A P W O R L D H I S T O RY – BY: K I M B E R LY Z E R BS T
UNIT 6: CHAPTER 36NATIONALISM AND POLITICAL IDENTITIES IN ASIA,
AFRICA, AND LATIN AMERICA
WHAT ARE WE LEARNING?•Totalitarianism• Indian Independence Movement•Power struggle in China• Imperialist Japan•New African Elites•Back to Africa Movement•Rise of Military Dictatorships
RISE OF TOTALITARIANISM
LEAGUE OF NATIONS PROVES IMPOTENT IN THE FACE OF AGGRESSION
• Treaty of Locarno• Kellogg-Briand
Pact• Great depression• 1920- 23 democratically
elected governments • 1939 - 12
COMMUNISM IN RUSSIA
March 1917 – Nicholas II loses power
March – October
1917 Provisional
government
1921 – Lenin
institutes NEP
1924 – Lenin dies,
6 year power
struggle
1928 – Stalin
begins 5 year plans
1930’s – Great
famine and Purges occur
FASCISM IN ITALY
October 1922 –
Mussolini placed in charge by the King
1922- 1943 Mussolini in
power
1920’s – infrastructure projects, anti Mafia, medicine & education
1930’s – depression, aggressive
foreign policy
1940’s- closely
aligned w/ Hitler
NAZISM IN GERMANY
1919-1933 Weimar Republic
1923 – Beer-hall Putsch
1924 Mein Kampf
1930 – Great
Depression hits
1932 – Nazi Party gets
most electors
1933 – Hitler
appointed chancellor
1935 – Nuremberg
Laws
FASCIST DIFFERENCES
Italy• Flexible policies• Left & right –
revolutionary & conservative – catholic & anti-clerical
• “New” Italian • Little art control• 1929 Lateran
agreement
Germany• Volksgemeinschaft• Anti-semitism
(German Volk)• ALL art controllled• Forced church
compromise
FASCIST SIMILARITIES
Italy• Youth Movement
(1926)• Compulsory by 1932
• Teacher loyalty oath 1932• Fascist history textbook
1936• “Angels of the hearth”• Il duce propaganda
Germany• Hitler Youth• Compulsory 1936
• Non-nazi teachers purged 1933• 1935 all textbooks Nazi
approved• “Kinder, Kuche,
Kirche”• Der Fuhrer
propaganda
CHECKING FOR UNDERSTANDING
• Describe similarities and differences between the rise of communism in Russia and the rise of fascism in Italy and Germany?• Education• Government• Freedoms• Labor• Social • Religion
NATIONALISM IN THE MIDDLE EAST
MODERN TURKEY
Young Turks – 1908
1918 - Loss of territory
Mustafa Kemal - Ataturk
1923 – Turkish
Republic
PERSIA - IRAN
1794-1925 Russian (N) British (S) Spheres of Influence
1918 – British in Persia for oil
1921 – Reza Khan expelled
the British
1925 – Reza changed to Reza Shah Pahlavi –
westernized Iran
EGYPT, N. AFRICA, ARABIA
• French & British mandates• Syria, Lebanon (France)• Iraq, Jordan, Palestine
(Britain)• Balfour declaration-
1917• Ibn Saud- drove out
the Ottomans in 1920’s• Oil discovered in 1938
CHECKING FOR UNDERSTANDING
•How was the middle east’s nationalism different from that in Europe or Asia?•How was the middle east’s nationalism similar to that of Europe or Asia?•What happened in Turkey to the Armenian minority?•Why did that event happen?
CHINA’S QUEST FOR INDEPENDENCENO EUROPEAN SUPPORT
THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA• Revolution in 1911 forces Emperor Puyi to abdicate• Sun Yatsen (1866-1925) proclaims Republic of China in 1912• Political anarchy
follows• Independent warlords exercise local control
SUN YAT-SEN
• Revolutionary leader• Founder of Kuamintang (KMT)• Uniting figure in post-imperial China• Formed fragile alliance with communists
SOURCES OF CHINESE NATIONALISM
• Anti-imperialist sentiments from the 19th century•May Fourth Movement• Anti-Japanese feelings• Guomindang – Nationalist People’s Party• Chinese Communist Party founded in Shanghai (1921)• Leader: Mao Zedong (1893-1976)
CHINESE CIVIL WAR
Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek) Mao Zedong
1927-1936
IMPERIALIST JAPAN• Japan signs treaties under League of Nations to limit
imperialist activity, 1922-1928• Political chaos in interwar Japan, assassinations• Militarist, imperialist circles advocate greater
assertion of Japanese power in the region• China a soft target• Mukden Incident (1931)• “Asia for the Asians”
1931 – Japanese invade
Manchuria/Manchukuo
1937– Invasion of China, Rape
of Nanjing
1938/39 – clash w/Soviets on
Siberian border
1939 – take-over of French & British colonies (Greater E.Asian
Co-Prosperity Sphere)
CHECKING FOR UNDERSTANDING
•How did China’s political upheaval contribute to Japanese imperialism?•How did the acquisition of Manchuria and other Chinese territory contribute to the Co-Prosperity Sphere?
INDIA’S QUEST FOR INDEPENDENCE
NOMINAL BRITISH SUPPORT
INDIA’S QUEST FOR A HOMELAND
SOURCE OF NATIONALISM IN INDIA• Indian National Congress
(1885)• Jawaharlal Nehru • Muslim League (1905)• Initial support from both
Hindus and Muslims• How did Woodrow
Wilson’s ideas impact Indian nationalism?• How did Lenin’s ideas
impact Indian nationalism?
26
GHANDI’S PASSIVE RESISTANCE
• Ahimsa: non-violence• Satyagraha: passive
resistance (“truth and firmness”)• Non-cooperation
Movement (1920-1922)• Civil Disobedience
Movement (1930)• Boycott of British
Institutions• Armritsar Massacre
(1919)27
THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT (1935, 1937)
• Creation of autonomous legislature• 600 nominally sovereign
princes refuse to cooperate• Muslim fears of Hindu
dominance• Traditional economic divide• Especially severe with
Great Depression• Muhammad Ali Jinnah
(1876-1948) proposes partition, creation of the State of Pakistan
28
COMPARING INDIA AND CHINAIndia
• Nonviolent movement for home rule
• Anti-imperialist (British)• Independence leads to
internal conflict between Muslims and Hindus
• India Act • Partition of India and
Pakistan after independence
China• Armed conflicts• Anti-imperial (Manchu,
Japanese, Europeans)• Internal conflicts due
to warlords, communists and nationalists• Civil War – communist
win
CHECKING FOR UNDERSTANDING
•Who were the leaders of Indian Independence?•What were the main issues of contention among the leaders of the Indian National Congress?•How did British involvement change the dynamics of the struggle for Indian independence?
AFRICAN RESPONSES TO THE GREAT WAR
32
AFRICA AND THE GREAT WAR
• African colonies participate in World War I• Allies invade
German-controlled colonies• Africans encouraged
to fight white soldiers
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AFRICA’S NEW ELITE• Post-war class of elite• Often influenced by
education, other experiences abroad• Jomu Kenyatta (1895-
1978), Kenyan nationalist• Moved to create modern
nation-states in Africa
MARCUS GARVEY• Pan-Africanism promoted by
Marcus Garvey (Jamaica, 1887-1940)• “Back to Africa”
DICTATORSHIPS IN LATIN AMERICA
OUTSIDE INFLUENCES
• European investors• Copper – Peru• Steel- Chile, Brazil• Beef/wheat – Argentina
• United Fruit Company• United States• Panama canal• Sponsored dictators• Good neighbor policy
• Great Depression
MEXICO, & BRAZIL
• Mexico –• 1910-1929 upheaval • National
Revolutionary Party 1946-1980’s• Oligarchy• Oil for “good
neighbor”
• Brazil –• 1930-1945
Governed by dictator Getulio Vargas (far right)• Forced industrialism
• 1946 Juan Peron became dictator
RISE OF MILITARY DICTATORSHIPS• Only making things
worse!• Chile• Spain• Uganda
TO REVIEW…•Totalitarianism• Indian Independence Movement•Power struggle in China• Imperialist Japan•New African Elites•Back to Africa Movement•Rise of Military Dictatorships