Smart Grid Technologies: Communication Technologies and standards
Vehbi C. Gungor, Dilan Sahin, Taskin Kocak, Salih Ergut, Concettina Buccella, Carlo Cecati and
Gerhard P.Hancke
Outline
Review on smart grid Technologies, advantages and disadvantages Security, system reliability, robustness, availability, scalability, QoS
Standardiza<on ac<vi<es Conclusion
Mo<va<on towards Smart Grids
• Aging electrical infrastructure
• Demand and consump<on
• Very complex power distribu<on network
Mo<va<on towards Smart Grids
• Lack of automated analysis
• Poor visibility • Slow response <me by mechanical switches
• Lack of situa<onal awareness
Mo<va<on towards Smart Grids
• Popula<on & demand • Global climate change
• Energy storage problem
• One-‐way communica<on
• Decrease in fossilfuel • Resilience problem
Mo<va<on towards Smart Grids
What is Smart Grid
Modern electric power grid : Effecincy, reliability and safety Smooth integra<on of RES by
automa<on and Comm. Tech
Reduc<on in fuel consump<on & green house gases emission
Effec<ve integra<on in DG for demand side
Energy storage for DG load balancing
Key factors
Reliable and real-‐<me informa<on gives reliable delivery
Online monitoring, diagnos<cs and protec<on
Investments
US invest $3.4 billion Local distributed companies (Advanced metering + two-‐way comm. + automa<on)
AMI (Advanced Metering Infrastructure)
Advanced sensors Smart meters Monitoring Systems Computer Hardware SoYware & data management system
Collec<on & distribu<on between meters & u<li<es
Communica<on
Huge amount of data Further analysis, control, real-‐<me pricing Electric u<li<es : par<cipate of customers in smart grid for more efficiency and services
Communica<on
Wired : Without interference problem
Without ba]eries problem
Wireless : Low-‐cost infrastructure Ease of comm. In unreachable area.
A]enua<on by distance
Type of informa<on flow
Sensors and electrical appliances To smart meters (Power Line/wireless)
Smart meters To u<lity’s data center ( Cellular technology/ Internet)
Key limi<ng factors: Time of deployment, Opera<onal costs, availability of technology, urbun/rural environment, etc.
Available Communica<on Technologies
ZigBee Wireless Mesh
Cellular Network Communica<on
Powerline communica<on
Digital Subscriber Lines
ZigBee
16 Ch. In 2.4 GHz band, each with 5MHz
Max output Power : 1 mW
Data Rate : 250 Kb/s Modula<on : OQPSK
Low in power usage, data rate, complexity, cost of deployment.
ZigBee
Simplicity, mobility, easy network implementa<on
Low processing capability, licence free frequency range, small memort size
Solu<on : Interference detec<on/ avoidance scheme, energy efficient rou<ng control
SEP (Smart Energy Profile)provides u<lity for sending informa<on real-‐<me, load control, real-‐<me pricing
Wireless Mesh
In the case of drop down, network enables signal to find another rout via ac<ve nodes.
Wireless Mesh
Cost effec<ve (self-‐ healing, dynamic self-‐configura<on) High scalability service (coverage, load balancing network)
Urban coverage by mul<-‐hopping and repea<ng Challenges such as fading or interference Reduc<on available bandwidth by loop problems Encryp<on must consider, metering informa<on through many nodes
Coverage challenges, sufficient amount of nodes in cri<cal problems
Cellular Network Communica<on
Types : GSM by Tmobile CDMA for residen<al u<li<es by Verizon UTMS, IP based and packet oriented by Telenor WiMAX-‐based smart meters by General Electric
Cellular Network Communica<on
Already exist infrastructure Wide-‐spread and cost effec<ve
Provide sufficient bandwidth
Secure data trasmi<on, almost 100% coverage
Need con<nuos availability Not provide garantee service in abnormal situa<ons
Powerline Communica<on
First choice because of direct connec<on with meters, succesful implementa<on in urban
As data comminuca<on between smart meters and concentrator.
GPRS send data from concentrator to u<lity’s center
Powerline Communica<on
Exis<ng infrastructure Well-‐suited to urban area
Already covering of u<lity companies
Complexity in channel modeling due to noisy environment
Number of connected devices, wiring distance
Based on broadcas<ng in nature , security is cri<cal
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
Wide spread availability Low-‐Cost in high density area
High bandwidth data For cri<cal applica<on down-‐<me may can not be acceptable
Distance dependence Because of high cost of installa<on in rural area.
Available Communica<on Technologies
DSL, PLC, Op<cal fiber are costly for wide area deployments, but increase reliablity, capacity and security.
Wireless technologies can reduce installa<on costs, but provide constrained bandwidth and security.
Smart Grid Requirments
Security informa<on storage and transporta<on are extremely vital. To avoid cybera]acks.
Reliability, robustness and availability mo<va<on : Aging infrastractures, increase energy consump<on
Larg-‐scale : wireless, small-‐scale : wired
Solu<on : Hybrid Communica<on technologies
Smart Grid Requirments
Scalability To facilatate the opera<on of the power grid Self-‐ configura<on, reliable protocols, security aspects.
QoS mechanism must be provided to safety the communica<on requirments between supliers and customers.
Determining QoS : Dynamic of the load -‐> detailed power price Power price -‐> reward system for home appliance. reward -‐> impact of delay and outage QoS reqirment is derived by op<mizing the reward.
Smart Grid Requirments
Standards Overal smart grid system is lacking widely accepted standards.
To avoid the integra<on of advanced applica<ons.
Smart Grid Requirments
Conclusion
An evolu<on of electric power systems increase diffusion of distributed genera<on by renewable sources
Enhance efficiency, reliablity and safety of exis<ng power grid
Future work discussion of grid characteris<c Pilot projects Applica<ons Architecture
