Transcript
Shift in Stressand
Intonation
MINDORO STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGYBONGABONG CAMPUS
Labasan, Bongabong Oriental Mindoro
MinSCAT plants Responsibility Involvement Commitment
Excellence
What is Word Stress?
Stress is the relative emphasis that may be given to certain syllables in a word, or to certain words in a phrase or sentence.
Stress is typically signaled by such properties as increased loudness and vowel length, full articulation of the vowel, and changes in pitch.
Shift in Stress
Generally, when suffixes are added to a word, no shift in stress occur.Consider the following words:
Honest - Honesty improve – improvementholy – holiness Direct – directiveattend – attendance reason – reasonableCrazy – craziness measure – measurementcolor – colorful
Shift in Stress
In some cases though, adding a suffix will result a movement of the stress from one syllable to another. Notice how the stressed syllables changed in the words given bellow, after the suffix is added.
Operate – operation render – rendition politics – political Organ – organicperson – personality history – historical Comment – commentary technology – technological product – productive Discipline – disciplinaryavailable – availability record – recording
Suffix
Take a good look at the list of suffixes below (suffixes are word endings).
Your stress is going to come on the syllable right before the suffix. This applies to words of all syllable lengths. Examples: able: ADDable, ARable, DURableary: PRIMary, DIary, liBRarycial: juDIcial, nonSOcial cian: muSIcian, phySIcian, cliNICian
Prefixes
Usually, prefixes do not take the stress of a word.
There are a few exceptions to this rule, however, like: un, in, pre, ex and mis, which are all stressed in their prefix.
Examples: ex: EXample, EXplanation, EXamine in: INside, INefficient, INterest mis: MISspoke, MIStake, MISspelled pre: PREcede, PREarrange, PREliminary
Video:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HE4b0jL3gTQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TV6gSPkfwZE
Intonation
is variation of spoken pitch that is not used to distinguish words; instead it is used for a range of functions such as indicating the attitudes and emotions of the speaker, signalling the difference between statements and questions, and between different types of questions, focusing attention on important elements of the spoken message and also helping to regulate conversational interaction. It contrasts with tone, in which pitch variation in some languages does distinguish words, either lexically or grammatically.
Intonation
Pitch is raising and lowering the voice while speaking. The use of pitch is called intonation.
Introduction of Intonation video:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tzh3Owutf5Y
In many descriptions of English, the following intonation patterns are distinguished:
Rising Intonation means the pitch of the voice rises over time [↗];
Falling Intonation means that the pitch falls with time [↘];
Dipping or Fall-rise Intonation falls and then rises [↘↗];
Peaking or Rise-fall Intonation rises and then falls [↗↘].
Falling Intonation
Final Intonation or 2-3-1 pattern also known as the rising-falling
intonation, is a basic pattern used in declarative and imperative statements and information questions. It can be two types : drop or ship glide
Falling Intonation
Declarative Statements:
Drop/ShiftSarah dances GRACEfully.They visit their parents on Sundays.
GlideShe is in LOve.
Falling Intonation
Imperative (command) Statements:
Drop/ShiftPlease get me a glass of Water.Run me an ERrand.
GlideCome In.Sit DOwn.
Falling Intonation
Glide:
Information Questions :
Where did you find this WALlet?What is your Name?
Falling Intonation
Falling intonation is the most common type of intonation in
English. It is used in statements (declarative sentences), special questions, commands (imperative sentences), exclamatory sentences, in the first part of disjunctive questions and in the last part of alternative questions
Examples of Falling Intonation
Statements: We live in \MOScow. I don't want to \CALL her. They left for London \YESterday. I’d like a sandwich and a cup of \COFfee,
please.
Examples of Falling Intonation
Special questions: Where do you \LIVE? When did you \CALL him? How much \IS it? What are you \READing? Who wants to \GO there?
Examples of Falling Intonation
Commands: \STOP it! Sit \DOWN. Close your books and \LISten. Open the \DOOR, please. Turn left at the \POST office.
Exclamatory sentences: Hel\LO! Good \MORNing! How \NICE of you!
Rising Intonation
Rising Intonation or 2-3-3 pattern
a pattern used for questions answerable by YES or NO.
Rising Intonation
Rising intonation is a rather complicated phenomenon. It
can express various emotions, such as non-finality, incompleteness, question, surprise, doubt, hesitation, interest, request and suggestion, politeness, readiness to continue the conversation, lack of confidence, and even insecurity.
Examples of Rising Intonation
General questions: Are you SCARED? Is this YOURS? Have you read this BOOK? Are you ready to START? Melissa wants to quit her /JOB? Where are you /FROM?
Statements: She is ten years \OLD. He doesn't have a \CAR. I haven't read this \BOOK.
Functions of intonation
All vocal languages use pitch pragmatically in intonation — for instance for emphasis, to convey surprise or irony, or to pose a question. Here are some functions of intonation:
attitudinal function for expressing emotions and attitudes
example: a fall from a high pitch on the 'mor' syllable of "good morning" suggests more excitement than a fall from a low pitchon to using pitch for distinguishing words.
Functions of intonation
grammatical function to identify grammatical structure
example: it is claimed that in English a falling pitch movement is
associated with statements, but a rising pitch turns a statement into a yes–no question, as in He's going ↗home?. This use of intonation is more typical of American English than of British. It is claimed that some languages, like Chickasaw and Kalaallisut, have the opposite pattern from English: rising for statements and falling with questions.
Functions of intonation
Focusing to show what information in the
utterance is new and what is already known.
example: in English I saw a ↘man in the garden answers "Whom
did you see?" or "What happened?", while I ↘saw a man in the garden answers "Did you hear a man in the garden?"
Functions of intonation
Discourse function to show how clauses and sentences go
together in spoken discourse.
example: subordinate clauses often have lower pitch,
faster tempo and narrower pitch range than their main clause,as in the case of the material in parentheses in "The Red Planet (as it's known) is fourth from the sun"
Functions of intonation
Psychological function to organize speech into units that are
easy to perceive, memorize and perform.
example: The utterance "You can have it in red blue
green yellow or ↘black" is more difficult to understand and remember than the same utterance divided into tone units as in "You can have it in ↗red | ↗blue | ↗green | ↗yellow | or ↘black"
Functions of intonation
Psychological function to organize speech into units that are easy
to perceive, memorize and perform.
example: The utterance "You can have it in red blue
green yellow or ↘black" is more difficult to understand and remember than the same utterance divided into tone units as in "You can have it in ↗red | ↗blue | ↗green | ↗yellow | or ↘black"
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