Unit 4: Latin American Revolutions, Nationalism, and the Unification of Italy and Germany
Dec 16, 2015
From 1500 to 1800,
Latin America was colonized by
Europe, especially Spain
European nations used mercantilism to gain wealth from
their American colonies Catholic
missionaries from Spain & France
converted Indians
Mercantilism is when the colonies
provide raw materials and
markets for the mother country.
Reasons to colonize1. Gold2. God
3. Glory4. Greed
Colonial Society Divided
A Race and Class SystemLatin America has social classes that determine
jobs and authorityPeninsulares—born in Spain, they head colonial
government and societyCreoles—American-born Spaniards who can become
army officersMestizos—have both European and Native American
ancestryMulattos—have both European and African ancestrySlaves and Native Americans are at the bottom of
society
Quick Class Discussion:Yes you must think a bit but it shouldn’t hurt
too much(1)Which social group will lead these Latin American
Revolutions? Why? (2)Where did they get the idea to revolt & created
democracies?
By the late 1700s,
Latin Americans were inspired to
gain independence because of the success of the
American & French
Revolutions The ideas of the Enlightenment
inspired independence
especially among the well-educated Creole
class
Revolutions in the Americas
Revolution in Hispaniola (Haiti)Haiti is the first Latin American
territory to gain freedomToussaint L’Ouverture leads
100,000 slaves against the French (1791)
Napoleon will send army to combat the Haitian Revolt.
Toussaint eventually dies in a French prison in 1803.
French soldiers weakened by outbreak of yellow fever.
Revolutions in Haiti Haiti’s Independence
Jean-Jacques Dessalines declares Saint Domingue (western third of Hispaniola) a country in 1804
Saint Domingue becomes first black colony to win independence
Renamed Haiti, means “mountainous land” in the Arawak language
Emperor Jacques is assassinated in 1806 by disaffected members of his administration.
In 1820, Haiti became a republic.
Mexico Ends Spanish Rule A Cry for Freedom
Father Miguel Hidalgo—priest who launches Mexican revolt (1810). Creoles supported revolt at
first, but then rejected Hidalgo’s call for an end to slavery.
80,000 Indian and Mestizo followers march on Mexico City
Jose Maria Morelos—leads revolt after Hidalgo’s defeat, but loses
Both Hidalgo and Morelos were executed.
Mexico Ends Spanish Rule
Mexico’s Independence Mexican creoles react;
Augustin de Iturbide (a Mexican General) declares Mexico independent (1821)
Iturbide reigns briefly as emperor until March 1823.
Republic of Mexico setup.
In 1823, United Provinces of Central America breaks away from Mexico
Agustín de Iturbide
Iturbide is credited with designing the first Mexican flag. (1821-1823)
Today’s Flag of Mexico
The tri-color flag is still used, and the presence of the eagle is also used in the modern flag of Mexico used since 1968.
Creoles Lead Independence
The Spread of Enlightenment IdeasEnlightenment ideas inspire Latin
American revolutionariesCreole Leaders
Simón Bolívar “The Liberator”—wealthy Creole leads Venezuela in revolution
José de San Martín—leader of Argentinean revolutionary forces
1. Bolivar’s 1807 return from Europe by way of the United States allowed him to study the American system of government.
2. In 1810, Bolivar went to London to seek support for the revolution in Latin America. At the same time, he studied British institutions of government.
Creoles Lead IndependenceBolívar’s Route to Victory
Venezuela declares independence in 1811; Bolivar wins war by 1821
Liberates New Grenada (Columbia) and Ecuador.
San Martín Leads Southern Liberation ForcesArgentina is independent in 1816; San
Martin helps free ChileBolívar’s and San Martín’s armies drive
Spanish out of Peru in 1824.
Brazil’s Royal Liberator
A Bloodless RevolutionNapoleon invades
Portugal; royal family moves to Brazil (1807)
Portuguese court returns to Portugal after Napoleon’s defeat (1815)
The Imperial Palace in Rio de Janeiro where King John VI of Portugal had transferred the Portuguese Royal Court to Brazil.
Brazil’s Royal Liberator
Portuguese prince Dom Pedro stays behind in Brazil
Dom Pedro accepts Brazilian’s request to rule their own country
He officially declares Brazil’s independence (September 1822)
He accepted a constitution that provided for freedom of the press, religion and an elected legislature.
By 1830, nearly all of Latin American regions win independence
Pedro I of Brazil
Flag of the independent Empire of Brazil under Pedro I
European and American Reaction
• British were interested in establishing commercial opportunities and prevented intervention from other Europeans in Latin America.
• American President James Monroe demanded that Europeans stay out of the affairs of the Western Hemisphere. (Monroe Doctrine)
Throughout Latin America, new democratic
republics were created
But, Latin Americans did not have a history of
self-government & many of the new
gov’ts were unstableIn many nations,
military dictators called caudillos
seized power & made few reforms for
citizens
Latin America became dependent
on the USA
Clash of Philosophies
Three Philosophies: In the early 1800s, three schools of political thought conflict in EuropeConservative—landowners and nobles
want traditional monarchiesLiberal—wealthy merchants and
business owners want limited democracy
Radical—believe in liberty and equality. They want everyone to have a vote.
Conservatives
Wanted to return to the way things were before 1789 & The French Revolution.
Resist changeWant stabilityThose who ruled Europe after the
French Revolution were conservativesThe Concert of Europe (periodic
meetings between Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria and France) was an attempt to limit revolution and maintain conservative control
Conservatives of the early 1800s
Preferred a social order where the lower classes respected and obeyed the upper classes
Most backed an established church (Catholic, Orthodox, or Protestant)
Believed in slow change They did not believe in natural rights or
constitutional governmentThere was a real fear of “mob rule”Most felt that the uneducated poor were not
capable of intelligent rule
Metternich Metternich of Austria felt
that firm action was needed to maintain the status quoRepress any
revolutionary ideasControl the pressCrush any protestsSend troops (even
into neighboring countries) to suppress rebellion
Establish legitimacy of rule.
LiberalsAlong with nationalists, opposed
conservativesMost were speaking for the
bourgeoisie (middle class)Wanted constitutions and separation
of power, natural rights, a republican form of government, protection of property rights
Almost all opposed monarchies.Heavily influenced by Enlightenment
and the French and American Revolutions
Liberals (cont.)
Wanted universal manhood suffrageStrongly supported laissez faire
economics (remember, most of these were businessmen-so most were capitalists)Therefore, many of these who supported
“bourgeois liberalism” had different goals (as business owners) than did the workers in these factories
Nationalists
Wanted to do away with the artificial boundaries that had been set up for countries due to wars, treaties, dynastic marriages, etc.
Wanted to unify as a country due to a common heritageA negative effect of nationalism was
intolerance of minorities in a given area and, at times, persecution of other ethnic or national groups
Nationalism Develops
Nationalism and Nation-StatesNationalism—loyalty to a nation of
people with common culture and historyNation-State—nation with its own
independent governmentIn 1815 Europe, only France, England
and Spain are nation-statesLiberals and radicals support
nationalism, but conservatives do not.
Central Europe Revolts
Rebellions erupted over the Balkan peninsula and along the southern fringe of Europe
The Serbs were the first to revoltLed by Karageorge, they led a guerrilla
war against the Ottomans (they were part of the Ottoman Empire) from 1804-1813He was unsuccessful, but stirred up intense
Serbian nationalism
Serbia Gains Independence
Serbia gains autonomy, or self-rule under the leadership of Milos Obrenovic with the help of RussiaRussia was the largest Slavic country
and looked upon Serbia as a little brotherBoth were Slavic in language and both were
Christian Orthodox in religion
Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power
“The Eastern Question”: Greeks Gain Independence
Balkans—region of Europe controlled by the Ottomans in early 1800s.
Greece gets European help to gain independence from the Turks.Britain and France
send fleets.Russia invades
provinces of Moldavia and Walachia
Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires
The Ottoman Empire Weakens Internal tensions among ethnic groups weaken
the empire.This resulted in the region being highly unstable,
known as the “Balkan Powder Keg”Seeing the Ottomans as weak, “the old man of
Europe”, the other European powers moved in to take what they wanted, splitting the Empire up.
Russia moved around the Black Sea, Austria-Hungary grabbed Bosnia and Herzegovina, while England and France moved to take the Middle East and North Africa.
Europe’s Reaction
Revolts occurred in Spain, Portugal, parts of Italy
Metternich urged rulers to crush any revolts in EuropeFrench and Austrian troops left their
countries to smash uprisings in neighboring countries
They were successful at first, but the result was the people getting even more upsetAgitators and social reformers began urging
workers to support socialism or other new ideas
Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power
1830s Uprisings CrushedBelgian, Italian, Polish liberals and
nationalists launch revolts.By the mid-1830s, conservatives are
back in control
France Revolts Again
Louis XVIII was put back on the French throne, but allowed a constitution and 2 house legislature
When he died, his son Charles X, an absolutist, suspended the legislature, limited the press, and limited the right to vote
Paris reacted violently
Radicals Change France
Conservative DefeatIn 1830, France’s Charles X fails to
restore absolute monarchyThe Third Republic
In 1848, a Paris mob overthrows the monarchy and sets up a republic
Radicals split by infighting; moderates control the new government
1848 constitution calls for elected president and parliament
The King Runs
Radicals and liberals threw up barricades and threw stones and roof tiles at the soldiers
They soon controlled Paris, and the king fled to England
Liberals refused the radicals call for a republic and set up a “citizen king”, Louis Philippe (a cousin of Charles X) forming a constitutional monarchy
Louis Philippe Louis Philippe was called
the “citizen king” because he owed his power to the people, especially the bourgeoisie
He dressed like them, in a frock coat and top hat, and strolled the streets, talking with them
His government was filled with liberals and the upper bourgeoisie prospered (with his policies favoring them over their workers)
Turmoil in France
Louis Philippe’s government was corruptSocialists called for an end to private
propertyThe country entered a recessionpoor harvests led to higher bread pricesFactories closed and unemployment
increasedNewspapers blamed the governmentThe government moved to suppress
critics and stop private meetings
February Days
People again took to the streets with barricades
Fighting erupted between the people and the armyAs it got worse, Louis Philippe abdicated and
fled to EnglandSocialists started a new republic (The Second
Republic)There were problems from the beginning; liberals
wanted moderate reforms, socialists wanted sweeping reforms and forced the government to set up government-supported workshops for the poor
June Days
By June (about 4 months later), upper and middle class factions had gained control of the governmentThey viewed the workshops as a waste
of money and shut them downWorkers rioted and bourgeois liberals
attacked themThey were joined by peasants who feared
that the socialists might take their land1500 died before the government took
control
France Is Divided
The fighting from June Days left France deeply dividedThe middle class hated and feared the
socialists and the workers hated the bourgeoisie
Again, people want order, so the National Assembly issued a constitution, created a strong president and one-house legislature
Radicals Change France
France Accepts a Strong RulerLouis-Napoleon—
Napoleon Bonaparte’s nephew—is elected president
Louis-Napoleon later takes the title emperor.
He promotes industrialization.
A New Bonaparte
Napoleon’s nephew, Louis Napoleon was elected by appealing to the working man and on the basis of his famous namePeople wanted stability and Napoleon
had brought stability to FranceLike his famous uncle, he declared
himself emperor (with the support of the people-by means of a plebiscite)-Napoleon III
Belgium and Holland
The Congress of Vienna tried to combine the two countries into a strong barrier to the French in the northThis, obviously, was an artificial barrier
for the good of the conservatives in containing France
The Belgians React
The Belgian people were very unhappy with this situationThey were Catholic, the Dutch were
ProtestantThey had different languages and
customsThey were manufacturers, the Dutch
were tradersThey reacted by throwing up barricades,
threatened revolt, and demanded independence
Belgium Gains Independence
Britain and France both thought that they would benefit from a separate Belgium and Holland, so they supported Belgium
Belgium became an independent country with a liberal constitution
Poland
Poland was divided up by Russia, Prussia, and Austria
They wanted to be united as a single country, but most of the country had been handed over to Russia
When Polish army officers, students, and landowners rebelled, they were crushed by the RussiansThey got little support from other
countries
Austrian Empire
Riots broke out in all of the major cities
Metternich censored the press and tried to contain the angerStudents smuggled in books and began
to protestWorkers joined the studentsMetternich disguised himself to flee Austria
(for England)This began a series of revolutions
throughout Europe
Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires
The Breakup of the Austrian EmpireAustria includes people
from many ethnic groupsHalf were Slavic peoples:
Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Ukrainians, Croats, Serbs, and Slovenes
1866 defeat in Austro-Prussian War and Hungarian nationalism forces emperor to split the empire into Austria and Hungary (Dual Monarchy)
Francis Joseph was Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary.
Flag of Austria-Hungary representing two kingdoms, but ruled by one emperor. This was a concession to Hungarian nationalism.
Nationalist unrest would continue.
Hungary
Louis Kossuth was a Hungarian journalist in Budapest who demanded an independent government to end serfdom
The Czechs next door made similar demands
The Austrians gave in temporarily until they could bring troops in to smash any rebellion
German States
University students again led the fight for national unity and liberal reformsA potato famine brought peasants and
workers into the fightKing Frederick William IV agreed to a
constitution written by an elected assemblyHe dissolved the assembly within a year
German Issues – Frankfurt Assembly
Should a united Germany:Be a republic or a monarchy?Should Austria be included?
They spoke GermanThe previous slide’s King Frederick
William IV was offered the crown of a United GermanyHe refused, saying that the crown was
offered “from the gutter” (or by the common man)
Rebellions Fade
By the 1850s, most of the rebellions that had been happening since the late 1700s faded away
Why?The use of military forceLoss of mass supportFocus of change shifted from revolution
to political activity
German Unification Background
During the 1800s the modern area of Germany was actually made up of 350 independent states
Napoleon dissolved Holy Roman Empire.
Prussia became the most important of these statesThey were the largest state and had the
best economy and most powerful military
German Unification Background
During Napoleon’s rule he took over most of the modern day area of Germany
Feelings of nationalism started to emerge since the German people wanted to be free from Napoleon’s rule
The German people had their own shared language, ethnicity, history, geography, and religion
It was time for them to get rid of foreign influence (Napoleon/France) and unify themselves
German Unification Background
After Napoleon’s defeat, some German nationalists called for the unification of Germany
These people were blocked by Metternich at the Congress of Vienna
German Unification ProcessOtto von Bismarck
Most important person in the unification of Germany
He was the prime minister of Prussia. Member of the Junker class (landowning nobles).
He believed in realpolitik Governments should not be
idealistic Governments should always
do what is in their best interest
Disregard morals and scruples if necessary
Use any practical means to meet your goals
German Unification Process
Otto von Bismarck Bismarck did not
believe that speeches and government would unify Germany
Instead he believed Germany would be unified by “blood and iron”
Germany would be unified by winning wars
Germany would fight three major wars in order to unify itself
German Unification Process
Otto von Bismarck in a speech given to the Prussian Parliament“Germany does not look to Prussia’s
liberalism, but to her power…The great questions of the day are not to be decided by speeches and majority resolutions––that was the mistake of 1848 and 1849––but by blood and iron.”
German Unification Process Danish War
1864, Prussia allied with Austria to seize land from Denmark
Austro-Prussian War 1866 Prussia turned against Austria to gain more land Prussia beat Austria in just seven weeks Several German states were annexed by Prussia to form
the North German Confederation Franco-Prussian War
1870 Bismarck stirred up feelings of nationalism and bitterness against Napoleon to convince the Germans to go to war against France
By 1871 they had defeated the French During the war, southern German states agreed to unite
with Prussia
German Unification Process
By 1871 German Unification was completed
The Prussian King, William I, became the Kaiser (emperor) of a united Germany
Second Reich or Empire was born.
2 House legislatureBundesrat (Upper
House) & Reichstag (Lower House)
After Unification
Centralized Power under Bismarck (Iron Chancellor)Militarism/military alliancesEncouragement of Industry
Chemical and Energy industriesPersecution of Subject NationalitiesGermanizationFought CatholicsFought Socialists
Actions Against Catholic Church
The Kulturkampf against the Catholic Church
Believed that the Catholics were loyal to the pope and not him
Persecuted the Catholics: made them stronger
Bismarck's move backfired, and he would work to make peace with the Church
Bismarck’s Domestic Policies
Bismarck vs. Labor Unions and Socialists1st violence/did not workWeakened the unions and socialists through social security legislation
Insurance for retirement, sickness and disability
Social Security system Becomes model for rest of Europe
Germany Strengthens
Germany Becomes an Industrial Giant By the late 1800’s, German Chemical and Electrical industries were
the best in Europe, and Germany possessed a merchant marine second only to Britain’s
Making Economic Progress Germany possessed most of the same resources that Britain had to
achieve industrialization, including vast coal and iron deposits, especially in the Ruhr valley.
Krupp – steel and weapons August Thyssen – steel Carl Zeiss - optics
Promoting Scientific and Economic Development Science in industry Educated workers Synthetics Single currency Coordinated railroads Protectionist policies
Kaiser William II• Asked Bismarck to resign.• Believed in divine right theory.• Resisted efforts for democratic reforms.• Expanded social welfare programs.• Expanded German military and navy.• Expanded German empire to rival the British and the French.
Italy
Italy was comprised of many small states along the peninsula that had broken away from Hapsburg control
Revolutionaries expelled the pope from Rome and set up a nationalist government
Austrian troops broke up the small states and French troops restored the pope to Rome
Italian Unification Background Ever since the fall of the
Roman Empire in the 400s, Italy had been divided into many small states
After the Congress of Vienna, the separate Italian states were put under the control of Spain and Austria
Feelings of nationalism grew stronger over the years Italians had the same
ethnicity, language, history, geography, religion
Three Main Leaders of Italian Unification
Giuseppe Mazzini“The Soul”Leader of the Young
Italy movement: secret society that worked for the unification of Italy
French forces crushed Mazzini's brief Italian republic.
His writings and speeches inspired nationalist feelings in the Italian people
Three Main Leaders of Italian Unification
Count Camillo Cavour“The Brain”Prime Minister of
Sardinia (one of the states in Italy)
A diplomat who worked alliances with France and Prussia
Used diplomacy and war to drive Austria out of power in Italy.
Practiced realpolitik
Three Main Leaders of Italian Unification
Giuseppe Garibaldi“The Sword”Professional soldier
and leader of the Red Shirts in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Accepted aid from Cavour
Started in Southern Italy and moved north, conquering each place as he went, unifying Italy piece by piece
Italian Unification Completed
Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia aided Garibaldi’s troops
In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was crowned king of a unified Italy
Italy still faced some problems The urban north argued
with the rural south The Catholic Church
resisted the new government
Socialists and Anarchists threatened the conservative government under Victor Emmanuel.
Reform in Russia
Despite the efforts of Peter the Great and Catherine the Great, Russia remained economically underdeveloped and backward.
Serfdom in RussiaCzars fail to free the serfs because they
fear losing the support of landowners.Nicholas I & Absolutism
“Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationalism”
Unable to change the serf-landowner system.
Reform in Russia
Defeat Brings ChangeRussia’s lack of
industrialization leads to military defeat in the Crimean War.
Alexander II—czar who determines to make social and economic changes
Alexander II was also called “Alexander the Liberator.” In Finland he is known as “the Good Czar.” Why?
Reform in Russia Reform and Reaction
In 1861, Alexander II emancipates the serfs, but debt keeps them on the same land.
Reform halts when Alexander II is assassinated by terrorists in 1881.
Alexander III imposed strict censorship and increased the power of the secret police.
Driven by nationalism, Alexander III encourages industrialization, railroad building, and iron and coal mines with factories.
The Church of the Savior on Blood commemorates the place where Alexander II was assassinated.
Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires
The Russian Empire CrumblesAfter 370 years, Russian czars begin
losing control over their empireRussification—forcing other peoples to
adopt Russian culturePogroms – violent mob attacks on Jews.Policy further disunites Russia, strengthens
ethnic nationalism
Russian Revolution of 1905 Bloody Sunday
Loss of faith in the czar Revolution of 1905
Russian workers strike workers take over local governments.
Minority nationalities demand independence.October Manifesto protects freedom of person,
speech and assembly.Duma, or elected legislature formedNicholas II would dissolve the Duma and named
Peter Stolypin as Prime MinisterStolypin would institute reforms until he was
assassinated in 1911.
A Shift in Power Balance Is Lost
In 1815 the Congress of Vienna established five powers in Europe:
AustriaPrussiaBritainFranceRussia
By 1871, Britain and Prussia (now Germany) have gained much power
Austria and Russia are weaker militarily and economically.
New nations have formed in Central Europe and South Eastern Europe due to the weakening of the Austrian Empire and the Ottoman Empire.