xe

aGens Tavs mkadres Tvalwin, rogorc religiuri

cxovrebis Suaguli. es aris yvelaze mniSvnelo-

ccxxxviii

vani gamocdileba mkadresi, ufro mniSvnelovani,

vidre ganZis xilvaa. am dros mkadre Wvrets, ro-

gorc mistikosi, religiis dasabams _ mironis

wyaros _ da RvTisSvilTa saidumlo saqmianobas

miwis gulSi, saidanac maT amoaqvT Tav-TavianTi

saymoebisaTvis mironi, rogorc kultis ma-

cocxlebeli wmida nivTiereba. andrezi inaxavs

im xanis xsovnas, rodesac mironi iyo ara

mxolod niSani Tu simbolo kultisa, aramed

misi aucilebeli elementi, romelic

monawileobda mniSvnelovan saidumlo ritu-

alebSi. xmalas mironis andrezi qristianuli

eklesiis wiaRidan iRebs dasabams. Zneli ar aris

xmalas mironmdinar alvis xeSi gamovicnoT

mcxeTis mironmdinari sveti, romelic idga

sveticxovlis pirvel taZarSi _ qristianuli

saqarTvelos sakralur SuagulSi; aq duRda mi-

roni da aqedan nawildeboda is mTels saqarT-

veloSi, rogorc xmalas mironi xevsureTis

salocavebSi. mirons, iseve rogorc Tas-ganZs,

vxedavT kultis genezisSi, rasac gvidasturebs

erTi xalxuri leqsi:

qalaqSi sion-saydari

bagrationT aagesa,

maRla caSi aiyvanes,

Tavs gumbaTi daadgesa.

qveS mironi gubed dadga,

ymawvilebi danaTlesa

(100, 13).

ccxxxix

rogorc iTqva, mironis gamoyeneba saymos re-

alur sakulto cxovrebaSi preistorias

ekuTvnis, amitom istoriul xanaSi is iZens sim-

bolur mniSvnelobas, gardaiqmneba ra jvaris

ganZis sublimur saxed. magram ganZis sublimacia

Tavis umaRles zRvars aRwevs, roca is mkadres

jvaris saxiT gamouGens Tavs. es aris jvaris ni-

Sani, romelsac xevsurulad ewodeba xati.

gudanis jvaris mkadris, gaxua megrelauris sam-

kadreo biografiaSi amgvari gamocdileba das-

turdeba. momyavs al. oGiauris Ganaweri:

`^ gaxua wauyvanav xvTiSvils gergetis Tava-d’

Sauyvanav beTlemis saxlSi. ro Sevediv, Tqvisav

gaxuamav, _ savse iyvav is saxliv xatebiTao-d’

TamaSobdesav. zog xatebiv tredebiviT iyvao-d’

ireodav erTmaneTSiav. imTven iyvav xatebiv, ro

buzvebiviT gad-gamadiodesav. erTiv oqros akavan

idgao-d’ Sigav ymawvil iwvav. tredeb daRbrun-

nevdesav Tavzedao-d’ ifqlis marcvlebs aWmevde-

sav. gaxua iqiT ro wamasula, wamouyvanav erT

mfrinav xati. es xati nawiliani yofil, ro

RamiTav SuqT uSobdisav. ro mavidod gaxuai, xat

TavisTavad win mamiZRvebodisav, Tu icod gaxuam.

yoris wyalze ro mavediTav, icodis gaxuam, bibin

raim dadgao-d’ xatic kldis Tavze Sajdav.

mavidesav tredis aRiTav reebimao-d’ SuqT ki

utevdesav. oqroqsoil maitanesao-d’ romenic

gaxuas maxyvebod im xats Gaacves Tuad’ gamaxyv

gzas. ukan gaxua maxyvebod. iqiT wamasulT dRe

ccxl

da Ram viareTao-d’ gaTenebisad gudan mavediTav.

gudanis jvaris beRelasTan ro mivediTav, is

beRelSi Savidao-d’ me karSi davrGiv^~ (67, 191).

mkadre, RvTis suliT ayvanili, msgavsad

Zveli aRTqmis winaswarmetyvelTa Tu qadagTa,

Wvrets _ es misi mistiuri samkadreo ga-

mocdilebaa _ RvTisSvilTa `samSoblos~, ro-

melsac gergetis mTaze aTavsebs Tqmulebebi:

`^pirvelad morigem rom RvTisSvilni zecidan

gadmouSvna, maSin isini gergets daabinava, ger-

getis mTis ZirSi^~ (60, 118). SesaniSnavia mkadres

suliT mogzaurobis diapazoni _ miwis siRrmi-

dan (`cxra feP sanTeliv Gasaes damWirdao-d’

cxra feP sanTeliv amaesasav~) da wyaros Tavis

beRlis imave siRrmidan, TiTqos miwis gulidan

gergetis mTis mwvervalamde, sadac saymos cno-

biereba aTavsebs beRels, radgan `beTlemi~ niS-

navs `saxls purisas~, imasve, rasac beReli. ger-

getis beTlemi is adgilia, sadac xalxuri gad-

mocemebiT uwmidesi relikviebia daculi,

SeiZleba iTqvas, safarveldadebuli, raTa gare-

SemoTa mzera ar miswvdes maT.

beTlemSi, xalxis warmodgeniT, marxia qris-

tianuli dasabamieri siwmideni da saidumloe-

bani, romelTa xilva mxolod wmida berebs da

mowmidarebs Tu SeuZliaT. aq aris qristianuli

sarwmunoebis, mTeli qristianuli samyaros

mTavari ganZi. pirvelad werilobiT am sakralur

andrezebs vxvdebiT vaxuStis àRweraSi~: `^ myin-

ccxli

varis kldesa Sina arian qvabni gamokveTilni

friad maRalsa, da uwodeben beTlemsa, garna

saWirod asaval ars, rameTu ars jaWvi rkinisa,

gardmokidebuli qvabidam, da miT aRvlen. ityvian

uflis akvansa mun da abrahamis karavsa, mdgoms

usvetod, usablod, da sxvaTaca sakvirvelTa.

aramed me vdumeb~ (75, 533). uflis akvani da

abraamis karavi metyveleben beTlemis mniSv-

nelobaze xalxis SegnebaSi: isini qristianobis

dasabamis simboloebia. axla cxadia ra akvania

xevsuruli andrezis òqros akvani~ da vin aris

Sig mwolare ymawvili, romelsac mtredebi

dahbrunaven Tavze da ifqlis (beTlemi xom

ifqlis beRelia) marcvlebiT kvebaven. adre

iTqva, rom gergetis beTlemi xalxur war-

modgenaSi jvarxatebis samSobloa; axla vityviT,

rom is RvTisSvilis, axali yrmis, mesiis sam-

Sobloa. beTlemSi erTdroulad vxedavT dasa-

bams da am dasabamis nayofs abraamis karvisa da

uflis akvnis saxiT, _ akvanSi mwolare yrma

abraamis karavidan aris gamosuli, rogorc

gvamcnobs qristes genealogia maTes mixedviT

(àbraham Sva isaak, isaak Sva iakob^~).

vaxuStiseul gadmocemaSi SesaniSnavia fraza

ìtyvian^ sxvaTaca sakvirvelTa. aramed me

vdumeb~. es is sityvebia, romelTac ambobs

mkadre, roca mas surs Tavisi samsaxuris sak-

ralurobis gamoxatva; rom saidumlos xilva

moiTxovs dumils mxilvelisagan garkveul Ja-

ccxlii

mamde, Semdeg ki gacxaddeba dafaruli. roca

jvari auSvebs xels Tavis mkadres, ai, maSin

eZleva mas saidumlos gamocxadebis ufleba. am

mistiur gamocdilebas mkadresgan Tu Seityobs

saymo, misi gadmocemis bunebrivi forma pirvel

pirSi monaTxrobia, rogorc gaxua megrelauris

magaliTze vxedavT.

gergetis beTlemi, rogorc saganZuris sub-

limuri saxe, rogorc kvrivis kvrivi, gamouGens

Tavis idumal wiaRs mxolod mas, vinc mowmidar-

obis maRal xarisxs aris miRweuli: gergetis si-

maRle moiTxovs adamianisagan zneobriv simaR-

les. moxevur andrezebSi beTlemis wiaRis mxil-

velebad dasaxelebulni arian wmida berebi da

mowmidari mRvdelebi: ìoseb moxeve, mRvdeli. ese

iyo friad siwmidis moyvare da memarxule, ro-

mel yovelgan ganiTqva saTnoeba misi. ese nebiTa

RvTisaTa aRvida myinvarsa Sina, kacTagan Seu-

valsa; da mun ixila karavi da akvani abraamisa

mamamTavrisa^~ (11, 210)*. Tqmulebis sxva versiis

mixedviT, beTlemis saidumloebaTa mxilveli

yofila vinme mamuka beri, romelsac beTlemis

wmida giorgi gamocxadebia da Rirs uyvia igi

Tavisi sabrZaneblis saxilvelad. mas unaxavs

oqros akvani, misi mrweveli mtredi da kidev

iseTi sakvirveli ram sakurTxevelSi, romlis

gamxelis ufleba mas ar hqonia (85). am siwmideTa * `kalmasobis~ avtors Secdoma aqvs daSvebuli: cnobilia da simbolur-alegoriuli mniSvnelobisaa

mxolod karavi abraamisa, akvani ki mxolod qristesia.

ccxliii

xilvis dasturad Tu rame moaqvT am wmida

berebs, es aris an karvis naWeri, an akvnis xis

nawili, ZRvnad mefe ereklesaTvis, rogorc

nawili ganZisa, wmida relikviebi (11, 210-1; 129, 111,

66).

amrigad, jvaris ganZi, romelic sxvadasxva

saxiT aGens Tavs mkadris winaSe _ is xan oqro-

vercxlia, xan Zvirfasi Tvali, xan mironi, xan

jvar-xatebis gamosaxulebani, xan qristianuli

religiis simboloebi, _ damarxulia dedamiwis

or, erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego sferoSi _ miwis

siRrmeSi da mTis mwvervalze; is qvesknelSiac

aris da caSic, orivegan miuwvdomelia gareSe-

TaTvis; dadebuli aqvs safarveli, romlis wiaR

mxolod mkadris Tvali Tu ixedeba mistiuri

WvretiT. am unars mkadre wmida cxovrebiT

ipovebs; sxvanairad, mkadre arsebobis imave rigSi

unda imyofebodes, raSic imyofeba jvaris ganZi

_ es aris siwmide anu gamocalkeveba yofiTi si-

namdvilidan. mxolod am pirobiT Seeyrebian

urTierTs mkadre da jvaris ganZi.

mkadre mieaxleba ganZs mowiwebiT, an cnoba

exdeba misi Zlieri sakraluri `Zabvis~ winaSe, an

is garbis SeSinebuli, rogorc ymawvili boeme.

Tumca Gveulebriv mkadre, romelic daniSnulia

jvaris mier meganZurad, unda itandes ganZis

metafizikur Zalas: am SeZlebas mas jvari unda

aniWebdes misi mowmidaruli cxovrebis wil. an

Tu is mkadre ar aris da ar gauvlia mowmidaro-

ccxliv

bis gansacdeli, maSin samefo STamomavloba mas

nebas aZlevs Seeyaros ganZs, romelsac safar-

veli exdeba mis winaSe. Tavisi da qveynis

cxovrebis sabediswero Jams farnavazi mze-irmis

wyalobiT miagnebs uxsovari droidan safarvel-

dadebul saganZurs da miT ixsnis sakuTar Tavs

da, rac mTavaria, qveyanasac (44). herodotes

skviTur andrezSi mxolod umcrosi Ze mSoblisa,

umrwemesi sam ZmaSi, SeZlebs miuaxlovdes da

xelhyos cidan Gamocvenil oqros nivTebi, ro-

melTac cecxlis ZaliT ganirides ori Zma.

umrwmesis, kolaqsaisis, winaSe cecxli GCaqra da

oqros nivTebma `Tavi dauTmes~ mas; Zmebma aRi-

ares umrwemesi da mTeli Zalaufleba mas gadas-

ces. misgan daiwyo skviTebis samefo dinastia,

romlis saRvTo relikviad es oqros sagnebi ga-

mocxadda (istoria, IV, 5, 7).

rogorc skviTuri Tqmulebidan Gans (amas

Gveni andrezebic adastureban), ganZi mxolod mas

`nebdeba~, visac is imTaviTve ekuTvnis anu mis

kanonier mflobels _ an mefed Sobils, rogorc

kolaqsaisia an farnavazi; an jvars, romelic mis

mosapoveblad gzavnis Tavis amorGeul mkadres,

mowmidars jvarisas. araRirsTa mimarT ganZi

aGens Tavis Sinagan, empiriulad gamouvlenel

bunebas, rac safarveliT aris dafaruli; am

dros, roca mas mparavi uaxlovdeba, ganZi bri-

alebs da amiT icavs Tavs; is cecxls isvris,

radgan cecxlovani bunebisaa. amitomac misi

ccxlv

damarxvis adgilebSi, xalxis warmodgeniT, Ram-

RamobiT cecxlis naTebis xilva SeiZleba (113-a,

363). Zvel miTologiebSi ganZs miGenili hyavs

gveleSapi, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi cecx-

lismfrqvevelia da ganZis Sinagani cecxlovani

bunebis gasagnebas warmoadgens, imis gamovline-

bas, rac ganZSi saSinelia; ufro sworad, ganZis

saSineli cecxli iRebs gveleSapis saxes momx-

vduris winaSe da momxvduri ukan ixevs. Gvens an-

drezebSi ganZis saSiSi buneba gasagnebulia

oqrosferi (yviTeli) xbos saxiT, romelic risx-

viT abrialebs Tvalebs, cnobis mixdamde

afrTxobs ra TviT jvaris mkadresac. analogi-

uri warmodgena cnobilia slavi xalxebis

folkloridan: ganZi iRebs cxovelis _ xaris,

Txis, cxenis saxes, im Seferilobisas, ra feri-

sac aris ganZi (Tu is oqroa, cxoveli yviTeli

ferisaa); ganZis Txris dros yviTeli ZaRli

amoxteba da aSinebs adamians (113-a, 365-6).

aramiTologiur, yofiT sinamdvileSi gvele-

Sapi _ ganZis modaraje drakoni gvelis saxes

iRebs; xToniuri arseba icavs ganZs, radgan is

mis samflobeloSia damarxuli, xToniuria.

gvelisgan dacul saganZurebs xalxis cnobiereba

aTavsebs nacixvarebSi, nasaydralebSi, buxreul

adgilebSi, sadac yofiTi Tu sakulto cxovreba

Semwydaria didi xnis winaT da, rogorc viciT,

maTi warmosaxviTi an realuri arseboba uqmnis

am adgilebs siwmides, kvrivad xdis maT. ìs unji

ccxlvi

sad inaxveba, mxolod ufrosebma ician, TiTo-

orolam. iq gveli sdarajobske~ (40, 104); òqros

guTnebia iq Galagebuli. isa Txares, fuZiskari,

ro veZaxiT. ìq gveli mogveGvenao~, daanebes

Tavi^~ (40, 111), _ amboben mTiuleTSi.

Gven andrezebSi ganZis Zieba, rogorc wesi,

jvarTan aris dakavSirebuli. jvaris rGeuli

mkadreebi jvaris davalebiT midian saxifaTo

eqspediciaSi ganZis mosapoveblad, romelic de-

vebis sakuTrebaSia; mkadre devs gamohglejs

ganZs, rogorc jvarma, RvTisSvilma gamohglija

erT dros Tavisi saymosaTvis sacxovrebeli

teritoria. am gziT mopovebuli oqro-vercxliT

da Zvirfasi TvlebiT ivseba an axlad iqmneba

jvaris saganZuri, romelic, rogorc Tavis

adgilze iTqva, kultis gulisguls Seadgens;

ganZi qmnis Tavis garSemo jvaris kvrivs, romel-

sac mkadre Tavisi siwmidis ZaliT uaxlovdeba.

ganZi TavisTan axlos uSvebs mkadres, radgan is

jvaris mowmidaria. magram jvaris ganZis (sau-

baria jvaris teritoriaze dacul ganZze) para-

doqsi is aris, rom misi Sinagani cecxlovani

buneba uZluria uwmiduri Zalis winaSe. fSav-

xevsureTSi da gudamayar-mTiuleTSi gavrcele-

buli rwmena-warmodgenis Tanaxmad, mparavi manam

ver miekareba jvaris Tas-ganZs amosaRebad, sanam

katas ar daklavs da mis sisxls ar asxurebs

mas. al. oGiauris masalebSi moipoveba amis dasa-

dastureblad Tavad mparavis naambobi, aRiareba:

ccxlvii

`^ manamdin axlos ver miudegiT amosaRebad im

Tas-ganZs*, manam kata ar davkaliT da sisxli ar

davasxiTo. ase rom miviqeciT, raRacam wivili

waiRo da Gven neba mogveca axlo misvlisa da

ganZis amoRebisao. manamdin ki, rom miuaxlovde-

bodiT, im Tas-ganZidan cecxli amovardeboda da

zed gadmogvefineboda alio da dawvas gvipireb-

dao~ (62, 160).

aq moTxrobili ambavi Zlier gvagonebs skvi-

Tur Tqmulebas, mTieli mparavi da kolaqsaisis

ori Zma msgavs situaciaSi arian moxvedrilni:

ganZi Sinagani cecxlis GeniT iSorebs maT, rad-

gan ganZi ver Seicnobs maTSi Tavis WeSmarit pa-

trons, aramed xvdeba, rom isini mparavni arian:

xelyofen imas, rac maT ar ekuTvnis dasabamidan,

SobiTganve, an risi xelyofis dasturi jvarisa-

gan ar miuRiaT. Gveni andrezis mparavni ganZis

xelSi Gagdebis mizniT mimarTven Sav magias _

klaven uwmidur cxovels, raTa misi sisxliT

gaauwmiduron ganZi da mere xelyon. analogiuri

saSualeba ganZis mignebisa Tu mopovebisa dadas-

turebulia germanuli da slavuri modgmis

xalxebSic: im adgilas, sadac ganZia Gamarxuli,

klaven Sav Txas an Sav qaTams, rac Semdeg xTo-

niuri sulebisadmi msxverplSewirvad iqna

gaazrebuli (113-a, 373). Gveni andrezebis mparavni

katas uklaven ara qvesknelis sulebs an eSmaks,

* igulisxmeba bacaligos jvaris, pirquSis jvaris Tas-ganZi.

ccxlviii

aramed klaven mas, rogorc àntimsxverpls~,

romlis sisxlmac unda warxocos wmida

saklavis sisxli, riTac ganaTlulia, rogorc

wesi, jvaris Tas-ganZi. mparavi aq iyenebs im

ZvelTaZvel saSualebas, romelic moiSvelies

laSaris muxis moWrisas: zurab erisTavma manam

veraferi daaklo laSaris muxas, sanam mis ZirSi

kata ar dakles da misi sisxli ar asxures mis

tans.

mparavi, romelic uwmidur cxovels, usur-

mags* swiravs msxverplad, eTiSeba Tavis saymos

da jvars. ufro meti: is mtrobs, uaryofs jvars,

eziareba ra eSmakeul Zalas. man uari Tqva ada-

mianobaze da devur samsaxurSi Gadga. jvarisa da

Tavis TavSi adamianuris uaryofis gareSe is ver

Gaigdebs xelSi jvaris ganZs, is usaTuod

danaSaulebrivi saqcielis Gamdeni unda iyos.

zogierTi xalxis warmodgeniT, ganZis mopoveba

mxolod iseT adamians SeuZlia, romelsac

garkveuli raodenobis kaciskvla aqvs Gadenili

(113-a, 364), an suli aqvs eSmakisaTvis miyiduli

(113-a, 374). aseTi adamianis bedi ki yovelTvis

tragikulia, rogorc murmanisa, romelmac Savi

magiis gamoyenebiT Gaigdo xelSi eTeri, romelic

abesaloms ekuTvnoda, rogorc nadirobisas

mopovebuli ganZi. Tas-ganZis mparavis ukuRmar-

* usurmagi _ cxoveli, romlis xorci ar iWmeva (cxeni, ZaRli, kata da sxv.) (87, 410). usurmagi

rom ar iWmeva, swored amitom ar SeiZleba misi msxverplad Sewirva. usurmagi, rogorc msxverpli, uwmidurTa msxverplia.

ccxlix

Toba kargad aris gamoxatuli sityvebiT, rom-

liTac is saxuco teqstebSi ixsenieba: òqro-

vercxlis PelukuRm gamtani~.

òqros Rili~

rogorc jvari aris morige RvTis Svili da

amitomac mas ewodeba `RvTisSvili~ (RvTisnasaxi,

RvTisnabadebi), aseve yma aris Svili Tavisi

jvarisa. garkveuli azriT, yma xom Tavisi pa-

tronis Svilia; avTandili rostevanis ymac aris

da Svilic. SesaZlebelia `yma~ gulisxmobdes

`Svilsac~, rogorc `yrmas~. SesaZlebelia, saymos

enobriv cnobierebaSi jer kidev ar waSlila am

ori terminis semantiuri identuroba. akad.

n.berZeniSivili varaudobda, rom `Svili~, ro-

gorc socialuri termini, Sesatyvisi unda yo-

filiyo `ymisa~, romelic, misi azriT, gvian dam-

kvidrda enaSi (15, 124). am azris dasturi

SeiZleba iyos is faqti, rom mTis leqsikaSi

orive es termini Semonaxulia erTi da imave

ierarqiuli damokidebulebebis gamosaxatavad:

damokidebuli wevrebi ierarqiisa gamoxatulia

terminebiT `Svili~ da `yma~ (`RvTis Svili~ da

`jvaris yma~).

`mamaSvilur~ urTierTobas jvarsa da mis

ymas Soris adasturebs Tavad rituali jvarSi

miRebisa: saymoSi dabadebul dediSobila vaJs

droSis qveS Seagoreben, saidanac is meored

ibadeba (57, 261). droSa ki, rogorc viciT, jvars

ccl

ganasaxierebs. v.bardaveliZe am ritualSi samar-

Tlianad xedavs jvaris mier Tavis saymoSi da-

badebuli bavSvis Svilad ayvanis misterias (115,

61). rogorc Gans, fizikuri dabadeba saymoSi sak-

marisi ar aris imisaTvis, rom yrma saymos sru-

luflebiani wevri anu jvaris yma Seiqnas. ufro

meti: fizikuri Soba Svilis statussac ar ani-

Webs Sobils. SatilSi ambobdnen da es naTqvami

nebismier saymoze vrceldeba: `kistan Svils miu-

barebsav Svil nu giqvianav, icodian Satil~ (38,

#26085).

xatSi gayvaniT yrma Seiqneba Temis sakuTari

wevri da Temis salocavis yma, oqros Rili (106).

am sityvebis avtori fSavis sinamdviles agviwers.

oqros Rili fSauri terminia, romlis xevsu-

ruli Sesatyvisia vercxlis Rili. jvaris dro-

Sis sakadrisebidan Sobili oqros Rilad

iwodeba. droSidan is ibadeba sruluflebian

ymad, `droSis ymad~, da mas am dros jvari, misi

`mSobeli~ `Rils~ uwodebs; is

jvarisTvis aris `Rili~, radgan yma

TiTqos RiliviT unda iyos mikere-

buli kalTas Sevrdomebis niSnad.

xolo Rili oqrosia an vercxlis im

azriT, rom axladSobili yma amieridan aris

jvaris ganZi, RvTisSvilis unji yma, iseTive

Zvirfasi sakuTreba, rogoric mas aqvs jvaris

saganZuris (Tas-ganZis da sxva `TeTreulis~)

saxiT. analogia, SesaZlebelia, Soreuli

ccli

mogveGvenos, magram mainc aRsaniSnavia, rom in-

doeTSi ufro maRali xarisxis mosapoveblad

adamiani sagangebo ritualis gavliT ubrundeba

saSos, raTa iq òqros embrionad~ Gaisaxos.

òqros embrionad~ gardaqmniT adamiani oqros

Tvisebebs eziareba (152, 56). jvaris droSis sa-

SoSi Gasaxuli oqros Rilic aseve nawiliani

xdeba jvarisa, romlis niSani aris oqro.

`fSavelebs TavianTi Tavi am xatebis ymebad

miaGniaT, xatebi ki fSavelebs òqros Rilebad~

Tvlian~ (51, 184). aqedan Gans, rom saymoSi orjer

Sobili ori mxridan aris gansazRvruli da sax-

elwodebuli: yma gulisxmobs ierarqiul da-

mokidebulebas patronisadmi, rac upiratesad ga-

moxatavs adamianis Tvalsazriss Tavis mdgo-

mareobaze am urTierTobaSi; oqros Rili ki is

metaforuli saxea, romliTac RvTisSvils surs

gamoxatos es urTierToba. am metaforiT ganele-

bulia is simkacre, rac SeiZleba axldes patro-

nymul damokidebulebas. roca RvTisSvili am-

bobs Tavis ymaze (qadagis piriT): `vercxlis

Rili me myavs ayvanili, Gem kalTas vafarebo~ (57,

262), yma ismens patronis mzrunvel xmas, ara

mkacrs, radgan Rili da kalTa mSobliur

gancdas badeben masSi. Gveni mizani ar aris am

metaforis warmoSobis garkveva, magram unda

SeiniSnos, rom Gven saymoebs gareT, sxva tradi-

ciaSi, erTmaneTis gverdiT gvxvdeba yma da

cclii

oqros Rili, romelic amjerad ymis samkaulia.

xalxuri leqsi Tamars aTqmevinebs:

aTasi kaba yma myavda, yvelani oqros RiliTa,

vaWmevdi dedal xoxobsa, vasmevdi brolis

WiqiTa.

vinc ki Semeba, Sevebi alaliTa da jiqiTa^

awi Tqven iciT, mefeno, vinc darGiT amas

iqiTa

(81, #76).

cxadi unla iyos, rom oqrosRilkabian ymebSi

Tamaris unji saymo igulisxmeba, romelsac

bagrationi dedofali iseve patronobs da icavs

mtrebisagan, rogorc mTis saymoebs maTi

RvTisSvili. xolo bagrationi, Gven viciT, moZ-

meobis kavSiriT aris Sekruli mTis

RvTisSvilebTan.

`Rili~ migvaniSnebs ymaTa Tanasworobas say-

moSi, radgan is gulisxmobs saerTo kalTas, ro-

melsac akeria Rilebi. `Rili~ emblemaa Tanas-

worobisa, romelsac gamoxatavs sityva mo-yme

Tavisi morfologiuri agebulebiT: TavsarTi

`mo-~ atarebs ymaTa Soris Tanasworobis ideas.

oqros RilTa Soris jvari aravis aniWebs upi-

ratesobas (yvela Rili oqrosia), aravis ane-

bivrebs, aravis amyofebs fufunebaSi; Tu vinmes

gamoarGevs, es gamorGeuloba ufro tvirTia da

sakmaod mZimec, vidre privilegia. jvari ar ar-

Gevs ymebs qonebrivi cenzis mixedviT; realuri

gansxvaveba mdidarsa da Raribs Soris

ccliii

gaqarwylebulia jvaris TvalSi. es Segneba

asuldgmulebs saymos, radgan man icis, rom ma-

terialuri dovlaTi da sulieri dovlaTi

jvaris boZebulia ymisaTvis imis pasuxad, rasac

`samsaxuris wayenebiT~ anu msxverplis Sewirvi-

sas moiTxovs: `^ rasac wyalobas geTxoebodanT,

gamGens moriges, damriges RmerTs SaaxvewnidiT,

winpira kacis mexvewurni kacsa kas dros mau-

matidiT, Rone-qones maumatidiT. velT vin gavi-

dodas Tqvenis mexvewuris yudroGi, bedsa-d dav-

laTs Tqvens axsenebdas, Tqven bedi davlaTi

daaxmaridiT, Sors myofn axlos dauxvdidiT,

Tqvens kabis kalTa GaufaridiT, miwriel-

qvecriel daulagmidiT, mterze, nadirze gaumar-

jvidiT^~ (56, 19).

nivTieri dovlaTi, romelsac flobs yma say-

moSi, im Txovnis ganaRdebaa, jvaris Suamdgom-

lobiT morige RvTisadmi rom aris mimarTuli.

amitomac mdidar ymas ara aqvs safuZveli da

ufleba iamayos SeZenili simdidriT. amgvari sia-

mayis yoveli gamovlineba da misgan gamowveuli

survili gamocalkevebis da gamorGeulobisa say-

mos samarTlian guliswyromas da undoblobas

imsaxurebs, radgan es safrTxes uqmnis saymos

erTianobas. dovlaTidan, rac upiratesad war-

moadgens pirutyvs, madlieri ymis mier gaiReba

msxverpli, rogorc sazRauri moniWebulisa, ro-

gorc naTqvamia erT sakulto simReraSi _

ccliv

cxvarsaR umate, Tevdore, Tu ginda rqa-

jangianio

(77, #73).

sadac rqa-jangiani niSnavs sakuTriv im piru-

tyvs, romelic saklavad aris miyvanili jvaris

karze. msxverpli msxverplia _ ymisgan Sewiruli

erTi cxvari Tu hekatomba Tanabari Rire-

bulebisa aris jvarisaTvis, radgan is moelis

TiToeulisagan Tavisi dovlaTis mixedviT. heka-

tomba, rac àndrezad ar modis~, jvaris winaSe

ampartavnobad GaiTvleba; jvari risxavs gabu-

dayebuls, vinc gadadis Gveulebriv normas,

gadalaxavs dasazRvrul (Tu damsazRvrel)

zRurbls. jvari ar ìxdens~ iseT ymas, romelic

cdilobs qonebrivi upiratesoba socialur da

sakulto upiratesobaSi gadazardos, anu qone-

brivi dovlaTiT gamowveuli prestiJi aqcios

pativad da saymosagan zedmeti pativi moiTxovos.

saqciels, romelic mdgomareobs simdidris niS-

niT saymosagan gamocalkevebis tendenciaSi, ga-

budayeba ewodeba. es mTiuluri kilokavis sity-

vaa da is amgvarad ganimarteba eTnografebis

mier:

`^ Temi ikveTda iseT wevrebs sazogadoebisas,

romelic qonebis dagrovebisaken miiswrafoda da

Temisagan gamocalkevebas cdilobda. Temi amas

g a b u d a y e b a s eZaxda da gabudayebuls imiT

sjida, rom srul izolaciaSi aqcevda^~ (102, 64).

aRniSnulia, rom gabudayebulis mokveTa saymo-

cclv

dan aris `Temis SigniT Seqmnili prerogativebis

winaaRmdeg brZolis erT-erTi saSualeba~ (iqve),

àseT sasjels Temi maSin mimarTavda, rodesac

Temis SigniT vinme ekonomiuri Tu sxva raime

upiratesobis mopovebas Seecdeboda~ (102, 67).

rogorc vxedavT, gabudayebuli Tavisive ne-

biT emijneba saymos, _ oqros Rili Tavs iglejs

jvaris kabidan, _ rasac saymo misi mokveTiT

adasturebs. jvaris kalTas Tavisi nebiT agle-

jili Rili ukve mokveTilia, saymo mxolod

ritualurad adasturebs amas.

gavecnoT oriode siuJets, romelic Seqmnilia

gabudayebis motivze. fSavSi (GargalSi), ivris

fSavelebSi (artanSi, arxalSi), gudamayarSi

gavrcelebulia Tqmuleba gamdidrebul kacze,

romelic cxvar-Zroxas maRla mTaSi wvelis da

rZe milebiT dabla sofelSi misdis. saymos cno-

bierebaSi aseTi viTareba anomaluria; es aris

ukiduresi simdidris niSani da gaiazreba jvri-

sadmi mtrobad, risTvisac gabudayebuli pirebi

isjebian sruli gadaSenebiT, saymos sasikvdilo

ganaGeni gamoaqvs maTTvis da es jvaris das-

turiT xdeba. xma RvTisa _ xma erisa _ es Zveli

devizi aq srul moqmedebaSia. es kargad Gans

sulasa da kurdRelas _ Garglel ZmaTa an-

drezSi. `^ im sula kurdRelaT xalxi ar uSobav

aragvis Walaze, arc fSavelebi, arc Pevsurebi^

im sula kurdRelaT ise Sauwuxebav xalxi, ro

amdgara luxumis Svili, cabaurTaSi wasula da

cclvi

welwad dilas sasoveT Tavis maRalze saparavis

yelisas nabdis PluGiaT gadaulalav xalxi da

RalatiT dauPocnebav iseebi^ xalxi Gausafrebav,

Tavad mekvled misula. miiRes rogorc dediZmis

Svili. roca daiTvrnen, adga da Saatyobina im

xalxsa, deeca es ori sofeli im or kacsa. su-

lai axunis SasamarTs mauklav, kurdRela ga-

mahqcevia da Garglis karT mauklav^~ (67, 116). ni-

Sandoblivia, rom gabudayebul Zmebs erTobili

sofeli klavs, mTeli sofeli kisrulobs pasux-

ismgeblobas, rom iZulebulia daarRvios zneo-

brivi kanoni _ axalwlis dilas RalatiT daxo-

con Zmebi. Tumca sofeli unda grZnobdes jvaris

dasturs am sisxlian saqmeSi. jvaris neba maT

daRupvaSi iqidan Gans, rom sulasa da

kurdRelas nasaxlars GargalSi jvari daepa-

troneba. maTi, rogorc jvarisagan SerisxulTa

da ganwirulTa, nasaxlari buxreuli xdeba.

`GargalSi laSaris jvaris niSia. sula-

kurdRelaT eZaxian, imaT nacixvarSia^~, `^ isen

dauPocian laSaris jvaris ymaTa da raki imis

ZaliT momPdara, maukidebav iq koWi da beReli

dauarsebav iqa^ laSaris jvars maadidebs (Pevis-

beri), laSaris jvarsa da Tamaris jvars iq

beRlebi aqv^~ (67, 122).

gadmocemis Tanaxmad, gabudayebulebs, ro-

melTac mTaSi nawveli rZe dabla sofelSi

GaudiT, erTdroulad uswordebian Tav-TavianT

saymoSi: `rogorc sula da kurdRela GargalSi,

cclvii

ise arxalSi arxali yofila, artanSi TaR-

laura^ im axalwels suyvelani samganve amou-

wyvetiaT fSavelebsa^~ (67, 116). Tu Gargleli

sula da kurdRela, artneli Tagva TaRlaura da

arxleli arxali saymos upirispirdebian Tavi-

anTi gamorGeuli simdidriT, uZilaurTeli vinme

da gogolaurTeli yartaula jvarTac aRar

epuebian da `metoben~ maTze. uZilaurTels

dautrabaxnia: kopalas ymebs wyali ara aqvT sas-

melad, Gemi muSebi ki ludSi banaobeno. jvari

ase uswordeba mas: qvabSi sakidlidan gveli Ga-

dis, kerZi iwamleba da mis mWamels imsxverplebs

yvelas; gadarGeba mxolod deda-Svili (38,

#25606). aseve iRupeba gogolaurTeli yartaula,

romelsac uTqvams, Gems mamulSi ufro meti kaci

muSaobs, vidre mTavarmowameSio (65, 34-35)*.

roca dovlaTiT gabudayebuli saymosagan da-

moukideblad grZnobs Tavs, is jvarsac uaryofs,

rogorc RvTiur patrons, da devnis mas. es aris

gabudayebis mwvervali, rac ukidures individu-

alizmSi gamoixateba. am dros `Rili~

mowyvetilia miwas da cas da is ar SeiZleba ar

ganadgurdes. gudamayarSi aseTi andrezia Se-

morGenili:

`^ am wveris angelozis samkvidro aqa yo-

fila. soflis (igulisxmeba sof. gamsi, z.k.)

Tavze. erTi kaci _ mirianeuli gamdidrebula * sxva variantiT, yartaula cabaurTelia, romelic `metobs~ mezobel saymoze, gogolaurTis

mTavarmowameze (18, #122).

cclviii

Zalian. es xati ar iPdens Turme Rorebis yolas.

mividnen es Rorebi (xatSi), sTxrian, gadmoTxares

iqauroba. is Zalian mdidari kaci yofila. erT

dRes ori qorwili unda hqondes. amaitana kaxeT-

idan Rvinoebi, maaqvs da gzaSi deeca didi

qariSxali, gaafuWa yvelaferi. _ macale, me mir-

ianeuli varo, kidev viyidio. wavida da kidev

maitana. gzaSi aRara xifaTi ar mosvlia.

gaamzada es mayrebi. wavidnen. ori qali unda mai-

yvanon ojaxSi da qorwili gadaixadon. roca

modian mayrebi da mohyavT qalebi, iseTi warRvna

movida, wamovida miwa, moimzRvla, moxvda da

mTeli waiRo mayrioni niaRvarma, xalxic,

patarZlebica. is xati imaze gajavrda, Rorebma

rom amoTxares. afrinda es xati, zeviT vlocu-

lobT, sagulebels eZaxian, iq daarsda. am miri-

aneulma gaigo da iqac areka Rorebi. iqidan af-

rinda (xati) da su wverze avida, WalisTavis

wvers. yamiria, iqeTac da aqeTac aravin gasTibs.

ar aPsonT mama-papas, veravin ver gasTibs. iq qve-

bia gaTlili, nasaydralia. iq Rorebi veRar avi-

doda. imaze gajavrda da amitom daRupa. roca

eseni dauRupav, memre gameecxada Tu rogor iqne-

boda da uTxra mirianeuls: `gageride, zeviT

wavedi da Samamyev, mirianeulo. migayeneb da

mogayeneb, qalis qalze dagayenebo. su

gawyvetila is xalxi; marTlac qalis qali

damrGala, sxva naTesavebi su gawyvetilan~ (67,

195).

cclix

adre gavecaniT iseT andrezebs, sadac jvari

keraSi ifnis amosvliT an sxva ram saswauliT

devnis mosaxleobas mis adgil-samyofelidan,

axla ki vxedavT, rom Tavad jvaris yma gamodis

jvaris mdevnelis rolSi; Tu sxvagan, jvarGenisa

da jvarT daarsebis andrezebSi sakraluri

ipyrobs profanul teritorias, aGens ra adgil-

adgil kvrivebs, gudamayrul andrezSi miri-

aneuli kvrivebis dalaxviT ifarToebs saarso

teritorias im sazRvramde, sadamdec ki fiziku-

rad SesaZlebelia. ingreva jvaris Senebuli,

Sendeba adamiani, magram Tu adamianis aSenebas

zRvari aqvs dadebuli, jvari usasruloa da mis

winaSe sabolood nadgurdeba adamiani. miri-

aneulis modgma saymodan amoiricxa (qalis STa-

momavali, miT umetes, `qalis qali~ ver agrZe-

lebs gvars), gvarma ki `koWis mokidebiT~ gaaGina

axali kvrivi, romelsac fizikurad veRar

miswvdeba adamianis xeli. `WalisTavis wveri~,

sadac devnilma xatma samkvidrebeli adgili am-

oirGia, fSavis mTawmindaTa analogiuri mTa

aris, aqac mTeli aremare miukarebelia kacTagan

(`yamiria, iqeTac da aqiTac aravin gasTibs~) da

mosaxleoba aqac adasturebs nasaydralebs, sa-

kulto yofis niSnebs.

gabudayebulTa aRsasruli tragizmis mwver-

vals aRwevs, roca iRupeba cxra Zmisagan Semgari

didi ojaxi. cxra kurTxeulobis niSania, masSi

Gadebulia gamravlebis usazRvro potencia.

cclx

marTlac, cxra Zma, cxra patarZali, cxra vaJi _

es aris ukve sofeli sofelSi. magram swored aq

marxia gabudayebis Tesli.

cxras avbediTi mxarec aqvs. Tumca qorwilSi

usurveben `cxra vaJi da erTi qalio~ (40, 75),

magram am sakraluri da kurTxeuli ricxviT ga-

moxatuli simravle sabediswero xdeba, roca

cxra Zma emsgavseba im cxra gamxvivnebul anu

gamravlebul-gaZlierebul cxra Zma devs, ro-

melTa uzomo simdidrisa da dausazRvreli

eqspansiurobis niSani `cxraTavianobaa~.

cxra Tava devi hyoliyo, cxra SvilT

gamzdeli qalia

(67, 151).

cxraSi marxia gabudayebulTa bediswera:

kurTxeva wyevlad icvleba, roca cxra Zma

upirispirdeba sofels. isini uteven sofels, mis

xarjze ifarToveben TavianT teritorias; amiT

eTiSebian sofelsac da jvarsac, uromlisodac

isini cdiloben Seadginon sakuTari, jvarisagan

damoukidebeli `saymo~. gabudayebis, mZlavrobis

da sxvaTagan gamorGeulobis niSnad am cxra Zmas

hyavs TeTri xarebi (Tu ar eyolaT, TeTr mit-

kals acmeven), romliTac xnaven TavianT yanas an

anadgureben soflis yanebs. es TeTri feri, ro-

melic (msgavsad cxrisa) SeiZleba kurTxeulobis

niSanic ki yofiliyo, maTi avbediTi niSania, da

ai, gabudayebis mwvervalze myofT, maT ecxadebaT

sabediswero saswaulebi _ TiTqos jvarGenis

cclxi

niSnebi, romlebSic isini amoikiTxaven TavianT

aRsasruls, saTibSi wyali eyinebaT, saxlSi rZe,

akvanSi bavSvis Sardi. `rZe gamyarda, Gveni

tazari (wesi) asruldao~. da albaT jvaris Se-

gonebiT, rom codvilianTa sarGo-sabadebliT

sofeli ar gauwmidurebuliyo, saTiTaod Sedian

gamzadebul akldamaSi da cocxlad isamareben

Tavs, stoveben ra buxreuli adgilis xsovnas

darGenilTa TaobebSi (40, 100-1; 109-a, 150, 159; 67,

195-6).

sxva cxra Zma, kvlav mTiuluri andrezis

Tanaxmad, sofel gvidaqeSi cixe-koSks aSenebs

babilonis godlis mSenebelTa kvalze. èxla xo

gagiswordiT, saRvToo!~ _ SesZaxeben TavianT

jvars, ris gamoc jvari pirwmindad gaswyvets

cxra Zmas, romelic mTels sofels Seadgenda.

ase gadaSenebula gvidaqes erTi modgma (40, 101).

aseve gadaSenebulan jaunarni lakaTxevSi (mTi-

uleTi); saRvTos mexi daukravs cixis mSenebeli

cra ZmisaTvis, jvarTan gasworebas rom eswra-

fodnen, roca uTqvamT _ èrTi SemovlaRa gvak-

liao~ (109-a, 192).

aseve cxra Zmis `dalevis~ ambavs mogviTxrobs

midelaurTa andrezi. xadaSi erTi sofeli

eWiraT gamdidrebul-gabudayebul cxra Zma

midelaurT. erT-erT Zmas droSiTa da anTebuli

sanTliT Semouvlia mTeli xadisaTvis terito-

riis dauflebis mizniT. es sakraluri moqmede-

baa. ase iqceva qadagi kultis genezisSi. roca is

cclxii

xatis wmida teritorias SemosazRvravs. gabu-

dayebis gamovlenaa midelauris mxriv sakralur

sferoSi SeWra _ sakraluri ritualis uzur-

pacia. (Sdr. aludas mier kuratis TviTneburad

Sewirva jvaris karze)*. maT dasasjelad es

saqcielic sakmarisi iqneboda. magram andrezs

kidev sxva danaSauli aqvs Semonaxuli. andrezi

agebulia GvenTvis nacnob mtredisa da monadiris

motivze.

`^ yofila sofeli da cxra Zmani yofilan da

erTi monadire yofila. da wavida es monadire da

saRamos moida da iaraRi aiyara da dahkida

boZze^ hoda, Gamacvivnila is iaraRi, kidev dau-

kidnia, Gamacvivnila da mamas uTqvia, ro sad

iyav, Svilo, dRes sad iareo? sada, ra naxeo da

_ araferi ar moutania _ da begoT xatis tyeSi

viyavio da mtreds vesroleo, davWer frTaSio

da wavida isio. gagiwyra RmerTio, begoT saRvTo

dagiWriao^~ (gagonilia xadaSi, ix. agreTve 40,

51).

jvarT daarsebis andrezSi monadires mohyavs

mtredi _ Tumca arc ki icis, rom is jvaris ni-

Sania _ Tavis saymoSi da Tavisda uneburad

salocavis daarsebis monawile xdeba. aq mona-

dire ar moqmedebs, rogorc monadire _ is ar

nadirobs, Tumca wmida `nanadireviT~ brundeba

* es iseTive codvaa, rogorc TviTneburad, jvaris dasturisa da mowodebis gareSe dekanozoba.

`Tavis mowadinebiT dekanozad wasvla cudia, daiRupeba. xats Tavdidi kaci ar unda, Gven dabali varT~ (gagonilia gudamayarSi, 1982w.).

cclxiii

ukan. midelauris tragikul andrezSi ki mona-

dire cdilobs im frinvlis monadirebas, ro-

melzedac ar nadiroben. is Seeyreba mtreds (es

misi bedisweraa!), magram ver Seicnobs masSi xa-

tis wmida frinvels (esec misi da misi Zmebis

bedisweraa!) da dasWris mas. es sabediswero gas-

rola midelaurTa daqcevis niSania. jvari maTive

sakuTari xeliT uswordeba gabudayebul ymebs.

metismeti simdidre ar aris gabudayebis er-

TaderTi mizezi. xSirad xdeba, oqros Rils

aviwydeba, rom materialuri dovlaTi, romelsac

is flobs, jvaris miniWebulia, rogorc nadirT

patronis nawyalobebi misi kerZi nanadirevi.

magram saymoSi SevxvdebiT iseT ymasac, romelsac

ar axsovs, rom jvaris kalTazea dakerebuli da

misi davlaTiT (xarizmiT) aRwevs yvelafers,

rasac aRwevs.

cabaurTis saymoSi SemorGenilia ambavi

mTavarangelozis xevisbris, gamaxare xoxor-

daulis saswaulebrivi gadarGenisa (es xevisberi

erT-erTi cxra gabudayebul ZmaTa-

gania). Gven es andrezi vaxseneT,

roca saubari iyo jvaris ZiriTad

siwmideebze. axalwlis dilas xevis-

beri, romelsac xelSi droSa da

Tasi (sxva variantiT: droSa da

wilobebi, romlebic jvarSi, beRlis karze unda

mietana xevisbers, rogorc axali wlis mekvles)

eWira, gamoitaca zvavma da uvneblad Gamosva

cclxiv

soflis axlos, mzilas, sadac axla kvrivia.

cxadia, droSac da Tasic da Tavad xevisberic

jvaris sakuTrebaa, misi unji, rogorc oqros

Rili. magram xevisberi ufro metia jvarisaTvis,

vidre rigiTi oqros Rili. Tu rigiTi yma jvaris

unjia, xevisberi, rogorc misi daWerili, misi

unjis unjia. amitomac jvari daicavda gan-

sacdelSi Tavis unjis unjs da wmida sagnebs,

romlebic xelT epyra mas. es icoda xevisberma

xoxordaulma, roca jvari axsena da erTaderTma

jvarionidan gabedulad dadga fexi sazvave

adgilze. is gadarGa jvaris davlaTis ZaliT,

magram samSvidobos Gasulma es saswaulebrivi

xsna sakuTar Tavs miawera da daamadla

mTavarangelozs: `mTavarangelozo, Gemma dav-

laTma giSvela, Toro droSac dagekargeboda,

Tasnic da Pevisberic mogikvdebodao~ (65, 228).

aseTi suliskveTeba unda amoiZirkvos saymo-

dan mis matarebel pirovnebasTan erTad, miT

umetes, Tu is xevisberia da ara rigiTi oqros

Rili, kultis msaxuri, romelic warmarTavs say-

mos religiur Segnebas da cxovrebas. andrezis

erTi variantiT, xevisbers mis ZmebTan erTad,

romelTa daRupva (`daleva~) daupirebia maT

jvars, cabaurTis mTavarangelozs laSaris

jvari, rogorc fSavis RvTisSvilTa Tavi, gamo-

sarGlebia da erTi koWli mWedeli miucia maT

gamosasyidad. ase moaSora isini im jvars da say-

mos, sadac gabudaydnen. sxva tradiciiT, da es

cclxv

ufro damaxasiaTebelia, cabaurTis jvari Rupavs

Tavis gadidgulebul msaxurs.

davlaTi

xoxordaulis ambavi adasturebs vaJa-

fSavelas sityvebs:

`^ fSavels zogi kaci zog xatze iRbliani

hgonia~ (33, 12). es azri, romelic albaT raRac

realur gamocdilebas emyareba, aqa-iq bJutavs

saymos cnobierebaSi. zog pirovnebas Tavis sax-

elovan momavals sakuTari davlaTis cocxali

gancda awinaswarmetyvelebs. andrezad Se-

morGenilia laSaris jvaris xevisberis, gara

Turmanaulis Gveneba, romelic mas siymawvileSi

araerTxel unaxavs: nisla xari erkineba wiTel

xars da am SerkinebaSi yovelTvis wiTeli xari

gamodis gamarjvebuli. nislaSi laSaris jvaris

davlaTia gansaxierebuli, xolo wiTeli garas

gancdaSi misi davlaTis gansaxierebaa (19, #121).

rogor xdeba, rom laSaris jvaris davlaTs mis

ymis davlaTi sZalavs? laSaris jvari xom

`zogi~ jvari ar aris? Tumca arc gara Tur-

manaulia ubralo yma, magram is mainc ymaa. da

mainc misi momavali am Gvenebam Tu gancdam gad-

awyvita. aqedan iwyeba misi gabudayeba, romliTac

aRbeWdilia misi cxovrebis yoveli gadamwyveti

wuTi. am wuTebSi gabedvis gareSe, roca is endo-

boda Tavis davlaTs, gara ver miaRwevda mis-

aRwevs, rom ar ganecada Tavis TavSi wiTeli

cclxvi

xaris Zala, romelic mis ymawvilur ocnebaSi

Tavis davlaTad esaxeboda. magram miuxedavad am

gabudayebisa da Tavis Tavze uzomo warmodge-

nisa, rasac amarTlebda kidec, garas aRsasruli

ar yofila tragikuli; man Rrma da brZnul si-

beremde miaRwia _ laSaris jvari Tavis nebas

acxadebda misi piriT. laSaris jvars ar daus-

jia Tavisi yma jvarTan gatolebaze ocnebisaT-

vis. es gamonaklisi SemTxvevaa gabudayebulTa

istoriaSi. amis mizezs mivxvdebiT, Tu gaviTval-

iswinebT garas warmomavlobas da im imedebs,

rasac sabediswero gansacdelSi mis Sobaze am-

yarebda saymo.

gara TurmanaulTa gvars ekuTvnoda, xolo

Turmanaulni Seadgenen gogolaurTa saymos erT-

erT gvars. TurmanaulTa sagvareulos saxelo-

vani, SeiZleba iTqvas, davlaTiani warsuli aqvs.

misma eponimma _ Turmanma, romelic, andrezis

Tanaxmad, batonis usamarTlobas gamoqcevia

baridan, daaarsa roSka-qmostis saymo xevisbe-

reTSi da jvaric àRmouGina~ mas. is, rogorc

monadire, jvarGenis mxilveli Seiqna WiuxebSi da

jvari, mtredis aRiT gamocxadebuli, mohgvara

saymos (38, #25434). es iyo misi davlaTi, romelic

gadadis mis STamomavlebSi, rogorc sakuTreba,

da es xdeba am gvaris gabudayebis safuZveli.

rogorc gara aris gabudayebuli TurmanaulT

sagvareulodan, aseve TurmanaulTa sagvareuloa

gabudayebuli gogolaurTa saymoSi, romelic

cclxvii

Tavis mxriv, gabudayebulia mTels fSavis xevSi,

laSaris jvaris Tormet saymoSi. Gven ki viciT,

rom jvari da saymo ar `xdeniloben~ gabudaye-

bas, amitomac jvarma samgzis miiyvana calke

Turmanaulni, calke gogolaurni `dalevamde~

(mizezad andrezi wmidobis daucvelobas asax-

elebs). saymo ìleoda~, magram raRac saswauliT

kvlav aRorZindeboda. andrezi mogviTxrobs, rom

Turmanaulni jvarma erT kacze daiyvana, oTx-

moci wlis berikacze, romelsac sxva gvaris

warmomadgenlebma maTdami gaweuli sikeTis

sazRaurad TavianTi qali SerTes. Turmanaulebi

mesamed aRorZindnen, kvlav gamravldnen da im

berikacisgan mesame TaobaSi iSva gara (65, 300),

aSkarad gamoxatuli gabudayebis niSnebiT.

sxva gadmocemis Tanaxmad, raRac danaSauli-

saTvis fSavis TerTmetma Temma gogolaurebs

Gaqolva gadauwyvita; moaquGes kidec saqolavi

qva, rom dReoba dRes yvelani erTad GaeqolaT.

am saqmeSi mTeli pasuxismgebloba garas ekisre-

boda, rogorc gansakuTrebuli metobis gamomGens

sagogolauroSi. (`metobas akeTebs, Tavs wavida~

_ ase xasiaTdeba mTxroblis sityvebiT misi

qceva). pirveli dartyma mas unda mieRo, magram

garam Tavis gvarisa da gogolaurTis sxva ymeb-

Tan erTad gastexa maisti, qistebis gautexeli

cixe, rac qajaveTis gatexas edreboda, da ga-

moreka iqidan uTvalavi cxvar-Zroxa laSaris

jvarisaken, rom wesisamebr jvarisaTvis SeewiraT

cclxviii

naTavari da mere gaenawilebinaT nadavli. garas

da Turmanaulebs da, saerTod, gogolaurebs, es

qmedeba davlaTSi GaeTvalaT da xevisberebma

apaties garas da mere gogolaurebs danaSauli:

`raki maisti gatexao, _ uTqvams maTuris xevis-

bers, _ gogolaurs me ki virigebo, danarGen Te-

mebma Tavad iciano~ da gatyda. vercaRa sxva Te-

mebma qnes~ (38, #25451).

SesaniSnavia, rom maistis gatexa provocire-

buli iyo laSaris Tavxevisberis mier misda

uneburad, romelsac garasTvis, jer kidev pir-

titvela yrmisTvis uTqvams _ àqao, ra didi

guliTa xaro, ra maistis cxvar-Zroxa mamitaneo~

(iqve). am sityvebma aanTo garas suli, gaaxela

`wiTeli xari~ da, rogorc Tqmuleba gad-

mogvcems, TxuTmeti wlis Wabukma xeli daavlo

laSaris jvaris droSas, aragvisaken daeSva,

samgzis ibana aragvSi da droSac gabana. mere

jvarSi avida da xalxs gamoucxada: qisteTs

mivdivar, maisti unda gavtexoo (38, #25457). es

sruliad dauSvebeli saqcieli iyo _ xevisberis

funqciis uzurpacia, droSis xelyofa (kvlav ga-

vixsenoT aluda qeTelauris analogiuri

qmedeba). magram gara ar isjeba; man Tavisi dav-

laTiT gaamarTla, rac gabeda: droSiT xelSi,

rogorc xevisberma da meomarma, gatexa maisti.

Tumca gara gamonaklisia, misi gabedva ar aris

andrezad dadebuli; mis saqciels veravin

gaimeorebs dausjelad. garas saqcielis an-

cclxix

drezad amRebs igive Gveneba unda hqonoda, rac

garas; exila jvarTan morkinali sakuTari dav-

laTi, an raRac sxva niSani gamocxadeboda, rac

gaabedvinebda.

tradiciul sazogadoebaSi winapris saqcieli

magaliTia, romlis mixedviT unda iqceodes STa-

momavloba. ras vityviT gara Turmanaulze? gara,

cxadia, andrezis gmiria, magram is srulebiT ar

aris andrezuli, masSi aris raRac gansakuTre-

buli, ganumeorebeli, rac gamoar-

Gevs mas im winaprisagan, romelTa

qcevani safuZvlad udevs STamo-

mavalTa qcevebs. garas SaTamo-

mavali xevisberi ver daiwyebs Tavis

sakulto moRvaweobas imgvaradve,

rogorc daiwyo garam _ TviTneburad ver daav-

lebs xels jvaris uwmides sagans, da ver ga-

moacxadebs Tavs sakuTari nebiT xevisbrad. aseTi

saqcielis gambedavs unda esmodes davlaTis xma,

rogorc xma jvarisa, da albaT maSin SeiZleba

xevisbrad dadgomis tradiciuli wesisgan gadax-

veva. ase xdeba maSin, roca dgeba amis gardau-

vali aucilebloba, roca sxva gza ar Gans; roca

ar Gans kaci, romelic gabedavs gautexavi cixis

gatexas, rom saymos ocneba aRasrulos. amis sa-

kuTari nebiT, saymos dasturis gareSe

aRmsrulebeli xarizmatuli (davlaTiani) pirov-

neba unda iyos; masze unda gadmovides xarizma _

madli, rac sruliad norG asakSi aucilebeli,

cclxx

tradiciulad mimdinare ritualTa gverdis av-

liT SeaZlebnebs xevisbrobas da saymos wi-

namZRolobas. davlaTiani gara upirispirdeba

tradicias, magram is, SesaZloa, axal tradicias

uyrides safuZvels.

garas upiratesoba is aris, rom gara saymos

genezisSi ibadeba, dalevamde miyvanili saymos

xelaxal genezisSi. iq aris misi fesvi. is bebris

Svilia, rogorc zamTris daleuli mzis Svili,

romelic Tavis droze dauval mzed iqceva. aR-

mavali Zala Gans mis pirovnebaSi, mis rwmenaSi

da imedSi davlaTisadmi. magram garaSi ar aris

pirovnuli individualizmi, rasac ebrZvis jvari

da saymo. gara iqceva ise, rogorc sWirdeba say-

mos Tavis arsebobis gadamwyvet Jams, sikvdil-

sicocxlis zRurblze. garas individualizmSi

ganaxlebuli da aRorZinebuli saymos individu-

alizmia, riTac is ucxo sazogadoebebs

upirispirdeba. aseT dros saymos sulieri

Zalebi, rwmena, imedi, davlaTian pirovnebaSia

daunjebuli. unda iTqvas, rom gara afuZnebs

Tavis pirovnul andrezs, romelsac SeiZleba

erTeulebi mihyvnen saymos istoriis gadamwyvet

gansacdelebSi. magram misi saqcieli ver dam-

kvidrdeba sayovelTao wesad.

niSandoblivia, rom garas davlaTi misi

sikvdilis Semdegac etoqeba laSaris jvaris

davlaTs. aseTi Tqmulebaa darGenili: gara rom

momkvdara, misianebs veRar gaumarjvniaT erTxans.

cclxxi

mere laSaris jvars meenis piriT gamoucxadebia:

gara amoeTxaraT, marjvena beWi aeTalaT da la-

Saris droSisaTvis SeebaT. asec moqceulan _

SeubamT droSaze da kidec gaumarjvniaT (38,

#25458).

pirovnebani, romlebic mkveTrad gamoxatuli

davlaTiT arian aRZrulni, mwvervalebiviT Ganan

saymoSi. isini davlaTis meoxebiT arian aty-

orcnilni oqros Rilis Gveulebrivi, yofiTi

donidan. mwvervalze yofna gansacdelia da dav-

laTis paradoqsi is aris, rom davlaTi kacisa

cxaddeba mxolod da mxolod ukidures gan-

sacdelSi, sikvdil-sicocxlis zRvarze, roca

kacis arseboba bewvze hkidia. ai, am dros iGens

Tavs davlaTi, rogorc saswauli. rogorc jvari

ecxadeba mkadres gadamwyvet viTarebaSi, aseve

gamouqrolebs davlaTi kacs cdaSi, gansacdelSi

da maSin mixvdeba kaci, rom is davlaTiani yo-

fila. Gveulebriv, wynar àmindSi~ davlaTi ar

Gans, mas TiTqos safarveli aqvs dadebuli.

fSav-xevsuruli davlaTi imave tipis movle-

naa, rogorc aris islandiuri hamingja, romelic

xSirad ixsenieba islandiur sagebSi, roca

konungis gabedul nabijzea saubari. ai, rogor

ganmartavs am cnebas a.gureviGi:

`mefeTa sagebSi iRbali (óäà÷à), bedi _ aris

Tviseba, romelic, pirvel yovlisa konungs, be-

lads miewereba. sazogadod, rac ufro warGi-

nebuli da keTilSobilia kaci, miT ufro meti

cclxxii

iRblis mqonea is, miT ufro advilad ixveWs ga-

marjvebas da simdidres^ yoveli konungi flobs

Tavis sakuTar ìRbals~, `nawils~ (äîëÿ), amave

dros is yvela Tavisi winapris iRblis mem-

kvidrea^~ (120, 55).

ìRbali vlindeba adamianis moqmedebebSi,

amitom aqtiuri, uyoymano moqmedeba misi

saqcielis imperativia. yoymani da zedmeti gansja

Sefasebulia, rogorc iRblis uqonlobis niSani.

amas garda, da es arsebiTia, iRblis kategoriis

gagebisaTvis skandinavelebTan, iRbali ar war-

moadgens individis iseT ganuSorebel da marad

Tanmxleb Tvisebas, rom is ar saWiroebdes

ganmtkicebas da sistematur gamocdas moqmede-

baSi. iRblis xarisxze, mis xasiaTzea damokide-

buli adamianis qcevis sasikeTo bolo, magram

mxolod moraluri da fizikuri Zalebis mudmivi

daZabviT SeuZlia mas miaRwios Tavisi iRblis

cxadyofas^~ (120, 52-3).

aq Tqmuli savsebiT gamoxatavs davlaTis cne-

bas; amave dros, davlaTis cneba aris is sasinji

qva, romelic amxels Zireul gansxvavebas Zvel

skandinaviur sazogadebasa da Gvens saymoebs So-

ris. skandinavuri davlaTi mxolod konungTa da

warGinebulTa Tvisebaa, ubralo mokvdavs, rigiT

mebrZols is ar SeiZleba hqondes. Tavis

genezisSi konungoba swored davlaTzea da-

mokidebuli. mas moaqvs adamianisTvis warGineba

da mefoba, xalxis winamZRoloba.

cclxxiii

Gven saymoSi, ramdenadac jvarma moymeni

oqros Rilad SobiT gaaTanaswora erTmaneTTan,

yoveli maTgani potenciurad atarebs davla-

Tianobis SesaZleblobas. yvela SeiZleba iyos

davlaTiani _ rigiTi ymac da mefe ereklec,

RvTisSvilis moZme, Tundac erTxel Tavis

sicocxleSi gamoavlens rigiTi moyme davlaTs

da es yofnis mas saxelisTvis: `WabukaT Ga-

Gaurasa davlaT daajda mParzeda^~ mefis dav-

laTi marTlac grandiozulia Tavisi masStabiTa

da ZaliT, magram mainc davlaTia _ zeadamianu-

ris SemoWra mokvdavis dasazRvrul sicocxleSi

da SesaZleblobebSi, roca RvTiuri gaarRvevs

adamianuri SezRudulobis farglebs. èrekle

batoniSvili RvTisgan as davlaTiani~, ambobs

simRera. WabukaT GaGauras an vinme uTurgaT

giorgis davlaTi (àrdots uTurgis giorgi,

giqris davlaTis qario~, 88,#100), Tumca viwrod

SemosazRvrul asparezze, sadRac miyruebul

xevSi vlindeba, magram Tavisi arsiT is sruli-

adac ar gansxvavdeba mefuri davlaTisagan.

davlaTma SeiZleba yvelas gamouqrolos,

oRond mxolod maSin, roca moyme moqmedebs,

xolo misi moqmedeba brZolaa anu cda. es aris

misi mniSvnelovani saqmianoba, sadac Tavs iGens

misi egzistencia. moymis davlaTi Tavs ver iGens

mSvidobiani Sromis dros, gansxvavebiT bibliuri

iosebisa, romelsac Tavis egvipteli batonis

saxlSi `yvelaferSi xeli hqonda momarTuli~

cclxxiv

(dab. 39, 2). SesaniSnavia, rom saymos enaze brZo-

las ewodeba cda, sadac moyme cdis Tavs, sadac

unda ganicados davlaTis qrolva, romlis

molodini arasodes stovebs mas. am molodiniT

elis is Jams, rodis Gaebmeba cdaSi da swuxs

mTeli arsebiT, roca ar eZleva cdis saSualeba:

bralia mindiaisad, xan ro ar eqna cdisao

(88, #103).

is sizmrad xedavs cdas da mouTmenlad elis

gaTenebas, rom ar gauSvas xelidan cda, romelic

misi davlaTis saunjea:

kldis ZirSi daZinebulsa sizmar unaxavs

cdisao,

meelis gaTenebasa, masvla uxaris mzisao

(88, #193).

magram moymem isic icis, rom cdaSi mxolod

Tavganwirvisas modis davlaTi, romelsac

sikvdilis sunTqva moaqvs Tan; is Tavs iGens iseT

gansacdelSi, sadac moyme sikvdil-sicocxlis

zRvarzea, magram gadarGenaze ar unda fiqrob-

des, radgan `Wkvians~ gaurbis davlaTi; misi

fesvi iracionalurSia. is zena samyarodan aris

mofrenili da, rogorc jvaris mtredi, mxarze

ajdeba moymes, rom Tavisi uxilavi frTis Sexe-

biT erTi wamiT mainc aswios wuTisoflidan da

maradiulobas aziaros.

vaJa-fSavelas leqsSi `martooba~, romlis

dasawyisi sityvebia àRar mestumra arwivi~,

gvecnaureba xalxuri warmodgena davlaTis bune-

cclxxv

baze, Tumca xalxur poeziaSi versad davadas-

turebT, rom davlaTi frTosani arwivi iyos.

albaT es vaJas piradi warmosaxvis nayofia.

amasTanave isic SesaniSnavia, rom davlaTi

brZolis velidan mis leqsSi STagonebisa da Se-

moqmedebis (am sityvis farTo azriT) asparezzea

gadanacvlebuli. poeti eZaxis arwivs, rogorc

mkadres SeeZlo miemarTa jvaris macnisaTvis:

modi, arwivo, sada xar?

SoriTve gicnob xmazeda.

Sens mosvlas roca ki vigrZnob,

gamovicvlebi wamzeda;

myis vtoveb dedamiwasa,

gadavsaxldebi cazeda.

xan fandurs SavaJRaruneb,

xan davamRereb Tarzeda.

xan vtiri, xana vloculob,

xan brazs, Sxams vanTxev Sxamzeda.

roca arwivi Tan maxlavs,

mizis marjvena mxarzeda, _

mefisa madga gvirgvini,

vzivar samefo taxtzeda!

Seuracxyofas vin mkadrebs?

salams miZRvnian cdazeda.

roca arwivi wamiva,

Gvari var mcire Gvarzeda.

dammaleT, nu gamomaGenT,

ar SescdeT, damsvaT jarzeda.

cclxxvi

poeti sakuTar cdaSi ganicdis davlaTis mi-

moqcevas; am mimoqcevaSi, romelic edareba zRvis

ritms, gadis misi cxovreba. zogjer es Sinagani

cda sivrcul-droJamul gamoxatulebas poulobs

mTa-barisa da gazafxul-zamTris monacvleobaSi

(42). mTa da gazafxuli gancdilia, rogorc su-

lieri aRzevebis da STagonebis dro da adgili;

am dros da aq davlaTis frinveli arwivi aRwevs

Tavis mwvervals. xolo bari da zamTari dacemaa,

miwier tyveobaSi yofna, roca arwivi uGinardeba;

SesaZlebelia, samudamod gauGinardes.

davlaTi tragikuli fenomenia.

davlaTis gauGinarebis, misgan ganwirulobis

mudmiv safrTxeSi gadis davlaTianis cxovreba,

romelic mTavrdeba tragikulad, radgan dav-

laTma ar SeiZleba ar gaswiros, an ar daayenos

gabudayebis gzaze da daRupos. an is ver aitans

davlaTis gancdas da gabediTebamde midis, rad-

gan adamianis buneba SezRudulia da ver uZlebs

davlaTis usasrulobas, Tumca misi moqmedebis

dro wamisyofaSia moqceuli.

ai, TorRva, romlis davlaTianobis amomwurav

daxasiaTebas iZleva masze Seqmnili xalxuri

leqsebi da prozauli gadmocemebi.

oblobiT amaizarda TorRva Zaganis gvario,

amaes amaiyola navTi da nakvercxalio.

iorSi amaiGqvifa, SoriT vin uga Tvalio.

didebuloba dauTqves, beWebs unaxes jvario.

cclxxvii

marjvniv mze werebuliyva, marcxniske mTvaris

nalio^

oblobaSi imaleba misi gansakuTrebuloba,

misi davlaTi. es Zveli xalxuri warmodgenaa _

oblebad daizardnen amirani da Zmani misni,

oboli iyo farnavazi, romelic Semdeg didebas

ewia Tavisi davlaTiT, obolia zRapris bevri

gmiri, romelic sabolood xelmwifebas aRwevs.

magram TorRvas obloba faravs mis warmoSobas

bagrationisagan (gadmocemiT, is aleqsandres Tu

romeliRac batoniSvilis nabiWvari yofila);

amaTgan gamohyolia mas, rogorc zemoT moyvanil

nawyvetSi Gans, sagvareulo didebulebis niSnebi,

romelTa Sesaxeb qristofore kasteli lapara-

kobs Tavisi naxatebis minawerebSi (41, #3, #9). es

aris saidumlo daRi, romelic mSobeli dedis

garda aravis ar unda exila; magram viRacam

Tvali mohkra (`vin uga Tvalio~), roca nabanavebi

TorRva ivris wylidan dedaSobila amodioda.

Tu adre `xTisagan davlaTian~ TorRvas tyvia ar

ekareboda, am saidumlo niSnebis gamoaSkaravebis

Semdeg Svid weliwads naavadari kacis mier nas-

roli isris msxverpli xdeba.

meore versiiT, TorRvas ifaravda ara

saidumlo niSnebi, aramed gveleSapisgan naGuqari

jaWvis perangi, romelic albaT misma davlaTma

Gaagdebina xelSi:

sanadiroSi TorRvama TeTr jiPvs maxkida

Tavlio,

cclxxviii

fePi gausxlta TorRvasa, myinvarm gauRo

kario,

veSap myinvarSi namyofi gauxda megobario,

TorRvasa Gasacmelada aGuqa samanqanio

(88, #44-d).

TeTr jixvs*, rogorc irems farnavazi, mihyavs

TorRva im adgilamde, sadac dasabamiTve eloda

mas jaWvis perangis saxiT ginivTebuli misi

davlaTi. misi es gamocdileba amgvarad aris

gadmocemuli prozaul TqmulebaSi: `TorRva

sanadirod yofila, erT alagas yinulSi Gavard-

nila, iq veSapi wolila da imas dascemia. Turme

siciviTa da simSiliT kvdeboda TorRva. Seecoda

veSaps, amoiRebs Tvals, alokebs, gaaZRobs da

gaaTbobs. gauZmobildeba. im veSaps miucia jaWvi,

_ begTari, _ tanze Gasacmelad. Turme iseTi

Tviseba hqonda im jaWvs, sadac xmals

daartyamdnen, an tyvia da isari moxvdeboda, sul

iq miixveteboda Turme da veRarafers aklebda

iaraRi^~ (88, 351).

didebuloba, davlaTianoba, saswaulebrivi

jaWvis perangi _ es yvelaferi pirad siGauqesTan

erTad avalebda TorRvas, rom daecva fSav-

xevsureTis da TuSeTis saymoebi, rogorc icavd-

nen maT maTi kanonieri patronebi _ bagrationebi,

raki is imaT naSierad aRiarebda Tavs. poeturi

fragmentebidan Gans, rom TorRva cdilobs Tav- * amave epizodis amsaxvel sxva leqsSi TeTr jixvs enacvleba TeTri yorani, romelic Tan Gay-

veba miwis napralSi gauGinarebul jaWvis perangs (88, #44-v).

cclxxix

isi didebuli warmoSobis ganaRdebas xevsureTis

sinamdvileSi _ is TiTqos ikrebs Tavis garSemo

saymos, is batonobs; is cdilobs teritoriis

dapatronebas:

vaJkacni eegeTani TorRvasa xyvandes ymanio

(88, 44-d).

gamigonian Pevsurni, TorRvas ro xyvandes

ymania,

TorRva ikvlevda adgilsa, batonis nabiWvaria

(88, #44-v).

TorRva cdilobs daiWiros bagrationi bato-

nis adgili mTis saymoebSi da, raki bagrationi

RvTisSvilTa moZmed aris Seracxili, TorRvac

TiTqos `jvarobs~ Tavis TanamemamuleTa Soris,

rac SeumGneveli ar darGenila. xalxuri poezia

gansakuTrebiT ar aviTarebs am Temas, magram

zogierTi detali TorRvas garSemo Seqmnil le-

qsebSi aSkarad metyvelebs am suliskveTebaze:

SamoZugZugebs TorRvai, ro ZuZauri jvario,

romelsac, rogorc marTlac jvars*, sauflo

saklavs uklaven:

meoTxed mosuls dagikal TeTri qorai

Pario^

magram nacvlad imisa, rom davlaTian-

nawiliani da Seuval-jaWvis-perangosani TorRva

yofiliyo Tavisi saymos patroni da mcavi-

* `koSki dgas ielovanSi, TorRvais naburTvalio~ (88, #44-b) _ rogorc vxedavT, TorRvasac

gauGnda `koSki~, rogorc jvaris kvrivi, sadac `burTaobs~ jvari; gavixsenoT jvarTa gavr-celebis epiTeti `moburTvali~.

cclxxx

mfaravi, rogorc bagrationT naSieri da

RvTisSvilTa moZme, is xdeba maTi mtarvali da

moZalade; is vardeba gabudayebaSi, risganac misi

saxelis sadidebel leqsSic ki afrTxileben:

Sagaqi, nu gazdiddebi, mama meca myav Pmliani,

samT Saxkravs SenisTanaTa jaWvianT peran-

giani

(88, #43-g).

`maTqvami~ qali am ukanaskneli sityvebiT

gaaxsenebs TorRvas, rom davlaTi ar aris misi

pirovnuli Tviseba, rom mis gareSe is ubralo

mokvdavad iqceva da misi momrevic moiZebneba

saymoSi.

roca TorRvas gabudayeba mwvervals aRwevs,

is iTxovs damatebiT begars, TiTqos umniSv-

nelos erTi SexedviT:

mSavleb, umateT begarsa TiTo tarigi

cxvario,

TiTo nacrian tomara, mTaze davyara

mSralio.

sakar-ymod SamikrifodiT laRis arwivis

mPario

(88, #44).

TiTqos ra aris erTi tarigi, tomara nacari

da arwivis frTa, magram es gaxda ukanaskneli

wveTi moTminebis TasSi, _ swored am dros iw-

yeba misi dacema da is, davlaTwarTmeuli, xdeba

msxverpli iseTi kacisa, romlis xeliT srule-

biT ar moeloda daRupvas. SesaZlebelia, im

cclxxxi

kacis mxarze gadainacvla davlaTma, rom gabeda

da TorRvasTana kacs daumizna isari. mkvleli

ase mimarTavs mokluls:

TorRvav, nu damemdurebi, Zalisa moge Zalio.

Svid wels var naavadari, samsa ki _

nacivario.

muPliT movziden boZalsa, _ PelSi ara maqv

janio^

(88, #44-T).

naavadari da aqamde usaxelo GonTa, ase erqva

TorRvas mkvlels, marTlac ver SeZlebda am

saqmes, rom misi msxverpli maT Sexvedramde ar

yofiliyo ganwiruli davlaTisagan. davlaTma

gawira gabudayebuli* iseve, rogorc aRTqmis

gamtexeli gvelismWameli mindia, romelsac

waerTva zebunebrivi sibrZne, rac sabolood misi

tragikuli daRupvis mizezi Seiqna.

ucxo Tvali, romelic yovelTvis mtrulia,

SeniSnavs TorRvas beWebze aRbeWdili jvris,

mzisa da mTvaris gamosaxulebebs _ misi

nawilianobis piktografiul niSnebs, romelTa

arseboba mis tanze saidumlod unda dar-

Geniliyo sikvdilamde. es niSnebi, rogorc Til-

isma, icavda mas gansacdelSi, vidre dRis si-

naTle ar ixiles maT. TorRva hkargavs veSapis

naGuqar `samanqanur~ jaWvis perangsac, romelSic

* gabudayebas erTvis Ralatic: `Zmobilis moRalatesa RmerTm giyvas samarTalio~ (88, #44-T).

oRond gaurkvevelia, vin aris es Zmobili. jaWvis perangis mGuqebeli veSapic mis Zmobilad ixseneba (Ralatis epizodi ucnobia).

cclxxxii

msgavsad vaxtang gorgaslis vigris tyavisa, arc

isari da arc tyvia ar atanda. SesaniSnavia, rom

es orive sabediswero danakargi banaobis dros

SeemTxva TorRvas: erTxel iorSi àmoGqvebisas~,

roca `Tvali uges~ mis SiSvel tans; meored,

roca arWilos wyalSi sabanaod Gasulma

uyuradRebod miatova jaWvi. ai, rogor gamoiTqva

leqsad es epizodi:

Gamodidnen andaksa monadireni rvania.

TorRvaic amand Gamaxyva, ro yvirilobis Pa-

ria.

beGavad rasam maRbijavs, emGnevis natiralia.

_ `jaWvi ra uyav, TorRvao, Zmobilis naGu-

qaria?~

_ `sanadiroGi gadavel, nadirT movavle

Tvalia;

Gavedi arWiloSia, movPele Tbili wyalia.

me Gaved sabanaoda, jaWvs gavanebe Tavia.

maSin davkarge tiali, veRar movxkide Tvalia.

egre gacurda e jaWvi, rogorc mdinare wy-

alia.

gamauyene mdevari, ver mauPeles kvalia.

wamoved, raRas viqmodi? imad var natiralia~

(88, #44-z).

banaoba Zveli miTologiuri motivia; mobanave

TorRva, romelic kargavs SobiTgan boZebuls Tu

gansacdelSi mopovebuls, Zveli miTosebis per-

sonaJebs enaTesaveba, mag., gilgameSs, romelic

banaobis dros kargavs uyuradRebod migdebul

cclxxxiii

siWabukis balaxs, didi wvalebiT rom amoitana

okeanis fskeridan. aseve evfratidan SiSvlad

amosul gmirebs _ gilgameSsa da enqidus _

daadga Tvali qalRmerTma iSTarma, rac erT-

erTi maTganisTvis sabediswero Seiqna (ix. kari

VI). qaosis frinvelma, anzudma, banaobis dros

mohpara samyaros ufals, enlils, bedisweris

dafebi (46, 90).

wodebulni da rGeulni

Sarmanaulo, Savardenoo,

mTibelni gixarianRaeo?

mTibel-mamklisa sanayrodao

dumas ziscvarSi xarSavRaeo?

bevrais jiPvis gamgoresao,

Tofsa Pirimsa zidavRaeo?

mtrisa bevrais gamjavresao,

welze frangulsa ibamRaeo?

stumris bevrisa masaxursao,

tyavsa qemxiTa xkeravRaeo?

bevrais mtrisa gamrigesao,

enasa bWeSi zidavRaeo?

(79, #149).

am xevsuruli xmiT natiralSi paradigmulad

aris aRnusxuli yoveli saqmianoba, romelTa

aRsrulebaSi gadis TiToeuli ymis wuTisofeli.

motirali saTiTaod GamoTvlis maT daRupulis

cxedarTan Sekrebili xalxis gasagonad da sa-

gulisxmoa, rom yovelive amas saymo, TiToeuli

cclxxxiv

moyme, diacis piriT ismens. romc ar ganmeordes

naTqvami, am sityvebs Rrmad ibeWdavs maTi max-

sovroba. SromaSi, nadirobaSi, brZolaSi, maspin-

ZlobaSi, saymos TanxmobisaTvis zrunvaSi gadis

cxovreba Sarmanaulisa. natirali Tavisi

lakoniurobiT da amomwuravobiT arqetipul

mniSvnelobas iZens rigiTi ymis amsofliuri

yofierebisaTvis, Tumca is, rogorc natirali,

damwuxrebuli gulis uSualo amoZaxilia: dai

tiris Zmaze, dabadebasa da sikvdils Soris mo-

qceul erT sicocxleze, rogorc wuTisoflis

dasasrulze, romlis tragizms itvirTavs ori-

ode TiTqosda umniSvnelo marcvali _ Rae.

aq GamoTvlil xuTi rigis saqmianobas unda

eweodes adamiani, Tu mas surs (da ar SeiZleba

es ar surdes) iyos saymos sruluflebiani wevri

_ yma saymoSi, moyme moymeTa Soris. es niSnavs:

saymos warsulSi (ufro dasabamSi) Seqmnil yai-

daze unda warmarTos man Tavisi cxovreba. am

TvalTaxedviT, es natirali mamaTa andrezis

saukeTeso gadmomcemia, is saymos kodeqsia, saso-

warkveTili diacis piriT Tqmuli; amoZaxebuli

usasoo mwuxarebaSi. ai, es andrezia STabeWdili

Svilis cnobierebaSi, mas unda asrulebdes is,

Tuki surs, ekuTvnodes mamaTa saymos. is unda

fiqrobdes, moqmedebdes, ibrZodes, maspinZlob-

des, saklavs klavdes, qorwindebodes, kvdebodes,

imarxebodes^ imgvaradve, rogorc iqceodnen `mas

Jamsa Sina~ mcxovrebi mis winaprebi anu `wina Ja-

cclxxxv

mis gmirni~, rogorc saymoSi uwodeben maT. rac

moxda erTxel da xdeboda winaT, xdeba axlac

da momavalSic unda moxdes, is aris namdvili;

is unda xorciedebodes ganuwyvetliv, rogorc

mouwodebs simReris striqoni:

ar xkargavT, berdiSvilebo, naqnarsa mam-

papisasa!

(78, #61).

naqnari ymis moRvaweobis yvela sferos

gulisxmobs, magram yvelaze mkveTrad is brZo-

laSi gamoixateba. es `naqnari~, upirveles yov-

lisa, aris cda, romelic mama-papas aqvs

gancdili da rac misma STamomavalmac unda

ganicados.

baraqal, PevsurT Svilebo, winaTac egre qni-

ano!

Pmalni nacadni winani, franguleb ufro Wri-

ano

(78, #440).

is, rac ar aris nacadi, rasac cdaSi ar ga-

mouvlia, saymosTvis moklebulia mniSvnelobas

an arc ki arsebobs. xmali aq maRldeba Tavis

pragmatul daniSnulebaze; is aris ara mxolod

brZolis iaraRi, aramed ganuwyveteli tradiciis,

modenilobis materialuri gamomxatveli, ro-

gorc mamaTa cdis matarebeli. is anivTebs saymos

tradiciulobas. xmali iseTive niSania saymos

saero aspeqtisa (Tumca brZolac saRvTo xasiaTs

iRebs xSirad), rogorc droSa da Tasi _ sak-

cclxxxvi

raluri yofisa. rac ufro Zvelia xmali, rac

ufro metis xelSia gamotarebuli, miT ufro

mWrelia _ `Pmalni nacadni winani, franguleb

ufro Wriano~; an roca mas lesaven, yvela sxva

axal xmalze ufro mWrelia:

winaTa mamaT naqonni dalesnes, ufro Wriano

(78, 186).

am `dalesvaSi~ Gans aucilebloba Zveli

modenilobisa, tradiciisa, drodadro ganax-

lebisa. xmali, gamoWedili `wina Jams~, mas Jamsa

Sina, momdevno Taobebma unda leson da leson.

es aris TaobaTa saqme dro-Jamis denaSi. `winaTa

mamaT naqoni~ xmali ara mxolod imarjvebs, ara-

med qmnis istorias. is aris droTa kavSiris ni-

Sani, amave dros is unda iyos niSani saymoTa

konsolidaciisa, rogorc gvicxadebs erTi cno-

bili simReris striqonebi:

xmalo, xevsureTs naWedo, alvanSi TuSma gag-

fera,

mefe ereklem dagloca, saomrad jvari

dagwera.

es xmali aris istoriuli xmali, am sityvis

Rrma gagebiT.

saymo gamsWvalulia im suliskveTebiT, rasac

m.eliade xedavs tradiciul sazogadoebaSi, ro-

gorc mis arsebiT safuZvels: rom òbieqti an

moqmedeba imdenad aris realuri an namdvili,

ramdenadac is hbaZavs an imeorebs arqetips^~ rom

tradiciuli kulturis kaci Seicnobs Tavis

cclxxxvii

Tavs, rogorc realurs, mxolod imdenad, ramde-

nadac is wyvets TavisTavadobas da hbaZavs an

imeorebs sxvis qcevebs^~ (153, 64). es `sxva~ aris

ara viRac sxva, aramed misi winapari, romelic

man unda aRiaros Tavis TavSi, Tavis fiqrebSi,

Tavis moqmedebaSi, qcevaSi. winapari mas akeTe-

binebs, rasac is akeTebs da rogorc akeTebs.

saymo savsebiT, Tavis mTlianobaSi, gamoukle-

bliv patriciulia anu iseTi sazogadoeba, ro-

melmac icis mama (155, 273). yovel SemTxvevaSi, is

eZebs mamas: `GvenSi ician kacisai: rkinis sa-

kidliT dabmuliao. gind sawyal kac iyvas, mainc

maPelavs Tavis Gamamavlobis sityvas^~ (22, 60).

romelime Zlier sagvareulos Sekedlebuli,

masTan xar-qvabiT Seyrili susti gvari aRiarebs

naTesavad ara mxolod Tanamedrove naSierT am

gvarisas, aramed mis winaprebsac, Tvlis ra maT

pirvel-mamas Tavis winaprad. axali mamis aRi-

areba gulisxmobs, unda gulisxmobdes, sagva-

reulo andrezebis gaTavisebas, maT GabeWdvas

cnobierebaSi da, albaT, qcevaTa gardaqmnas am

sagvareulos zne-GveulebaTa mixedviT.

zemoT motanil xevsurul Tqmas kacze da sa-

kidelze, romelic winaprisagan modenilobis

uwyvet jaWvs gamoxatavs simbolurad, exmaureba

erTi cnobili gamoTqmis a.gureviGiseuli para-

frazi, riTac man scada daexasiaTebina Zveli

germanelis (am terminis farTo gagebiT) TviT-

Segneba: `miTxari, vin aris Seni winapari da ge-

cclxxxviii

tyvi, vina xar Sen~ (121, 140). sazogadod,

a.gureviGis dakvirvebebi Zvel germanelTa Tu

skandinavelTa, kerZod, islandielTa sazogadoe-

bisa da maT warmomadgenelTa cnobierebis stru-

qturaze, Tavisuflad SeiZleba gamoviyenoT Gveni

saymoebis dasaxasiaTeblad. is wers: ìslandi-

eli ar aris mowyvetili Tavis organul kole-

qtivs da misi gageba SeiZleba mxolod rogorc

am koleqtivis wevrisa. misi cnobiereba (Segneba)

ar aris individualisturi, is azrovnebs

mTlianis _ Tavis jgufis kategoriebiT, is

xedavs sakuTar Tavs TiTqos garedan, sa-

zogadoebis TvaliT. radgan ar SeuZlia Seafa-

sos Tavisi Tavi sxvagvarad, Tu ara ise, rogorc

mas sazogadoeba afasebs~ (iqve).

òrganuli koleqtivia~ swored Gveni saymo,

romelic iqmneba vercxlis (an oqros) RilTa da-

badebiT jvaris droSis sakadrisebidan, saerTo

wiaRidan, rogorc wiaRidan abraamisa. jvarSi

gayvanis ritualis azric swored is aris, rom

ymebi gaTanaswordnen patronis winaSe erT-

maneTis mimarT, rom gamarTldes maTi saxel-

wodeba _ mo-ym-e. marTlac, isini ar ganirGevian

erTmaneTisagan damwyalobnebis teqstSi, romli-

Tac xucesi _ Suamavali saymosa da jvars Soris

_ akanonierebs maT wamoyenebul samsaxurs, da

romlis erTaderTi misamarTi aris jvari; ro-

melsac ismens jer jvari, mereRa mis karze Sek-

rebilni. yvelasaTvis erTia warmosaTqmeli, upi-

cclxxxix

ratesoba aravis eniWeba. jvars surs, rom misi

ymani Tanasworni ibadebodnen da, raki es ase ar

xdeba, is Tavis karze saRvTo ritualiT aTanas-

worebs maT. misTvis mis karze yvelani wode-

bulni arian, magram maT Soris jvari gamoarGevs

Tavis rGeulT, raTa Tavisi samsaxuris mZime

tvirTi daakisros.

a.zisermanma mTis saymoebs `meomruli sa-

zogadoebebi~ uwoda (125, 208). magram es

calmxrivi daxasiaTebaa. saymoebi, pirvel rigSi,

sakraluri sazogadoebebia, radgan maTi er-

Tianobis uzenaesi gamoxatuleba aris sakraluri

realoba _ jvari, romelic Tavis TavSi moicavs

meomrul aspeqtsac. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, sa-

zogadoebis meomrul mxares, esoden aucilebels

da bunebrivs mis cxovrebaSi, sanqcias aniWebs

jvari _ Tavad meomari, ris gamoc brZola aR-

qmulia saymos cnobierebaSi rogorc wmida saqme:

is iwyeba jvaris karze jvaris gadawyvetilebiT

da mTavrdeba jvaris karzeve, sadac jvaris

droSasTan erTad brundebian nabrZoli moymeni.

jvari iRebs monawileobas maT brZolebSi, ro-

gorc RvTiuri sardali, romelic cxenze amxe-

drebuli win miuZRvis maT da Telavs mtris ri-

gebs. Tu jvaris karze jvari uwyinari mtredis

aRiT ecxadeba mkadres, velze, moymeTa cdaSi is

cxaddeba rogorc uwyalo mxedari, romlis

saxiT saymo cnobs Tavis mfarvels _ wmindans

Tu angelozs: Zlevamosil wmida giorgis da

ccxc

miqael mTavarangelozs. es ar aris subieqturi

Gveneba, romelic mxolod saymos warmosaxvaSi

asebobs; ara, Gveneba sayovelTaoa, obieqturi:

jvars mxedris saxiT saymos mtrebic xedaven

brZolis qar-cecxlSi, rogorc didgoris omSi

orive mxare _ Zlevamosil wmida giorgis (73,

341).

ar dagcildaa, RilRvlebo, samans ro dgem-

diT Zvlisasa,

TeTrtaiWosans xedevdiT saxes arxotis

jvrisasa?

jvari saymos genezisSi, roca is gamouGnda

patronad saymos, xom meomari iyo; is axlac, is-

toriul xanaSi, asrulebs am saqmes: ebrZvis say-

mos mtrebs, rogorc `mas Jamsa Sina~ ebrZoda de-

vebs, da saymos mtrebi xom im devebis saxes war-

moadgenen sakraluri sazogadoebis TvalSi.

mterTan brZola Tu gamarjvebiT mTavrdeba,

jvaria am gamarjvebis sulisGamdgmeli. magram

uSualod cdaSi, romelic aRniSnavs ukanasknel,

sabediswero Setakebas, monawileoben rGeuli

moymeni, `kai ymebi~, romlebic jvaris `saRvTo

laSqris~ mowinave razms warmoadgenen. isini

jvaris raindebi arian, iseTive Tavganwirulni,

rogorc Tavad jvarni iyvnen `mas Jamsa Sina~.

vaJa wers: `gmiri imdenad Tavis TavisTvis ara

cocxlobs da imdens ar akeTebs, ramdensac Tem-

isTvis, magram am samsaxurisaTvis saxelis meti

araferi hrGeba. mxolod xatobis dros xevisberi

ccxci

gansakuTrebul didis TasiT gmirs sakargymos

(kai yma) asmevs. sikvdilis Semdeg mTeli Temi

hglovobs, xatobis dros oficialurad ismis

gmiris Sesandobari. jer xevisberi ityvis da

mere didi da patara moayolebs Sesandobars.

diaR, gmiri msxverplia soflisa: sxvas aZRobs,

TviTon mSieria, sxvis sicocxlisaTvis TiTon

sikvdils eZleva pirSi~ (26,87).

cdaSi saxelmoxveWilni, rogorc saymodan ga-

morGeulni, sakraluri pirni arian da maTi es

sakraluroba kidev ufro matulobs, roca isini

sakuTari sisxliT gainaTlebian, rogorc

`msxverplni soflisa~. maSin isini axlos dganan

jvarTan. sxvisi sicocxlisaTvis Tavganwirul

moymeTa apoTeozi, maTi amaRleba Gveulebrivi

donidan, kargad Gans laSaris jvaris `pirof-

lianTa~ SemTxvevaSi: piroflianni arian cdaSi

daRlili moymeni, sulieri STamomavalni im

Svidi piroflianisa, romelTac gara Tur-

manaulis xanaSi daRvares cdaSi ofli da Tavi-

anTi daRupviT ixsnes laSqari. es aris er-

TaderTi SemTxveva, roca jvari iTmens (ìxdens~)

adamianis ofls, radgan is dadenilia brZolis

velze Tavganwirulis mier, mas sisxlis fasi

aqvs miniWebuli; radgan es ofli ar aris adami-

anis sxeulis zedapiruli gamonadeni; is iRvreba

misi arsebidan, romelic mis ZvalSia SenivTe-

buli; is aris misi mironi, rogorc mefe erek-

leze gvamcnobs Tqmuleba, rom `mironi nefe

ccxcii

erekles Zvlebs Gamohdiso~ (82, #10). rigiT kai

ymebze ki vaJa idumali gancdiT ambobs `baxtri-

onis~ SesavalSi, rom

aRar SfoToben saflavSi

gmirT oflis mRvreli Zvalebio.

`kai yma~ rom jvaris wmidaa, amis dasturia

ara mxolod misTvis gankuTvnili sakargymo Tasi

sicocxleSi da Sesandobari sikvdilis Semdeg,

romlebic xatobaze Seismis; aseve laSaris pi-

roflianTa saxsenebeli sasmisi, moyolebuli

uSualod `Pelmwife-laSaris jvris~ sadideblis

Semdeg (87, 438), aramed qalTa sqesisadmi maTi

damokidebulebac, rac gamoxatulia erT-erTi

maTganis, `sisxlis wvimebis~ droindeli gmiris,

mamuka qalundauris saxelSi: qal-undauri, anu

kaci, romelic qalis undomelia, ùndauri~*.

moviSveliebT vaJas dakvirvebas gmiris bunebaze:

`Tumca kargad viciT, rom qalis siyvaruli

gmirs gmirobas ar uSlis, aramed umatebs kidec

mxneobas da simamaces, magram xalxi diacis miy-

olas uSlis gmirs, rogorc misi Rirsebis

damamcirebel saqmes. amgvars Sexedulobas xalx-

isas sakuTari mizezi aqvs, romelic sul sxva

saTavidan momdinareobs. vgoneb, rom fSavlis

romantiuli buneba qristianul elements

dauZlevia. gmiri erTsa da imave dros mtris

sixlis mqcevelic aris da wmindanic, rogorc

* Sdr. `qmar-undauri~ (88, #654).

ccxciii

mfarveli Tavis Temisa. raki igi madlis momqme-

dia, bevrs sikeTesa da madlsa sTesavs qveyanaze;

rogorc vaJkaci wmindani, Tavis siwmindisa da

vaJkacobis dasagvirgvineblad qalebsac unda

eridos~ (25, 86).

SesaniSnavi sityvebi aqvs Tqmuli vaJas Gveni

gmiris dasaxasiaTeblad: `gmiri erTsa da imave

dros mtris sisxlis mqcevelic aris da wmin-

danic^~ TiTqos paradoqsia: rogor SeiZleba

iyos wmindani sisxlis, Tundac mtris sisxlis,

damRvreli; gamanadgurebeli sicocxlisa, ro-

melic sisxlSia (lev. 17, 11-14). magram siwmide

mebrZoli gmirisa ar aris zneobiTi kategoria;

siwmide aq unda gavigoT Zveli aRTqmis sak-

raluri eTikis azriT: wmida aris is, vinc

yoveldRiur yofas da adamianis bunebriv

Gveulebebs aris ganridebuli; is, vinc Tmobs am

cxovrebas da siameTa ama soflisa, rom saRvTo

saqmis aRsrulebis ufleba moipovos. sakralur

sazogadoebaSi saRvTo saqmea omi,

RvTismsaxureba da nadiroba, rac sisxlis

daRvrasTan aris dakavSirebuli. amitom am saqmes

unda asrulebdes an Seudges iseTi kaci, visac

GamoferTxili aqvs wuTisoflis mtveri da ga-

Tavisuflebulia miwier vnebaTagan. xolo erT-

erTi uZlieresi vnebaTagan dakavSirebulia

qalis sqesTan, rasac gaurbian meomarni da mona-

direni TavianTi saqmis aRsrulebis win ara

ubralo kdemamosilebis an zneobrivi patiosne-

ccxciv

bis gamo, aramed im mizniT, rom sqesma, rogorc

bunebiTma stiqiam, ar Seryvnas, ar `dalaxos~

saRvTo saqme, radgan es saqme _ msxverplis Se-

wirva iqneba is, mtris kvla Tu nadiris xocva _

saSiSia, rogorc yoveli sakraluri. aseTi wmi-

dani, mowmidarni iyvnen Zveli aRTqmis gmirebi _

samsoni, gedeoni da sxvani, msajulni da

mxsnelni israelisa gasaWirSi. aseTive mow-

midarni arian Gveni `kai ymani~, Zveli `pirof-

lianni~, romelTa cxovrebis wesSi `qalun-

dauroba~ Sedis, rogorc erT-erTi ZiriTadi

Tviseba. am sferoSi `kai ymani~ baZaven

RvTisSvilT, romelTa wreSi araTu sakraluri

andrezi, aramed xalxis laRi fantaziac ki ver

warmoidgens sasiyvarulo urTierTobebs.

piriqiT: erT-erTi RvTisSvilis biografiaSi

aris epizodi, roca is, misi silamaziT moxi-

blul diacTagan daRwevis mizniT, morige

RmerTs SesTxovs saxis damaxinjebas, rasac us-

rulebs kidec dambadebeli da amgvarad, ula-

mazesi angelozi `pirquSad~ gadaiqceva (am sax-

els atarebs fSavSi axadisa da xevsureTSi

bacaligos jvari). jvaris saxeli, ufro sworad,

fsevdonimi `pirquSi~ SeiZleba kai ymis epiTeta-

dac gamodges, radgan is garegnuli silamaziT

ar aris gamorGeuli. gmiri garegnobiT ar hgavs

mzesa da mTvares. igi Taviseburad aris lamazi:

`svilisferi, Savgvremiani~, _ wers vaJa (26, 83).

ccxcv

`svilisferi~ ki, rogorc cnobili leqsidan

viciT, wmida giorgis saqebari epiTetia:

qajaveT ras iarebi, giorgiv, svilisferao?..

`kai yma~ da `cudai~ yvelaze ufro mkveTrad

swored diacur sawyisTan damokidebulebiT

upirispirdebian erTmaneTs xalxur SairebSi.

kai yma laSqar mokvdeba,

sworebis mjobinobasa.

cudai _ boslis yuresa,

qalebTan loginobasa.

xiluli paTosi, rac zedapirulad ganicdeba,

am striqonebisa aris `kais~ da `cudas~ zneo-

brivi saxis Gveneba; magram mis miRma ga-

mokveTilia am zedapiruli dapirispirebis ufro

Rrma da mniSvnelovani safuZveli: erT mxares

vxedavT kai ymas brZolis velze, cdaSi, sadac

is sikvdils elis, sadac wmida sisxli iRvreba;

meore mxares vxedavT `cudas~ boselSi, mireul

adgilas, sadac is gancxromaSia, sadac uwmiduri

sisxlia daRvrili. erTaderTi RvTisSvili, ro-

melTanac romanuli epizodia dakavSirebuli

xalxis warmosaxvaSi, laSaris jvaria. magram sa-

marTlianoba moiTxovs imis aRniSvnas, rom la-

Saris jvaris `romanuli~ buneba srulebiT

gamoricxavs niSansac ki xorciel-vnebiTi siyva-

rulisas. andrezi ambobs, rom laSas dauwesebia

sworfrobis wes-Gveuleba. SesaZlebelia, swor-

frobis wesi, romelsac ritualis cxadi niSnebi

aqvs, swored `mowmidari~ (am terminis pirobiTi

ccxcvi

gagebiT) kai ymebisaTvis iyo dawesebuli da

droTa viTarebaSi gavrcelebuliyos mTels say-

moSi. SesaZlebelia, am wes-Gveulebis idumalebiT

moculi genezisi kai ymis anu jvaris raindis

`kults~ ukavSirdebodes*. sworfroba unda yo-

filiyo mowmidaris gamocda, romelsac jvari

uwyobs mas; jvarma gansacdelSi unda gaataros

Tavisi raindi, rom moamzados im cdisTvis, ro-

melic mas brZolis velze moelis. sworferTan

urTierToba unda davsaxoT cdad, romelic win

uZRvis im sabediswero, samkvdro-sasicocxlo

cdas (brZolas), rodesac man Tavisi davlaTis

gamovleniT unda daRvaros sxvisi sisxli an

gaiRos sakuTari. sworferTan moqcevis

dadgenili wesebis darRvevis (daulaxavi zRur-

blis dalaxvis) SemTxvevaSi is gaiuwmidurebs

Tavs da usaxelo damarcxebas hpovebs am cdaSi.

sworfrobis yofaSi cnobilni arian `dRiani~

sworferni (4), rac cxadi analogi unda iyos

brZolis cdaSi gamoGenili davlaTisa da sax-

elianobisa. sworfrobaSi SemTxveul marcxs

aranaklebi sircxvili unda moetana moymisaTvis,

vidre brZolis cdaSi damarcxebas. Tu erTgan,

erT cdaSi, Tavganwiruloba unda gamoeGina

jvaris rainds, meoregan, sxva cdaSi, mas jvari

ukidures TavdaWeras (am sityvis Zlieri azriT)

avalebda.

* sworfrobis sxva aspeqtebze mkadreebTan dakavSirebiT ix. naSromis 11,7.

ccxcvii

ai, jvaris rGeuli mamuka qalundauri, rom-

lis metsaxeli (gvarad is gogoWuri iyo,

guroeli) gvicxadebs kaiymis erT mniSvnelovan

niSans, namdvili mowmidari, msgavsi israelis

nazorovelTa, romlis xanmokle sicocxle sas-

waulebSi gadis. oRond es saswaulebi Tavs iGens

mxolod da mxolod cdaSi da ara yoveldRiur

yofaSi, sadac is rigiTi yma iyo jvarisa, ojaxis

gamosakvebad `xifxolais~ (veluri sakvebi mce-

nare) mTxreli. misi xmali iseve gamorGeulia

sxvaTa xmlebisagan, rogorc Tavad aris gamor-

Geuli sxva ymebisagan; xmali aris xiluli ni-

Sani misi nawilianobisa*. besarion gabuuri gad-

mogvcems:

`^ rosac qalundaurs gamarjvebis dRe

mauidod mterze, maSin Tu qalundauris Pmali _

nawilian yofilas da _ qarqaSGigiT Tu amaiwevd,

amiT gaagebiebd patrons gamarjvebis dRes. Pmal

rosac amaiwevd, im dros qalundauri sada ginda

saqmeze namyof gaigebs Pmlis amowevas, sxonairad

gaxdebod^~ (17, 158).

gadmocema gveubneba qalundaurze, rom xmlis

amoweva qarqaSidan, _ rac leqsadac aris aR-

beWdili _ `qalundauris frangulma qarqaSiT

amaiwiva~, _ omis dawyebis niSans aZlevda Tavis

patrons da isic `sxonairad gaxdebod~. Tu ro-

gor unda gavigoT es `sxonairad~ gaxdoma anu

* nawilianobis Taobaze ix. a.arabulis sadisertacio naSromi (1).

ccxcviii

feriscvaleba misi, movitan kvlav besarion ga-

buuris Ganawers: `mamuka qalundaur nawilian

yofilas: rosac salaSqrod sad geemarTebod,

win maskvlaviviT Tu gauZRvebod sveti, anu Suqi~

(17, 159), rogorc uflis rGeul xalxs miuZRoda

win gzis saGveneblad naTlis sveti. qalun-

dauric jvarisagan daculia am Seuvali Sara-

vandiT, rogorc naTqvamia leqsSi:

Samaubrunda, faravda pirze mze, beWebs faria

(81, #152).

am fernacvali saxiT Sedis is cdaSi:

Tan maxyves qalundaursa mamukas Suqni

mzisani (81, #125),

ambobs leqsi.

aseTni arian rGeuli moymeni, cdis kacni, ro-

melTa ofliTa da sisxliT jvari icavs Tavis

vercxlis RilTa Tavisuflebas da erTianobas.

isini jvaris rGeulni arian, raki vercxlis

RilTa dacviT jvars emsaxurebian da aucile-

blobiT inawileben mis siwmides.

kai ymis saxeli garegan cdaSi vlindeba; misi

sarbieli aris veli, xolo Jami rbolisa _ is

xana, roca velad gasvlaa SesaZlebeli (amitomac

uwodeben saymoSi salaSqrod gasvlas

`velobas~); es aris brZolis qronotoposi: dro

gazafxul-zafxuli, asparezi _ gare sivrce. es

viTareba aris aRbeWdili erT xalxur leqsSi

WormeSion kai ymaze, martia misuraulze:

ccxcix

gazafxul raxan movidas, martia velad

gagviva (88, #29).

jvaris patimarni

kai yma cdaSi sikvdilis Tu sisxlis daRvris

wil saxels ixveWs, magram arsebobs iseTi cdac,

sadac saxeli ar aris saZiebeli. piriqiT, aseTi

cdis wiaR gavlilT aravin miiGnevs saxelian ad-

amianebad. aseTi cda ar aris SemozRuduli

weliwadis droiT da arc sivrciT; is SeiZleba

iTqvas, droisa da sivrcis gareSe mimdinareobs.

es aris Sinagani cda, romelsac ganicdian

jvaris msaxurni. mkadre an qadagi; jvaris

msaxurTa ierarqiis umaRlesi warmomadgeneli,

cxovrobs Sinagani cxovrebiT, misi moRvaweobis

wyaro _ dasabami Sinagan cdaSia; is SigniT aris

Sebrunebuli, risi garegani gamoxatulebaa misi

gza-savali beRlisaken an darbazisken, saiTkenac

mas gza exsneba zRurblis dalaxvis wesis Ses-

rulebis Semdeg. GvenTvis cnobilia, rom

mkadreTa xilvebi beRelTan da siRrmeebTan aris

dakavSirebuli: xaxmateli SiSia wyarosTauli

xatis beRelSi Sedis jvaris ganZis mosaxilavad;

aliaT uSiSa jvars Gamohyavs miwisqveSa maranSi

mironiT savse qvevrebis saxilvelad. beReli,

rogorc jvaris erT-erTi nageboba, cxadia, Se-

mozRudulia sivrceSi, magram sakraluri azriT

misi sivrce ganusazRvrelia; manZili iq ar

izomeba iseve, rogorc xmalas salocavis mi-

ccc

wisqeSa daranSi, sivrculi sazomiT. manZilis

erTeulad aq aRebulia anTebuli sanTeli, ro-

melic erTsa da imave dros zomavs da anaTebs

kidec mkadris gzas sakraluri siRrmis

Suagulisaken; wmida sanTeli zomavs sakralurs

da ara fizikur sivrces. ai, sad aris, ra

siRrmeebs swvdeba mkadris Tu qadagis cda. maTi

gza-savali iseve uxilavia, rogorc gaxua me-

grelauris gza daTvisjvaridan qajaveTis sam-

Wedlomde.

gaxua megrelaurze da sxva legendarul

mkadreebze amboben, rom isini angelozebSi iyvnen

`garTulni~ da rom isini maT TavianT wreSi

SehyavdaT da daatarebdnen. esec maTi sulieri

cxovrebis amsaxveli andrezuli faqtebia. ro-

gorc maT beRlidan da mironis daranidan ga-

moaqvT jvar-xatebis saidumlo, aseve ucxadeben

isini saymos angelozTa saidumlos. maTi amgvari

gamocdilebidan modis yvelaferi, rac saymom

icis Tavisi patroni RvTisSvilebis samyaroze.

mkadre Tu qadagi, Tavad STagonebuli jvaris

mier, andrezebis STamagonebelia saymoSi; mas

moaqvs is dvrita sakraluri sferodan, romel-

zedac `fuvdeba~ siuJeti da iqmneba andrezi.

naTqvamia: èg andrez as (aris) naqadagari~, (22,

15).

mkadris moRvaweoba savsebiT sulieria, maSi-

nac ki, roca mas jvaris siwmide _ droSa upyria

xelSi. is ar gamoirGeva fizikuri ZaliT, am `be-

ccci

Gav~ da `Gixa~ kacis, rogorc saymo moixseniebs

maT, sidiade uxilavia, iseve, rogorc uxilavia

misi cdis asparezi. am mxriv mkadre, romelic ar

eZebs saxels da verc hpulobs, kidec rom eZe-

bos, rom hqondes amis ufleba, sruli antipodi

unda iyos kai ymisa. mkadre Tu qadagi sisxls ar

Rvris da arc aravin moiTxovs misgan Tavganwir-

vas, magram misi cda aranakleb saxifaToa velo-

bis cdaze, imdenad saxifaTo, rom is, miuxedavad

jvaris mxardaWerisa, cnobas kargavs jvaris

siwmideTa WeSmariti saxis xilvisas, roca idu-

malebiT moculi òqrosferi xbo~ Tvalebs

risxviT ubrialebs mas; is drkeba sakralurobis

winaSe. mkadris cda-gansacdeli, romelSic gadis

mTeli misi cxovreba mowifulobis xanidan

sikvdilamde, erTi satanjvelia; masSi TiTqos

tanjuli kacobriobis drama ixateba.

erT-erTi saxelwodeba jvaris samsaxurisa,

romelic miesadageba am samsaxuris ierarqiis

yovel wevrs, gansakuTrebiT maT, vinc axlos ar-

ian jvarTan, aris patimari. `dideba Senda qveynis

gamaGinaro, wyalTa da PmelTa damdgmelo,

dideba Senda, giorgiv wyaros gorze daarse-

bulo, giorgi, Sen uSveli SenT patimarTad^~ (63,

4).

patimari sabas ganmartebiT aris `Seukravad

Sepyrobili~; raki jvaris msaxurs `patimari~

ewodeba, es imas niSnavs, rom jvaris msaxuri

jvaris mier pyrobilia Seukravad, jvaris patim-

cccii

rebs ar aGneviaT fizikuri niSnebi borkilebisa,

riTac Seborkilni unda yofiliyvnen isini.

jvars patimrad hyavs ayvanili Tavisi msaxuri,

raki jvaris samsaxuris aRsruleba mxolod im

adamians SeuZlia, romelic gamocalkevebuli

iqneba sazogadoebidan, saero yofidan; romelic

ar iqneba gareuli sxvebSi, anu mireuli, romel-

sac nalaPSi ar eqneba fexi dadgmuli. qris-

tianuli terminologiiT rom gamovTqvaT, pati-

mari aris igive beri, gandegili, romelic RvTis

samsaxuris daubrkoleblad aRsrulebisTvis

ganmdgaria wuTisofels da udabnos gamo-

qvabulebSi ìpatimrebs~ Tavs. aq is ufro axlos

aris Tavis salocavTan, mxolod aq aris misi

cda, mxolod aq gadis is aucilebel gan-

sacdels.

sakralur patimars aqvs erTi gadamwyveti ni-

Sani, romelic ucxoa saero tusaRisaTvis. es ni-

Sani kargad Gans sityva `patimaris~ im mniSv-

nelobaSi, romelic dadasturebulia qarTlur

dialeqtSi: patimari niSnavs wmida, sufTa Rvi-

nos, wyals an erbos (76, 348). Zneli ar aris axsna

semantikuri gadasvlisa patimridan wmidisaken:

is, rac gamocalkevebulia saerTodan, saerodan

an sajarodan, wmidaa. raime nivTi rom wmida

gaxdes an SeinarGunos siwmide, mas unda mo-

Sordes wuTisoflis mtveri. is ar unda iyos

`sawuTros fexiT nalaxi~ (guramiSvili); is pati-

mari unda iyos. patimroba acilebelia imisT-

ccciii

visac, rom jvaris msaxurma moipovos Sinagani

cdis SesaZlebloba, radgan namdvili patimari

Sinagani cxovrebiT cxovrobs; is Tavis SigniT

unda iyos Gabrunebuli. patimrobaSi ecxadeba

adamians Tavisi jvari da salocavi, rogorc

guramiSvils _ xaroSi, sadac is Tavisi RvTae-

brivi patronis STagonebiT WeSmarit gzas pou-

lobs; aq ibadeba is sulis kacad da poetad.

xolo vin aris mkadre an qadagi, Tu ara bibli-

uri sulis kaci~ (ìS ha-ruax~, osia, 9, 7), ro-

melic swvdeba saymosaTvis miuwvdomel re-

alobebs da sityvis ZaliT gareSeTaTvis mi-

sawvdoms xdis maT.

`patimari~ Tavisi xevsurul-qarTluli mniSv-

nelobiT zusti adekvatia ebraeluri sityvisa

nazir (qarTuli bibliis `nazoroveli~), romlis

Ziri nzr Seicavs gamocalkevebis, gandgomis

ideas, saidanac viTardeba konsekraciis da Sewi-

rulobis mniSvneloba, ase rom `RvTis naziri~

(nazir ha-elohim, msaj. 13, 5) imasve gulisxmobs,

rasac `RvTis patimari~, gina `RvTis mowmidari~,

rogorebic iyvnen samsoni, gedeoni da sxvani,

msajulTa epoqis èrismTavrebi~, romlebsac

mowifulobis asakidanve sulier-xorcieli

siwmidis dasacavad (Tu mosapoveblad)

akrZalvebSi unda gaetarebinaT cxovreba. isini,

rogorc mowmidarni, nazorovelni, marTlac,

patimarni iyvnen (ufro sworad, unda yifiliyv-

nen), ar unda gadaelaxaT is sazRvrebi, romle-

ccciv

bic maT mSoblebs hqondaT maTTvis dasazRvruli

jer kidev maT dabadebamde RvTisadmi aRTqmis

dadebisas. bibliur `RvTis patimars~ mSoblebi

Tavisi nebiT swiraven RmerTs, romelic xanga-

moSvebiT avsebs maT Tavisi suliT da amarjve-

binebs israelis mterze; RvTis sulis garda-

mosvla aris erTaderTi jildo maTi patimro-

bisa, maTi dasazRvrul-SezRuduli mowmidaruli

cxovrebisa. magram amis sazRaurad aris wamebi

maT cxovrebaSi, Tumca arcTu xSiri, rodesac

isini ganicdian davlaTis qaris qrolvas, si-

laRes da Tavisuflebas, radgan Tavad suli,

romelic maTze gardmodis am wamebSi, Tavisu-

flebis sulia. gandgomili, TiTqos gariyuli,

akrZalvebiT Seborkili, wuTisoflis siameTa

mTmobeli, mxolod aseT wamebSi ganicdis Tav-

isuflebas da misgan gamowveul netarebas.

bibliuri nazoroveli aris nebayoflobiTi

msxverpli, mSoblebisgan gaRebuli (yovel

SemTxvevaSi, es ase Gans Zveli aRTqmis wignebSi

SemorGenili cnobebis mixedviT); jvaris patimars

ki Tavad jvari irGevs sakuTari nebiT; mkadre

rom rGeulia, is jvaris nebiT aris rGeuli. yma

Tavisi nebiT ver Gadgeba jvaris samsaxurSi,

Tavisi nebiT ver mouwodebs Tavs am sam-

saxurisTvis, radgan es sakraluri samsaxuria,

rogorc mRvdelmTavrobis pativi, ris Sesaxebac

wers pavle mociquli erT-erT epistoleSi: `da

arvin TaviT TvisiT miiRos pativi, aramed ro-

cccv

meli wodebul arn RmrTisa mier, viTarca-igi

ahron. egreTca qriste ara Tavisi Tvisi adida

yofad igi mRvdelT moZRvrad, aramed romeli-igi

etyoda mas: `Ze Gemi xari Sen da me dRes miSobie

Sen~ (ebr. 5, 4-5).

yma daWerili unda iyos jvaris mier _

mxolod am gziT Gayenebuli mis samsaxurSi. daW-

eras, romelic adgilobrivi terminia sakraluri

mdgomareobis gamomxatveli leqsikidan, kvlav

`patimrobis~ ideamde mivyavarT. es termini

jvaris moqmedebis ufro farTo asparezs unda

moicavdes, vidre pirovnebis sazRvrebia; radgan

Gven viciT, rom jvari Tavis sakralur Zalas

bunebaSic avlens; GvenTvis cnobilia jvarGenis

faqtebi, rac sxva araferia, Tu ara jvaris mier

im teritoriis `daWera~, sadac is iGens Tavs.

jvarGenis mizani swored es aris: gamoacalkevos

adgili sirceSi da SemozRudos is uxilavi

sazRvriT, romlis yarauladac dgeba jvari.

jvaris kvrivi anu `daWerili~ adgili jvaris

`patimari~ adgilia am sityvis qarTluri gage-

biT. iseve, rogorc saymos teritoriaSi iWreba

jvari da iWers am teritoriis adgils, `patimar-

hyofs~ mas, aseve iWreba is saymoSi, saidanac ga-

moarGevs Tavis rGeuls, rom Tavis `patimrad~

gaixados. Tu kvrivi adgili aris Sedegi jvarGe-

nisa saymos miwa-wyalze, mkadre an qadagi jvar-

Genis anabeWdia saymoSi. rogorc adgilia daWer-

ili jvaris mier da am daWeriT wmidaqmnili,

cccvi

aseve adamiania daWerili da wmidaqmnili anu

ganridebuli yoveldRiur yofas. ai, ras ambobs

Tavad jvari (isev qadagis piriT, radgan qadagia

misi moene) Tavis `patimarze~:

`^ Gem ayvaniliav vercxlis Riliv, ar vaZle-

vav sxvis ojaxSi Sasvlis nebasav, ar vaZlevav

gareT myofebsTan aZraxdomis nebasav^~ (58, 19).

sxvisi ojaxi da gare samyofeli, rogorc

nalaPi adgili, jvaris patimrisaTvis akrZaluli

zonaa, romlis zRurblis gadalaxvasac mas ar

anebebs jvari, misi `damWeri~; jvari ukrZalavs

mas Signidan gareT anu ùlaPidan~ `nalaPSi~ ga-

mosvlas ara mxolod gauwmidurebis safrTxis

Tavidan asacileblad, aramed im saidumlos

saimedod damarxvis mizniTac, romelsac qadagi,

jvaris gamocxadebis WurWeli, unda inaxavdes

`rioSi~ xalxis uqmi cnobismoyvareobisagan. àr

vaZlevav gareT myofebsTan aZraxdomis nebasav~, _

brZanebs jvari.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom jvaris patimari iseTive

idumalebrivia xorcielTa Soris, rogorc

jvaris ganZi gareSe saganTa Soris. radgan gan-

Zic, rogorc jvaris ayvanili kaci, jvaris pati-

maria da saidumlod aris dacul-damarxuli sa-

gangebo samalavebSi, rom gareSem ar hkidos

Tvali. Tu xorcielni erTobliv TavianT pa-

troni jvaris unji ymebi arian anu mis saunjes

Seadgenen, am saunjeSi jvaris uSualo msaxurni

misi unjis unjni arian.

cccvii

jvaris patimars, rogorc Tavisuflebadakar-

gul ymas, marTalia, akrZaluli aqvs gareT ga-

mosvla da yvelgan yofna, is erTi mniSvnelovani

upiratesobiT sargeblobs saymoSi: mas SeuZlia

Sevides iq, sadac mis garda yvelas ekrZaleba

Sesvla; da Seexos iseT sagnebs, romelTa xely-

ofas mis garda veravin bedavs. es `Sesvla~ da es

`xelyofa~ asimboliurebs mis mowodebas Sinagani

cxovrebisaken da jvaris saidumloSi

monawileobas. es aris misi Tavisufleba, rasac

jvaris garda veravin waarTmevs mas, radgan

jvarisagan aqvs miniWebuli, rogorc mis rGeuls.

patimari, daWerili, rGeuli _ sinonimuri saxel-

wodebebia im pirovnebaTa, romlebsac jvari

iaxlovebs, raTa amsaxuros Tavis kults. ami-

tomac, cxadia, jvaris saidumlo adgilebis

dalaxva ar aris uqmi cnobismoyvareobis sagani;

es samsaxuria, upirveles yovlisa, anu begara,

jvaris mier Tavis ymaze dadebuli, romlis mo-

saxdelad is mTeli Tavisi cxovrebiT aris

momzadebuli. es mzadeba ki misda uneburad iw-

yeba, rogorc wesi, mowifulobis asakidan, roca

adamiani fsiqo-fiziologiurad da socialurad

axal stadiaSi Sedis, gadalaxavs ra zRurbls,

romelic or asaks mijnavs erTmaneTisgan.

swored am gardatexis Sualedur xanaSi

GasWidebs Zlierad jvari xels da daiWers ada-

mians. adamianSi xdeba jvarGena da is miyenebu-

lia zRurblTan, sadac profanuli da sak-

cccviii

raluri erTmaneTs emijneba. gardamtexi asakis

siZneleebs da mniSvnelobas da erTgvar satan-

jvels, rasac grZnobs yoveli adamiani,

aZlierebs da mkveTrad warmoaGens jvari Tavisi

GeniT adamianSi. jvaris rGeulSi erTmaneTis

paralelurad mimdinareobs fsiqo-fiziologiuri

momwifebisa da jvaris msaxurad Gamoyalibebis

procesi. iseve, rogorc kvrivTan miaxloeba,

kvrivSi Sesvla amizezebs adamians, aseve jvaris

Sesvla adamianSi iwvevs Zvrebs mis sulier sam-

yaroSi; adamiani gadis mZime gansacdels, ro-

melic grZeldeba iqamde, vidre adamiani

sabolood ar gadalaxavs asakobriv zRurbls

da amasTan erTad jvaris msaxurad ar igrZnobs

Tavs. T. oGiaurs mopovebuli aqvs unikaluri da

uxvi masala jvarisagan daWerilTa gamocdile-

bidan. momyavs zogierTi amonaweri:

ùfroc balRobidge daiWers. daiwyebs ava-

dobas, tanjvas, Ronobas, itanjebis, gulis wux-

ili. vinc xucesi*, is qadagisgan gaigebs. vinc

qadagi as, imas imTvnad Saawuxebs, ro TviTon

unda gaaqadagos isi. balRs daiWers, magram ro-

sac imTven iqnebis, ro yvelafer gaigas, jvarisa

da xalxis Jamkar ro SauZlav, maSi gaaqadagebs

imas. manamde sru itanjebis. sizmarGi ecxadebis,

awvalebs _ ise unda maiqcav, me unda damyvav. is

ise daiwyebs, ro vervin gaigebs tanjvasa Tu sxva

* e.i. vinc xucesad unda jvars.

cccix

rame SWirs imas. is SaiZlebis, ro TviTon ico-

das, ro jvarn awuxeben, magram Taod ar ityvis.

arc jvarT swadiana, arc Taod und, ro Tqvas,

ar swadian~ (68, 17-18).

ìs giJdebis, is qadagobas daiwyebs, RabuSo-

bas. is gonT aRar iqnebis, is iqnebis areuli. ras

iZaxebs, Tao ar icis iman. rasac aZaxebiebs, imas

iZaxebs. pirvelad iman araferi ar icis, ras

iZaxis~ (68, 18).

ùTurgam iambis: aod viyvidiv, Zalian cudad

viyvidiv. sru gamecale Tavzedav Tmaiv, sru

meGvenebodianav. arafer ar mtkiodisav, _ eegr

aod viyvidiv. dRe-Rames ver vigebdiv, goni mPde-

bodav, naxevarTxan ar viyvidiv gonTav, sru

ugonT viyvidiv. kopala meGvenebodisav, sacxadac

meGvenebodisav, ZilGiacav. sru imaTTan, _ ange-

lozebsTan viyvidiv. mZinaricav sru imaTas vi-

Zaxdiv. ocis wlisav viyvidiv. diac ar myvandav

mayvaniliv. winwinav ro angeloz gameGvenav, maSi

diac ar myvandav~ (68, 18-9).

`manam enas gamaiRebs, daiwyebs sizmarSi

xedvnas, sizmarSi qadagobas. maSiadav gaawmidebs.

Sin as, nalaPSi ar gaivlis, arc sworfroba

SaiZlebis. colis moyvanamde as sawamebeli~ (68,

19).

avstraliisa da afrikis Zveli formaciis sa-

zogadoebebSi srulwlovanebas miRweul

ymawvilebs, romlebic tomis sruluflebiani

wevrebi unda gaxdnen, xelovnurad uqmnian `mi-

cccx

Tosur garemos~, soflis gareT, sadme wmida

tyeSi Tu tramalze, sadac isini tomis mfarvel

sulebsa da winaprebs Soris arian `garTulni~,

raTa eziaron maT sibrZnes (126, 251). am sa-

zogadoebebSi iniciacia koleqtiuri RonisZiebaa

da masTan mravalferovani wes-Gveulebebia da-

kavSirebuli. Gvens saymoebSi ìniciacia~ indi-

vidualuria, is ukiduresad pirovnul xasiaTs

atarebs, is iwyeba sruliad spontanurad pirov-

nebaSi da grZeldeba sxvis Gaurevlad; am dros

adamiani martod aris darGenili angelozTa Tu

RvTisSvilTa winaSe. rituali mxolod maSin Se-

modis Tavis ZalaSi, rodesac yvelaferi ukan

aris: Widili damcxralia, gansacdeli

ganvlilia, gadatanilia. es rituali cnobilia

saxelwodebiT _ zRurblis dalaPva, romelic

zustad gamoxatavs mis arss, radgan zemoT gad-

mocemuli gansacdelebis gmiri ori samyaros

zRurblze cxovrobs: xorcielad fizikur sam-

yaroSi myofi cnobierebiT is im samyaroSi

gadadis, romelic angelozebiT gina

RvTisSvilebiT aris dasaxlebuli. is ganu-

wyvetel GvenebebSia, misTvis waSlilia zRvari

cxadsa da sizmars Soris, dResa da Rames Soris.

es aris gardamavali mdgomareoba Tavis

ukidures gamoxatulebaSi, roca adamianis cno-

biereba qaoss moucavs, rac sulieri SeSlilo-

bis niSans adebs mis pirovnebas. am dros gamZa-

frebulia mozardis gardamtexi asaki, roca

cccxi

masSi iRviZebs uGveulo SegrZnebani da gancdebi,

sxva samyarodan SemoWrili realobebi xdebian

xilvis obieqtebad, rac sxva SemTxvevaSi, roca

saqme gvaqvs mkadris gamocdilebasTan, mistiur

xilvad miiGneva, xolo am dros, Wabukis maWro-

bis periodSi, sigiJed da ùgonTobad~ ganicdeba.

orive SemTxvevaSi saymo jvarGenis Zalas xedavs

adamianSi. cnobierebis aseT viTarebas Tavisi

dasasruli aqvs da zRurblis dalaPvis rituali

simbolurad gamoxatavs qaosis dasrulebas,

roca isev gamoGndeba ori samyaros gammijnavi

zRurbli, realuri zRurbli darbazisa _ ìq

darbaz as, saca ufro angelozebi sxdebian~ (22,

16), _ raTa erTxel da samudamod moipovos masSi

Sesvlis ufleba.

am gardamaval asakSi myofs, SeSlili cno-

bierebis mqone ymas, romelic jvars tyved hyavs

Gagdebuli da awvalebs, RabuSi ewodeba. es

adgilobrivi teqnikuri terminia jvarisagan ga-

mowveuli SeSlilobis* gamosaxatavad _ ìs gi-

Jdebis, is qadagobas daiwyebs, RabuSobas~. magram

RabuSobis xana, rogorc yoveli gardamavali

xana, efemerulia da is unda daiZlios,

gadailaxos ise, rogorc garkveuli asaki

gadailaxeba. es xdeba maSin, roca, rogorc

T.oGiauri SeniSnavs, àvadmyofobisagan Sewuxe-

buli RabuSi bolos far-xmals yris da * es problema Seswavlilia pirvelad n.mindaZis monografiaSi `qarTuli xalxuri medicina~, Tb.,

1981.

cccxii

RvTisSvils morGildeba. amis Semdeg igi ènas

gamoitans~ (gaqadagdeba). avadmyofoba sustdeba,

axlad `damdgari~ qadagi TandaTan ukeT Seiqneba

da dakisrebul movaleobas jvaris karze

sikvdilamde asrulebs~ (68, 20).

RabuSoba dionisuri mdgomareobaa, romelic

miiswrafis apolonurisaken, sulieri wonas-

worobisa da plastiurobisaken. es aris mdgo-

mareoba maWrisa, romelic duRilSi cdilobs

Rvinod qcevas; is, rac aRar aris `tkbili~ da

jer ar aris Rvino _ maWari sruliad ga-

mousadegaria sakulto daniSnulebisaTvis,

magram warmoSobs wmida sasmels, romelic

ibadeba vnebuli dionises sxeulidan.

RabuSi gvagonebs e.w. `mfrinav jvrebs~,

moxetiale xatebs, romelTac jer kidev ver aR-

mouGeniaT TavianTi mudmivi saarso adgili, jer

kidev ar damagrebulan kvrivze, fesvi ar gaud-

gamT miwis wiaRSi. amgvari jvar-xatebis `Gveule-

baa~ mudmivi xetiali adgilidan adgilze, ris

gamoc isini jaWviT arian dabmulni, rogorc,

magaliTad, xevis sionis xati, romlis

Tavgadasavali moTxrobilia s.makalaTias `xevSi~

(53, 217), an eceris (svaneTi) eklesiaSi daculi

erTi xati, romelic ùbiaT ZewkviTa oqrosaTi

da ityvian: ùkeTu auSvaT, dalewavs yovelsave

aqa myofsa xat-jvarTa~ (75, 788). aseve daudgro-

meli xasiaTisa iyo anatoris mTavarangelozis

xati, `mfrinavi jvari~, romelsac fexiT das-

cccxiii

devda qancgawyvetili misi mkadre, vidre

lursmniT ar dauWeda frTebi, ris gamoc jvari

Semoswyra mas da gauGinarda.

RabuSobis, rogorc gansacdelis, gavla au-

cilebeli wesia sakraluri Tanamdebobis dasa-

kaveblad jvaris karze. magram isic aucilebel

wesad aris qceuli, TiTqos ritualad, rom ada-

miani gaurbodes Tanamdebobas jvaris karze,

radgan is mZime da sapasuxismgeblo movaleobad

miaGnia; radgan mas mouxdeba jvarTan da mis

kvrivebTan siaxlove, rac, SesaZlebelia, misi

daRupvis mizezi Seiqnas, Tu sakmarisad wmidad

ar Seinaxa Tavi; Tu ar iwmida da mireuli mi-

uaxlovda siwmides, mas ueWveli ganadgureba

moelis. gaigonebT xucesad dadgomaze uaris

Tqmis mizezad, _ vicodi, wmidobas ver

SevZlebdi, amitomac vuZaliandebodio jvars (38,

#25386). jvaris mier niSanSi amoRebuli xSirad

mzad aris gadaitanos jvaris risxva, vidre da-

hyves mis nebas da daudges msaxurad. gansacdeli,

romelic zemoT aRiwera, mxolod mowifulobis

zRurblze rodi elis adamians; is, Gveulebriv,

am asakSi iGens Tavs, magram jvari, Tu mas

sWirdeba, ar dagidevs asaks adamianisas, ro-

melic man Tavis rGeulad gamoacxada. potenci-

urad adamiani, jvaris yma, nebismier asakSi unda

elodes jvaris Zaxils, mis Genas; xSirad jvari

sulierTan erTad fizikuri avadobis saxiTac

iGens Tavs adamianSi; yma xvdeba batonis niSans,

cccxiv

magram urGobs, misTvis `sikvdili da Pevisbroba

bedena ar aris~ (38, #25456). ai, xevisberis naam-

bobi, romelic tipiuria am movlenisaTvis:

`^ avad viyav sami weli. arc wamali mamidga,

araferi. da miTxres, ro unda iyo dekanozadao.

meti gza ara mqonda ra. me ki ar mindoda, magram

ras vizamdi. Gavardi loginad. Gavardnili viyavi

da arc wamali mamidga, araferi ar mamidga.

giorgi ro iyo, dekanozi, naxulobda sizmars:

samjera Sen gadmogabare droSao. sizmari vnaxeo,

ro samjera Sen gadmogabareo. me sizmari ese

vnaxe, ro xatSi mivdiodi da xalxi mxvdeboda

gzaze da ver miWerdnen gzaze, mainc mivdiodi^

mere cecxli gamiGnda fexebSi. fexebSi ro gami-

Gnda cecxli, ali wamovida da gadamiara da

veRar gavige memre, ra vqen, rogora vqen. memr

gonT mamivida. memre wavedi, meti gza ara mqonda~

(38, #25545).

`^Rame sizmarGi dekanozoba daviwyidi. i xatGi

unda vyofiliyavi da mexuca, martua veyudi.

damiwyo TvalebSi kleba. eqvs wels brmad viyavi.

madloba angelozebs, Tvali amexila. dekanozi

unda vyofiliyavi. aravin iyo aq dekanozi^ xu-

coba mesizmreboda xatSi _ sufra, Tas-ganZi,

anTebuli sanTlebi^~ (38, #25386). Rameul Gvene-

baSi is dgas garigebuli Tasebisa da anTebuli

sanTlebis win dekanozis pozaSi; jvari Tavis

msaxurad asizmrebs Tavs, magram dRisiT rigiT

ymobas arGevs jvaris karze adgils da gaurbis

cccxv

mis nebas, rogorc sakuTari Tavis uRirsad Sem-

racxveli qristiani beri gaurbis mRvdelm-

Tavrad kurTxevas, rac TiTqos tradiciad aris

qceuli qristianul sinamdvileSi.

qadagad an xucesad daWerilis urGoba jvaris

mimarT, amboxi xorcielisa Tavisi batonis wi-

naaRmdeg da Semdeg Widili ori, erTmaneTisadmi

Seuwonadi nebisa aucilebeli momentia jvaris

msaxurad dadgomis dramatul siuJetSi, namdvil

dramaSi, romelic sabolood xorcielis damar-

cxebiT mTavrdeba. jvari mainc miiyvans daWerils

Tavisi darbazis zRurblTan.

zemoT naxsenebi iyo SesaniSnavi adgilobrivi

(xevsuruli) termini _ zRurblis dalaPva, rom-

lis simboluri azri sanaxevrod miviwyebulia

saymoSi. mis ganmartebas mxolod tavtologi-

urad an ritualis empiriulad aRweriT Tu ax-

erxeben. `zRurblis dalaPva is aris, rom kaci

an gabeGavdeba, an gairyvneba; mkiTxaveebTan gai-

kiTxaven, isini etyvian, Pelosnad ginda misvla,

zRurbl unda dalaPoo^~ (24, 47). am ganmartebaSi

mainc mkrTalad Gans, rom zRurblis dalaxva

mdgomareobis Secvlis momaswavebeli ritualia;

rom is akanonebs ritualad saero mdgomareo-

bidan sakralurSi Sesvlas. zRurblis dalaPva

TavisTavad simboluria, rogorc yoveli ritua-

luri qmedeba, magram mas Tavis mxriv aqvs sim-

boluri gamoxatuleba sxva qmedebaSi. zRurblis

dalaPvis rituals, romelsac asruleben piraqeT

cccxvi

xevsureTSi, Seesatyviseba piriqiT xevsureTis

saymoebSi gavrcelebuli saPeloSi Gadgomis*

rituali, romelic SemdegSi mdgomareobs: `saPe-

los purebs~ wriulad daawyoben `bortvze~,

jvaris teritoriis wmida adgilze, da erT

adgilas am wres Riad dastoveben Sesasvlel

`karad~. purebze `Pelosnis samxvewrod~ dak-

luli saklavis xorcis naWrebs awyoben, dadga-

men ludis Tasebs zed damagrebuli sanTlebi-

TurT. xelsanTliani xucesi da is piri, vinc

`saPeloSi~ unda Gadges, Sesasvleli `kariT~

Sedian wreSi da sanTlebs anTeben. yovelive imis

mniSvnelobis dasturad, rac aq xdeba, mamakacebi

quds ixdian, jvarisagan moSorebiT mdgari deda-

kacebi fexze wamoiSlebian, `mesaPeloes~

mSoblebi ki muxlmoyriT arian, vidre maTi

Svili wreSi dgas. xucesi xucobs, wamoTqvams

Tavis saTqmels (24, 43-4).

cxadia, rom am ritualSi samsxverplo pure-

biTa da saklavis xorciT Semoxazuli wre

jvaris bortvze sakralur sivrces moicavs. Tu

jvaris bortvi, rogorc kvrivi, wmida adgilia,

wreSi moqceuli sivrce wmidaTawmidaa, rogorc

jvaris darbazi, sadac ufro angelozebi sxde-

* `saPelo~, iseve rogorc `Pelosani~ feodaluri saqarTvelos saxelmwifo aparatis terminebia,

romlebic mTaSi sakralur Tanamdebobas da mis matarebels aRniSnavs. qarTulidan nasesxebi es sityva formiT `Palsuan~ svaneTSi `salocavis msaxurs~ niSnavs (8, 43, 60, 62)

cccxvii

bian. am wmidaTa wmidaSi Sedis mesaPeloe. es

aris misgan zRurblis dalaPva*.

im saymoebSi, sadac jvaris samsaxurSi

Gadgomis rituals zRurblis dalaPva ewodeba,

darbazis realur, fizikur zRurblTan ikvleba

saklavi _ zRurblis samlaPao, romlis sisxli-

Tac unda gainaTlos darbazis zRurbli.

mxolod amis Semdeg aqvs ufleba axalbeda

jvaris msaxurs dalaxos zRurbli da Sevides

darbazSi, romelic, vaJas ganmartebiT, war-

madgens ìerusalimis wmida-wmidaTas, sadac Tavi

xevisberi weliwadSi mxolod erTxel Sedis,

rogorc mRvdelmTavari wmida-wmidaTaSi~ (33, 27).

poeti, SesaZlebelia, aWarbebdes, _ xevisberi

weliwadSi ramdenjerme, dReobebis dros, Sedis

darbazSi, _ magram arsobrivad is zustad war-

moaGens darbazis mniSvnelobas saymos jvaris

kultSi. ai, aq Semodis jvaris daWerili, pati-

mari. zRurbli simbolurad gamoxatavs xiluli

da uxilavi samyaroebis sazRvars, darbazi _ ux-

ilav samyaros, romelic angelozebiT aris

dasaxlebuli.

magram zRurblamde mosvlas da mis gadalax-

vas win uZRvis simboluri qmedebani, romlebic

mis pirovnul gardaqmnas, mis axal adamianad

Sobas gamoxataven. is TiTqos eTiSeba gare sam-

* `zRurblis dalaxvis~ wesi vainaxTa saqorwino ritualSi sruldeba: roca siZe pirvelad Sedis

sacolis saxlSi anu gadalaxavs karis zRurbls, valdebulia samwliani cxvari dauklas ojaxs (1456 5). siZisTvis sacolis saxli sakraluria

cccxviii

yaros, gadis sawmidarSi anu wmidobs, icavs

akrZalvaTa mTel wyebas; am dros is cxovrobs

jvaris teritoriaze an Tavisi saxlis WerxoSi,

romelic yovelTvis wmidad aris daculi da

TiTqos jvaris adgils warmoadgens adamianis

sacxovrebelSi. xatobis dRes is cxra wyaros

wyalze ganibaneba cxragzis, Seimoseba axal-

Sekerili, uxmari samoseliT da usmel-uWmeli

(ùnayro~) midis jvarSi (24, 40-1), raTa iq darba-

zis zRurblis dalaxviT ritualurad moipovos

sakraluri statusi.

jvaris mkadreebze amboben, rom isini ange-

lozebSi arian garTulni (67, 188); maTive gadmo-

cemiT isini mkadreobis mowodebas angelozebisa-

gan iReben. iqidan modis STagoneba, saxeldobr,

xucobis dros warmosaTqmeli sityvebi. sizmrad

xedaven garigebul tablas _ ludiT savse

Tasebs da anTebul sanTlebs, magram duman, rad-

gan jer ara aqvT gamoRebuli `sakraluri ena~.

ecxadebaT `gaTeTrebuli kaci~, romlis saxeSic

xSirad gamoicnoba gardacvlili xucesi, awvdis

Tass da GasGurGulebs xucobis sityvebs (38,

#25456). iRviZebs mkadre da sizmridan gamoiy-

olebs am sityvebs, romlebic ukve GabeWdilia

mis mexsierebaSi. `zogjer Zaxebas ver vaswreb,

damartyams raRac~ (38, #25402). es dartyma iqidan,

im STagonebis wyarodan modis.

boslidan jvaramde

cccxix

jvaris msaxuri sakralurobis maqsimums maSin

avlens, roca misi samsaxuris Jami dgeba; roca

is dgas iq, sadac unda Seasrulos es samsaxuri.

arsebobs SesaniSnavi adgilobrivi termini Jam-

kari, romelSic SeiZleba vigulisxmoT jvaris

Jami da jvaris kari; Jami, rodesac sruldeba

kultmsaxureba, da kari anu adgili, sadac

sruldeba igi. es aris sakraluri qronotoposi,

erTianoba sakraluri droisa da sivrcisa; aq, am

adgilze da axla, am dros unda xorcielde-

bodes es samsaxuri, xelaxla ibadebodes `Jami

igi~ anu cocxldebodes is dro, rodesac pirve-

lad dafuZnda kulti. Jam-karis gareSe kulti ar

arsebobs, magram is mxolod konkretul Jam-

karSi isxams xorcs.

wmida Jam-kari, imisaTvis rom kultis poten-

cia amoZravdes, aucileblobiT moiTxovs mesame

elements _ es aris msaxuri, romlis zogad sax-

elwodebad Gven Tavidanve viyenebdiT arqaul

mkadres, romelic Tavis TavSi iTavsebda isto-

riuli xanis da dRemde arsebuli qadagis, xuce-

sis da medroSis funqciebs (68, 113). mkadre, iseve,

rogorc Jam-kari, wmida unda iyos. Gven viciT,

rom man, ganaTlulma da gawmedilma, dalaxa

darbazis zRurbli, romlis miRma is transcen-

dentur samyaros eziara, angelozebis wreSi

Sevida. am aqtiT xorcieli jvaris siwmidesTan

xdeba naziarebi; siwmide ar aris misi Sinagani

da mudmivi mdgomareoba, amitomac jvaris

cccxx

msaxuri Rirsi rom Seiqnas wmida Jam-karisa, is

periodulad unda ganiwmidebodes; Tu ar

ganiaxla Tavisi siwmide, is ver miva dReobis

dRes jvaris karze Tavisi sakraluri movaleo-

bis Sesasruleblad. is unda dadges jvaris

teritoriis yvelaze wmida adgilas, sadamdec ki

xorciels miesvleba. aseTi adgili jvaris

teritoriaze aris jvaris beReli, romlis

zRurblze gadabijeba da Sig Sesvla mxolod

jvaris gamZRoT anu xucesebs SeuZliaT, Tumca

iq Zilis neba ara aqvT (62, 655). beRels mxolod

ukiduresi gansacdelis Jams miaSurebs rigiTi

yma: bacaligvelma vaGem devi mokla; sxva deve-

bisagan devnili vaGe pirquSis beRelSi afarebs

Tavs, sadac devebi ver bedaven Sesvlas (62, 588);

Tumca vaGes uwmiduri Zalisagan jvaris

galavanic daicavda, magram devnilma uwmides

adgils miaSura _ is uSualod jvaris ubes Se-

exvewa.

qadagis, rogorc umaRlesi mowmidarobis

matarebeli piris, funqcia jvaris beRelTan

aris dakavSirebuli: `qadags Saiyvanen, saca

kvrivi; beRelSi dasmen~ (68, 66). aq, beRlis

wiaRSi ecxadeba jvari qadags da ucxadebs Tavis

nebas. jvaris gamocxadebis scena aRwerilia

`baxtrionis~ V TavSi, sadac qadagi uambobs

xalxs Tavis mistiur gamocxadebas:

win momegeba siciliT,

beRlis kars modga mzebura,

cccxxi

tanT ecva lurji beqTari,

Tavze GaGqani exura.

didia Gveni batoni^

beRlis kari jvaris wmida nagebobis konkre-

tuli saxec aris da amave dros bevr saymoSi is

jvaris karis aRmniSvnelicaa, riTac misi

siwmidea gamoxatuli. rogorc sabrZolo poezi-

idan Gans, mteri swored beRlis kars utevs, ro-

gorc zurab erisTavi laSaris bermuxas da

gudelas alvisxes:

maS cabaurTas GavideT, vamtvrioT beRlis

kario (109, 35).

ai, am wmida beRelSi Sesasvlelad, romlis

mistiuri siRrme cxra fexi wmida sanTlis SuqiT

izomeba, qadags sWirdeba pirvelmopovebuli

siwmidis xelaxla mopoveba, rom kvlav

aRorZindes jvaris mkadred.

sauflo dRis dadgomamde, roca msaxuri

jvaris karze unda gamocxaddes, is ramdenime

kviriT adre iwyebs wmidobas. is sawmidarSi ga-

dis, iwyebs cxovrebas jvaris teritoriaze, ker-

Zod, saberoSi, marxulobs, ekrZaleba dedakacTan

araTu siaxlove, galaparakebac ki; is dadis

misTvis gankuTvnili savali bilikebiT, romle-

bic ùlaP~ adgilebze gadis; sxvis ojaxSi saWi-

roebis SemTxvevaSi misvlisas (wesiT ki

ekrZaleba: `âr vaZlevav sxvis ojaxSi Sesvlis

nebasav, ar vaZlevav gareT myofebsTan

aZraxdomis nebasav^~ (68, 19) bans an Werxos miaS-

cccxxii

urebs, rogorc saxlis wmidad Senaxul

adgilebs; wmida wyaros, ara mdinaris, wyalSi

ibaneba yoveldRe, ragind civi zamTari iyos.

zog saymoebSi sawmidarSi gasulni sruliad

wyveten ojaxTan kavSirs da jvaris koSkSi

gadasaxlebulni umanko bavSvebis mitanili

sakvebiT ikvebebian (53, 209). winasadReobo peri-

odi Tormetjer (Tu wliur dResaswaulTa maqsi-

malur ricxvs aviRebT) unda modiodes weli-

wadSi da jvaris msaxuric am dros, rogorc

beri da gandegili, Tmobs wuTisofels da

TiTqos udabnoSi gadis gansawmedelad. is fizi-

kurad cxovrobs saymoSi, saymos teritoriaze,

magram sulierad sxva samyaroSia gadasuli;

saymo nalaPSi cxovrobs, is ulaPSi; saymo

xsnilia, is marxuli; saymo Tavisufalia, is

patimari. is Tmobs bevr rames mTeli wlis

manZilze, rom jvarTan axlos misvlis ufleba

moipovos; sulierad emzadeba, ìpatimrebs~ Tavs,

rom Sevides jvaris wmidaTa wmidaSi.

akrZalvebSi, marxulobaSi, patimrobaSi,

gandegilobaSi gadis jvaris msaxuris cxovrebis

meti wili. is ar aris Semosili sagangebo ta-

lavariT, romelic mas rigiTi ymisagan ganasx-

vavebda; magram mas uxilavi samoseli, rogorc

sqima monazvnisa, gadafarebuli aqvs jvaris mier.

Tu mis miwmidarobis reJims mis ukiduresobaSi

warmovidgenT, jvaris msaxuri am periodSi gare-

SeTagan uxilavi unda iyos da mxolod Jam-karze

cccxxiii

unda Gndebodes Semokrebili da misi momlodine

saymos winaSe xelxanjliani, Tu is xucesia, dam-

wyalbnebis sityvebis warmosaTqmelad da wa-

moyenebuli samsaxuris (anu saklavis) Tavis

gzaze dasayeneblad. aq unda iTqvas, rom rac

ufro mniSvnelovani movaleoba akisria jvaris

msaxurs jvaris karze, miT ufro mkacri unda

iyos mis cxovrebis wesi. xucesi Tu dekanozi,

igive xevisberi, romelsac akisria wmida da

saSineli samsaxuri _ sisxliani msxverplis Se-

wirva saymosa da calkeuli ymebis saxelze,

cxadia, meti siwmidiT unda iyvnen mosilni,

vidre dasturebi, romlebsac evalebaT sadReobo

ludis moxarSva da amave dros sawmidarSi ga-

suli xevisbrisaTvis saWmelis momzadeba, radgan

xevisbrebi mxolod ganaTluli xeliT momzade-

bul saWmels Wamen. dasturs Tavisi arcTu xan-

grZlivi mowmidarobiT ufleba aqvs mopovebuli

zvarakis dakvlisas miexmaros xevisbers (fexebi

gaukavos saklavs, darbazSi Sehyves xevisbers da

sxv.). amitomac is garkveul xans gandegilobs

ojaxidan da sagangebo SenobaSi, sadasturoSi

cxovrobs.

dasturi ver Seasrulebs Tavis funqcias, Tu

Sultam (Tu GanGxma) ar moutana mas salude qeri

da SeSa. raki am naklebad mniSvnelovani Tanam-

debobis pirebsac uxdebaT monawileoba dResas-

waulis, wmida Jam-karis momzadebaSi, isinic wmi-

doben, magram maT ar evalebaT gansakuTrebuli

cccxxiv

akrZalvebis dacva da maTi mowmidarobis vadac

xanmoklea.

rigiTi ymebi, romlebic jvars ar amourGevia

raime samsaxurisaTvis jvaris karze an arc wi-

lisyriT evalebaT samsaxuri, an arc raime

aRTqma aqvT dadebuli, Tavisufalni arian

akrZalvebisagan yoveldRiur yofaSi, magram

swored es Tavisufleba arTmevs maT uflebas

Tavisuflad moiqcnen jvaris karze _ idgenen da

Sevidnen iq, sadac dastur-xelosnebs da xevis-

brebs uxdebaT yofna. jvaris karze aSkaravdeba

patimris upiratesoba Tavisuflis mimarT _

rigiTi ymisTvis dafarulia saidumlo, is

mxolod garedan Sescqeris wmida sanTlebis

cimcims beRelSi Tu darbazSi an kvrivis sipebze

da ar SeuZlia uxilavad Semowerili sazRvris

gadalaxva, radgan mas ar daulaxavs simbolur-

realuri zRurbli darbazisa. es uTanasworoba,

rac jvarTan mimarTebaSi aSkaravdeba, gawonas-

worebulia imiT, rom jvarisagan Tavisufal

rigiT ymas, magram profanuli yofis patimars,

sxva realobaSi aqvs upiratesoba daTmobili. ai,

ras wers d.xizaniSvili: `xevisberi Tumca xatis

maxlobeli piria da xalxisagan pativcemuli,

magram kargi iRbalis mqoned, `davlaTian~, bed-

nier kacad is mainc ver GaiTvleba fSavelebSi.

xevisberi da mowmindarebi xatis `tusaRebi~ da

`monebi~ arian, iRbali ki ver amoirGevs TavisT-

vis xevis-brad da mowmindarad ver daamonavebs,

cccxxv

radgan misi winaaRmdegi kacis mosarGle am

SemTxvevaSi isev kacis iRbalia. fSavlis azriT,

yvela xevisberi, qadag-mkiTxavi da sazogadod

xatisagan damonavebuli kaci uiRbloa da Tav-

isufal xalxze nakleb bednieri~ (108). marTlac,

ra davlaTi da yismaTi uSvelis mas, vinc jvar-

Tan siaxlovis gamo mudmiv xifaTSi imyofeba,

visac misi samsaxuris mZime tvirTi awevs, xolo

sazRaurad saklavis tyaviRa rGeba xelSi. yo-

facxovrebiTi TvalsazrisiT jvaris msaxurze

ubeduri adamiani ar moiZebneba mTels saymoSi.

SesaZlebelia, mas ifaravdes kidec jvaris dav-

laTi, adamianur davlaTze ganuzomelad Zlieri

(rogorc cabaurTis mTavarangelozis mkadres,

romelic zvavidan uvneblad gamoiyvana jvarma),

magram jvarive anadgurebs mas an `dalevs~ mona-

gariTurT mciredi ampartavnobis gamoGenisa Tu

siwmidis uneburi SebRalvisaTvis. `rodis iyo,

jvaris tyve-tusaRni kargad iyvnen da kargad

kvdebodnen? _ kiTxvas svamda qadagi da Tavadve

pasuxobda, _ arasodes. radgan jvarni uyisma-

Toni iyvnen da maT varskvlavze dabadebulebma

kargi ra unda naxon?~ (38, #25468).

saymo ar Sedgeba dedrovanTagan, magram say-

moSi cxovrobs dedrovani da mas garkveuli da-

mokidebuleba aqvs jvarTan. jvari icavs de-

drovans, Tavis biJionas, rogorc Tavad jvari

uwodebs mas (rogorc mamrovans _ vercxlis

Rils), magram icavs ara iseTi TavgamodebiT, ro-

cccxxvi

gorc mamrovans, romelic qmnis saymos `sxeuls~.

dedakaci, mowmidaric ki, ver utoldeba siwmidiT

aramowmidar mamakacs (107). ase rom, sawmidarSi

yofna savsebiT ver warxocavs bunebiT uwmidure-

bas, rasac dedakacSi xedavs tradiciuli kulti.

dedakacis saSodan mravldeba saymo, magram

swored saSos gamo, romelic Sobs, mas

ekrZaleba jvarTan siaxlove. jvaris mTels sam-

yaroSi dedrovani calke sazogadoebas, bi-

JionaTa calke krebuls qmnis, romelic Jam-karze

garidebulia mamrovanTa krebuls. magaliTad,

laSaris jvarSi yvela saymos dedrovani erT

sajareSi iyris Tavs, maSin roca mamrovanT Tav-

Tavisi sajareebi aqvT saymoebis mixedviT.

zogierT jvarSi, mag., xaxmatis wmida giorgis

(naRvarmSvenieris) jvarSi, dedakacebis sajare

da maTTvis nebadarTuli teritoria bunebrivi

sazRvriT, stequras xeviT aris gamijnuli

jvaris teritoriis im nawilisagan, sadac maT

gadasvlis ufleba ara aqvT. dedakacs ekrZaleba

araTu jvaris siwmideTa xelisxleba (mis xelSi

ki gadis sadroSe baRdadi, magram mas Semdeg,

rac is droSaze Seibmis, misTvis miuwvdomeli

xdeba), aramed jvaris saxelis xsenebac ki: sau-

barSi mas SeuZlia Tavis Tu xelis moZraobiT

migvaniSnos jvarze, an gansazRvros is Tavisi

qmris an mamis saxeliT (`Gemi kacis jvari~, `Gemi

mamis jvari~), an zedwodebiT (`qvena jvari~,

`zena jvari~), an nebismieri narTauli gziT.

cccxxvii

dedrovanSi gansakuTrebuli statusi aqvT

ori ukiduresi asakis qalebs _ moxucebulT,

romlTac Semwydari aqvT dedaTwesi da gogonebs,

romelTac ar miuRweviaT mowifulobamde. maT ar

ekrZalebaT xevisberTa da mowmidarTa

samyofelSi Sesvla (51, 181); ufro metic: isini

saWironic ki arian jvarSi. rogorc davinaxeT,

zogierT saymoSi uasako gogonebis

xeliT misdiT sawmidarSi gasul

xevisberebs sakvebi (mag., xevSi),

sxvagan ki (arxotisa da gudanis

jvrebSi) dasturebis damxmared

jvari xnier dedakacebs moiTxovs (62, 693).

dedrovanTa Soris arian or mdgomareobaSi

myofi qalebi _ dedaTwesSi myofni anu mebos-

leni, romlebic sagangebo SenobaSi (samreloSi)

an boselSi ganiwmindebian; da ukanasknel TveSi

Gamdgarni, romlebic aseve sagangebo qoxSi

imyofebian mSobiarobamde da mSobiarobis Semdeg.

Tavad isini da maTi samyofeli adgili usas-

rulo manZiliT (sakraluri azriT) arian da-

Sorebulni jvars, rogorc misi antipodebi.

boslis gamoGena aseT viTarebaSi ar aris

moulodneli. misi funqcia, rogorc uw-

midurobaSi myofi dedakacis droebiTi

sadgomisa, erT-erTi uZvelesi da mTels dedami-

wis zurgze farTod gavrcelebuli realiaa, ro-

melsac miTosur-simboluri gaazrebebi aqvs.

amave dros is SeiZleba kulturaTa ganmasxvave-

cccxxviii

beli erT-erTi niSanic iyos. SuamdinareTis sak-

ralur yofaSi da miTosSi boseli wmidaTa wmi-

dad aris Seracxili swored imis gamo, rom is

Sobis adgilia, sadac ibadeba ara mxolod

taZris wmida naxiri, aramed mefec da,

sabolood, es Senoba RvTis saxlis mniSv-

nelobas iZens miTosSi, ramdenadac kosmiuri bo-

seli RmerTebis saSod aris warmodgenili (46,

77, 212, 186). is sakraluri realobaa. aseTive sak-

raluria, oRond sawinaaRmdego niSniT (laTin-

uri sityvis sacer `wmida~ meore mniSvneloba _

ùwmiduri~)* boseli Gven saymoebSi, sadac mas

simboliuri datvirTva aqvs, rogorc siwmidis

nulovan adgils, saidanac iwyeba ganwmedis gza,

mimarTuli jvarisaken, romelic siwmidis umaR-

lesi gamoxatulebaa. boseli imis gamo, rom is

Sobis adgilia an momSobiarebulis droebiTi

samyofeli, uwmiduria; magram misgan, rogorc

dedis muclidan, gamomavali jvarisken aris mi-

marTuli.

yma ibadeba `qoxSi~, romelsac zogierT sa-

zogadoebaSi `boseli~ ewodeba, Tumca zogan is

realuradac boselia. momSobiarebuli qali

ramdenime xnis Semdeg axladSobili yrmiTurT

(is jvaris momavali ymaa) gamodis samSobiaro

qoxidan da Sedis saqonlis sadgomSi, sadac xans

dahyofs axladSobilTan erTad, vidre ar

* ix. 147, 187-9.

cccxxix

ganiwmideba da samyof saxlSi Sesvlis ufleba

ar miecema. ganwmedis Semdeg is stovebs bosels

da Sedis saxlSi, magram jer kidev ekrZaleba

WerxoSi asvla, radgan Werxo sawmidari adgilia,

rogorc jvaris adgili jvaris ymis (is SeiZleba

dekanozi iyos) sacxovrebel saxlSi. es gza, ro-

melsac gaivlis dedakaci axladSobilTan erTad

boslidan Werxomde, simbolurad gamoxatavs

jvarisaken mimaval ganwmedis gzas, aRmaval gzas

Sobis adgilidan jvaramde, sadac unda mivides

Tu unda miiyvanon saymoSi dabadebuli yvela

vercxlis Rili. boseli, rogorc saSo, de-

drulia _ aq dedakacebi trialeben da wvebian

dasaZineblad; Werxo mamrulia da wmidaa, ro-

gorc jvari _ aq iZinebs mamakaci (54, 136; 55, 187).

aqve imyofeba ojaxis `jvari~ anu mekeziswvre an-

gelozi. siwmide moemarTeba Werxodan qvemoT,

rogorc emanaciis naTeli, da iklebs uqvemoes

sarTulSi, sadac jvaris msaxurT da mow-

midarebs Sesvla ekrZalebaT.

adamiani roca ibadeba, is uwmiduri ibadeba;

roca kvdeba adamiani, is kvlav uwmiduri xdeba.

`civi~, rogorc micvalebuls uwodeben tabuire-

bul enaze, jvarisagan ganridebulia; iseve Sors

aris jvarisagan, rogorc boselSi Tu qoxSi ax-

ladSobili yrma. uZilaurTis saymoSi `civs~

araTu jvaris xelkaci, rigiTi ymac ki ver

ekareba; micvalebuli sxva soflidan mosulma

xalxma unda miabaros miwas (65, 202). dammarx-

cccxxx

velni tans ganibanen, rogorc axladmologi-

nebuli da axladSobili iwmidebian. zogierT

saymoSi, mag., arxotSi, `micvalebuls asveneben

boselSi~ (59-b, 44). Gans, saymo raRac saidumlo

kavSirs xedavs adamianis Sobasa da sikvdils

Soris.

qadagi qalebi

dedrovani, marTalia, uwmidurad aris Se-

racxili da Sors dgas jvarisagan, magram

zogierTi saymo swored masSi xedavs sakulto

cxovrebis dasabams. xevsuruli andreziT, Tamar

mefes xaxmatSi augia eklesia da Seuwiravs misT-

vis qristianuli religiis upirvelesi niSani

oqros jvari da vercxlis Tasebi.

erTi leqsi ambobs:

qalma Tqva Tamar mefema: xaxmats avage say-

dari,

vercxlis Tasebi SeviRe, Sig davayene ber-

mRvdeli (143, 97).

gadmocemiT `PaPmatis jvari winaT ar iyovo

da Tamar mefem eklesia aaSena wminda giorgis

saxelze da bolos gaGnda giorgis locva da

gadakeTda Pevsurul religiur sadReobod^~ (60,

116). Tamari, saeklesio wmindani, xevsureTSic

wmindanad aris Seracxili da misi nasadgomaris,

rogorc wminda adgilis xsovna, ukanasknel

dromde iyo SemorGenili xaxmatSi. XIX saukunis

dasasrulis mogzauri aseT epizods

cccxxxi

mogviTxrobs xaxmatSi agebul axal eklesiasTan

dakavSirebiT: `^ PaPmatSi kacebi da dedakacebi

ris vai-vaglaxiT Sevidnen saydarSi; dedakacebs

kenWebi GaedoT pirSi. imitom ar Sedian, rom

TviT adgili, razedac saydari dgas (saydari

iqve xatis gverdzea), wminda adgilad miaGniaT:

àq Tamar mefis nasadgomari asav^~ (39). rogorc

vxedavT, Tamaris nasadgomari jvaris teritori-

aze egulebodaT da iseve ekrZalebodaT misi,

rogorc jvaris `daWerili~, kvrivi adgilebisa.

Tamari aGens saymoSi kvriv adgils, es ki kultis

dafuZnebis badalia.

Tumca Tamari kultis damaarsebelia ara ro-

gorc sakuTriv qali, aramed rogorc RvTiuri

warmoSobis mefe; is axorcielebs Tavis TavSi

princips bagrationTa modgmisa, romelic

RvTisSvilTa moZmed iyo dasaxuli garkveuli

xanidan dinastiis mTeli arsebobis manZilze

vidre ukanasknel mefe ereklemde. amrigad, is

afuZnebs Tu ganaaxlebs Tavisi RvTiuri moZmis

religias mTaSi, ukve arsebul kults, romlis

àRmoGenaSi~ ar miuRia monawileoba, ar yofila

jvarGenis mxilveli da ganmcdeli, rogorc am

rjulis pirvelqadagni, romelTac jvari irGevs

Tavisi WeSmaritebis saqadageblad.

xevsureTsa da fSavSi arsebobs andrezebi,

romelTa mixedviT jvarGenad gamzadebulma

RvTisSvilma mTels saymoSi qali gaixada Tavis

rGeulad da patimrad. jvarGenis erT-erT an-

cccxxxii

drezs qalis monawileobiT Gven ukve gavecaniT;

es iyo karatis jvaris anu kopalas liqokSi ga-

moGenis andrezi. misi gmirebi iyvnen ubralo

mwyemsebi _ mowifulobis zRurblamde misuli

qal-vaJi, romelTac ubiwo siyvaruliT uyvardaT

erTmaneTi. eseni iyvnen jvarGenis mxilvelni da

uSualo ganmcdelni, maT fsiqikaSi gaiara jvar-

Genis faqtma da erT-erT maTganze _ es iyo qali

_ samudamo tvifari aRbeWda. andrezi ambobs,

rom qal-vaJi ver iqneboda jvarGenis mxilvelni,

rom ubiwoni ar yofiliyvnen (60, 127); qali

imyofeboda sulier-xorcieli siwmidis im mdgo-

mareobaSi, romelSic uqorwinebeli andrezuli

Tamari imyofeboda, roca is Tavis siwmides

levitaciis unariT da mzis sxivis saswauliT

amowmebda (43). Tu jvarGenis pirvelxilvisaTvis

saWiro iyo siwmide, is aucilebeli unda yo-

filiyo Semdegac da ar unda wabilwuliyo

qalSi, raki jvarma is airGia Tavis mkadred.

qalSi unda gagrZelebuliyo sulier-xorcieli

siwmidis asaki, masSi ar unda eGina Tavi im niS-

nebs, romlebic jvarisa da saymos TvalSi uw-

midur arsebad xdis qals. andrezi sagangebo

yuradRebas aqcevs am moments: `^ im qals arc

meTveurobis wesn xqonivas, arc qmrianobisa, arc

mebosleobisa^~ (67, 162). mxolod aseTi qali

SeeZlo aetana RvTisSvils Tavis mkadred; meore

mxriv, mxolod aseT qals SeeZlo èkadrebina~

(gaebedna) jvaris siaxlove.

cccxxxiii

xeli me mkadra minanma, zaltian-saTiTianio

(60, 135),

ambobs karatis jvari erT sakulto leqsSi,

sadac aRwerilia jvarisa da minanis _ ase erqva

pirvel qadag qals, karatis jvaris àRmomGens~ _

mogzauroba mTis TemebSi begaris asaRebad, rac

axali rjulis ganmtkicebis niSania (iq, sadac

jvari begaras awesebs, xSir SemTxvevaSi misi

kultic aris dawesebuli). am striqonSi aRsaniS-

navia, rom jvaris mkadre qals qalurobis niSnad

mxolodRa samkauli _ `zalte~ (salte, sama-

juri) aqvs SerGenili samZimariviT, romelic

aseve daclilia qalurobis xorcieli niSnebisa-

gan (68, 45).

jvars surda, rom `zaltian-saTiTian~ diacs

gamocxadeboda da misi xeliT daefuZnebina Tav-

isi salocavi; magram qalSi aRmofxvrili unda

yofiliyo sqesi. es aris jvaris paradoqsi. jvari

ar eZebs Tavis rGeuls anomaliebSi, magram Tavis

`daWerilSi~ is waSlis fiziologiur niSnebs,

riTac dedakacs gadaiyvans im kategoriaSi, sa-

dac mowmidari mamakacebi da jvaris xelkacebi

iricxebian. mxolod amgvarad ganwmedili qalis

xeliT, romelsac ar emuqreba uwmiduroba, jvari

avrcelebs Tavis religias urjulo mosax-

leobaSi, raTa gaixados is Tavis saymod.

cccxxxiv

pirvel qadag qalze andrezi gadmogvcems: `^

pirvel imas autexav qadagoba mTel PevsureTSi,

gudanac, PaPmatac. im qals sru mudam xatSi uv-

lav salocavad. memr eklesia daudgam, darbas

gaumarTebav, memr dReobeb dauwesebav: aTengena,

amaRleba, sxvai^ im qals ar uxucebav, eegr

saqadago uubnav~ (67, 162). rogorc vxedavT, qali,

romelmac Seqmna religiuri cxovrebis sa-

fuZvlebi, ar yofila uflebamosili xucesis

movaleobis Sesasruleblad; is SeiZleba qadagi

yofiliyo, magram ver iqneboda xucesi, Tumca

qadagis religiuri statusi gacilebiT maRalia

da sakraluri xucesisaze, radgan kultis

genezisidanve mTels istoriul xanaSi mas jvari

swored qadagis piriT irGevs saymodan. ìm qals

ar uxucebav^~, iseve rogorc wmida ninos, ro-

melmac mxolod uqadaga qristes sityva mcxeTis

ers da misca saxe pirveli eklesiisa, magram misi

momnaTvleli mRvdlebi saberZneTidan

gamoiTxova, raki mas, rogorc qals, naTliscemis

ufleba ar hqonda.

andrezis sityvebi, rom ìm qals ar uxucebav,

eegr saqadagod uubnav~, garda imisa, rom qada-

gobis pirveladobas da xucobis meoradobas

adasturebs (radgan jer gamocxadebaa, mereRa

warmarTva kultisa), sxva mxrivac aris sa-

gulisxmo: is faqti, rom qali qadagobda, xolo

xucoba ar SeeZlo, rac mamakacs unda ekisra is-

toriulad, migvaniSnebs qadagobis unaris de-

cccxxxv

drul, xolo xucobis funqciis mamrul warmo-

mavlobaze, risi safuZvelic dedakacis pasiur

da mamakacis aqtiur bunebaSi unda iyos Gamarx-

uli.

qadagsa da xucess Soris Zireuli gansxvaveba,

cxadia, jvarTan maT mimarTebaSi unda Gandes;

maTi warmosaTqmeli teqstebi da funqcia

sruliad gansxvavebuli warmomavlobisaaa. maTi

SedarebisaTvis SesaniSnav masalas iZleva al.

oGiauris Ganaweri mowmaos (xevsureTi)

mTavarangelozis jvarSi, sadac xucesi da

qadagi erTi da igive piria.

mimdinareobs kultmsaxureba jvaris karze

axali dasturebis dasayeneblad. àm dros

xucesi gainaTleboda-d’ daakrevd anTebul san-

Tlebs darbazSi. Tan SasZaxnebd: `dalocvilo

mTavaro angelozo, SamaZaxilze nu gamiwyrebi,

uti-d’ umecari or, Porcieli or. Sen uSveli

SenT ymaT, Sen nu maiwyen, nu maiZuleb Send sam-

saxurad, Tavis samSvidobod^~. am SaZaxils ro

gaaTavebd, gamava-d’ xalxis saTaveSi dajdebod.

cotaixniTges daiwyebd mTqnarebas. xalxi daGu-

mebul dasxdeboda-d’ elodes gaqadagebas^ am-

Tqnarebd mal-maled, Tan creml dauwyebd made-

nas. bolos daikivlebd: `hai, hai, me or

mTavarangelozi, me maqv Zali-d’ SaZlebai. Gem

maT aRaraad gavaGnior. mPari mPars gamisworesa-

d’ kiser kisers. maTreven simurSia-d’, roSianSi.

aRaraad vis gavaGnior, magram me aisiv mTavar-

cccxxxvi

angeloz or, me aisiv Zali-d’ SaZlebai maqv. Gem

ymaT urGev, ro WkviT iyvnan. me nu gadamagdeben,

Tore vanan; Gems wess me ar daviyri, raic xTis-

gan maqv malocvili^~ (68, 68-69).

saymos Tvalwin xdeba xucesis gardaqmna

qadagad; am saxecvlilebis garegani niSani aris

mTqnareba, rogorc transis pasiur mdgo-

mareobaSi gadasvlis simptomi. roca is, rogorc

xucesi, warmoTqvamda saTqmels, misi sityva qve-

modan zemoT iyo mimarTuli; es iyo xorcielis

mimarTva RvTisSvilisadmi, adamianuri warmoSo-

bis sityva, romelsac warmoTqvamda xucesi

sruli SegnebiT Tavisi piriT, rogorc xor-

cielTa saymos warmomadgeneli, jvarisagan sak-

raluri uflebebiT aRWurvili, rogorc Sua-

mavali saymosa da jvars Soris. xucobaSi xuce-

sis mosaxsenebelia is, rac saymom icis Tavis

Tavze _ rac uWirs, rac trialebs saymoSi, Tavis

sibriyvesTan erTad, rom is ùtia da umecari~,

rom mas wamoyenebuli hyavs samsaxuri imisaTvis,

rom jvarma ixsnas is `laRis mtrisgan, mwaris

sikvdilisgan~, rom miiRos es sacxovari

`xsnilada, kurTxeulada~; yvelaferi es _ warm-

Tqmulic da wamoyenebulic, roca daiRvreba misi

sisxli, adis maRla, ufro sworad unda miaR-

wios jvaramde, radgan is mis karze warmoiTqmis

da keTdeba, rom jvarma uxilavi SibiT Tu kibiT

morige RmerTTan aitanos. ase dgas xucesi _

xorcieli uxilavi jvaris winaSe da Tavisi sax-

cccxxxvii

eliT laparakobs; Tumca misi warmosaTqmeli

sityvebi misi SeTxzuli ar aris, is Seiqmna mas

Jamsa, sakulto cxovrebis genezisSi da mis

SeqmnaSi am xucesis winaprebi iRebdnen

monawileobas. es xucesi swavlobs xucobis

sityvebs cxadSi Tu sizmarSi Tavis winamorbe-

disagan; sityvebi jvarisagan ar aris

STagonebuli, xucesi warmoTqvams adamianur

saTqmels, rogorc xorcieli, da es procesi xu-

cobisa savsebiT aqtiuria da cnobieri.

Tu xucesis sityvebi RvTisSvilis gasagonad

iyo warmoTqmuli, qadagis naTqvams sawi-

naaRmdego daniSnuleba aqvs: is saymom unda

Seisminos, mis gasagonad aris naTqvami. xucesis

sityvebi, rogorc yoveli locva-vedreba, xor-

ciel samyaroSi ibadeba da aRivlineba sulieri-

saken; naqadagari ki Tavisi arsiT jvaruli war-

moSobis aris da zemodan gardamodis saymoze,

xorcielze. raki uxorco jvars ar SeuZlia war-

moTqvas saymos xorcieli yurTasmenisaTvis

gasagoni sityva, Tavis saTqmels is qadagis same-

tyvelo organoebiT warmoTqvams; warmoTqvams

imas, rac ar icis saymom da verc Seicnobs Tav-

isi WkuiT, radgan xorcieli ùtia da umecari~,

misTvis momavals, mosaxdens Tu mowevnads sa-

farveli aqvs dadebuli. Tavad RvTisSvili

rasac xedavs momavalSi, morige RvTis karze

xedavs, roca mas iq asvla mouwevs; amitomac

naqadagari xSirad gaismis rogorc gafrTxileba:

cccxxxviii

`gamimTxildiTav, ymano, cud saqmei maqvav xTis

karzedav maxiluliv. mTxilaT iyveniTav, Gemno

ymano^~ (68, 70). jvari, rogorc `preistoriuli~,

im Jamis gmiri, mistiris Tavis warsul didebas

da qadagis piriT amxnevebs saymos: `sadaR maqv

Zali-d’ SaZlebai, sadaR maqv! Gamameyar suyvela-

feri, _ qer-oqronic, Wiqa-didebanic, zRven-

ulufanic, Par-kuretnic. maSin mqond Zali-d’

SaZleba, rosac dev-dedaberT vlagmevdi, cxra

adl miwa-myars vaxviebdi. magram eexlad ymaT

saSvelada saxoiSnod iqav xTis karze davdior

imiT ro mimiZvirdes ymani. qer-oqron ver ga-

maviRen srulad. mzeqal Sagvijd maRalzed,

magvayoln cis xorxoSni, gaminadgurn Gem

xodaburni, Gem ymaT qer-oqronic. merigem RmerTm

damiZrn bageni da jiPvis Tav-rqan gadmamayoln

sam pirad. umTxildiT Tavs, ageb gadavicil Gemma

gamarjvebamaca da meriges RmerTisamac. Savesrev

Par-maniST, ageb gadavilocav, davimProb kviraes,

davxqrTamav bnel-siskris TeviT, zRven-samsaxurT

SasroliT. giorgis Savexvewebi, giorgis mode

yel-RilianT _ daxmareba gamiwieTav, eniT xarTav

laqardianniv. giorgim PaPmatis jvarm Saxkazm

Tavis nislisferi, cis gidel-gidelT daawyvit,

gaSal wyalobis maskvlavni. nuRar geSinisT,

imedianad iyveniT^~ (68, 70).

rasac saymo ismens qadagisgan, ar aris moce-

muli qadagis cdaSi; mTeli naqadagari war-

moadgens RvTisSvilis cdas, mis xilvas morige

cccxxxix

RvTis karze. es xilva rom misawvdomi gaxdes

xorcielTaTvis, jvarma is unda Gaagdos xor-

cielis wiaRSi, rogorc Tesli, da aSobios mas,

rogorc sityva. es wiaRi aris qadagis mTeli

arseba da ara mxolod misi sametyvelo or-

ganoebi, radgan jvari aris Gasaxlebuli qadagSi

da Signidan metyvelebs misi bageebiT, rogorc

delfuri misani piTia (150, 70), romelTanac Gveni

saymoebis qadags bevri ram aqvs saerTo, Tundac

is, rom apolonis winaswarmetyveleba Gveni

naqadagaris msgavsad, rogorc wesi, pirveli

piriT aris gadmocemuli (150, 70-1). es piri del-

foSi apolonia, GvenTan jvari. qadagi instru-

mentia, sayviria jvris xelSi, romliTac jvari

axmianebs Tavis xilvebs. amitomac qadagi, Tundac

igi mamakaci iyos (da esec aris istoriul

xanaSi), pasiuria, rogorc saSo, saidanac jvarma

dedruli keriidan aRmocenebuli ifniviT unda

amouSvas Tavisi sityva.

wmida ninos, romelic misdami miZRvnil kon-

dakSi naxsenebia rogorc `qadagi sityvisa

RvTisa~, troparSi mimarTaven `sulisa wmidisa

qnaro~, rac niSnavs, rom wmida nino aris qnari

suliwmidis xelSi, romliTac is axmianebs Tavis

WeSmaritebas. es metafora sxva ramesac gulisx-

mobs, oRond albaT ar aris gacnobierebuli

troparSi, saxeldobr, qadagobasa da poetur

STagonebas Soris Zireul kavSirs, rasac kvlav

dedrul sawyisamde mivyavarT. naqadagari ar

cccxl

aris ubralo prozauli gadmocema imisa, rasac

jvari xedavs morige RvTis karze an risi cnobe-

bac mas surs Tavisi saymosaTvis; qadagi

midrekilia leqsiTi metyvelebisaken, rogorc

yoveli eqstaturi metyveleba, romlis fesvi

aracnobierSi Zevs (mag., yuranis ukanaskneli

surebi, romlebic, rogorc cnobilia, transisa

Tu Sepyrobilobis mdgomareobaSia warmoTqmuli

muhamedis mier), magram GvenTvis mniSvnelovani is

aris, rom tradiciul naqadagarebSi igive sazomi

dasturdeba, rac xmiT natirlebSi; es aris

uriTmo cxramarcvliani leqsi, `mTiblurad~

wodebuli. xolo xmiT natirlebi, romelTa So-

ris bevri poeturi Sedevria, dedakacebis mier

aris Seqmnili, iseve rogorc es Zvel civili-

zaciebSi aris dadasturebuli (mag., Sumeris

qalRmerTis, inanas natirlebi dumuzize, 46, 244-

5).

naqadagarTa formismieri igiveoba xmiT

natirlebTan, cxadia, SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos

da Gven sruli ufleba gvaqvs vilaparakoT, ara

mxolod analogiis gziT, maT dedrul warmo-

mavlobaze; miT ufro, Tu andrezic qadagobis

àmtexad~ mTels xevsureTSi qals asaxelebs.

bunebrivia, qadagoba ukve gulisxmobs garkveuli

teqstis realur arsebobas `mas Jamsa~, romlis

kvali, albaT, dResdReisobiT gamovlenil da

cnobil tradiciul naqadagarebSia saZiebeli.

sanimuSod momyavs naqadagaris teqsti, sadac

cccxli

qadagis piriT laparakobs arxotis jvari

(miqiel mTavarangelozi), romelic aq ymisa da

masze gamwyral RvTisSvils Soris Suamavlis

rolSi gamodis:

gexvewebio, miqielio,

apativeo, autieo,

uti asa da umecario,

Sen gexvewebis Porcielio,

Sen apative umecarsao,

me gamaviTxov buRaursao,

Tu gamigoneb miqielsao,

nu GauPureb sagebelTao,

Tor dagWirdebis miqielio,

rosac SavPdebi xTis karzedao,

iq me maqv Zali SaZlebaio,

iq me maqv xTiSvilT metobaio

(60, 11).

(am sazomis _ mTibluris _ sakulto warmo-

mavlobaze isic unda mowmobdes, rom karatis

jvaris daarsebis andrezis erTi variantis

Tanaxmad im vaJs, romelic Tavis `modesTan~,

pirvel qadagTan erTad, kopalas jvarGenis

damswre Seiqna, mTibluri erqva saxelad: `^ im

kacs mTiblurs Zaxnilan, qals minan qvivnebul^~

67, 180).

sanaTa. dedakacis saxels ukavSirdeba erT-

erTi saerTo-fSavuri salocavis jvarGenac.

d.xizaniSvili aseT andrezs gadmogvcems:

cccxlii

`Relis gorze, sadac Tamar mefis salocavia,

vidre igi `Tavs iGenda~, gabidaurebis Temis

fSavlebs ucxovriaT. roca Tamar mefem `Tavi

iGina~, gabidaurebi sxva sofelSi, xoSaraSi

gadausaxlebia. salocavis gamoGena sanaTas

ùnari~ yofila. pirvelad mas dauwyia sanTlebis

anTeba am adgilSi da Tamar mefis xevisbrulad

dideba, mas urGevia aq mcxovrebTaTvis, daeTmoT

es adgili Tamar mefisaTvis da sxvagan gadasax-

lebuliyvnen. maT ar daujerebiaT sanaTasTvis,

ris gamoc Tamar mefe ganrisxebula: erTmaneTi

irmebad mouGvenebia da SvildisriT amouwyvetia.

ramdenime komli gadarGenila, ar gasaxlebulan,

uTqvamT: sanam gasalewad gaSlil kalos Tavis-

Tavad cecxli ar waekideba, fiwlis totebze da

xaris rqebze kelaptris aliviT ar gamoGndeba,

ar gadavsaxldebiTo. Tamar mefes es saswaulic

mouxdenia, maSin iZulebuli gaxdnen gadasaxle-

buliyvnen~ (108). igive andrezi, oRond jvaris

àRmomGeni~ dedakacis saxelis mouxsenieblad,

gadmocemuli aqvs al. oGiaursac (65, 8).

soflis mTels mosaxleobaSi erTaderTi

qali grZnobs, rom sofeli kvriv adgilzea gaSe-

nebuli; rom is adgili, sadac sofeli dgas,

wmida miwaa (rogorc moses afrTxilebda uflis

xma sinas mTaze, mayvlovanSi); kvrivis anu sak-

raluris gancda aris swored is ùnari~ sana-

Tasi, rogorc dedakacisa. karatis jvaris

daarsebis andrezisagan gansxvavebiT, fSavuri

cccxliii

Tqmuleba soflis axal teritoriaze dasaxlebis

andrezic aris. ase rom, dedakaci _ sanaTa dgas

xoSaris dasaxlebis genezisSi. mis mier àR-

moGenili~ jvarisagan gabidourTa soflis da-

kavebis Semdeg mosaxleoba gadadis xoSaraSi,

romlis teritoria saimdrood wmida giorgim

(xoSaris `saxuTmetom~ an `saxuTmeto Zelis an-

gelozma~) devebisagan gaaTavisufla (65, 1). Tama-

ris jvarGena uSualod mosdevs xoSaraSi saymos

daarsebas da am dasabamier aqtSi lomis wili

udevs sanaTas.

xevsur minanisgan gansxvavebiT fSaveli qali

ar kmayofildeba imiT, rom is qadagebs Tamaris

kults da afrTxilebs sofels _ winaaRmdegoba

ar gauwion axladGenil jvars; sanaTa itvirTavs

xevisberis funqciasac _ anTebs sanTlebs,

adidebs RvTisSvils, rasac ver `kadrulobda~

(ver bedavda) minani, Tumca is karatis jvarisa-

gan arGeuli pirveli mkadre iyo. SesaZlebelia,

aq cxaddebodes fSavis tradicia, romelic

dedakacebs gansakuTrebul Rirsebas aniWebs, rac

maT gamoarGevs xevsureTisa da mTis saymoTa de-

drovanTagan. vaJa wers: `Tumca dedakaci da-

Gagruli iyo, magram zog-zogis sagvareulos

qalebs sapatio adgili sWeriaT. zepirgadmocema

mogviTxrobs, rom laSaris `sabWeo~ skamze ori

Taoba mjdara goderZaulebis gvaris qali: `sab-

Weo~ skami Tavxevisbers ekuTvnoda^~ (35, 75). am

tradiciis Suqze, Tumca `sabWeo skami~ mainc

cccxliv

saero samsaxurSia, moulodneli ar unda iyos,

rom sanaTa iWreba sakralur sferoSi da TiTqos

misi saxelic (sanaTa) sanTlis danTebiT gamox-

atul kultmsaxurebaze migvaniSnebs. magram unda

vifiqroT, rom mamakacis roli _ saero Tu sak-

raluri _ dedakacs mxolod kritikul viTare-

baSi ekisreba.

xalxuri poezia icnobs xoSarel sanaTas _

èniT, sityviT gamamxnevebel diacs~ (vaJa), ro-

melic vaJasave TqmiT, èkuTvnis im Savsa da bnel

dros, roca fSavelebi da TuSebi erTi meoresa

hlaSqravdnen, ar iyo maT Soris Zmoba da Tanx-

moba~ (31, 322). es aris xoSarisaTvis sabediswero

xana, roca saymo `saxuTmeto Zelis angelozisa~

dalevis zRvaramde iyo misuli; saymo ixsna ram-

denime gmirma, romelTa Soris leqsi axsenebs

sanaTas:

dagvlivna xoSaris gorma,

iq wylis ar gamodenama,

viwro-viwroma xev-xuvma,

mokled fSavlebis denama,

wowkoraulis isarma,

sanaTaisa enama^

arc leqsi, arc prozauli andrezi ar

azustebs, ra sityvebs wamoTqvamda xoSareli

qali moisarTa Tu xmliT mkveTebelTa gasamx-

neveblad, romelTac albaT esaWiroebodaT gamx-

neveba, rogorc erT dros israelis msajuli

qalis, deboras TanamemamuleT. `sicocxle Gakvda

cccxlv

israelis daba-soflebSi, Gakvda, vidre ar

aRvdeqi me, debora, vidre ar aRvdeqi me, deda

israelSi!~ (msaj. 5, 7). ai, am kritikul Jams,

roca yvelaferi Gamkvdaria, gamoGndeba deboras

ùnari~, rogorc xoSareli sanaTasi, romlis

enam `daliva~ mteri.

aris kidev erTi sanaTa, `baxtrionis~ gmiri,

marTlac `deda fSavSi~, romlis gmiruli ojaxi

_ brZolaSi daRupuli aTi Svili da qmari _ ga-

nasaxierebs xoSaris `daleul~ saymos. `sico-

cxle Gakvda israelis daba-soflebSi!~ es

sityvebi zustad gamoxatavs xoSaris (anu fSavis,

ganzogadebulad) mdgomareobas da sanaTas su-

liskveTebas. sicocxle Gamkvdaria xoSaraSi da

es yvelaze ufro cxadi xdeba dResaswaulis

dRes, roca

aq arc xevisbris xma ismis,

arsad fSauri Rreoba,

vin giJi ityvis imasa,

rom dRes aq iyo dReoba?!

bralada bJutavs sanTeli^

es erTaderTi sanTeli danTebulia sanaTas

mier, qmarSvilamowyvetili diacis mier, romelic

kisrulobs sakulto cxovrebis aRorZinebas uy-

mod darGenil jvarSi:

martos aunTav sanTlebi,

da xatic udidebia,

martos dauklav saklavi,

TviTonve utyavebia,

cccxlvi

martodmartosa diacsa

xat-RmerTi uxsenebia.

sanaTa sGadis iseT saqmes, romlis ufleba

mas, rogorc dedakacs, tradiciulad ara aqvs;

misi saqcieli gaugonari saqcielia saymos

TvalSi, romlis Tvalsazriss aq gamoxatavs

avtori poemisa da am uGveulo scenis erTaderTi

Semswre _ kviria. avtori gakvirvebiT kiTxulobs

_ `sajares diacs ra unda, ar Tu eSinis davisa?~

kviria ki qveynis dasasrulad aRiqvams am vi-

Tarebas, roca yvelaferi Tavdayiraa:

diacs vin mogca is neba,

saqme akeTo mamrisa?

vfiqrob, droeba damdgara

im meormosvlis wamisa.

kviria ar cdeba: xoSaraSi katastrofis Sem-

deg damdgaria `meormosvlis wami~, roca yvela-

feri Tavidan unda iwyebodes, unda ganmeordes

im pirvel sanaTas qmedeba, romelmac jvari da

sacxovrebeli adgili aRmouGina `dalevamde~

misul xoSaris winaprebs. `baxtrionis~, am esqa-

tologiuri poemis, dasawyisSi am sanaTas es

erTi SexedviT uGveulo, magram andrezulad

Gveulebivi, arqetipuli saqcieli imeds iZleva,

rom xoSaraSi aRdgeba saymo.

`sisxlis wvimebis droebi~

cccxlvii

saymos Tavgadasavali _ warsuli cxovrebis

mTeli gamocdilebis rGeuli, rogorc ganZi, an-

drezebSia daunjebuli. es aris winaparTa, `wina

Jamis~ gmirTa, jvaris unj ymaTa Rvawli, upi-

ratesad, saqmeni sagmironi, romelnic maT Gaidi-

nes ukidures gansacdelSi, roca saymo _ da es

periodulad xdeboda _ dalevis pirze iyo

misuli. am dros Tavs iGenda Zala, romelic

mtruli garemocvis mimarT winaRdgomiT ixsnida

da kvlav aaRorZinebda saymos. es is Zalaa, ro-

melmac Tavis droze, `mas Jamsa Sina~ Seqmna

saymo; is jvaris saxiT iyo maSin gamoGenili.

saymos SeqmnasTan erTad, rogorc davinaxeT, iqm-

neboda kulti _ sakralur-zneobrivi Suaguli,

romlis, rogorc keriis irgvliv, Tavs iyrida

adamianTa sazogadoeba. ar aris paradoqsi _ es

saymos istoriul cdaSia mocemuli, _ rom am

Suagulis SenarGunebas an xelaxla ganmtkicebas

xels uwyobda misi dangrevis mowadine mtruli

Zala, perioduli Semotevebi. adamiani

fxizlobda, is ar iZinebda `magari ZiliT~, rom

keraSi cecxli ar Gaqroboda. ai, aseTi mRviZare-

bis periodebi aris aRbeWdili andrezSi. aq ver

naxavT mSvidobian droebas _ isini ar Semounax-

avs saymos cnobierebas, ar aRubeWdavs andrezSi,

radgan am dros samagaliTo araferi xdeboda.

saymosaTvis, misi momavlisaTvis, mniSvnelovani

da STambeWdavi mxolod didi velobis peri-

cccxlviii

odebSi xdeboda, cdebSi, romlebic mwvervale-

biviT mosGans maT warsul TavgadasavalSi.

saymos mexsiereba gadaarGevs warsuli

cxovrebis mniSvnelovan faqtebs da maT safuZ-

velze qmnis andrezul istorias, romelic

Zlieri epoqiT aris aRniSnuli. Zlier xanas sa-

fuZveli realurad momxdar movlenaSi aqvs, mo-

qmedi pirebic savsebiT realurni da istoriu-

lad cnobilni arian; magram andrezuli isto-

riis droJamul-sivrcul asparezs kvebaven sxva

xanidan moxmobili pirovnebanic da realiebi,

romlebic mniSvnelovnebis gamo veRar etevian

TavianT warmaval epoqaSi. yoveli saukeTeso ad-

amianuri aqti, rac odesme Gaudenia saymos er-

Tobliv da mis calkeul warmomadgenels, gad-

modis am Zlier xanaSi da kidev ufro aZlierebs

mas. SesaniSnavia, rom saymos mexsiereba ar gaur-

bis da ar iSorebs, aramed samaradisod,

SesaZloa sagangebodac, aRbeWdavs marcxsac da

Ralatsac, rac ki odesme SemTxvevia da Gaudenia

moymes; rasac Tavisi bedisweruli niSniT

SeuZravs odesme saymos Segneba da sinidisi, da

warmosaxva. warsulis faqtebis SemarGeveli,

magram obieqturi mexsiereba saymosi inaxavs

mtris saxels, rogorc Seunaxavs adamis Zis

mterTa _ dev-kerpTa _ saxeli da sruliadac ar

cdilobs mis damcirebas, rom ar gaufasurdes

momavlis TvalSi mis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi

daRvrili sisxli.

cccxlix

dRemde SemorGenil zepirsityvier masalaSi

SeiZleba sami Zlieri xana gamoikveTos:

I. RvTisSvilTa da dev-kerpTa brZolebis xana,

roca RvTisSvilni morige RvTis gangebiT

gandevnian devebs adamianTaTvis

gankuTvnili miwa-wylidan da aarseben

jvaris TayvanismcemelTa anu rjulianTa

saymoebs gaTavisuflebul teritoriaze. am

xanaze ukve iyo saubari.

II. zurab erisTavTan brZolebis epoqa; xana,

rodesac saymoebs uxdebaT maTTvis mopove-

buli miwa-wylisa da rjulis dacva.

zurabisa da misi laSqris saxiT isini

TiTqos preistoriidan movlenil devebs

igerieben.

III. xana Tavganwiruli brZolebisa mefe erek-

lesaTvis; xana, roca sisxliT mopovebul

Tavisuflebas da sicocxles saymoebi uan-

garod miuZRvnian bagration batons, ro-

melsac isini TavianT RvTisSvilTa moZmed

Tvlian.

samive es xana `sisxlis wvimebis droa~.

pirvel xanaSi iRvreba RvTisSvilTa sisxli, ad-

amianTa xsnisaTvis morige RvTis gangebiT

daTxeuli. meore xanaSi saymo Rvris sisxls sa-

kuTari Tavis gadasarGenad; saymo am xanaSi dgas

adamianis saxiT movlenili imave Zalis winaSe,

romelTanac preistoriaSi omi hqonda

RvTisSvils gamarTuli. mesame xanaSi sisxli

cccl

wmida msxverplia, sazRauris umolodinoT gaRe-

buli, radgan unda gasworebuliyo preistori-

uli vali RvTisSvilTa winaSe. am sisxlis

sanacvlod, romelic daRvares RvTisSvilebma

saymos Sesaqmnelad. saymo Rvris Tavis sisxls

erekle mefis saSvelad, radgan is, maTi rwmeniT,

mfarveli RvTisSvilis moZmea.

devebis mobruneba

zurabis Semosevebi mTis saymoebSi ormniSv-

nelovania: erTis mxriv, isini safrTxes uqmnida

saymoTa damoukideblobas da maT fizikur arse-

bobasac ki; meore mxriv, da es gadamwyvetia am-

gvari movlenebis Sefasebisas, isini xels

uwyobda saymos Sinagani struqturis ganmtkice-

bas da calkeul saymoTa konsolidacias. am

`sisxlis wvimebis~ xanas ufro naklebi mniSv-

neloba ar hqonia saymoTa istoriaSi, vidre

RvTisSvilTa brZolebis upoqas. Tu maSin

RvTisSvilebs awvaT mTeli tvirTi devuri

Zalebis mogeriebisa, axla maTi ymebi istoriul

xanaSi igerieben devur Semotevebs, swored

devurs, raki saymos aRqmaSi zurabis saxiT de-

vebi emuqrebian jvaris saymos. preistoriaSi

jvari ebrZoda devs, istoriul epoqaSi misi

xorcieli ymebi imeoreben batonis saqmes, icaven

ra RvTisSvilTa monapovars _ saymos. zurabTan

brZolebis paralelurad mimdinareobs saymos

konsolidaciis procesi, analogiuri im aqtisa,

cccli

romelic devebis damarcxebis Semdeg saymoTa

daarsebaSi gamoixata.

zurab erisTavi aragvisa imave batonis ymaa,

visac xevsurebi da fSavlebi arian Sevedre-

bulni, vis saymosac isini Seadgenen. es aris

bagrationi mefe, romelic Tavis Tavs Tvlis

gudanis saRvTosa da laSaris jvaris moZmed

tradiciulad, rac saistorio werilobiT do-

kumentebSic aris asaxuli. ase rom, zurab er-

isTavi da saymo saerTo batonis mimarT ierar-

qiis Tanabar safexurze dganan. da ai, saymoTa

andrezul istoriaSi zurab erisTavi Gawerilia,

rogorc Tavisi batonis winaaRmdeg aRmdgari yma,

gabudayebuli yma, romelic cdilobs Tavi

gauTanabros batons. gabudayebuli ymis janyi

gamoixateba imaSi, rom is cdilobs Tavis gavle-

naSi Semoiyvanos samefo domeni, `saxasoni me-

fisani~.

`zurab erisTavi uZlieresi feodali iyo

Teimurazis samefoSi. Zlieri safeodalo

zurabma memkvidreobiT miiRo. jer kidev misi

mama nugzar erisTavi Zlivs cnobda patronad

qarTl-kaxeTis mefeebs. zurab erisTavi kidev

ufro gaZlierda.

1618 wels erisTavis winaaRmdeg mTiuleTi da

xevi ajanydnen (ZvelTaganve mefe am qveynebs

Tavis sakuTrebad sTvlida da erisTavi aq mefis

didmoxele iyo. Tavisuflebis moyvare mTielebi

aqamdisac araerTxel ajanyebuliyvnen, araerTi

ccclii

erisTavi gaestumrebinaT `saiqios~ da batonobis

uReli TavianT ficxeli qedidan araerTxel

gadaegdoT, magram arc mefis feodaluri

xelisufleba cdilobda naklebis daJinebiT am

mniSvnelovani qveynebis damorGilebas. gvianfeo-

dalur xanaSi mefis xelisuflebis dasustebas-

Tan dakavSirebiT aragvis erisTavebma mTi-

uleTisa da xevis dasakuTreba ganizraxes).

ajanyebul mTis winaaRmdeg zurab erisTavma

did Tavads baraTa baraTaSvils sTxova dax-

mareba. feodalis laSqarma gatexa mTis wi-

naaRmdegoba. zurabma daimorGila, mZimed daxarka

da sabolood gaisakuTra mTiuleTi da xevi.

1620 wels zurab erisTavma fSav-xevsureTis

damorGileba ganizraxa. mrisxane feodali sas-

tik winaaRmdegobas waawyda. zurab erisTavi Tav-

isi aznaurebiT SeiWra fSav-xevsureTSi, dabuga

soflebi, daangria salocavebi, magram ar iqna da

fSav-xevsureTi ver daimona. sastiki brZola ra-

modenime wels grZeldeboda. mravali lomguli

vaJkaci Seawyda zurabis xrova-aznaurebs, magram

Tavisuflebis gmirebma mters aranakleb

àwiTlebines qviSani~.

mediduri erisTavi advilad ar daexsneboda

Seupovar mTielebs, rom TviT ar gadahyoloda

dausrulebel SfoTs~ (15, 248).

ai, sul es aris, rac SeiZleba arsebiTad

iTqvas zurab erisTavze, rogorc istoriul pi-

rovnebaze. saqarTvelos istoriis masStabiT misi

cccliii

movlena epizoduria, magram mTis, gansakuTrebiT,

fSav-xevsureTis saymoebisaTvis mas sabediswero

mniSvneloba hqonda. zurabis brZolebi, rogorc

adreve iTqva, Seadgens am saymoebis istoriis

birTvs, mis Suagul nawils, romlis Semdegac

bevri ram ganisazRvra maT momaval cxovrebaSi.

mefis saymoSi gabudayebuli erisTavi mefes

utolebs Tavs _ is cdilobs misi unji ymebis

damorGilebas da maT batonad Tavis gamocxade-

bas. unji saymoebis SegnebaSi ki es niSnavs imas,

rom erisTavi upirispirdeba ara mxolod xor-

ciel batons _ mefes, aramed uxorco batonsac,

angelozs, jvars. erTi osuri andaza ambobs:

`mTaSi bevri jvrebia, barad _ bevri batonebio~

(136, 300); mTieli Tayvans scems da emorGileba

jvars, da ar scnobs baridan amosul batons,

romlis winaaRmdeg brZola mas rjulisaTvis

brZolad miaGnia. zurabis èrisTaoba~ am

bZolebis konteqstSi iZens ufro Rrma mniSv-

nelobas, vidre mas socialur planSi aqvs mini-

Webuli; saymos Segnebuli aqvs, rom èrisTaoba~

profanuli Zalauflebaa, romelic lamobs sak-

ralur saymoSi damkvidrebas anu jvaris

kanonieri morige RvTis gangebiT dadgenili

Zalauflebis dasakuTrebas.

PevsureTia, zurabo, ver iqam erisTobasa.

gagiwvrildebis kiseri, ver SesZleb qveiTo-

basa

(81, #114),

cccliv

_ mimarTavs zurabs saymo. zurabi ver

SesZlebs èrisTobas~, radgan saymoSi er-

isTaobas axorcielebs ganuzomlad Zlieri ba-

toni, _ is erTaderTi, vinc am tituls im-

saxurebs warmomavlobiT, _ vidre baridan amo-

suli uzurpatori. dapirispireba Seuwonadia,

magram erisTavi ar aris warmodgenili ususur

mtrad. ara, zurabi imdenad Zlieria, rom saymo

mzad aris TiTqmis `jvarad~ daisaxos is, Tumca

WeSmariti jvaris teritoriaze SemoWrils mainc

`gauwvrildeba kiseri~. gamoTqma gulisxmobs,

rom erisTavi msxvilkiseraa anu Zlieri qedis

mqonea, rogorc himnebSi arian daxasiaTebulni

SuamdinareTis mbrZaneblebi (`msxvili qedi~

Zlierebis metaforaa Sumerul-aqadur enebSi);

zurabs, rogorc jvarsa da mefes, hyavs Tavisi

saymo: `rogorc erekles Pevsurn, egr zurabs:

osi da moPeve zurabis yma yofila~ (88, 316). es

sityvebi sagrZnobi mowiwebiT aris naTqvami

zurabze: visac sakuTari yma hyavs, visac eymobian

(nebiT Tu daZalebiT), is pirovneba vercxlis

Rilis TvalSi ar aris ubralo mokvdavi. le-

qsebSi salaSqrod mimaval zurabTan erTad misi

ymebic arian naxsenebi:

zurab Gamojda roSkis gors, Tanaxyon Tavis

ymania

(81, #140-b).

damarcxebuls (jvaric xom marcxdeba) Tan mi-

hyveba Tavisi saymo:

ccclv

adga, wavida zurabi, morTuli Tavis ymiTao

(81, #143).

zurabis gamoGena saymos teritoriaze marT-

lac jvaris, oRond mtruli jvaris, gamoGenaa,

rac SeiZleba saymos TvalSi aRqmuli iqnas

devuri Zalebis Semobrunebad preistoriidan _

devTa Genad:

roSkis gor zurab Gamojda, Suq Gamutivna

mzisani.

roSkas awiwdes cixeni, blos banni qviTkiri-

sani:

~gveSinos, dagvecemian nazlobni saZelisani~

(81, #125).

mtruli jvari devuri niSnebiT, rogorc are-

maris damangreveli Zala, ecxadeba roSkas da

mezobel saymoebs, sadac, andrezis Tanaxmad,

saxlobdnen isini, vidre maT iaxsari, kopala,

wmida giorgi Tu mTavarangelozi ar ahyrida.

zurabi cdiloba jvaris nebiT dasaxlebuli say-

moebis ayras da maTi adgilebis dakavebas; is

iqceoda rogorc jvari, magram is antijvari iyo:

is ver aGenda Tavis fexis danadgamze kvrivs,

misgan gabuxreulebuli adgili sakralurobas

ver iZenda, iseve rogorc misi efemeruli ymebi

ver gardaiqmnebodnen unj ymebad mis xelSi, im

batonis xelSi, romelsac mxolod sabatonod

hyavda isini daWerili, ara sapatroneblad. ai,

sad iyo gansxvaveba WeSmarit jvarsa, romelSic

ccclvi

bagrationi mefec igulisxmeba, da zurabs _ an-

tijvars Soris.

antijvarma ahyara ukanaxovlebi _ beqaurTa

da wiklaurTa winaprebi, romlebmac Tavi Sea-

fares gudamayris xeobas; aseve aoxrebul buGu-

kurTidan gadarGenilni zurabis veragul xmals,

gaifantnen xevsa da mTiuleTSi; magram verc erT

buxreul adgilze zurabma ver moikida fexi, ver

Gaasaxla Tavisi damonebuli ymebi, anu ver misca

teritoria Tavis antijvarul saymos.

am wris sagmiro poeziaSi is xanaa asaxuli,

rodesac saymo `dalevis~ zRvaramdea misuli;

zurabis perioduli (`zurab ratisSvils samjer

daulaSqrav PevsureTi meSvide-meSvide wels^~ 88,

298) Semotevebisagan Sewuxebulni imgvaradve mi-

marTaven mas, rogorc SeiZleba miemarTa saymos

Tavisi mrisxane jvarisTvis, romlis `magari

xeliT~ is dalevamde iqneboda misuli. saymos

sityvebi samarTliania:

dadeg, dagvexsen, zurabo, narGomn orT Senis

Pmlisani.

magram am sityvebSi _ `narGomn orT^~ _ gais-

mis tragizmic da muqaris xmac, muqaris garda

siamayec saymos ukeTesi nawilisa. narGomni Pmlisani warmoadgens, SeiZleba iTqvas, sisxliT

gadarGeul da Seqmnil erT muWa unj saymos,

narGoms anu rGeuls. tragikulia, magram amave

dros samomavlod imediani `narGomni xmlisani~.

es exmaureba im esqatologiur viTarebas, roca

ccclvii

RvTis rGeulebSi sisxlis wvimebis dros mra-

valTa dacemis Semdeg rGeulTa Soris rGeulni

rGebian. ezekielis wignSi ufali mimarTavs Tavis

ers: `da daecemian daxocilni Tqvens Soris da

gaigebT, rom me ufali var, magram dagitovebT

maxvils gaarGenilT^~ (6, 7-8).

`maxvils gadarGenilni~ (feliteY xereb) aris Seumusvreli nawili saymosi, romelsac vera

Zala ver sZlebs am wuTisofelSi, romelic gas-

tans wuTisoflis dasasrulamde. ai, misi unjo-

bis ZiriTadi Sinaarsi. magram es narGomni Pmli-sanic mzad arian daixocon, oRond darGnen unj

saymod TavianTi jvarisa samaradisod. l.m. gu-

miliovs gamoTqmuli aqvs azri: `yvela eTnosi

rodia Tanaxma SeinarGunos sicocxle mtrisadmi

morGilebis fasad~ (119, 87). aseT eTnosad Gamoy-

alibda da ganmtkicda jvaris saymo. aseTi iyo

narGomTa suliskveTeba zurab erisTavis wi-

naaRmdeg brZolebSi.

jvari, romelic saymos genezisSi anadgurebda

mosaxleobas, aRar erGis Tavis gamorGeul nar-

Goms RvTiuri kanonis ZaliT, saidanac dasabams

iRebs adamianuri kanonic: rogorc erTi TofiT

asi jixvis mokvlis anu azaris Sesrulebis Sem-

deg Tofi imarxeba, rom codva ar daedos mis

patrons, aseve ikrZaleba erTi Setakebisas Tor-

metze meti mtris mokvla; mecamete mokluli

codvad daawveba meomars, Tundac es iyos

qalundauri _ begengoris gmiri (17, 160). magram

ccclviii

zurabi, rogorc antijvari, ar exsneba misgan

daleul saymos; is misdevs ara RvTisSvilur da

kacur, aramed devur kanons, romlis Tanaxmad

kacma kacs Zmis xorci unda aWamos mis dasaZle-

vad, an niSnad Zlevisa. es aris ukiduresi Ro-

nisZieba, rasac mimarTavs antijvari. kacis xor-

cis Wama kacisaTvis devuri stumar-maspinZlobis

wes-Gveulebaa, romelic sruldeba maT qorwilSi:

devebsa hqondaT qorwili, simRera amodioda.

SegvipatiJes, SevediT, amirans puri hSioda,

dedobilebis nacxobi qada kecebSi Sxioda,

SamahWres, Samaayenes, kacis Tav-fexi dioda^

(93, 318).

ufro Zlierad es jojoxeTuri viTareba gad-

mocemuli aqvs vaJas erT leqsSi _ `devebis qor-

wili~, romelsac safuZvlad mTiuluri war-

modgenebi dasdebia, rogorc leqsis qvesaTauri-

dan (`mTiuluri~) Gans; devebis stumari

mogviTxrobs Tavis jojoxeTur gansacdels:

^devebsa aqvis qorwili, didi darbazi zri-

alebs.

mec dampatiJes, Sevedi, _ ra mqise suni tri-

alebs?!

sam pirad cecxli daenToT, zed sami qvabi

Sxioda,

stumrebis wina xonGebzed kacis Tav-fexi di-

oda,

ukvenas yureSiiTa kvnesis xma gamodioda:

ccclix

`Zmis xorci rogora vsWamo?~ _ yma vinme ga-

mohkioda^

T.Gxenkelis ganmartebiT, msgavsi gansacdele-

bidan is azria gamosatani, rom devebi adamians

ugvano da saSineli saqmis aRsrulebas aiZule-

ben, raTa daTrgunon maTSi kacuri da miT

devurs aziaron (94, 116). zurabSi devi mo-

qmedebs, roca is Zmis xorcis WmeviT xevsur

buGukurTa motexas cdilobs (72, 511); amasve

Gaadeninebs erT fSavel moymes _ laSaris muxis

moWris saidumlos gacxadebaze uaris mTqmels,

riTac es moyme Tavis kacur Rirsebaze maRla

jvaris saidumloebas ayenebs.

zurabs misi xmlis narGomni ebrZvian. nar-Gomni imasac niSnavs, rom saymo saboloo Zalis

xmeviT ebmis ukanasknul brZolaSi. es sabe-

diswero momenti _ narGomTa tragikuli su-

liskveTeba gamoxatulia saymosave sityvebiT,

romliTac is mimarTavs momxdurs:

amagiT giTxar, zurabo, `Pevsuri kaci utia~,

ager begen-gors gaxene, futkar Rgav, gamautia

(81, #126).

sagulisxmoa, rom saymo am muqaris sityvebSi

imave saxiT _ ùti~ _ warmoudgens Tavs mo-

sisxle mters, rogorc mas surs aGvenos Tavi

Tavis jvars, roca xucesis piriT mimarTavs mas

jvaris karze: `^ Gven Porcielni orT, utni, ume-

carni, Gvens ucodrobas nu Saafereb, magivec

rGeva-darigebani^~ (64, 743); saymo ùtad~ da ùme-

ccclx

crad~ warmosaxavs Tavs, rac imas gulisxmobs,

rom saymo Tavze xelaRebulia, SeiZleba iTqvas,

da savsebiT ixsnis pasuxismgeblobas: jvars is

SesTxovs apatios mas utoba-umecrebiT Gadenili

codva; mters emuqreba, rom Se-utevs, rogorc

uti , rogorc TavzexelaRebuli.

saymos sityvebSi `gaxene, futkars Rgav~,

romliTac is asuraTebs Tavis Setevas, `fut-

kari~ simravles ar gulisxmobs, _ xevsurTa

laSqari mcirericxovania zurabis, SeiZleba

iTqvas, urdos (rogorc is Gans saymos TvalSi)

winaSe, _ futkari niSnavs maT Tavganwirulobas,

rom isini mzad arian ugmiron nestari da

Seakvden mters.

futkari niSnavs agreTve saymos wevrTa

mWidro kavSirs da mimarTebas saerTo Suaguli-

sadmi, magram garkveul zRvaramde: sakmarisia

futkari gadascdes am Suagulis gavlenis zonas,

is iRupeba. aseve saymo _ gamova Tu ara Tavisi

jvaris mfarvelobis zonidan, is eqceva zurabis

momnusxavi gavlenis qveS da maSin Zlevs mas

zurabis davlaTi. saymo Zlieria iq, sadac

vrceldeba misi jvaris kvrivebis Zala, berZenTa

anteosiviT, romelic mSobel dedamiwasTan Sexe-

biT ikrebs Zalas. jvari Tavis teritoriaze,

Tavis dedamiwazea Zlieri da is uZlurdeba,

roca Sordeba mas. jvaris mfarveloba klebu-

lobs, Zlierdeba mtris davlaTi. ase moxda

TrusoSi, jvaris kvrivebidan Sors, roca sanadi-

ccclxi

mod mipatiJebul xevsurebs, rogorc stumrebs,

RalatiT iaraRi aaxsnevina da amoxoca.

xevsurebma iaraRi Seixsnes, TiTqos jvaris karze

yofiliyvnen saRvTo sufraze, rogorc iqcevian

jvaris stumrebi; maT yuri ar aTxoves mrGevels,

romelic winaTgrZnobda zurabis Ralats:

gaxua keTeSauri PevsurT kargs eubnebao:

_ `Pmlebs nu daiPsniT, Pevsurno, zurab ar

daindobao~.

ar daijeres, SaiPsnes, etli zurabis revdao

(82, #141-l).

ètli zurabis revdao~ _ igulisxmeba, rom

zurabis etli anu davlaTi, sZlevda saymos

etls anu davlaTs, rac igive jvaris etli da

davlaTia. Trusomde veRar swvdeba xevsurTa

jvaris gavlena. aq sxva Zala moqmedebs, aq anti-

jvaria mbrZanebeli.

ai, es Trusos narGomni uweven winaaRmdegobas

zurabs, ibrZvian sanam dganan maTi salocavebi:

xevsureTSi xmalas mTavarangelozi da fSav-

isxevSi _ laSari. zurabma icis, rom is ver dai-

morGilebs saymoebs, sanam am salocavebs ar Se-

bRalavs:

zurabs javri klavs orisa: zen mTisa, qvemoT

barisa,

PevsureTs WormeSavisa, fSavSi laSaris

jvarisa^

(81, #113-b).

an, rogorc ambobs is sxva leqsSi:

ccclxii

ageb javrs amoviyridi fSavSi laSaris

jvrisasa (81, #136).

Gven viciT, ras niSnavs jvari, mfarveli

RvTisSvili saymosaTvis; axla warmovidginoT,

ra aris, kerZod, laSaris jvari fSavis Tormeti

saymosaTvis.

Tu calkeul saymoebSi jvaris TayvaniscemiT,

roca dgeba mis karze misvlis da mis winaSe sam-

saxuriT wardgomis Jami, roca srulqmnilia Jam-

kari, moymeni adastureben TavianT erTianobas da

cocxlad, TvalnaTliv ganicdian, rom Seadgenen

da ekuTvnian erT saymos, aseve xmel gorze

`Saxdomili~ fSavis Tormeti saymo, saidanac ar

unda iyvnen isini mosulni, Tavisi uzenaesi pa-

tronis winaSe adasturebs Tavis erTianobas, rom

Tormetive saymo laSaris wmida giorgis did

saymoSi aris gaerTianebuli. saTemo jvaris

mfarveloba vrceldeba mxolod misdami morige

RvTis mier gangebiT rwmunebul saymoze, magram

laSaris jvari, rogorc ierarqiulad masze

maRla mdgomi, Tavis mfarvelobas da Zalaufle-

bas avrcelebs fSavis xevis Tormetive saymoze

da im teritoriaze, sadac isini daasaxla maTma

RvTisSvilma. laSaris jvari, igive wmida giorgi,

mTeli fSavis xevis patronia, ris gamoc ewodeba

mas `xelmwife laSaris jvari~, rogorc is moix-

senieba fSavis xevisberTa sityvebSi. amrigad, is

fSavisxevis saymoebis Suagulia, rogorc

ierusalimis taZari, rogorc sioni, israelis

ccclxiii

Tormeti tomisaTvis da misi miwisaTvis; Tumca

laSaris adgili ar aris raRac gansakuTrebuli,

raime niSniT gamorGeuli masze daqvemdebarebul

saymoTa jvarebis adgilebisgan, _ is arc

maRalze mdebareobs, rogorc calkeul saymoTa

mTawmindebi da arc fSavisxevis geografiul

centrSi; is erTi xrioki adgilia, sruliad Se-

umGneveli gareSe TvalisaTvis, rac Tavad mis

saxelwodebaSia asaxuli _ `xmelgori~ (aseTive

xriokia anu xmeli gori sinais mTa, sadac moses

hqonda uflis gamocxadeba da sadac miiRo

rjuli. es sixmele mis erT-erT saxelSi Gans:

xoreb). rogorc erTi avtori wers, `laSaris

jvars Tavisi xriokoba sayvedurad miaGnia. igi

xSirad ubrZanebs Tavis `ymas~, rom man ar

daiviwyos laSaris jvari da erTs an ors welSi

mainc `Sexdes imis xmel gorzed~ (106). `Tu da-

giviwye, ierusalim, damiviwyos marjvenam Gemma!~ _

Tundac kedlis nangreviRa iyos darGenili mis-

gan. am amoZaxilis suliskveTebiT unda yo-

filiyo gamsWvaluli TiToeuli yma Tavisi dias-

poris mxareSi. is yma Soridanac modis, brundeba

rogorc futkari Tavis skaSi, radgan is aris

misi ierusalimi.

laSaris xmelgorze, rogorc ierusalimSi,

ikribeba Tormeti saymo; es xdeba axalkviras. am

dros Tavs iyris Tormeti saymos Tormeti

droSa, romelTac laSaris droSa egebeba, ro-

gorc maspinZeli. magram vidre xmelgorze

ccclxiv

`Saxdebodnen~, isini gzadagza xvdebian erT-

maneTs erTurTis salocav adgilebSi. xmel-

gorze àmomxdarni~ kvrivSi dabrZandebian, sadac

adastureben rogorc TavianT erTianobas, ise

erTianobas laSaris jvarTan (65, 359). laSari

saerTo Sesakrebelia, droSiT aq warmodgenilia

RvTisSvili da misi saymo. xolo TiToeul say-

mos am SesakrebelSi Tavisi sajare aqvs. `saja-

reebi ise iyo moyolebuli, mrgvlad, rogorc

Temebi aris moyolebuli fSavis_Pevis gaRma-

gamoRma mrgvlad~ (65, 369). xmelgorze, rogorc

aqedan Gans, mTeli fSavisxevis topografia iyo

asaxuli. aq uxilavad, weliwadis yvela dros

aris warmodgenili mTeli fSavisxevi; xmelgorze

misi tvifaria aRbeWdili.

laSari aris ara mxolod is Suaguli, sadac

erTianobas ganicdian fSavis saymoebi, aramed,

qveynierebis Suagulic, sadac garRveulia ca

morige RmerTsa da saymos Soris kavSiris dasam-

yareblad. erTxel kidev gavixsenoT leqsi _

legendur mkadreTa xilva, sadac es zebunebrivi

realobaa asaxuli:

beri giorgi mec viyav, cas vebi oqros SibiTa,

xmel gorze medga bermuxa, zed avdiodi

kibiTa,

Gem saymoT Semonazeni RmerTTan amqonda

iqiTa^

am sakulto leqsis yoveli elementi mowmobs,

rom xmelgori im adgilad aris warmodgenili,

ccclxv

sadac gadis samyaros RerZi. aq gamavali RerZi

imas niSnavs, rom am adgilas Seiqmna samyaro da

samyarosTan erTad fSavis Suagulic. ase rom,

qvenierebis Suaguli fSavis Suagulic aris, sa-

dac Gamarxulia laSaris jvaris kultis

saidumlo. laSaris bermuxasTan, rogorc misi

kultis simbolosTan, aris dakavSirebuli es

saidumlo, romelsac inaxavs saymo Tavisi

simtkiciTa da daurRvevlobis sawindrad.

Tu laSaris jvari Tavisi bermuxiT avlens

Suagulis ideas, xmalas mTavarangelozs

xevsureTSi udgas alvisxe, romlis wveri

agreTve cas aris gamobmuli oqros SibiT ange-

lozebis anu RvTisSvilTa samimosvlod.

Suagulis idea kidev ufro Zlierdeba imiT, rom,

andrezis Tanaxmad, am alvisxidan Gamonadeni mi-

roni mis ZirSi Gamarxul qvevrebSi grovdeboda,

raTa Semdeg mTeli xevsureTis salocavebs ga-

nawileboda. mironi kultis saidumloa da ami-

tomac mis miwisqveSa darans `safarveli zdebiv~

(62, 572). laSari, misi xmelgori, fSavis xevis

centria, rogorc sazogadoebrivi, ise sak-

raluri; aseTive centria xevsureTis TemebisaT-

vis gudela, sadac es `mirvnis xe~ izrdeba.

magram xevsuruli andrezebisaTvis es Sori war-

sulia, imdroindeli xana, roca gudani, samagan-

Zuros adgili, jer kidev ar iyo gamoGenili

xevsurTa istoriis asparezze. gudela, xmalas

alvisxe, _ winarewarsulia, romelic uSualod

ccclxvi

ebmis am adgilebSi qristianuli sarwmunoebis

danergvas, rac mironis simboluri xiT aris ga-

moxatuli. aq aris mironis wyaro, rogorc

sveticxovelSi da, rogorc sveticxovelia qris-

tianuli saqarTvelos Suaguli, aseve gudela

Tavisi mironmdinari alvisxiT aris xevsureTis

Suaguli. àqiT Tu ebmod winav salaSqro dro-

Saic, manam gudanis jvari gaZrivldeboda--d’ is

gadaiqceod saerTo xevsureTis salocavad~ (62,

570). Jami Seicvala da axla gudanSi daiwyes

saerTo saxevsureTo droSis abma, axla gudanis

wmida giorgis jvari (ufro cnobili saxel-

wodebiT: gudanis saRvTo) uZRveboda laSqars,

radgan xmalas salocavma Sewyvita arseboba,

rasac andrezi zurabis laSqrobebTan, ufro

sworad, erT gadamwyvet laSqrobasTan da

Sinauris RalatTan akavSirebs.

am sakralur Suagulebs _ xevsureTSi xmalas

da fSavisxevSi xmelgors _ utevs zurab er-

isTavi, kacis saxiT gamocxadebuli devi Tu

qaji, Tu antijvari, raTa misi dangreviT daan-

grios saymo da aiRos misi miwa-wyali. vaJa wers

amis Taobaze: `yvela, visac ki fSavis damor-

Gileba edva gulSi, rogorc sxvadasxva zepir-

gadmocema gveubneba, brZolas usaTauod

Tavdapirvelad laSaris jvarTan iwyebs. ase

moiqca zurab erisTavi; iman ganizraxa xatis Se-

musrva, maSasadame, umTavres mowinaaRmdege

Zalad imas laSaris jvari miaGnda, risTvisac

ccclxvii

mosWra didi muxa, romelsac hqonda kenweroze

`cidan mosuli oqros jaWvi angelozebis asav-

lel-Gasasvlelad^~ (28, 236).

mteri fiqrobs da xSirad mas umarTlebs

fiqri, rom Tu is daesxmis sakralur Suaguls

sazogadoebisas, brZola mogebuli aqvs. es mo-

menti gaielvebs TiTqos naklebmniSvnelovani Si-

nabrZolebis amsaxvel leqsSi, epizodurad:

maS cabaurTas GavideT, vamtvrioT beRlis

kario^

(82, #148).

sad unda miemarTa saymos ganadgurebis

msurvel mters Tavisi maxvili, _ maSinac ki,

roca mteri calkeuli moymis kar-midamos esxmis

Tavs, is pirvel rigSi saxlis sakralur

Suaguls _ Werxos utevs:

nakveTauris Werxosa Sen Sexsen rkinis kario

(82, #146),

_ ras unda dascemoda pirvelad, Tu ara beR-

els, romelic, rogorc viciT, jvaris kvrivis

kvrivia, sadac araTu ucxo kaci, Sinauri rigiTi

ymac ki ver bedavs Sesvlas. raki beRlis dax-

Suli kari simbolurad gamoxatavs kultis

saidumlos, gasagebi unda iyos, ras niSnavs

beRlis karis mtvreva.

mosaxleobis dasamorGileblad mteri ise

iqceva, TiTqos ucxo miwaze ucxo rjulis xalxs

eomebodes:

jimSer, aragvis patroni, Saubralebi ymisao,

ccclxviii

PevSi cixeebs mtvreveli, aragvze saydrebisao

(40, 70).

saydris mtvreva ukiduresi saSualebaa say-

dris saymos dasamorGileblad; mteri am gziT

eZebs gamarjvebas. is SeiZleba imarjvebdes

kidec, magram imarjvebs gadarjulebis fasad,

radgan am dros mteri hkargavs adamianur saxes:

is devur gzas adgas. jimSer aragvis erisTavi

zurab erisTavis gzas misdevs, magram zurabis

ltolvaSi laSaris muxisaken sxva Suri Gans.

zurabi Tavisi `javriT~ fSavisxevis siwmidis mi-

marT mogvagonebs aqadel naramsins, romelmac

Sumeris damoukidebel qalaq-saxelmwifoTa

(`saymoTa~) xelSi Gasagdebad Seutia qveynis

Suaguls nipurSi, romlis mTavar taZarSi,

SumerelTa rwmeniT, msoflio uxilavi RerZis

niSnad didi sveti (dim-gali) iyo aRmarTuli.

erTi Sumeruli poemis Tanaxmad aqadis mefem sa-

xuravi axada SumerelTa taZars, `gaaSiSvla~ is,

raTa aqadels, gareSe kacs, Gaexeda mis saidum-

loSi (46, 29). niSandoblivia, rom SumerelTa

SegnebaSi aqadis dinastiis dacema am uRvTo aqts

_ siwmidis Selaxvas daukavSirda.

laSarisa da xmalas xeTa (muxisa da

alvisxis) simtkice, rogorc kultis simtkice,

sazogadod, saidumloebasTan aris dakavSire-

buli: vidre saidumlo ar gasula saymos far-

glebidan, am xeebs mteri ver moereva. saidumlo

saymoSia daculi, rogorc saidumlo Tas-ganZisa,

ccclxix

misi samalavisa, romelic mxolod maganZurma

icis. ase mTels saymos SeiZleba scodnoda ber-

muxis Tu alvisxis saidumlo, rogorc zRaprebSi

ician romelime personaJis sulis saidumlo

adgil-samyofeli, Tu sad inaxeba misi suli. ai,

dgas saymos SuagulSi _ fSavSi muxa, xevsureTSi

alvisxe, romelTa arseboba, rogorc sakralur

xeTa, mxolod saymom icis: maTi arseboba

saidumloebrivia, gareSe Tvali ver xedavs maT,

ver unda dainaxos, TiTqos mas safarveli aqvs

dadebuli. magram, rogorc erTi xalxuri leqsi

ambobs, `Jami moalis, kar gaiRebis Tavada~, aseve

dgeba dro am saidumloebriv xeTa gacxadebisa.

maT arsebobas Tavad maTive foToli gascems.

fSauri andrezis Tanaxmad, laSaris muxas fo-

Tolic sxvanairi hqonia; aragvis mier Gamo-

tanili foToli zurabs JinvalSi unaxavs da

mimxvdara, rom xeze oqros Sibi iyo da moun-

domebia xis moWra^ (65, 251). aseTive Tqmulebaa

dadasturebuli xevsurul alvisxeze: `^ am

alvisxes sTvelT rom foToli Gamauyrav, erT

foToli aragvGi Gavardnila-d’ qalaqGi wauRav

wyals^~ (62, 573).

mironmdinari da oqrosSibiani xeebi, romelTa

saidumlo arsebobas maTive foToli gascems, _

kultis sasicocxlo simboloebia, _ mtrisaTvis

xelSi Gasagdebi ganZia. is cdilobs mis mopove-

bas, radgan, Gven viciT, qveynis dapatronebis

ccclxx

mowadine mis ganZs unda eZiebdes, rom misgan

dacarielebiT daauZluros qveyana.

magram zurabi fizikuri ZaliT ver aiRebs

ganZs, muxaSi Tu alvisxeSi daunjebuls; man

SeiZleba fizikuri ZaliT `dalevis~ zRvaramde

miiyvanos saymo, magram is ver moWris sakralur

xes. `daxkrianav xesad culio-d’ iqav gaikurni-

sav~ (62, 573), ambobs xevsuruli gadmocema xmalas

alvisxeze. amitom zurabi cdilobs gamostyuos

saymos kultis saidumlo, risTvisac is laSaris

saymoebs saTiTaod sabediswero gansacdelSi

agdebs. zurabis `xmlis narGomni~ unda gamoica-

don laSarisadmi erTgulebaSi _ gascems Tu ara

saymo muxis moWris saidumloebas , Tu rogor

unda moiWras aTaswlovani xe. muqus

RvTismSoblis ymebi _ wowkoraulni umal

gvelis Wamas arGeven, oRond ar gascen

saidumlo; zurabi gvelis xorcs aWmevs maT,

risTvisac `mucelgvelianebis~ saxeli daim-

saxures. cabaurni mzad arian ZaRlis xorci Wa-

mon, vidre uRalaton jvars; jvaris erTgule-

baSi gamocdilni arad agdeben damcinav Sairs:

iqiT mimideg, cabauro,

ZaRlis mWamelo gogoWuroo,

mesamed romeliRac _ andrezi ar asaxelebs _

saymos ymas, tragikuli dilemis winaSe mdgars,

araadamianur saqciels _ Zmis xorcis Wamas

aiZulebs devuri qorwilis wesiT (65, 309). aseTi

ccclxxi

arGevanis fasad ujdebaT ymebs laSaris bermuxis

saidumlo.

saidumlos gascems Sinauri kaci; Sinagamcemi

aRmoGndeba axadis TemSi, pirquSis saymoSi, vinme

Salikauri, romelic muxis moWris xerxs af-

ciaurs aswavlis (65, 251). swored misi saxeli

Semoinaxa simReram:

sul-krulma afciaurma amamibruna ZiriTa^

mainc ra iyo es saidumloeba, romlis gareSe

zurabis razmeli _ gudamayreli afciauri ver

axerxebda oqrosSibiani muxis, xolo xevsureTSi

sxva vinme mironmdinari alvisxis moWras? ra

saidumlo gasca fSavSi axadelma Salikaurma da

xevsureTSi, rogorc andrezs Semounaxavs, vinme

berma areSaulma, jvaris xelkacma?

xevsuruli andrezi mogviTxrobs:

èrT Rulel kac yofil gvarad areSauli,

xnieri-d’ jvaris Pelkaci. masulebs gaugav, ro

magan icisav rogor meeWrebisav eg xeio-d’

dauqrTamav es areSauli. imas uswavlebav: erT

cica maiyvaneTav, imiT ganaTleTao-d’ xTiSvil

axPdebisao, memr meeWrebisav. Tore manam

xTiSvili xpatronobsav, magas sul ar gaSWri-

sav~. mauyvanava-d’ dauklav cicai xis ZirSi.

axPdomiv xTisSvili-d’ mauWrav xei. xe ro

waqceul, wverze gambul jaWv gawyvetila-d’

wiviliT caSi wasul^~ (62, 573.

es ambavi amgvarad aris gamoTqmuli sim-

ReraSi:

ccclxxii

^ erTic etana Ruleli, ariSauli beria.

saxels sumeljas etyodes, andrezSi egre

sweria.

angelozT ecxadeboda, gasTeTrebiyo wveria^

albaT aswavla Rulelma alvis xeT dasaWre-

lia:

`Tqven maiyvaneT katai xeT ZirSi dasakv-

lelia!~

xeni danaTles sisxliTa, eg ufro

sakvirvelia.

alvisxe gadaaqcies, Zir ar gawires, wveria.

Sib gawyda, ciske wavida, wioda rogorc

gvelia^ (88, #541).

analogiur andrezs yvebian fSavSi laSaris

muxaze:

`^ bolos axadelma Salikaurma aswavla (af-

ciaurs): muxis qveS cica dakali da mere moiWre-

bao. dakla cica. oqros Sibi moswyda muxas da

zecaSi wivili waiRo. muxa waiqca da wveri gaRma

mxares sakviraos dakra^~ (65, 251).

zurab erisTavi (radgan is aris maTi

saqcielis wamqezebeli da maiZulebeli, mTels

pasuxismgeblobasac is unda kisrulobdes) iseve

iqceva, rogorc jvar-ganZis mparavi, roca is

wmida ganZisa da kvrivi adgilis `gamonaTvlis~

mizniT, _ raTa misi xelyofa SeZlos _ usurmag

cxovels swiravs msxverplad. erT-erTi usurmagi

cxoveli kataa, romlis sisxli, rogorc an-

timsxverplisa, Zalas ukargavs siwmides, is

ccclxxiii

àfrTxobs~ jvars, im angelozs, davanebuls mis

kvrivSi; usurmagis sisxli ganaqarvebs im Zalas,

romelic wmidad xdis wmidas da kvrivs _ kvri-

vad. katis sisxlnasxurebs muxas stoveben ange-

lozebi, wydeba Sibi _ kavSiri cisa da miwisa da

morige RmerTs ubrundeba, raki is, rogorc re-

ligia, zeciuri warmoSobisaa. Sibis gawyveta

religiis, kultis gauqmebis simboluri gamox-

atulebaa, radgan Sibi, rogorc duranqi, Tavad

religiis simboloa, cisa da miwis kavSiris gan-

maxorcielebeli. sakulto cxovrebis, Tavad

kultis Gaqrobasve gamoxatavs simbolurad mi-

ronis wyaros dawyveta xmalas alvisxis moWris

Semdeg; am aqtma gaauqma kulti gudelaSi,

xevsureTis Tavdaripirvel SuagulSi.

laSaris muxis mosisxle zurab erisTavi mo-

qmedebs, rogorc Tas-ganZis mparavi. magram is

kidev gvagonebs im qajebs, romlebic `cicas~ Tav-

fexiT igerieben Semoteul RvTisSvilebs qa-

javeTis misadgomebTan, da warmatebiTac, radgan

RvTisSvilebs afrTxobs da auZlurebs usur-

magis mikareba, rogorc maTgan sxurebuli

sisxli. usurmagi qajTa (da albaT devTac)

iaraRia angelozTa winaaRmdeg. amitomac, raki

zurab erisTavi usurmagis msxverpls swiravs,

eweva Sav magias, rogorc qajTa samyarodan mov-

lenili, fSav-xevsureTis saymoTa warsawymdelad,

mis winaaRmdeg brZola saRvTo omia, sadac unda

gaimarjvos jvaris Zalam. zurab erisTavi unda

ccclxxiv

damarcxdes, rogorc marcxdeba andrezuli

mteri, magaliTad imave `sisxlis wvimebis~

droindeli Sah-abasi, romelic zurabiviT Tavs

esxmis fSavis siwmides, laSaris ganZs, raTa misi

dapatronebiT saymos batoni Seiqnas (51, 23).

marTalia, andrezis Tanaxmad, zurab erisTavi

eweva sawadels _ Wris laSaris muxas da xmalas

alvisxes, magram is mainc ver imorGilebs

RvTisSvilTa saymoebs. is mainc ver Gaigdebs

xelSi oqros Sibs, verc alvisxisas da verc

muxisas, religiis wmida niSans; xis wvers

mowyvetili Sibi Tumca daubrunda cas, saidanac

is, rogorc karatisjvaris andrezi mogviTxrobs,

iyo warmoSobili (msgavsad osuri andrezebis

sakidlebisa, romelTac caSi amzadebs RvTae-

brivi mWedeli safa); Tumca Sibi gauGinarda,

rasac unda moeswavebina religiis gaqroba am

miwa-wyalze, da masTan erTad saymoebis dacema,

magram mis garSemo Semokrebili xalxi darGa

isev saymod, radgan im muxis kunZSi, `narGomi~

zurabis xmlisa (msgavsad ymaTa) iqve darGa, ro-

gorc wmida, Tumca daxavsebuli naSTi samyaros

Suagulisa da kultis simbolosi, romelsac

kvlav Zvel pativs miageben, rogorc TviTmxil-

velis Ganaweridan Gans (125, 231), laSaris gorze

amxdarni `narGomni~ zurabis xmlisani anu ga-marjvebuli (es RvTisSvilTa cnobili epiTetia),

aRmdgari saymo. laSaris kultis aRorZineba, an-

drezis Tanaxmad, ukavSirdeba bermuxis nafotebs,

ccclxxv

romelTagan erTi ivris kudebisken gadavard-

nila, sadac man dasabami misca laSaris xatis

jvarGenas ivris fSavlebSi; meore iqve dacemula,

adgilobriv, rogorc Tesli, romelic unda

aRorZinebuliyo; mesame nafotis bedi ucnobia,

gadmogvcems andrezi (9, 106), magram cxadia, im

ucnob nafots sadRac unda mieca dasabami axali

salocavisaTvis. bermuxis nafotebis andrezi

imis gamomxatvelia, rom miuxedavad sakulto

muxis moWrisa, saymos ar daukargavs kulti, rom

sakulto cxovreba ar Sewyvetila da, rogorc

TviTmxilvelis sityvebidan Gans Zveli laSaris

kultis ganuwyvetlobis simboluri niSani yo-

fila muxis nafotebi, romlebic wmidad iyo Se-

racxili da didi sasoebiT, rogorc saidumlo,

xatSi inaxeboda (125, 232). zurab erisTavma la-

Saris muxis moWriT, marTalia, ver daangria

saymo, magram misi gafantva mainc moaxerxa. Tu

birTvi isev laSaris teritoriaze darGa, ro-

gorc moWrili muxis kunZTan davardnili

mTavari nafoti, rogorc sawindari saymos

aRorZinebisa, danarGeni nawili am saymosi muxis-

gan asxletil sxva nafotebs gahyva fSavisxevis

gareT; Tumca sxva miwaze gadatyorcnilni mainc

ar kargaven kavSirs Zireul salocavTan da, ro-

gorc vaJa wers, `mudam wels barelebis mosvla

salocavad laSaris jvarisa umizezo ar aris.

aSkaraa, rom isini gadasaxlebaSi arian fSavidan

da ar iviwyeben Tavisis mama-papis Zvels salo-

ccclxxvi

cavs. es daujerebelia miT umetes, rom fSavSi

aris sof. yvara. gadasaxlebulT Tavisis soflis

saxeli Tan wauRiaT. xalxic amtkicebs am

gadasaxlebas da mizezad zurabs asaxelebs, ro-

melsac dauwiokebia xalxi da gaubnevia, dau-

qsaqsia^~ (29, 57).

sxva andrezis Tanaxmad zurabis mier muxis

moWra aris is mijna, romlis Semdegac axali sa-

kulto cxovreba iwyeba xmelgorze: Tqmuleba am-

bobs, rom laSaris gorze jvaris muxis moWramde

mxolod berebi cxovrobdnen, gareSe kaci iq ver

adioda da dablidan ilocavda jvars (65, 251).

axal epoqaSi laSaris gorze, sadac aRar dgas

oqrosSibiani Zveli muxa, magram RvTisSvilis

gza jvaris karidan morige RvTis karamde mainc

arsebobs (Tumca safarveli aqvs dadebuli),

gareSe kacic adis Tavisi samsaxuris misatanad

da Tavis saymosTan erTianobis dasadasture-

blad.

verc xmalas alvisxis moWriT daimorGila

xevsureTSi zurabma saymoebi, sabolood ver

amoZirkva kulti; Tumca aqac moswyda oqros Sibi

da caSi gauGinarda, safarveli gadaefara miro-

nis wyaros, romlis xilva mxolod da mxolod

jvaris mkadreTa mistiur gamocdilebaSi gaxda

SesaZlebeli; magram saerTo saxevsureTo

(igulisxmeba bude-xevsureTi) sakulto cxovre-

bis Suagulma gudanSi gadainacvla, sadac

keriaSi amosulma ifnma auwya RvTisSvilis

ccclxxvii

jvarGena axal adgilze. axla gudanSi ibmis

salaSqro droSa da aq muSavdeba, raTa gavr-

celdes sxva saymoebSi savaldebulo rjuli.

miuxedavad ngrevisa da ganadgurebisa, rasac

samgzis yoveli Svidi wlis gamoSvebiT mohyve-

boda xolme saymoTa nawilis an zogierT say-

moTa mTliani gafantva, zurabis laSqrobebma

saymoTa Soris dabada solidarobis Zlieri

Segneba, romelic Zunwad, ara myvirala sityvebiT

gamoiTqmoda im `sisxlis wvimebis~ epoqis amsax-

vel simRerebSi, Tumca kerZod, ara ganzogade-

buli saxiT, rac, SesaZlebelia, met Zalas da

sarwmunoebas aniWebda naTqvams:

uTurgi mewyinaisZe xevsurT gulisad kvdebao,

amRas esxdian colSvilni, magas ra wauxdebao

(81, #124).

arxotioni, vis saymosac ar emuqreba zurabi,

Tavs swiravs aragvel xevsurTa gadasarGenad;

uymo yma sisxls Rvris im saymos jvarisaTvis,

romelic ar moiTxovs misgan Tavganwirvas da

sisxls. aseTi gmiri, rogoric aris naklebad ga-

moGenili uTurgi, amRioni, romelic sxva saymo-

saTvis swiravs Tavs, ar aris gamonaklisi am

epoqaSi, am brZolebSi. iyo qalundauri,

guroeli, romlis saxl-kars guroSi, mTis iqiT,

albaT ver miswvdeboda zurabis xeli; swored is

gaxda am epopeis gmiri, gmiri begengorisa, sadac

mterze gamarjvebis niSnad aragvidan motanili

riyis qva `Gaayuda~ samanad, _ es ki rogorc is-

ccclxxviii

toriul-andrezuli aqti, simReris sityvebiTac

aRibeWda samaradisod:

Tan maxyves qalundaursa mamukas Suqni

mzisani,

begengor Gamoewiva, yman GaWrna zurabisani.

amandiT amabrunvilma samann Gaxyudna qvisani

(81, #125).

ccclxxix

Sewirulni

is epoqa aRbeWdili iyo mtris niSniT, amas ki,

romelzedac axla iqneba saubari, patronis

beWedi adevs; patronisa, romlisTvisac Tavs

swiravs gadarGenili saymo. es epoqebi saymos

SegnebaSi ar emijnebian erTmaneTs qronologi-

uri niSniT; isini, SesaZlebelia, erTdroulad

arseboben andrezul warsulSi. Gven ganvixilavT

maT droul monakveTebad, raki viciT, rom erek-

les xana mosdevs zurab erisTavis xanas; magram

saymosaTvis es epoqebi, erTmaneTSi SeRwevadni,

ufro modaluri mdgomareobebia saymosi, ro-

melTac qmnis devurisa da RvTaebrivis (T.Gxenkeli) urTierTmonacvleoba saymos

TavgadasavalSi. roca RvTaebrivi, jvaris saxiT

warmodgenili, ukan ixevs, maSin wamoiweva `mas

Jamsa Sina~ daTrgunuli devuri Zala. zurab er-

isTavi maSin aRzevdeba, roca bagrationis

xelisufleba dauZlurebulia. jvari _ batoni

ukan ixevs da stovebs saymos bedis an misi ada-

mianuri davlaTis anabara.

ccclxxx

zurab erisTavi imave batonis ymaa, visac

fSav-xevsurni arian Sevedrebul-Sexvewilni. is

aris yma bagration mefisa, romelic Tavis Tavs

Tvlis (rasac saymoc adasturebs) gudanis

saRvTosa da laSaris jvaris moZmed, romelsac

konkretul istoriul periodSi mefe Teimurazi

warmoadgens. zurab erisTavi sxva aravinaa, Tu

ara gabudayebuli yma, romelic cdilobs Tavisi

batonis adgilis daWeras, rac mxolod misi

dauZlurebis SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli:

dalivna bagrationni, Tavad batonad zisao

(88, #54).

es sityvebi sxva istoriul viTarebazea

naTqvami, magram isini kargad miesadageba gabu-

dayebuli ymis suliskveTebas da saboloo sur-

vils.

zurab erisTavis batoni (yofacxovrebaSi misi

simamri) Teimuraz mefe amgvarad aris Seqebuli

erT xevsurul poetur fragmentSi, romelic

zustad gamoxatavs saymos SegnebaSi arsebul

warmodgenas Tavis xorciel batonze:

aim adgilis Wirime, sad Teimurazi bzandeba:

daicems wiTlis karavsa, zed oqros sveti

dadgeba

(98, #34).

es òqros sveti~ aris gamoZaxili im `naTlis

svetisa~, romelic RvTisSvilTa jvarGenis erT-

erTi saxea. Teimurazs, rogorc bagration mefes

da RvTisSvilis moZmes, Tan axlavs RvTisSvilTa

ccclxxxi

anu jvarTa, `ciT svetad GamosulTa~, atrib-

utebi. wiTelic xom RvTisSvilTa gansakuTre-

buli niSania:

saneba xkazmebs zerdagsa, samwyarsa, samis

wlisasa,

daaxvevs masarTavebsa wiTelis atlasisasa^

(6, 97).

`wiTeli atlasi~ jvaris upirvelesi siwmidis

_ droSis masalad gvevlineba erT xmiT

natiralSi:

droSaT qve vinaR agvibemdao,

Pmalas wiTliTa atlasiTao^

(79, #157).

cxadia, atlasis wiTeli ar aris ubralo,

bunebrivi feri, romelic Gveulebriv sagnebs mo-

savs; is sakraluri feria, rogorc Zoweuli.

Teimurazi, zurab erisTavis batoni (da mere

simamri misi), erTi warmomadgenelia im modgmisa,

romlis Zirs bagrationTa dinastiuri legenda

israelis mefeSi _ daviTSi xedavs. am modgmaSi

iSva qriste, ase rom bagrationebi Tavad macxov-

ris naTesavebi arian. am legendas, romelic wer-

ilobiT aris dadasturebuli qarTul saistorio

wyaroSi (70, 371-2), exmaureba erTi xevsuruli

epizoduri andrezi mefe erekleze, romelic

sveticxovlis taZarSi sulis ZaliT zeatace-

buli loyiT exuteba gumbaTze gamosaxul

ccclxxxii

qriste-pantokratoris loyas (38, #25401)*. sais-

torio wyarom Semoinaxa xalxuri warmoSobis

gadmocema, romlis Tanaxmad pirveli bagrationi

guarami, èrisTavi qarTlisa da mama bagra-

tionTa~, irmis ZuZunawovaria, msgavsad Sumeris

legendaruli mefeebisa, romlebic RvTaebrivma

furebma gamozardes TavianTi `madliani rZiT~

wmida boslebSi Tu mTebSi. vaxuStis àRweraSi~

es legenda amgvarad aris gadmocemuli: `vgoneb,

viTarca sityva ars iverielTa Sina, rameTu irem-

man ganzardao bagrationi; iyo ese guaram raJams

moukles mama da miuRes berZenTa bolo klar-

jeTisa, amas eZiebdnen da damales gamzrdelTa

da mwirobasa Sina yrma ese Seegua iremsa,

awovebda da aRivsis da avlinebda. Semdgomad

ixiles sakvirveli ese klarjTa, hscnes bagra-

tovaneba misi, miiyvanes da hyves kvalad erisTav-

erisTavad^~ (75, 694, Sen.1).

gadadis bagrationTa Taobebi _ legenda

rGeba ucvleli, oRond icvleba saxeli

dinastiis damaarseblisa, irmis ZuZunawovari yr-

misa, ikargeba xsovna gvaramze, `bagrationTa

mamaze~, da xalxis cnobierebaSi Tavs iGens

laSa-giorgi pirvel bagrationad, romelsac

Sobs Tamari ubiwo GasaxviT mzis sxivisagan; Ta-

mari Sobs yrmas, romelsac aseve gamozrdis

iremi _ mziuri cxoveli (gavixsenoT mze-irmis

* locvis dros levitaciis unars miaweren qristianobis istoriaSi wm. ekaterines, wm. Toma

aqvinels da sxv., xolo qarTul andrezebSi _ Tamar dedofals, vidre is qalwulobas inaxavda.

ccclxxxiii

simbolika farnavazis gamefebis andrezSi (44).

pirveli bagrationis mziur warmoSobas, sai-

danac xalxuri andreziT dasabams iRebs saqarT-

velos istoria da, sazogadod, dro-Jami (43),

adasturebs Tamaris mematianis (ìstoriaTa da

azmaTa~ avtoris) sityvebi, rom `laSa~ afsarTa

enaze `soflis ganmanaTlebels~ niSnavs (74, 58).

legenda bagrationTa rGeulobaze dastur-

deba kastelis GanawerebSi, sadac vxvdebiT

RmerTTan maTi wilnayarobis ideis gamoxatule-

bas. italieli beri imereTis mefeTa (aleqsandre

III da bagrat IV) naxatebis qveS aTavsebs

warwerebs, romlebic Taviseburad gadmoscemen

dinastiur legendas: `yovel qarTvels sjera,

rom rodesac mefe bagrati qudmoxdili locu-

lobda taZarSi, cidan GamoeSva xiluli Suqi da

Zvirfasi qvebiT moWedili oqros gvirgvini Tavze

daadga^ imasac amboben, rom marjvena beWze

jvris niSani aqvso, rasac sajarod acxadeben am

samefoebSi^~ (41, 75); aleqsandre mefeze is wers:

`dabadebisTanave mas zurgis orive mxares jvari

hqonia gamosaxuli^ amboben, rom beWebze patara

jvari aqvso~ (41, 76). beWebze gamosaxuli jvari

aris erT-erTi xiluli niSani bagrationi mefis

wilnayarobisa Tavis RvTiur naTesavTan; es aris

misi nawilianoba, rac naxsenebi iyo TorRvasTan

kavSirSi, romlis Sobas xevsuruli andrezi

akavSirebs erT-erTi bagrationis yofnasTan Sa-

tilis Tu mucos saymoSi. Tavisi mamisgan hqonda

ccclxxxiv

mas gamoyolili sagvareulo niSani nawilisa _

jvari da heraldikurad ganlagebuli mze da

mTvare beWebze _

didebuloba dauTqves, beWebs unaxes jvario,

marjvniv mze werebuliyva, marcxniske mTvaris

nalio^

bagrationis moqmedebis kvals vxedavT fSav-

xevsureTis saymoTa kultis genezisSi, sax-

eldobr, roca samefo taxtisgan ganmdgari

fxovelni, romelTa religiuri aRmsarebloba

amgvarad aqvs gamoxatuli XIII s-is meistories _

`fxovelni juaris msaxurni arian da qristiano-

basa iGemeben~, kvlav daimorGila Tamarma, rasac

unda mohyoloda maTi xelaxali moqceva qristes

rjulze _ maT mier aRiarebuli jvaris Tay-

vaniscemaSi jvaris WeSmariti religiis aRdgena

(74, 111). am istoriul-politikuri aqciis gamo-

Zaxili unda iyos tradiciuli cnobebi Tamaris

mier xevsureTis sazogadoebebSi eklesiis age-

baze da Tas-ganZis Sewirvaze, rac kultis

daarsebas niSnavs; an mis nabinavarze zogierTi

jvaris, mag., gudanSi naxarelas RvTisSoblis

daarseba (38, #25967); da gansakuTrebiT, Tamaris

kultis _ Tamar-aqim-dedoflis saxeliT, da

laSa giorgis jvaris arseboba fSavis xevSi, sa-

dac isini centraluri salocavebia, romelnic

Tavis garSemo ikreben fSavis Tormet saymos.

fxovSi waruSlel kvals stovebs bagrationi _

mis erT nawilSi (xevsureTSi) is kultis dama-

ccclxxxv

fuZnebelia, xolo fSavSi Tavad aris

gadaqceuli salocavad, RvTisSvilad, jvarad,

romelic hpatronobs fSavis xevis saymoebs, ro-

gorc erT mTlian saymos.

fSav-xevsureTis saymoebi pirovnulad icnoben

erTaderT warmomadgenels bagrationTa dinasti-

isas _ es aris mefe erekle meore. erekle savse-

biT realuria maT warmodgenaSi, is maTi xor-

cieli batonia, romelsac dahyvebian brZolebSi,

magram misi warmoSoba iseve legendarulia, ro-

gorc laSa-giorgisa. isic SobiTganve gadagde-

bulia tyeSi da irmis ZuZuTia gazrdili:

batoniSvils ereklesa irmis ZuZu uwovnia,

wyali usvams algeTisa, TrialeTze uZovnia,

dakargula saGaleSi, monadires upovnia

(82, #1).

yrma erekle araTu imeorebs Tavis winapris,

laSa giorgis andrezul Tavgadasavals, aramed

mis adgilsac ki ikavebs, gvevlineba ra, xevsu-

ruli andrezebis Tanaxmad, Tamaris Zed da

pirvel bagrationad (82, ##43-i, 43-k). is aris

pirveli da amave dros ukanaskneli: is iwyebs

istorias da isve amTavrebs mas; Tamarsa da

erekles Soris ukiduresad SekumSulia wuTi-

soflis dro-Jami; ise rom, erekles garda,

bagrationTa dinastiis sxva warmomadgenels ar

rGeba adgili. saymos cnobierebaSi Tamari da

erekle erTJamobaSi arian moqceulni: `xalxs

swams, rom mefe erekle da Tamar-mefe cocxlebi

ccclxxxvi

arian RmerTTan da roca gauWirdeba saqarT-

velos, mieSvelebiano^~ (88, 365). Tamari da

erekle erTi RvTaebrivi siwmidiT arian mosilni

da erTgvarad adastureben am siwmides; Tamarze

amboben, rom locvisas iatakze ar idga, aramed

naxevari adlis simaRleze haerSi iyo gaGere-

buli (81, 239), rom `misi tanisamosi ekida

sarkmlidan SemonaTebul sxivze~ (81, 81); aseve,

èrekle roca locvaze dadgeboda, xmals mzis

Suqze dahkidebda xolmeo da locvas roca

gaaTavebda, i sxividgan iseve aiRebda Pmalsa~ (88,

365); sveticxovelSi locvisas is zeaRitaceboda

da macxovris xats exuteboda (38, #25468).

sveticxovlis taZari, kultis genezisis

adgili, sadac misi saflavia, aris is adgili,

saidanac mefe cad amaRlda:

cxeTas dgas TeTri saydari, Sig naTobs

kelaptario,

Sig idga oqros kuboi, gamoxatuli jvario.

Sig iwva nefe-erekle, bagrationTa gvario.

zecas wavida erekle, qristesTan wilnayario

(88, #58-g).

`Sig iwva~^ axla zecas aris wasuli da

dabrundeba, rogorc mesia _ amgvarad unda ga-

moxatuliyo bagrationTa RvTiuri warmoSoba,

maTi qristesTan naTesaoba im konkretul warmo-

madgenelSi, romelsac, rogorc ukanasknels,

unda etvirTa Tavisi dinastiis mTeli simZime.

ccclxxxvii

ar mokvda, RmerTTan wavida, Zma ari, wil-

nayaria

(88, #58-i).

mefis, rogorc RmerTTan wilnayaris, arseba

warmodgenilia mironis wyarod _ `mironi nefe

erekles Zvlebs Gamohdiso~*, gvauwyebs xalxuri

Tqmuleba, romelsac istoriuli mefe

sveticxovlis an kultis dasabamSi gadahyavs, im

andrezul xanaSi, roca sauflo kvarTze aRmo-

cenebuli xidan mironi wveTavda, am adgilas ki

axla misi saflavia. xolo xevsuris religiur

SegnebaSi sveticxovels swored am saflavis ga-

moc eniWeba sakraluroba, rogorc salocavs.

laSa giorgisa da Tamar mefis saflavebze aR-

mocenda, fSavelTa rwmeniT, laSarisa da Tamar-

Relis salocavebi; isini iq marxian, amitomac iq

aris daarsebuli maTi jvrebi. `kalmasobaSi~ es

Tqmuleba amgvarad aris gadmocemuli: beri ioane

ase eubneba fSavlebs, gaaxsenebs maTsave an-

drezs, rac maT unda scodnodaT: `^ iman (laSa

giorgim, z.k.) mogaqcivaT Tqven, romelic axla iq

fSavSi marxia da Tavis unj ymaT gamogelodaT^~

(10, 82).

erekle, rogorc RvTis cxebuli mefe,

xevsureTisa da fSavis saymoebSi RvTisSvilis

RirsebaSia ayvanili. misi povnac iseTivea, ro-

gorc RvTisSvilis jvarGena.

* qristianobis istoriaSi cnobilni arian mironmdinareni _ wm. dimitri Tesalonikeli (III-IV ss.) da

Rirsi svimeon serbeTis mTavari (XII-XIII ss.).

ccclxxxviii

batoniSvil ereklesa irmis ZuZu uwovnia,

gadugdiaT saGaleSi, monadires upovnia.

saGale (xevsureTSi) cnobilia rogorc jvar-

Genis mTa, sadac daarsda erT-erTi jvari wmida

giorgisa _ `saGales svetad Gamosuli, samkibal

Suqis damkravi~. monadiris xsenebac ar aris am

fragmentSi moulodneli: gavixsenoT is mona-

dire, romelsac, rogorc mkadres, Gamohyavs na-

povni jvari Tavis saymoSi. asevea napovni erekle

RvTisSvilad xevsureTisa da fSavis saymoe-

bisaTvis.

erekle napovnia, rogorc andrezuli patroni

saymoebisa, magram mas Tavad hyavs mopovebuli

saymo, is Tavad qmnis Tavis sapatronebel saymos,

rac realuri istoriuli faqtiT aris gapirobe-

buli.

`qronikons umg (443) = 1755 w. ama xanTa Sina

xevsuris qveyana aRar daemorGila kaxs batons

da pirvelisamebr aRar monebdnen. GamobrZanda

kaxeTidam kaxi batoni erekle qalaqs da mo-

sTxova farvani mamasa Tvissa qarTvels batons

mefes Teimurazs, ineba xevsureTisa dalaSqvra,

gaistumra mamaman cxebulman Zei Tvisi mefe

erekle da gasca brZaneba TavadTa qarTlisaTa,

raTa iaxlnen Tan: mobrZanda mefe erekle

ananurs, Semoeyarnen iq qarTvelni amorGeviT

didebulTa Svilni da aznaurSvilni zemo

qarTlisani da erisTavebi orive daviT da jim-

Ser, wabZanda ananuridam, mibrZanda TianeTs, iq

ccclxxxix

Semoeyarnen jari kaxeTisa. zamTari iyo, Tovli

didi da gza saWiro. daiqveiTes yovelTa,

Tvinier mefisa da imanca bevrjer iaris qveiTad.

mividnen, fSavni miegeben, fSavelni daxvdnen, rac

im qveyanas gaewyoboda, moarTves mosarTmevi. ene-

baT iqidam gadasvla qveyanaSi xevsureTisa. ra

Seityves xevsurT, Semoexvewen xevsurni da

iTxoves danaSaulisa miteveba. Seundo cdoma

maTi da Semoiriga. iaxlnen ufrosni kacni da

moarTves jorni, Zroxani da cxvarni feSqaSad

da daidves Tavs samsaxuri, raca ZvelTagan kax

batonebisagan sdebodaT, gamoarTo mefeman mZev-

lebi da ganuteva xevsurni mSvidobiT~ (54, 39).

mefe erekle _ Tamaris andrezuli memkvidre

realuradac imeorebs Tamaris qmedebas, rogorc

arqetipul saqciels winaprisas: meordeba XIII s-

is viTareba, roca Tamars mouxda fxovis Se-

momtkiceba da iq jvaris sarwmunoebis ganaxleba,

rasac Tavis mxriv arqetipuli magaliTi aqvs IV

s-Si, roca wmida nino gaemarTa mTielTa (kerZod,

fxovelTa) mosanaTlavad.

erekle ganaaxlebs, xelaxla qmnis qris-

tianul Tems xevsureTSi, aRadgens saymoebs, rac

bunebrivad religiuri aqtiT aris ganmkicebuli:

am laSqrobis dros erekle (jer kidev

ufliswuli) naTlavs ormocdaoTx xevsur bavSvs

(54, 40) da, amrigad, naTlis mamad evlineba kvlav

Semomtkicebul saymos. is uwesebs maT yofa-

cxovrebis sakralur reJims; tradiciiT, erekles

cccxc

dauwesebia xevsureTisaTvis orSabaTis uqme _

`kvirais sapatio dRe~ (37, 59) da Tavisi wili

daudevs maTi kultis uwmides saganSi: igi zars

Seabams gudanis saRvTos droSas. arsebobs gad-

mocema, rom erekles gudanis wm. giorgis jvari-

saTvis miuZRvnia ganTqmuli droSa _ `gaJekauri~,

romlis xma aragvis WalaSi ismoda sanedan (4, 6).

erekle, rogorc sakulto cxovrebis ama-

RorZinebeli xevsureTis saymoebSi (rac an-

drezuli xanis pirveldamfuZneblis Rvawlis

ganmeorebad unda davsaxoT istoriul xanaSi),

Seracxilia gudanis jvaris moZmed, rac imas

niSnavs, rom xorcieli mefe ierarqiulad

RvTisSvilisa da jvaris safexurze dgeba. is

axorcielebs RvTisSvilebsa da bagrationebs

Soris adriTganve dawesebul moZmeobas, rasac,

Tavis mxriv, RvTisSvilTa moZmeobis institutSi

aqvs safuZveli (7). zemoT iTqva, rom am urTier-

Tobas Tamarisa da laSa giorgis xanaSi daedo

safuZveli, rac asaxulia andrezul gadmoce-

mebSi. mogviano xanis werilobiTi dokumentebi

mowmoben am tradiciuli moZmeobis sicxoveles

bagrationTa dinastiur SegnebaSi. kaxeTis me-

feebi wyalobis wignebSi laSaris jvars TavianT

moZmed, xolo laSaris jvaris ymebs, fSavlebs,

TavianT ymebad ixsenieben, riTac adastureben

TavianT Tanasworobas RvTisSvilTan, laSaris

wmida giorgisTan, romelTanac pirvelad, `mas

Jamsa Sina~, laSa-giorgim daamyara moZmeoba. am

cccxci

tradicias kaxeTis TviT gamahmadianebuli mefee-

bic ki inaxavdnen: `^ Gvensa didaT erTgulaT

Wirnaxulad namsaxursa Gvenis Zmis laSaris-

jvris ymaT, erTobiT fSavelT^~ vkiTxulobT

erekle pirvelis Zis daviTis (imamyuli-xanis,

1703-1722) wyalobis wignSi (5, 400); konstantine

erekles Ze (mahmadyuli-xani, 1722-1732) mimarTavs

laSaris jvars: `^ mouSleli ZRveni da

Sesawiravi mogarTviT da SemogwireT Tqven yov-

lad didebulsa da yovlad qebulsa mxedarsa

RuTisasa, moZmesa Gvensa wmidasa giorgis la-

Saris jvarsa da kvalad miuboZeT moymeTa, mo-

laSqreTa, dekanozTa, qadagTa da sruliad

fSavelTa^~ (5, 42).

erekle II fSavis salocavs Tavisi `moZmis

kars~ uwodebs: ès ganaGenis wigni dagvidvia Gven,

mefe erekles: ase rom grigol saxlTuxucesi

gavgzavneT fSavs, Gveni moZmis karze iyo da

fSavelT stumari iyo^~ (5, 44)).

kanonzomieria, rom laSaris jvars, rogorc

mefis moZmes, Tavis batonad aRiarebs mefis yma,

qveSevrdomi erisTavi:

`^ Tqven didsa da amaRlebuls da aRmate-

bulsa, zRviTi zRvamde gaTqmulsa, mTisa da ba-

risa salocavsa, patiosansa da mravaljer mesa-

soesa, keTilad gamarjvebulsa didsa laSaris

jvarsa giorgisa da sul erTobiT Tqvens salo-

cavsa da Tqvens kargs ymaT fSavelTa: ase rom

Gveni mama-papamdin Tqvenis erTgulebisa da sam-

cccxcii

saxurisa me da Seni vyofilvarT^ arc Gvens

sicocxleSi manamdin Gvenis mamis Tesli am qvey-

anas viyvneT, arc Tqvens samsaxurzed da erT-

gulobazed Peli aviRoT^~ (5, 41).

bagration mefeTa moZmea agreTve xevsureTis

(kerZod, samaganZuros) Zlieri salocavi gudanis

wmida giorgis jvari, ber baadurad wodebuli

adgilobriv tabuirebul enaze. Tumca cnobili

ar aris maTi moZmeobis amsaxvel-

damadasturebeli samefo werilobiTi dokumen-

tebi, magram saymoSi Tavis droze Zlierad

hqonda fesvi gadgmuli am rwmenas da, rogorc

mosalodneli iyo, bagration mefeTa Soris er-

TaderT erekleSi xedavdnen gudanis wmida gior-

gis xorciel moZmes. erekles pirovnebaSia daun-

jebuli dinastiuri krebiTi pirovneba, romelic

axorcielebs moZmeobis princips. rogorc sak-

raluri pirovneba, erekle zedroulobaSi myo-

fobs, erTis mxriv, TamarTan erTad, romelTa

Soris gasuli realuri dro-Jami warxocilia an

ukidures zRvramdea SekumSuli; meore mxriv,

gudanis wmida giorgis gverdiT, romelTanac

morige RvTis gangebiT wils hyris. `RTis nasaxT

batoni romeni viyoT, da xorcielTi romenio.

xorcielT batonoba erekles rgebia da RTis-

nasaxTi (xatebisa) ber baadurs^~ (77, 303), ambobs

andrezi.

rogorc vxedavT, TiTqos SemTxvevis (wili-

syris) wyalobiT gadawyvetila, rom erekles

cccxciii

rgeboda gudanis xorcielTa saymos batonoba.

wilisyris faqti maT Soris adasturebs saymos

TvalSi maT potenciur Tanasworobas, kerZod

imas, rom erekle potenciurad flobda

RvTisSvilTa batonobis unars, rogorc Tavad

RvTisSvili. erekles, rogorc xorcielT saymos

patronis, bedi caSia gadawyvetili; aq Gaabares

da miiRo man Tavisi unji saymo _ Tavisi wmida

mxedroba, laSqari.

mefe periodulad adis gudanSi, da, rogorc

qadagi, Sedis jvaris wmidaTa wmidaSi Tavisi

moZmis winaSe pirispir Sesayrelad. al.oGiauris

GanawerebSi amgvarad aris gadmocemuli xor-

ciel-uxorco moZmeTa urTierToba:

`xevsurebs mefe iraklic ise miaGnda, rogorc

RvTaeba da eZaxodnen gudanis jvaris moZmes.

igic amodioda xevsureTSi, xevsurT gudanis

jvarSi mouyrida Tavs da TviTon beRelSi Sevi-

doda da ismoda xmamaRali laparaki. xevsurebs

egona, gudanis jvars irakli piradad elaparake-

bao, Gven ver vxedavT gudanis jvars, radgan sa-

farveli aZevso da rogorc misi moZme da TviTo-

nac wmida kaci, rogorc RvTaeba, irakli TvaliT

xedavs da erTad baasobeno^~ (60, 143-4); `^ is rom

xevsureTSi movidoda xevsurT gasayvanad jarSi,

maSin pirvelad gudanSi avidoda, Sevidoda

gudanis jvaris beRelSi da iqidan saubari is-

moda iraklisa da gudanis jvarisa erTad. igini

saubrobdnen xevsurT saWirboroto da agreTve

cccxciv

saqarTvelos sakiTxebze. gudanis jvars xevsurni

ver xedavdnen, iraklis ki piradad ecxadeboda

da rogorc moZmes esaubreboda. saubars rom

gaaTavebdnen, irakli gamovidoda da gudanis

jvaris survils Seyril xevsurT uambobda.

xSirad yofila SemTxveva, rom gamosuli ga-

moacxadebda irakli: `gudanis jvari brZanebs,

Gemni ymani xevsurni moemzadeniT, Gemi droSa

aabiT, saqarTvelos mteri Semoeseva, unda davex-

maroT. xTisgan gamarjveba viTxove da miboZa. me

Gems fxasisxlian xmals Semovirtyam da TqvenTan

erTad omSi viqnebio. rogorc dambadebelma mi-

boZa, gamarjveba da davla me da Gem ymaT dagvr-

Gebao~ (62, 662).

xorciel da uxorco batonebs erTi saerTo

saziaro saymo hyavT: gudanis wmida giorgis

saymo imavdroulad erekles unji saymoc aris

da iseve emsaxureba mas, rogorc jvars. unji yma

valdebulia miaSuros, gahyves Tavis patrons

pirvelsave daZaxilze; magram es valdebuleba

patronis nebiT ar aris nakarnaxevi, is bunebri-

vad, raime gansjis gareSe ibadeba saymos Segne-

baSi, rogorc misi Sinagani moTxovnileba. is

ivalebs, sisxli daRvaros Tavisi patronisaTvis

da saxelis garda ar elis sxva sazRaurs

daRvrili sisxlis wil. am suliskveTebiT aris

gamsWvaluli fSav-xevsuruli sagmiro poezia im

`sisxlis wvimebis~ droebisa, roca maTi sagmiro

cxovrebis sulisGamdgmeli da maTi istoriis

cccxcv

warmmarTveli mefe ereklea; roca is, rogorc

jvari, gars ikrebs Tavis unj saymos da gahyavs

igi Tavisi mxaris viwro sazRvrebidan ucxo

qveyanaSi saqarTvelos mtris winaaRmdeg

sabrZolvelad; isini, rogorc wmida mxedrebi,

uangarod emsaxurebian batons da ar kadru-

loben, rom raime nivTier dovlaTze mihyidon

mas TavianTi erTguleba. ai, epizodi patron-ymis

urTierTobisa, romelic gulmarTlad gamox-

atavs saymos uSualo gulispasuxs:

`miSveleT, Gemo Pevsurno, unjni ymani xarT

Gemnia.

fuls magcemT magodenasa, ro ar zidavdes

cxenia~

PevsurT swyenios es sityva, romav `Gven mefe-

mav es raad gviTxrav, ro `fuls magcemTav~? Gven

gana fulis gulisad vomobTav~? maSin erTPmad

uTqom xalxs:

`Tavs ver gagixriT Pevsurni, _ unjni ymani

varT Sennia;

TeTrs vinc aiRebs Pevsuri, vinac maxkidas

Pelia,

gauwyras, nefev ereklev, is salocavi Gvenia!~

(17, 162-3).

am dros is sruliad qarTvelTa jvarisaTvis

ibrZvis, jvarisaTvis, romelic saymos istoriis

am epoqaSi erekles saxiT warmoudgeba mas; is am

dros ar ibrZvis Tavis gadasarGenad, radgan mas

arc devebi da arc gabudayebuli feodali ar

cccxcvi

emuqreba; is gadarGenilia winamaval `sisxlis

wvimebis~ xanaSi; is `laRis mtris~ maxvilisagan

aris `narGomi~ da swored aman gaxada Tavisi

jvaris unj saymod , romelsac amieridan mfar-

velobs misi RvTaebrivi patroni. patronis vali

saymos mimarT gadadis erekle mefeze, uxorco

patronis moZmeze, da isic ar stovebs maT ga-

saWirSi: `gafrindi, Gemo cxeno, sadac ymani

iPocebian, ereklec iq iyos!~ _ uTqvams mas.

bagrationi mefe Tavisi moqmedebiT saymos cno-

bierebaSi aRviZebs Tavisi moZmis da naTesavis,

laSaris wmida giorgis xats, romelic amgvarad

aris aRbeWdili erT xalxur leqsSi:

laSarelais lurjasa fafar asxavis giSlisa,

Sajdeba, gaemarTeba, kotor gahyveba nislisa,

Tavis ymaT mieSveleba xan rom ar iyos misv-

lisa^

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cccxcvii

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cccxcviii

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cccxcix

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cd

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variantebi ("macne", enisa daliteraturis se-

ria, 1982, #1).

46. kiknaZe z., Suamdinaruli miTologia, "mec-


cdi

47. kotetiSvili v., xalxuri poezia, "sabWoTa

mwerali", Tb., 1961.

48. koxi k., spenseri o., cnobebi saqarTvelos

Sesaxeb, "mecniereba", Tb., 1981.

48-a. lekiaSvili a., kviria-macxovari ("mnaTobi",

1982, #???).

49. makalaTia s., TuSeTi, tf., 1933.

50. makalaTia s., mTiuleTi, tf., 1930.

51. makalaTia s., fSavi, tf., 1934.

52. makalaTia s., qsnis xeoba, Tb., 1968.

53. makalaTia s., xevi, tf., 1934.

54. makalaTia s., xevsureTi, tf., 1935.

55. masalebi saqarTvelos Sinamrewvelobisa da

xelosnobis istoriisaTvis, "mecniereba"., Tb.,

1976.

56. masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, 1,

ssrk mecn. akad. saqarTvelos filialis ga-

momc., tf., 1938.

57. maWavariani e., bavSvis movla-aRzrdis wesebi

mTiuleTSi (s.janaSias sax. saqarTvelos sax-

elmwifo muzeumis moambe, t.XIX-A da XXI--B,

1957).

58. molodini d., jalabaZe g., saqarTvelos sax-

elmwifo muzeumis droSebis katalogi, Tb.,

1962.

59. oniani a., svanuri miTologiisaTvis, Tqmule-

bebi RvTaebaTa Sesaxeb qvemo svaneTSi, 1939

(saqarTvelos mecn. akademiis istoriis insti-

tutis eTnografiis ganyofilebis arqivi, M 21).

cdii

59-a. ortega i gaseti x., masebis amboxi, espanu-

ridan Targmna b.bregvaZem, Tb., `xomli~, 1993. ,

59-b. oGiauri al., stumarmaspinZloba xevsureTSi,

"mecniereba", Tb., 1980.

60. oGiauri al., Tqmulebebi xevsurul RvTaebaTa

da RvTisSvilTa Sesaxeb, 1938 (saqarTvelos

mecn. akademiis istoriis institutis eT-

nografiis ganyofilebis arqivi, M 15).

61. oGiauri al., xevsuruli xalxuri dReobebis

kalendari (arxoti), 1938, (iqve, M 16).


kalendari (bude-xevsureTi), 1939, (iqve, M 17).


kalendari, VII (piriqiTi xevsureTi, xaxabo,

ardoti), 1939 (iqve, M 18).

64. oGiauri al., religia budexevsureTisa da Sa-

tilis TemSi, 1940 (iqve, M 32).

65. oGiauri al., fSauri xalxuri dReobebi (iqve,

M 83).

66. oGiauri al., xevsuruli masalebi, I (iqve, M 86).

67. oGiauri T., miTologiuri gadmocemebi aRmo-

savleT saqarTveos mTianeTSi, "mecniereba, Tb.,

1967.

68. oGiauri T., qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmunoebis

istoriidan, saqarTvelos ssr mecn. akademiis

gamomcemloba, Tb., 1954.

69. Jordania T., qronikebi da sxva masala saqarT-

velos istoriisa da mwerlobisa, w. II, tf.,

1897

cdiii

70. razikaSvili v., mamaGemi vaJa-fSavela, "sabWoTa


71. sanikiZe T., gergetis xuroTmoZRvruli ansam-

bli, "mecniereba", Tb., 1975.

72. qarTvel mTielTa zepirsityviereba, mTiuleT-

gudamayari, teqstebis momzadeba, redaqcia, ga-

mokvleva da SeniSvnebi el. virsalaZisa,

saqarTvelos ssr mecn. akademiis gamomcemoba,

Tb., 1958.

73. qarTlis cxovreba, t.I, saxelgami, Tb., 1955.

74. qarTlis cxovreba, t.II, "sabWoTa saqarTvelo",

Tb., 1959.

75. qarTlis cxovreba, t.IV, batoniSvili vaxuSti,

"aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa", "sabWoTa


76. qarTluli dialeqtis leqsikoni (masalebi),

"mecniereba", Tb., 1981.

77. qarTuli xalxuri poezia, t.I, miTologiuri

leqsebi, "mecniereba", Tb., 1972.

78. qarTuli xalxuri poezia, t.IV, sagmiro le-

qsebi, "mecniereba", Tb., 1975.

79. qarTuli xalxuri poezia, t.V, sawesGveulebo

leqsebi, "mecniereba", Tb., 1976.

80. qarTuli xalxuri poezia, t.VIII, sayo-

facxovrebo leqsebi, "mecniereba", Tb., 1979.

81. qarTuli xalxuri saistorio sityviereba, t.I,

teqstebis momzadeba, redaqcia, Sesavali da

SeniSvnebi qsenia sixaruliZisa, saqarTvelos

ssr mecn. akademiis gamomcemloba, Tb., 1961.

cdiv

82. qarTuli xalxuri saistorio sityviereba, t.II,

teqstebis momzadeba, redaqcia, Sesavali da

SeniSvnebi qsenia sixaruliZisa, saqarTvelos

ssr mecn. akademiis gamomcemloba, Tb., 1964.

83. RvTaebis eklesia TelavSi ("mwyemsi", 1887, #16).

84. Rlonti al., qarTuli xalxuri novelebi (te-

qstebi), Tb., 1956.

85. yazbegi sol., yazbegis mTa ("iveria", 1895,

#197).

86. yubaneiSvili sol., vaJa-fSavela, saxelgami,

Tb., 1937.

87. SaniZe akaki, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t.I,

"mecniereba, 1984.

88. SaniZe akaki, qarTuli xalxuri poezia, I,

xevsuruli, saxelgami, tf., 1931.

89. Sardenis mogzauroba sparseTisa da aRmosav-leTis sxva qveynebSi (cnobebi saqarTvelos

Sesaxeb), "mecniereba", Tb., 1975.

90. Satberdis krebuli, "mecniereba", Tb., 1979.

91. Gitaia g., eTnonimikuri xalxuri gadmocemebi

(istoriis institutis Sromebi, I, saqarTvelos

ssr mecn. akademiis gamomcemloba, Tb., 1955).

92. Gitaia g., xevsuruli saxlis sene (analebi, iv.

javaxiSvilis sax. istoriis institutis

Sromebi, I, saqarTvelos ssr mecn. akademiis

gamomcemloba, Tb., 1947).

93. Giqovani m., mijaWvuli amirani, Tsu gamomcem-

loba, Tb., 1947.

cdv

94. Gxenkeli T., tragikuli niRbebi, "ganaTleba",

Tb., 1971.

95. Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis

Zeglebi, wigni I (V-X ss.), "mecniereba", Tb.,

1964.

96. Zveli qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t.II, "mec-


97. ZiZiguri v., maswavleblis mogonebebi, Tb., 1957.

98. WinWarauli al., xevsureTis Taviseburebani,

teqstebi da indeqsi, saqarTvelos ssr mec-

nierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, Tb., 1960.

99. xalxuri sibrZne, t.III, qarTuli eposi, "na-

kaduli", Tb., 1964.

100.xalxuri sityvierebis masalebi, Sekrebili

j.sonRulaSvilis mier, saqarTvelos ssruli

mecn. akademiis gamomcemloba, Tb., 1955.

101.xaraZe r., xevsuruli andrezi - xalxuri sa-

marTlis wyaro (saqarTvelos ssr mecn.

akademiis iv. javaxiSvilis sax. istoriis in-

stitutis mimomxilveli, t.II, Tb., 1951).

102.xaraZe r., robaqiZe al., mTiuleTis sofeli

Zvelad, "mecniereba", Tb., 1965.

103.xaxanaSvili a., qarTuli sityvierebis istoria

(uZvelesi droidgan XVIII sauk. gasulamde),

tf., 1904.

104.xizaniSvili n., eTnografiuli nawerebi, ssrk

mecn. akademiis saqarTvelos filialis gamom-

cemloba, Tb., 1940.

cdvi

105.xizaniSvili d., fSaveTi da fSavlebi ("iv-

eria", 1899, #140).


eria", 1899, #178).


eria", 1899, #179).


eria", 1899, #183).

109.xizaniSvili d., fSauri leqsebi, tf., 1887.

109-a. xornauli g., mTebi da saxelebi, Tsu ga-

momcemloba, Tb., 1983.

110.jafariZe g., Soris naTelsa da Soris bnels

("qarTuli ena da literatura skolaSi", #2,

1981).

111. jafariZe g., wmida dafebi (enisa da litera-

turis gany. arsebuli folkloris sakoordi-

nacio sabWos XXIII samecniero konferenciis

Tezisebi, Tb., 1984).

112.jayeli T., sauflo xe alva (`jvari vazisa~,

#2, 1990).

113.Àâåðèíöåâ Ñ.Ñ. Çîëîòî â ñèñòåìå ñèìâîëîâ ðàííåâèçàíòèéñêîé êóëüòóðû, Âèçàíòèÿ þæíûå ñëàâÿíå è Äðåâíÿÿ Ðóñü, Çàïàäíàÿ Åâðîïà. Èñêóññòâî è êóëüòóðà. Ñá. ñòàòåé â ÷åñòü Â.Í. Ëàçàðåâà, “Íàóêà”, Ì., 1973.

113-a. Àôàíàñüåâ À. Ïîýòè÷åêå âççðåèÿ ñëàâÿí íà ðèîäó, ò.2, Ì., 1868. 114.Áàêðàäçå Ä. Êàâêàç â äðåâíèõ ïàìÿòíèêàõ õðèñèàñòâà,

Òèôëèñ, 1875.

cdvii

115.Áàäàâåëèäçå Â. Äðåâíåéøèå ðåëèãèîçíûå âåîâàèÿ è îáðÿäîâå ãðôè÷åêîå èñêóññâî ãðóçèíñêèõ ïëåìí, Èçä. ÀÍ ÃÑÑÐ, Òá., 1957.

116.Áóáåð Ì. Èçáðàíûå ðîèçâåäíèÿ, Èåðóñàëèì, 1979. 117.Ãåãåëü Ã.Â.Ô. Ôèëîñîôèÿ èñòîðèè, Ñî÷èíåíèÿ, ò.VIII,

Ãîññîö. -ýê. èçä., Ì.-Ë., 135. 118.Ãóìèëåâ Ë.Í. Âíóòðåííÿÿ çàêîíîìåíîñòü ýòíîãåíåçà (Ëàíäøàôò è ýòíîñ), Âåñòèê ËÃÓ., ¹6, 1973.

119.Ãóìèëåâ Ë.Í. Ýòíîãåíåç è áèîñôåðà çåìëè, ÂÈÍÈÒÈ, 1979. 120.Ãóðåâè÷ À.ß. Èñòîðèÿ è ñàãà, “Íàóêà”, Ì., 1972. 121.Ãóðåâè÷ À.ß. Ýääà è ñàãà, “Íàóêà”, Ì., 1979. 122.Äèîãåí Ëàåðòñêèé Îæèçíè, ó÷åíèÿõ è èçîå÷åíèÿõ çíàìåíèòûõ

ôèëîñîôîâ, “Ìûñëü”, Ì., 1979. 123.Äðåçäåí Ì. Ìèôîëîãèÿ äðåâíåãî Èðàíà, Ìèôîëîãèÿ äðåâíåãî ìèðà,

“Íàóêà”, Ì., 1977. 124.Äþìåçèëü Æ. Îñåòèíñêèé ýïîñ è ìèôîëîãèÿ, “Íàóêà”, Ì., 1976. 125.Çèñåðìàí À.ß. Äâàäöàòü ïÿòü ëåò íà êàâêàçå (1842-1867),

Ñ.-Ïåòåðáóðã, 1879. 126.Èîðäàíñêèé Â.Á. Õàîñ è Ãàðìîíèÿ, “Íàóêà”, Ì., 1982. 127.Êàâêçñêèé êàëåíäàðü íà 1851 ãîä. Òèôëèñ, 1850, îòä.III

(Êîíñòàíòèíîâ Î.). 128.Êèêíàäçå Ç. Æåðòâà, æðåö, îõîòíèê. Êàâêàçñêî-

áëèæíåâîñòî÷íûé ñáîðíèê, VII, “Ìåöíèåðåáà”, Òá., 1984. 129.Êîâàëåâñêèé Ì. Çàêîí è îáû÷àé íà Êàâêàçå, ò.I, Ì., 1890. 130.Ìåëåòèíñêèé Å.Ì. Ìèô è ñêàçêà, Ôîëüêëîð è ýòíîãðàôèÿ,

“Íàóêà”, Ì., 1970. 131.Ìåëåòèíñêèé Å.Ì. Ïîýåòèêà ìèôà, “Íàóêà”, Ì., 1976. 132.Ìåëåòèíñêèé Å.Ì. Ýääà è ðàííèå ôîðìû ýïîñà, “Íàóêà”, Ì., 1968. 133.Ìèôû íàðîäîâ ìèðà, ò.I, “Ñîâ. Ýíöèêëîïåäèÿ”, Ì., 1980. 134.Ìëàäøàÿ Ýääà, “Íàóêà”, Ì., 1970.

cdviii

135.Íàòðîåâ À. Ìöõåòà è åã ñîáîð Ñâåòöõâåëè, Òèôëèñ, 1900. 136.Îñåòíñêèå (Äèãîðñêèå) íàðîäíûå èçðå÷åíèÿ, “Íàóêà”, Ì., 1980. 137.Ðàäå Ã. Õåâñóðÿ õåâñóðû, Òèôëèñ, 1881. 138.Ñîáðàíèå äðåâíèõ ëèòóðãèé, âîñòî÷íûõ è çàïàäíûõ, âûï.3, Ñ.-

Ïåòåðáóðã, 1875. 139.Ñòóðëóññí Ñíîðè, Êðóã Çåìíîé, “Íàóêà”, Ì., 1980. 140.Óâàðîâ À.Ñ. Õðèñòèàíñêàÿ ñèìâîëèêà, ÷.I, Ì., 1908. 141.Ôåéåðáàõ Ë. Èñòîðèÿ ôèëîñîôèè, ò.I, “Ìûñëü”, Ì., 1967. 142.Õðåñòîìàòèÿ ïî èñòîðèè Äðåâíåãî Âîñòîêà, ïîä. ðåä. àêàä. Â.Â.

Ñòðóâå è Ä.Ã. Ðåäåðà, “Íàóêà”, Ì., 1963. 143.Õóäàäîâ Í.À. Çàìåòêè î Õåâñóðèè, Çàï. Êàâê. Îòä. ÈÐÃÎ,

êí.XIV, âûï.I, Òèôëèñ, 1890. 144.×èáèðîâ Ë.À. Îñåòèíñêîå íàðîäíîå æèëèùå, Öõèíâàëè, 1970. 145.Øàìàëîâ À. Ðåëèãèîçíûå êóëüòû ÷å÷åíöåâ è èíãóøåé è ïóòè èõ

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1983 (Ïðîñòðàíñòâî è êîììóíèêàöèÿ), Þíåñêî. 146-a. ßéëåíêî Á.Ï. Àðõàè÷åñêàÿ Ãðåöèÿ è Áëèæíèé Âîñòîê, “Íàóêà”, Ì., 1990. 147.Benveniste E. Le vocabulaire des institutions indo-

europiennes, 2. Pouvoire, droit, religion, P., 1969. 148.Buchholz H.-G., Karagerghis V. Altagais und Altkypros,

Lpz., 1972. 149.Charachidze G. Le Systeme Religieux de la Georgie paienne,

P., 1968. 150.Dodds E.R. The Greeks and the Irrational, University of

California Press, Berklay, 1970.

cdix

151.Eliade M. Patterns in Comparative Religion, New American Library, New York, 1974.

152.Eliade M. Rites and Symbols of Initiation. The Mysteries of Birth and Rebirth, New York, 1965.

153.Eliade M. Le Mythe de l’eternal Retour, Archetypes et Repetition, Galimard, 1949.

154.Eliade M. The Sacred and Profane, The Nature of Religion, New York, 1959.

155.Fustel de Coulanges. Le Cite Antique. Etude sur la culte, le droit les institutions de la Greece et de Rome, P., 1908.

156.Harwood Fr. Myth, Memory and Oral Tradition, “Ameri-can Anthropologist”, vol.78, ¹4, 1976, pp. 783-796.

157.Robertson Smith W. Lectures on the Religion of the Sem-ites, Edinburgh, 1889.

cdx

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