Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Bioenergy NoE
Status of Energy from Biomass/Waste Biomass/Waste
and Alternatives to Grate Incineration in EU
presented at the
Meeting 2008
Columbia University, New YorkOctober 16th & 17th, 2008
J. Vehlow, ITC-TAB (2008)Fall Meeting 2008
J. VehlowInstitute for Technical Chemistry - Thermal Waste Treatment Division
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Bioenergy NoE
main political goals in EU‘s energy policy
development of renewable energy( i d l bi ) f
p g gy p y
(wind, water, solar, biomass, waste) for • reducing CO2 emissions (Kyoto Protocol)• enhancing sustainability• enhancing sustainability• improving security of energy supply• expecting economical competitiveness in
medium to long term
J. Vehlow, ITC-TAB (2008)Fall Meeting 2008
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Bioenergy NoE
EU strategy for renewable energy promotion
• Green Paper on Security of Energy Supply (11/2000)- EU RES target 2010: 12 % of total energy
• RES-E Directive (2001/77/EC)- 21 % in 2010
• Biomass Action Plan 2005: biomass targets for 2010g- total energy 149 Mtoe (6 250 PJ)- heat 75 Mtoe (3 150 PJ)- power 55 Mtoe (2 300 PJ) - transport 19 Mtoe (800 PJ)p ( )
• Renewable Energy Road Map (COM(2006) 848, 1/2007)- 20 % total RES, 10 % biofuel in 2020
• Landfill Directive (99/31/EC)
J. Vehlow, ITC-TAB (2008)Fall Meeting 2008
• Landfill Directive (99/31/EC)
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Bioenergy NoE
geothermal 5.5
hydraulic 22.2
biomass 66.1
wind 5.5solar 0.7
J. Vehlow, ITC-TAB (2008)Fall Meeting 2008
renewable energy mix in the EU in 2004 / 2005
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Bioenergy NoE
target for 2010: 12 % renewables12 % renewables
J. Vehlow, ITC-TAB (2008)Fall Meeting 2008
percent share of renewable energy in EU in 2005
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Bioenergy NoE
geothermal 1.2biomass 15.8
solar 0.3
wind 16.3
hydraulic 66.4
J. Vehlow, ITC-TAB (2008)Fall Meeting 2008
RES-E mix in the EU in 2004 / 2005
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Bioenergy NoE
assumed 2010: 19 %
J. Vehlow, ITC-TAB (2008)Fall Meeting 2008
percent share of RES-E in the EU in 2005
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Bioenergy NoE
149149
Plan
9 9
103.7
Act
ion
P
biogas 5biofuel 3.3
regenerative MSW 5 3
72.3 8.79.9
6.9
mas
s A
solid biomass 58.8
regenerative MSW 5.3
78.6
Bio
m
2005 2010
J. Vehlow, ITC-TAB (2008)Fall Meeting 2008
biomass development and forecast (Mtoe)
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Bioenergy NoE
Waste Framework Directive 75/442/EEC
Waste Incineration Directive 2000/76/EC
Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC
reduction of biodegradable waste disposalmain target of Landfill Directive
reduction of biodegradable waste disposal– 25 % in 2006– 50 % in 2009 compared to 1995
⇒ landfill ban in some countries
– 65 % in 2016
J. Vehlow, ITC-TAB (2008)Fall Meeting 2008
EU legislative framework on waste
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Bioenergy NoE
residual municipal solid waste
waste from trade,light industry, ...
MT, MBT, MBS
power plantwaste incineration
power plantindustrial furnaces
SRF plant
district heating
power grid
process heat
district heating
J. Vehlow, ITC-TAB (2008)Fall Meeting 2008
options for energy recovery from waste
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Bioenergy NoE
data for EU 25
inhabitants: 0inhabitants:460 mill.
MSW:247 T
<10<30<50247 Tg
recycled:90 Tg
<50<70<90>90g
landfilled:114 Tg
>90
incinerated:43 Tg
J. Vehlow, ITC-TAB (2008)Fall Meeting 2008incineration of residual MSW in % (2006)
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Bioenergy NoE
n %
80
60ed
MSW
in 60
40
recy
cle
20
0 20 40 60 80 100
0
incineration of MSW fraction for disposal in %
old members new members
J. Vehlow, ITC-TAB (2008)Fall Meeting 2008
waste incineration and recycling in the EU
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Bioenergy NoE
primary energyprimary energy71 000 PJ
2005 from MSW225 PJ <1
<1.5<2
225 PJ
potential1 065 PJ
<2.5>2.5
average 1.5
J. Vehlow, ITC-TAB (2008)Fall Meeting 2008
potential supply of primary energy by MSW incineration (%)
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Bioenergy NoE
power:power:9100 PJ
2005 from MSW:38 5 PJ <1
<2<3
38.5 PJ
potential:310 PJ
<4<5>5
average: 3.4
J. Vehlow, ITC-TAB (2008)Fall Meeting 2008potential power supply by MSW incineration (%)
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Bioenergy NoE
Austria 680
Belgium 100Netherlands 400
UK 400
Belgium 100
Finland 300
France 150France 150Italy 1000
Germany 1800Greece 200Greece 200
total: ≈ 5000source: ERFO 2008
J. Vehlow, ITC-TAB (2008)Fall Meeting 2008
SRF production in the EU in 2005 (values in Tg/a)
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Bioenergy NoE
air classifierscreening drum
J. Vehlow, ITC-TAB (2008)Fall Meeting 2008
SRF production
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Bioenergy NoE
LHV = 7 5 MJ/kg LHV = 9 9 MJ/kgLHV = 7.5 MJ/kg LHV = 9.9 MJ/kg
source: Rotter 2004
J. Vehlow, ITC-TAB (2008)Fall Meeting 2008
mass balances of production of two SRF types
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Bioenergy NoE
landfilling of residues
100 €
120 € 10899
115 116 116
30 €23 €
15 € 15 € residue treatment in MSWI
payment low calorific SRF
60 €
80 €
30 € 15 €
34 €34 € 34 €
16 € 18 € payment high calorific SRF
production40 €
60 € 44 € 60 €
48 € 50 € 48 €
10 €16 € 18 € payment high calorific SRF
p
0 €
20 € 33 €23 €
48 € 50 € 48 €
SRF SRF t h d l li itsource: Prognos
SRFplant A
SRFplant B
cementkiln
hard coalplant
ligniteplant
MSWI costs: 85-200 €/Mg
J. Vehlow, ITC-TAB (2008)Fall Meeting 2008
costs of production and utilisation of 1 Mg of SRF in 2006
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Bioenergy NoE
h d l 350
lignite 300blast furnace 220
hard coal 350
cement 2044MSWI 420
CHP 1050
total: ≈ 4400source: ERFO 2008
J. Vehlow, ITC-TAB (2008)Fall Meeting 2008
SRF consumption in the EU in 2005 (values in Tg/a)
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Bioenergy NoE
J. Vehlow, ITC-TAB (2008)Fall Meeting 2008
SRF combustion plant with APC system
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Bioenergy NoE
raw material
clinker / cement
offgas kl
raw mealESPstack
300 –400 °C140 °C
offgas cyklone-pre-heater
rotary kiln
fuel
y
clinker cooler
raw millsilo
s
1400 °C
coolerclinker
storage gypsum additives
t ill
cement silosbypass
cement mill
J. Vehlow, ITC-TAB (2008)Fall Meeting 2008
co-treatment in a cement kiln
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Bioenergy NoE
J. Vehlow, ITC-TAB (2008)Fall Meeting 2008
co-combustion of SRF in lignite PC boiler
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Bioenergy NoE
li it b il (16)h d l b il (15)
dry ash boilers 2
lignite boilers (16)hard coal boilers (15)co-combustion in 2006 8co-combustion in 2006 8
co-combustion in 2007 6 co-combustion in 2007 2dry ash boilers 2
dry ash boilers 13
(1)
(3)
(1)
wet ashboilers 10
(6)
(8)
(1)
(8)
(2) (1)(1)
circulating fluidized beds 3circulating fluidized beds 3
source: S. Thiel: Ersatzbrennstoffe in Kohlekraftwerken, TK-Verlag, Neuruppin 2007
J. Vehlow, ITC-TAB (2008)Fall Meeting 2008
German coal fired power plants co-firing SRF
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Bioenergy NoE
Biomass/ SRF/ SRF
source: Wilén 2005
J. Vehlow, ITC-TAB (2008)Fall Meeting 2008
SRF gasification in combination with power plant
source: Wilén 2005
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Bioenergy NoE
market potential in EU15 (estimate ERFO)p ( )
(SRF derived from HCF of MSW, bulky waste, mixed commercial waste and from production specific wastes)
• cement (15-30% substitution) 3,5-7 mio t/a• power (2-4% substitution) 6,5-13 mio t/a• CHP (ind.boilers,12% of combustible waste)( ref. Germany, Netherlands): 17mio t/a
• total 27-37 mio t/a
J. Vehlow, ITC-TAB (2008)Fall Meeting 2008
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Bioenergy NoE
conclusions and outlook
status quo
conclusions and outlook
• EU policy increased the share of regenerative energy in the EU• biomass important source in Nordic countries• waste is used as energy resource in some countries (CH D NL DK)waste is used as energy resource in some countries (CH, D, NL, DK)
- today mainly incineration on the grate- SRF is entering the market
future development• biomass share will increase (debate on competition: food crops vs. ( p p
energy crops) • the resource waste will become more important (implementation
of EU Landfill Directive)
J. Vehlow, ITC-TAB (2008)Fall Meeting 2008
)• future of SRF co-combustion unclear
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhein der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Bioenergy NoE
information partly elaborated by working groups of theworking groups of the
EU Network of Excellence (NoE) Bioenergy
contactJuergen Vehlow
NoE BioenergyNoE Bioenergywww.bioenergy-noe.org
J. Vehlow, ITC-TAB (2008)Fall Meeting 2008