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Shift in Stress and Intonation MINDORO STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY BONGABONG CAMPUS Labasan, Bongabong Oriental Mindoro MinSCAT plants Responsibility Involvement Commitment Excellence
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Shift in Stress and Intonation

Aug 18, 2015

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Page 1: Shift in Stress and Intonation

Shift in Stressand

Intonation

MINDORO STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGYBONGABONG CAMPUS

Labasan, Bongabong Oriental Mindoro 

MinSCAT plants Responsibility Involvement Commitment

Excellence

Page 2: Shift in Stress and Intonation

What is Word Stress?

Stress is the relative emphasis that may be given to certain syllables in a word, or to certain words in a phrase or sentence.

 Stress is typically signaled by such properties as increased loudness and vowel length, full articulation of the vowel, and changes in pitch.

Page 3: Shift in Stress and Intonation

Shift in Stress

Generally, when suffixes are added to a word, no shift in stress occur.Consider the following words:

Honest - Honesty improve – improvementholy – holiness Direct – directiveattend – attendance reason – reasonableCrazy – craziness measure – measurementcolor – colorful

Page 4: Shift in Stress and Intonation

Shift in Stress

In some cases though, adding a suffix will result a movement of the stress from one syllable to another. Notice how the stressed syllables changed in the words given bellow, after the suffix is added.

Operate – operation render – rendition politics – political Organ – organicperson – personality history – historical Comment – commentary technology – technological product – productive Discipline – disciplinaryavailable – availability record – recording

Page 5: Shift in Stress and Intonation

Suffix

Take a good look at the list of suffixes below (suffixes are word endings).

Your stress is going to come on the syllable right before the suffix. This applies to words of all syllable lengths. Examples: able: ADDable, ARable, DURableary: PRIMary, DIary, liBRarycial: juDIcial, nonSOcial cian: muSIcian, phySIcian, cliNICian

Page 6: Shift in Stress and Intonation

Prefixes

Usually, prefixes do not take the stress of a word. 

There are a few exceptions to this rule, however, like: un, in, pre, ex and mis, which are all stressed in their prefix.

Examples: ex: EXample, EXplanation, EXamine in: INside, INefficient, INterest mis: MISspoke, MIStake, MISspelled pre: PREcede, PREarrange, PREliminary

Video:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HE4b0jL3gTQ

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TV6gSPkfwZE

Page 7: Shift in Stress and Intonation

Intonation

 is variation of spoken pitch that is not used to distinguish words; instead it is used for a range of functions such as indicating the attitudes and emotions of the speaker, signalling the difference between statements and questions, and between different types of questions, focusing attention on important elements of the spoken message and also helping to regulate conversational interaction. It contrasts with tone, in which pitch variation in some languages does distinguish words, either lexically or grammatically.

Page 8: Shift in Stress and Intonation

Intonation

Pitch is raising and lowering the voice while speaking. The use of pitch is called intonation.

Introduction of Intonation video:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tzh3Owutf5Y

Page 9: Shift in Stress and Intonation

In many descriptions of English, the following intonation patterns are distinguished:

Rising Intonation  means the pitch of the voice rises over time [↗];

Falling Intonation  means that the pitch falls with time [↘];

Dipping or Fall-rise Intonation  falls and then rises [↘↗];

Peaking or Rise-fall Intonation  rises and then falls [↗↘].

Page 10: Shift in Stress and Intonation

Falling Intonation

Final Intonation or 2-3-1 pattern also known as the rising-falling

intonation, is a basic pattern used in declarative and imperative statements and information questions. It can be two types : drop or ship glide

Page 11: Shift in Stress and Intonation

Falling Intonation

Declarative Statements:

Drop/ShiftSarah dances GRACEfully.They visit their parents on Sundays.

GlideShe is in LOve.

Page 12: Shift in Stress and Intonation

Falling Intonation

Imperative (command) Statements:

Drop/ShiftPlease get me a glass of Water.Run me an ERrand.

GlideCome In.Sit DOwn.

Page 13: Shift in Stress and Intonation

Falling Intonation

Glide:

Information Questions :

Where did you find this WALlet?What is your Name?

Page 14: Shift in Stress and Intonation

Falling Intonation

Falling intonation is the most common type of intonation in

English. It is used in statements (declarative sentences), special questions, commands (imperative sentences), exclamatory sentences, in the first part of disjunctive questions and in the last part of alternative questions

Page 15: Shift in Stress and Intonation

Examples of Falling Intonation

Statements: We live in \MOScow. I don't want to \CALL her. They left for London \YESterday. I’d like a sandwich and a cup of \COFfee,

please.

Page 16: Shift in Stress and Intonation

Examples of Falling Intonation

Special questions: Where do you \LIVE? When did you \CALL him? How much \IS it? What are you \READing? Who wants to \GO there?

Page 17: Shift in Stress and Intonation

Examples of Falling Intonation

Commands: \STOP it! Sit \DOWN. Close your books and \LISten. Open the \DOOR, please. Turn left at the \POST office.

Exclamatory sentences: Hel\LO! Good \MORNing! How \NICE of you!

Page 18: Shift in Stress and Intonation

Rising Intonation

Rising Intonation or 2-3-3 pattern

a pattern used for questions answerable by YES or NO.

Page 19: Shift in Stress and Intonation

Rising Intonation

Rising intonation is a rather complicated phenomenon. It

can express various emotions, such as non-finality, incompleteness, question, surprise, doubt, hesitation, interest, request and suggestion, politeness, readiness to continue the conversation, lack of confidence, and even insecurity.

Page 20: Shift in Stress and Intonation

Examples of Rising Intonation

General questions: Are you SCARED? Is this YOURS? Have you read this BOOK? Are you ready to START? Melissa wants to quit her /JOB? Where are you /FROM?

Statements: She is ten years \OLD. He doesn't have a \CAR. I haven't read this \BOOK.

Page 21: Shift in Stress and Intonation

Functions of intonation

All vocal languages use pitch pragmatically in intonation — for instance for emphasis, to convey surprise or irony, or to pose a question. Here are some functions of intonation:

attitudinal function for expressing emotions and attitudes

example: a fall from a high pitch on the 'mor' syllable of "good morning" suggests more excitement than a fall from a low pitchon to using pitch for distinguishing words.

Page 22: Shift in Stress and Intonation

Functions of intonation

grammatical function to identify grammatical structure

example: it is claimed that in English a falling pitch movement is

associated with statements, but a rising pitch turns a statement into a yes–no question, as in He's going ↗home?. This use of intonation is more typical of American English than of British. It is claimed that some languages, like Chickasaw and Kalaallisut, have the opposite pattern from English: rising for statements and falling with questions.

Page 23: Shift in Stress and Intonation

Functions of intonation

Focusing to show what information in the

utterance is new and what is already known.

example: in English I saw a ↘man in the garden answers "Whom

did you see?" or "What happened?", while I ↘saw a man in the garden answers "Did you hear a man in the garden?"

Page 24: Shift in Stress and Intonation

Functions of intonation

Discourse function to show how clauses and sentences go

together in spoken discourse.

example: subordinate clauses often have lower pitch,

faster tempo and narrower pitch range than their main clause,as in the case of the material in parentheses in "The Red Planet (as it's known) is fourth from the sun"

Page 25: Shift in Stress and Intonation

Functions of intonation

Psychological function to organize speech into units that are

easy to perceive, memorize and perform.

example: The utterance "You can have it in red blue

green yellow or ↘black" is more difficult to understand and remember than the same utterance divided into tone units as in "You can have it in ↗red | ↗blue | ↗green | ↗yellow | or ↘black"

Page 26: Shift in Stress and Intonation

Functions of intonation

Psychological function to organize speech into units that are easy

to perceive, memorize and perform.

example: The utterance "You can have it in red blue

green yellow or ↘black" is more difficult to understand and remember than the same utterance divided into tone units as in "You can have it in ↗red | ↗blue | ↗green | ↗yellow | or ↘black"