A Dividing Nation 21.1 *Between 1820 and 1860 Americans had tried to make several compromises on the issue of slavery. *But slavery wasn’t a simple political.
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A Dividing NationA Dividing Nation
21.1*Between 1820 and 1860 Americans had tried to make several compromises on the issue of slavery.
*But slavery wasn’t a simple political issue. It was a deeply moral issue.
*In this chapter you will learn how Americans tried to keep the United States together despite their deep divisions and answer the most important question of the time: could a nation born in freedom endure half-slave and half-free?
21.1*Between 1820 and 1860 Americans had tried to make several compromises on the issue of slavery.
*But slavery wasn’t a simple political issue. It was a deeply moral issue.
*In this chapter you will learn how Americans tried to keep the United States together despite their deep divisions and answer the most important question of the time: could a nation born in freedom endure half-slave and half-free?
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21.2 Confronting the Issue of Slavery21.2 Confronting the Issue of Slavery*1787 Northwest Ordinance establishes a process for forming new
states and banned slavery north of the Ohio River.
*By 1818, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois are admitted to the Union as free
states.
*Kentucky, Tennessee, Louisiana and Mississippi are admitted as
slave states.
*1819 Alabama and Missouri apply for statehood. Alabama is admitted as a
slave state, thus restoring a balance between slave and free state.
Questions about Missouri*Most of Missouri lay north of the point where the Ohio River flows into the
Mississippi, so people debate whether it should be admitted as a free or slave
state.
The Tallmadge Amendment*Proposes that Missouri enter the Union
as a free state.
*1787 Northwest Ordinance establishes a process for forming new
states and banned slavery north of the Ohio River.
*By 1818, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois are admitted to the Union as free
states.
*Kentucky, Tennessee, Louisiana and Mississippi are admitted as
slave states.
*1819 Alabama and Missouri apply for statehood. Alabama is admitted as a
slave state, thus restoring a balance between slave and free state.
Questions about Missouri*Most of Missouri lay north of the point where the Ohio River flows into the
Mississippi, so people debate whether it should be admitted as a free or slave
state.
The Tallmadge Amendment*Proposes that Missouri enter the Union
as a free state.QuickTime™ and a
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21.2 continued…21.2 continued…Deadlocked Congress*Both North and South want Missouri to enter the Union intheir favor, either free or slave state.*The North has more representatives in the House.*In the Senate both North and South have equal voting power.*House votes to approve the Tallmadge Amendment.*Southerners are able to defeat it in the Senate.*By the end of 1819 Congress is deadlocked over the issue ofslavery in Missouri.
James Tallmadge
Deadlocked Congress*Both North and South want Missouri to enter the Union intheir favor, either free or slave state.*The North has more representatives in the House.*In the Senate both North and South have equal voting power.*House votes to approve the Tallmadge Amendment.*Southerners are able to defeat it in the Senate.*By the end of 1819 Congress is deadlocked over the issue ofslavery in Missouri.
James Tallmadge
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Test PrepTest Prep
• Missouri’s application for statehood in 1819 raised the issue of whether slavery
• A) was constitutional anywhere.• B) should be allowed in the Louisiana Territory.• C) could be abolished peacefully.• D) should be banned in the nation’s capital.
• Answer: B) should be allowed in the Louisiana Territory.
• Missouri’s application for statehood in 1819 raised the issue of whether slavery
• A) was constitutional anywhere.• B) should be allowed in the Louisiana Territory.• C) could be abolished peacefully.• D) should be banned in the nation’s capital.
• Answer: B) should be allowed in the Louisiana Territory.
21.3 The Missouri Compromise21.3 The Missouri Compromise*When Congress returns in 1820 Maine is also now asking to be
admitted into the Union as a free state.
*Congress finally agrees to a compromise that will admit Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. Congress also draws an imaginary line across the Louisiana Territory at 36*30’ latitude that bans slavery north of that line forever.
*When Congress returns in 1820 Maine is also now asking to be admitted into the Union as a free state.
*Congress finally agrees to a compromise that will admit Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. Congress also draws an imaginary line across the Louisiana Territory at 36*30’ latitude that bans slavery north of that line forever.
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MissouriCompromise
21.4 The Missouri Compromise Unravels21.4 The Missouri Compromise Unravels*For a while the Missouri Compromise puts the issue of slavery to rest.
*However, because of the Second Great Awakening of the 1820’s and 1830’s spiritual leaders call for the abolition of slavery all together.
*For a while the Missouri Compromise puts the issue of slavery to rest.
*However, because of the Second Great Awakening of the 1820’s and 1830’s spiritual leaders call for the abolition of slavery all together.
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21.4 Continued…21.4 Continued…Gag Rule
*1836 Congress votes to table all anti-slavery petitions.
Southern Fears
*Abolitionists continue to attack slavery in books, newspapers and at
public meetings.
*Southerners resent abolitionists’ attacks as an assault on their way
of life.
*Southern states adopt strict new laws to control the movement of
slaves.
Fugitive Slaves
*Slaves are escaping to the North
and are being helped by Northerners.
This further outrages Southerners.
Gag Rule
*1836 Congress votes to table all anti-slavery petitions.
Southern Fears
*Abolitionists continue to attack slavery in books, newspapers and at
public meetings.
*Southerners resent abolitionists’ attacks as an assault on their way
of life.
*Southern states adopt strict new laws to control the movement of
slaves.
Fugitive Slaves
*Slaves are escaping to the North
and are being helped by Northerners.
This further outrages Southerners.
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21.4 Continued…21.4 Continued…Wilmot Proviso
*1846 Pennsylvania Representative David Wilmot insists that slavery
will not exist in any part of the territory that might be acquired from
Mexico.
*1849 California applies for admission
to the Union as a free state.
*Northerners welcome California
with open arms.
*Southerners reject California’s
request.
Wilmot Proviso
*1846 Pennsylvania Representative David Wilmot insists that slavery
will not exist in any part of the territory that might be acquired from
Mexico.
*1849 California applies for admission
to the Union as a free state.
*Northerners welcome California
with open arms.
*Southerners reject California’s
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Wilmot Proviso
Test PrepTest Prep
• The Missouri Compromise• A) upset the balance between slave and free
states in the Senate.• B) was met by loud, violent protests.• C) quieted the slavery debate for a while.• D) led the South to secede from the Union.
• Answer: C) quieted the slavery debate for a while.
• The Missouri Compromise• A) upset the balance between slave and free
states in the Senate.• B) was met by loud, violent protests.• C) quieted the slavery debate for a while.• D) led the South to secede from the Union.
• Answer: C) quieted the slavery debate for a while.
Test PrepTest Prep• How did the Second Great Awakening affect the
slavery issue?• A) It inspired many Americans to dedicate their
lives to ending slavery.• B) It forced southerners to admit that owning
slaves was a sin.• C) It upset the balance between slave and free
states in Congress.• D) It opened the question of whether slavery
should spread westward.• Answer: A) It inspired many Americans to
dedicate their lives to ending slavery.
• How did the Second Great Awakening affect the slavery issue?
• A) It inspired many Americans to dedicate their lives to ending slavery.
• B) It forced southerners to admit that owning slaves was a sin.
• C) It upset the balance between slave and free states in Congress.
• D) It opened the question of whether slavery should spread westward.
• Answer: A) It inspired many Americans to dedicate their lives to ending slavery.
21.5 The Compromise of 185021.5 The Compromise of 1850Something for Everyone
*Henry Clay proposes that California be admitted as a free state, New
Mexico and Utah territories will be open to slavery.
*1850 Congress accepts Clay’s proposal.
Something for Everyone
*Henry Clay proposes that California be admitted as a free state, New
Mexico and Utah territories will be open to slavery.
*1850 Congress accepts Clay’s proposal.
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21.6 The Compromise Satisfies No One21.6 The Compromise Satisfies No One
Fugitive Slave Law
*Both sides are unhappy with it.
*Northerners refuse to support the law.
*This infuriates slaveholders and makes the law impossible to enforce.
Fugitive Slave Law
*Both sides are unhappy with it.
*Northerners refuse to support the law.
*This infuriates slaveholders and makes the law impossible to enforce.
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Fugitive Slave Law
21.6 Continued…21.6 Continued…
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
*1851 Harriet Beecher Stowe writes a novel about the horrors of slavery.
*1852 Uncle Tom’s Cabin is published. In the North it is welcomed and
praised. In the South, it is scorned and cursed.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
*1851 Harriet Beecher Stowe writes a novel about the horrors of slavery.
*1852 Uncle Tom’s Cabin is published. In the North it is welcomed and
praised. In the South, it is scorned and cursed.
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Harriet BeecherStowe
Test PrepTest Prep
• Which part of the Compromise of 1850 created the most controversy during the 1850’s?
• A) the admission of California as a free states.
• B) the organization of New Mexico and Utah as territories open to slavery.
• C) the ending of the slave trade in Washington D.C.
• D) the passage of a strong fugitive slave law to return runaway slaves to their owners.
• Answer: D) the passage of a strong fugitive slave law to return runaway slaves to their owners.
• Which part of the Compromise of 1850 created the most controversy during the 1850’s?
• A) the admission of California as a free states.
• B) the organization of New Mexico and Utah as territories open to slavery.
• C) the ending of the slave trade in Washington D.C.
• D) the passage of a strong fugitive slave law to return runaway slaves to their owners.
• Answer: D) the passage of a strong fugitive slave law to return runaway slaves to their owners.
21.6 Continued…21.6 Continued…
Ostend Manifesto 1854
*Message that urges the US government to seize Cuba by force from
Spain if they refuse to sell the island.
*Northerners see this as the South’s way of getting another slave state
into the Union.
Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854
*Creates two new territories,
Kansas and Nebraska.
*Leaves it up to those who settle
the areas whether to become
free or slave territories.
Ostend Manifesto 1854
*Message that urges the US government to seize Cuba by force from
Spain if they refuse to sell the island.
*Northerners see this as the South’s way of getting another slave state
into the Union.
Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854
*Creates two new territories,
Kansas and Nebraska.
*Leaves it up to those who settle
the areas whether to become
free or slave territories.
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Kansas-Nebraska Act
Test PrepTest Prep
• The Kansas-Nebraska Act
• A) led to bloodshed over slavery in Kansas.
• B) settled the slavery issue in Nebraska.
• C) banned slavery in Kansas and Nebraska.
• D) was a successful compromise on slavery.
• Answer: A) Led to bloodshed over slavery in Kansas.
• The Kansas-Nebraska Act
• A) led to bloodshed over slavery in Kansas.
• B) settled the slavery issue in Nebraska.
• C) banned slavery in Kansas and Nebraska.
• D) was a successful compromise on slavery.
• Answer: A) Led to bloodshed over slavery in Kansas.
21.7 The Dred Scott Decision21.7 The Dred Scott Decision*Missouri slave named Dred Scott travels with his owner to
Wisconsin, where slavery is banned.
*Upon returning to Missouri Scott goes to court to win his freedom.
*1857 by a vote of five to four, Supreme Court decides 1) that Scott
can not sue for his freedom because he is not a citizen and 2) that
Scott’s stay in Wisconsin does not make him a free man because the
Missouri Compromise is unconstitutional.
*This allows slavery in all
territories.
*Missouri slave named Dred Scott travels with his owner to
Wisconsin, where slavery is banned.
*Upon returning to Missouri Scott goes to court to win his freedom.
*1857 by a vote of five to four, Supreme Court decides 1) that Scott
can not sue for his freedom because he is not a citizen and 2) that
Scott’s stay in Wisconsin does not make him a free man because the
Missouri Compromise is unconstitutional.
*This allows slavery in all
territories.
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Dred Scott Decision
Test PrepTest Prep
• In the Dred Scott decision, the Supreme Court ruled that slavery
• A) was a blot on our national character.
• B) could be allowed in the territories.
• C) violated the Fifth Amendment.
• D) should be ended by Congress.
• Answer: B) could be allowed in the territories.
• In the Dred Scott decision, the Supreme Court ruled that slavery
• A) was a blot on our national character.
• B) could be allowed in the territories.
• C) violated the Fifth Amendment.
• D) should be ended by Congress.
• Answer: B) could be allowed in the territories.
21.8 From Compromise to Crisis21.8 From Compromise to Crisis*Anti-slavery activists form the Republican Party.
*1858-In Illinois, Republicans nominate Abraham Lincoln to run for
Senate. His opponent will be Senator Stephen Douglas.
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
*Douglas argues the Dred Scott Decision ended the slavery issue.
*Lincoln argues that slavery is a moral, not a legal issue.
*Lincoln loses the election but he becomes a national figure for anti-
slavery.
*Anti-slavery activists form the Republican Party.
*1858-In Illinois, Republicans nominate Abraham Lincoln to run for
Senate. His opponent will be Senator Stephen Douglas.
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
*Douglas argues the Dred Scott Decision ended the slavery issue.
*Lincoln argues that slavery is a moral, not a legal issue.
*Lincoln loses the election but he becomes a national figure for anti-
slavery.
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Lincoln-DouglassDebates
Lincoln-DouglassDebatesDocumentary
21.8 Continued…21.8 Continued…John Brown’s Raid
Brown leads a raid to seize the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry,
Virginia. He wants to arm slaves for a rebellion that would destroy
slavery forever.
*Raid is a failure. His men are killed in battle and Brown is captured
and hanged for treason.
John Brown’s Raid
Brown leads a raid to seize the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry,
Virginia. He wants to arm slaves for a rebellion that would destroy
slavery forever.
*Raid is a failure. His men are killed in battle and Brown is captured
and hanged for treason.
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John Brown’s Raid
Harper’s Ferry, andJohn Brown’s Raid
Test PrepTest Prep
• John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry
• A) triggered a widespread slave rebellion.
• B) was widely approved across the South.
• C) was condemned by Abraham Lincoln.
• D) made Brown a hero among abolitionists.
• Answer: D) Made Brown a hero among abolitionists.
• John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry
• A) triggered a widespread slave rebellion.
• B) was widely approved across the South.
• C) was condemned by Abraham Lincoln.
• D) made Brown a hero among abolitionists.
• Answer: D) Made Brown a hero among abolitionists.
21.8 Continued…21.8 Continued…Election of 1860
*Republicans unite behind Lincoln.
*Democrats split between Stephen Douglas and John C. Breckinridge
of Kentucky.
*Group called the Constitutional Union Party nominates John Bell of
Tennessee.
*Abraham Lincoln wins with overwhelming support in the North.
*Southerners see this as the last straw because they fear Lincoln
will abolish slavery altogether.
*L-R clockwise:
Douglas,
Breckinridge,
Bell, Lincoln.
Election of 1860
*Republicans unite behind Lincoln.
*Democrats split between Stephen Douglas and John C. Breckinridge
of Kentucky.
*Group called the Constitutional Union Party nominates John Bell of
Tennessee.
*Abraham Lincoln wins with overwhelming support in the North.
*Southerners see this as the last straw because they fear Lincoln
will abolish slavery altogether.
*L-R clockwise:
Douglas,
Breckinridge,
Bell, Lincoln.
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Test PrepTest Prep• The election of 1860 showed how• A) deeply divided the nation was over slavery.• B) popular Lincoln was in the North and the
South.• C) little support abolitionists had in the North.• D) eager Americans were to end the debate over
slavery.
• Answer: A) deeply divided the nation was over slavery.
• The election of 1860 showed how• A) deeply divided the nation was over slavery.• B) popular Lincoln was in the North and the
South.• C) little support abolitionists had in the North.• D) eager Americans were to end the debate over
slavery.
• Answer: A) deeply divided the nation was over slavery.
21.9 Secession21.9 Secession
*Dec. 20th, 1860 Lincoln states that he will not interfere with slavery in
the South.
But he also states that he will enforce the Fugitive Slave Law and that
he will not allow slavery in the territories.
*That same day South Carolina votes to leave the Union. Six more
states soon follow South Carolina’s lead.
Civil War
*March 4, 1861 Lincoln becomes president.
*April 12, 1861 rebels fire on Fort Sumter
in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina.
*The fort falls after 33 hours.
*Stars and Stripes replaced with
a flag of surrender.
*The Civil War Begins.
*Dec. 20th, 1860 Lincoln states that he will not interfere with slavery in
the South.
But he also states that he will enforce the Fugitive Slave Law and that
he will not allow slavery in the territories.
*That same day South Carolina votes to leave the Union. Six more
states soon follow South Carolina’s lead.
Civil War
*March 4, 1861 Lincoln becomes president.
*April 12, 1861 rebels fire on Fort Sumter
in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina.
*The fort falls after 33 hours.
*Stars and Stripes replaced with
a flag of surrender.
*The Civil War Begins.
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Test PrepTest Prep• What event turned the secession crisis into a
civil war?• A) the election of Lincoln as president.• B) John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry.• C) South Carolina’s shelling of Fort Sumter.• D) the attack of Preston Brooks on Charles
Sumner.
• Answer: C) South Carolina’s shelling of Fort Sumter.
• What event turned the secession crisis into a civil war?
• A) the election of Lincoln as president.• B) John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry.• C) South Carolina’s shelling of Fort Sumter.• D) the attack of Preston Brooks on Charles
Sumner.
• Answer: C) South Carolina’s shelling of Fort Sumter.
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