Bab 1 manajemen dan organisasi

BAB 1

MANAJEMEN DAN ORGANISASI

Pengertian ManajemenPengertian Manajemen Manajemen sebagai "seni mencapai

suatu melalui orang lain" (the art of getting things done through the others).

“Manajemen adalah proses merencanakan, mengorganisasi, mengarahkan, dan mengendalikan kegiatan untuk mencapai tujuan organisasi dengan menggunakan sumberdaya organisasi".

Management is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively.

Management comprises planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal.

Komponen manajemenProses yang merupakan kegiatan yang direncanakanKegiatan merencanakan, mengorganisasi, mengarahkan dan mengendalikan yang sering disebut sebagai fungsi manajemenTujuan organisasi yang ingin dicapai melalui aktivitas tersebut.Sumberdaya organisasi yang digunakan untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut.

SIAPA MANAJER ITU?A person whose job is to manage organization, such as a business, a restaurant, or a sports team. Managers do not spend all their time managing. We tend to think about managers based on their position in an organization

Perubahan peran manajer Perubahan peran manajer

FUNGSI MANAJEMENPlanning involves defining goals, establishing strategies for achieving those goals, and developing plans to integrate and coordinate activities.Organizing involves arranging and structuring work to accomplish the organization’s goals.

Leading involves working with and through people to accomplish organizational goals.Controlling involves monitoring, comparing, and correcting work performance.

1.2 Pengertian organisasiSekelompok orang (dua atau lebih) yang bekerjasama secara terkoordinasi dan terstruktur untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu.An entity, such as an institution or an association, that has a collective goal and is linked to an external environment.A group of people or other legal entities with an explicit purpose and written rules.

Macam organisasiOrganisasi yang bersifat bisnis (mencari keuntungan) Organisasi yang mendorong kegiatan sosial (nir laba)Organisasi yang bertujuan mengkoordinasi negara-negaradll.

Manfaat OrganisasiSecara Umum

Pencapaian tujuan dapat menjadi lebih efektif. Masyarakat memperoleh manfaat yang lebih banyak dibandingkan kalau bekerja sendiri-sendiri.

Secara khususOrganisasi melanyani masyarakatOrganisasi mencapai tujuanOrganisasi memberi karirOrganisasi memelihara ilmu pengetahuan

MANAJEMEN SEBAGAI ILMU (SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT)

Scientific management is defined as the use of the scientific method to determine the “one best way” for a job to be done.The most important contributor in this field was Frederick W. Taylor who is known as the “father” of scientific management.

Unsur-unsur scientific management

Using time and motion studiesHiring best qualified workersDesigning incentive systems based on output

MANAJEMEN ADMINISTRATIF

Focused on the entire organization, developed more general theories of what managers do and what constitutes good management practice.Henri Fayol and Max Weber were the two most prominent proponents of the general administrative approach.

14 Prinsip manjemen Fayol1. Division of Work2. Authority3. Discipline4. Unity of Command5. Unity of Direction6. Subordination of individual interest to group interest7. Remuneration

8. Centralization9. Scalar Chain10. Order11. Equity12. Stability13. Initiative14. Espirit de corps

Max Weber mengenalkan teori birokrasi.He described the ideal form of organization as a bureaucracy marked by:

Division of laborClearly defined hierarchyDetailed rules and regulationsImpersonal relationships

PENDEKATAN KUANTITATIF DALAM MANAJEMEN

Sometimes known as operations research or management science, uses quantitative techniques to improve decision making.This approach includes applications of statistics, optimization models, information models, and computer simulations.

The relevance of quantitative approach today is that it has contributed most directly to managerial decision making, particularly in planning and controlling.The availability of sophisticated computer software programs has made the use of quantitative techniques more feasible for managers.

TEORI PERILAKU (ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR)

Organizational behavior (OB) research has contributed much of what we know about human resources management and contemporary views of motivation, leadership, trust, teamwork, and conflict management.Tokoh: Robert Owen, Hugo Munsterberg, Mary Parker Follett, and Chester Barnard.

In the present day context behavioral approach assists managers in designing jobs that motivate workers, in working with employee teams, and in facilitating the flow of communication within organizations. The behavioral approach provides the foundation for current theories of motivation, leadership, and group behavior and development.

PENDEKATAN SISTEMA system is a set of interrelated and interdependent parts arranged in a manner that produces a unified whole. A closed system is not influenced by and does not interact with its environment. An open system interacts with its environment.

Using the systems approach, managers envision an organization as a body with many interdependent parts, each of which is important to the well-being of the organization as a whole. Managers coordinate the work activities of the various parts of the organization, realizing that decisions and actions taken in one organizational area will affect other areas.

PENDEKATAN CONTINGENCY

The contingency approach recognizes that different organizations require different ways of managing. The contingency approach to management is a view that the organization recognizes and responds to situational variables as they arise.