NATIONALISM IN ASIA, AFRICA, AND LATIN AMERICA CHAPTER 19.

NATIONALISM IN ASIA, AFRICA, AND LATIN AMERICA

CHAPTER 19

WHERE ARE WE GOING? WHY?

SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES?

• After World War I, the European powers retained control of their colonies.• But in the years following the conflict, nationalist

groups arose in Asia and Africa that challenged continued European rule in these areas.

OTTOMAN’S & PERSIANS

• For example, weakened by internal discord, the Ottoman Empire crumbled during the war.

• After halting a Greek invasion in 1922, the Turkish general -Kemal Ataturk and a movement known as the Young Turks took power from the Ottoman Sultan (ruler) and created the modern nation of Turkey.

• In order to strengthen Turkey, Kemal’s modernization was based on Western culture and systems of government.

• As for Persians they too asserted their independence and gave Persia a new name-Iran.

• Although Great Britain granted Egypt independence in 1936, it continued to control its neighboring countries the Palestine and African colonies such as Kenya and Nigeria.

• Despite India’s contribution to the British war effort, Great Britain refused to grant the Indians independence.

• Therefore, a man named Mohandas K. Gandhi started promoting non-violent methods known as pacifism and civil disobedience. Gandhi adopted these methods in hopes in would end British rule of India, and help win Indian self-government. (Salt March)

CIVIL WAR IN CHINA

• In China, the nationalist Guomindang army led by Chiang Kai-shek gained power. Once in power, Chiang turned on his Chinese Communist allies, many of whom fled to the mountainous interior of China. • Here they gathered their strength and formed the

Red Army, led by the son of a prosperous peasant family, Mao Zedong. Most of his support came by his promise to redistribute land to peasants.• Unfortunately, the growing numbers of troops

who supported Zedong became to worry Chiang.

• Therefore, Chiang ordered a series of extermination campaigns in an attempt to destroy this rival army.

• Mao fought back but was forced to retreat to the mountains. Mao’s retreat last 1 year and covered about 6,000 miles.

• The Red Army marched an average of 16 miles a day, across rivers and mountains, and defeated 10 provincial armies-all the while being chased by Chiang’s men. The Chinese Communists called the arduous undertaking the “Long March”

• Conditions on the Long March were terrible. Thousands of soldiers froze or starved to death, and others died in battle. Of the original 100,000 troops, fewer than 8,000 remained at the end of the march. (1935)

• While Chiang and Mao battled each other, Japan displayed how powerful their military had become by conquering new territories but specifically when they conquered Manchuria.

• The Japanese believed they could solve their problems of a growing population and limited resources by conquering these new territories.

• By the late 1930s, the Japanese military had won complete control of the Chinese coast and major cities & embarked on a collision course with the United States and Western powers.

As for most Latin American countries, although they won political independence before the 1920s, they remained economically dependent on the United States. • They also faced American military intervention

whenever internal unrest threatened American interests.

AMERICAN TROOPS IN NICARAGUA

1932

• However, in the early 1930s, United States President Franklin Roosevelt worked for good relations with Latin America.

• He proclaimed the Good Neighbor Policy, in which the United States would refrain from intervention.

LET’S REVIEW CHAPTER 19!

• 1. Name 3 people we met in this chapter and tell where they are from:

• 2. Name ANY 2 events that happened either in India, China or Latin America• 3. Name one random fact learned today.• 4. Would you have rather joined Gandhi's

movement or Mao’s? Why? • 5. What were Gandhi and Mao’s goals? Sims and

differences?

VLAS:

• Ghandi Salt March: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gx_5kFxRAX4

• Chiang vs Mao: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p1YK9t6sp8Y• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uf-6ff2B0yg • Just Mao!:• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TfJy_wduFy4