Grid Protection Systems - New Technologies

GRID PROTECTION

SYSTEMS – New

Technologies

© Siemens Ltd 2012 2

Wide Area monitoring

Grid Stability & Security

Protection Systems

Power System Overview

Table of contents

Feedback

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3

Energy systems worldwide are changing…

There is nothing

permanent except change

© Siemens Ltd 2012

Capacity problems are posing economic risks…

© Siemens Ltd 2012

The Smart Grid by Siemens is part of the answer.

Constant energy

in a world of constant change

© Siemens Ltd 2012

Changing infeed patterns are challenging existing

grid infrastructures

Weekly loading of a transformer station in the rural area of

LEW-Verteilnetz GmbH – 2003 and 2011

Source: LEW

Load in kW

200

100

0

-100

-200

-300

12:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 12:00 12:00 12:00 12:00 12:00 12:00 12:00

Load profile 2003 Load profile 2011

© Siemens Ltd 2012

Challenges in

changing energy

systems

Significant changes in energy systems require

a new Smart Grid infrastructure

Renewable and

distributed

generation

Limited

generation and

grid capacity

Aging and/or

weak

infrastructure

Cost and

emissions of

energy supply

Revenue losses,

e.g. non-

technical losses

Smart Grid

Solutions

Balancing generation &

demand, new business models

Load

management &

peak avoidance

Reliability through

automatic outage

pre-vention and

restoration

Efficient generation,

transmission, distri-

bution &

consumption

Full transparency

on distribution level

and automated loss

prevention

© Siemens Ltd 2012

Transmission Applications

© Siemens Ltd 2012

Transmission Applications

Aging and/or weak

infrastructure

Trends

Integration of

renewables

Grid capacity /

Reliable energy supply

Regulations

Customer

challenges

Integration of renewables:

E.g. Feeding into the transmission

network - in 2009 a power reversal into

a 400 kV network occurred due to PV

generation, this now appears weekly in

2011(1

Aging and/or weak/ Complex grid

infrastructure:

E.g. in 2012, a scale power blackout

occurred in Northern/Eastern/North

Eastern India and, more than 650M

people were affected (2

Grid capacity:

Total worldwide installed generation

capacity will nearly double from 5324

GW in 2010 to 9669 GW in 2030 (3

Source: 1) LEW 2) Wikipedia 3) Energy Trends Study

© Siemens Ltd 2012

Transmission

Applications Grid-specific

enterprise IT

Operational

IT

Information &

Communication

Automation

Field

equipment

Consulting, planning up to

implementation and installation

services

Blackout prevention through intelligent

simulation and monitoring software

Asset Management ISCM: Integrated

Substation Condition Monitoring based

on new and existing components

Minimization of life-cycle

costs and a long asset

lifetime can be achieved

through optimal

maintenance and avoidance

of overloads.

Smart Grid

Services

Business analytics, IT integration

Energy management system, network

stability and blackout prevention, grid

planning software

Backbone communication technology

power line carrier system

Substation automation with SICAM PAS

and SICAM 1703

RTU, protection devices,

power quality devices

Network consulting, asset management,

product-related services, performance

contracts

Integrated

solutions

Transmission Applications – current portfolio of

Siemens Smart Grids

© Siemens Ltd 2012

Distribution Applications

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Key challenges drive automation in distribution grids

Distributed energy

sources

Trends

Renewables

Aging and/or weak

infrastructure

Non-technical losses

Customer

challenges

Increasing distributed and/or

fluctuating generation:

E.g. share of world renewable

generation to triple from 4% to 13% in

2030 1)

Aging and/or weak grid

infrastructure:

E.g. in 2002, outages in distribution

grids affecting industrial, commercial

and residential customers cost the U.S.

over $79 billion in total 2)

Non-technical losses:

E.g. in India T&D losses (5%), in Brazil

(5.8%) due to non-technical causes,

e.g. electricity theft, cable theft3)

Source: 1) Energy Trends Study 2) U.S. 2002 CPI-weighted

dollars 3) Brazil Regulator, Energy Trends Study

© Siemens Ltd 2012

Distribution

Applications Grid-specific

enterprise IT

Operational

IT

Information &

Communication

Automation

Field

equipment

Products – from field level to control

systems

Integration of SCADA and enterprise IT

(existing and build-up)

Systems are scalable and adaptable to

existing and future standards

Cost reduction of operations

on distribution level and

drop in outage times

through implementation of

integrated solutions – from

field level up to enterprise

IT.

Smart Grid

Services

Business analytics, IT integration

Distribution management system, grid

planning & simulation

Wireless & wireline communication

Distribution / feeder automation substation

automation

Protection devices, power quality devices,

distribution / feeder automation devices

Network consulting, asset management,

product-related services

Differentiation

Distribution Application – current portfolio of

Siemens Smart Grids

© Siemens Ltd 2012

Renewable Integration

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Key challenges drive renewable integration

Renewable generation

in distribution grids

Trends

Increasing electrical

loads in LV distribution

grids

Aging and/or weak

infrastructure

Customer

challenges

Overload of distribution grids due to

fluctuating renewable in-feed

E.g. share of world renewable

generation to triple from 4% to 13% in

2030 1)

High cost for integration of

renewable generation through grid

extension

Limited transparency on distribution

grid

Distribution grids are not designed

for bidirectional energy

Source: 1) Energy Trends Study 2) U.S. 2002 CPI-weighted

dollars 3) Brazil Regulator, Energy Trends Study

© Siemens Ltd 2012

Microgrid

Grid-specific

enterprise IT

Operational

IT

Information &

Communication

Automation

Field

equipment

Smart Grid diagnostics kit: consistent

and continuous measurement delivers

transparency in the distribution grid

overloads and power quality

Plug & play configuration: install the

package without difficult configurations

various communication solutions

secure VPN via GSM

Significant reduction of

investment cost required for

integration of renewables

and increase in efficiency of

distribution grid. Smart Grid

Services

Business analytics, IT integration

Distribution management system

Smart Grid diagnostics kit

Support of standard communication

protocols (e.g. IEC 870-5-101/104)

RTUs for integration of power generation &

loads and for controllable LV transformer

Power quality devices, controllable LV

transformers, communication devices

Consulting for cost efficient grid extension,

installation, commission

Integrated

solutions

Renewable Integration – current portfolio of IC SG

Integration of distributed and renewable generation

© Siemens Ltd 2012

Demand Response/Virtual Power Plants

© Siemens Ltd 2012

Key challenges drive implementation of Demand

Response &

Virtual Power Plants

Generation & network

bottlenecks

Trends

Increasing peak load

prices

Increasing distributed &

renewable generation

Customer

challenges

Generation & network capacity

bottlenecks:

E.g. California, US

Increasing peak load prices:

E.g. Germany 6% in 2009

Dispatch load as most economic

power supply: Avoidance of

generation and network bottlenecks

and high peak load prices

Increased grid stability through

emergency load shed & selective

load dispatch

New market opportunities for

distributed energy resources

Rising consumption

© Siemens Ltd 2012

Virtual Power Plant

Grid-specific

enterprise IT

Operational

IT

Information &

Communication

Automation

Field

equipment

Business consulting for identification

and analysis of customer business

models

Energy management system for

monitoring, planning and optimized

operation of DER, loads and storage

Fully automated demand response

management system: DRMS platform

for load aggregation and enablement

Forecasting system for consumption

and renewable generation

Linking together a number of individual

plants to be combined to form a large-

scale virtual power plant

Optimized operation of decentralized

energy resources, load & storage,

enabling trading of energy flexibility

at minimized risk.

Smart Grid

Services

Business analytics, IT integration

Demand response management system (DRMS) ,

decentralized energy management system (DEMS)

Support of standard communication protocols like

IEC 104 and OPC, etc. over public/private TCP/IP

networks

Distributed energy resources (DER) controller

DER controller, load controller

Consulting, system installation & maintenance

site enrollment & enablement

Integrated solutions

Demand Response & Virtual Power Plant – current

portfolio of Siemens Smart Grids

© Siemens Ltd 2012 20

Wide Area monitoring

Power System Overview

Protection Systems

Grid Security & Stability

Table of contents

Feedback

© Siemens Ltd 2012

GSES System Structure and Tasks

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Framework for futuristic Transmission Protection

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DSA Procedure

© Siemens Ltd 2012

© Siemens Ltd 2012 Page 25

Security Requirements for Smart Grid Applications

from a Variety of Potential Attacks (Examples)

Generation / DER

• Misuse of local

administrative rights

Distribution and Transmission

• Falsified status information, e.g., from synchrophasors (PMU)

in widely dispersed locations may limit the power flow.

Customer

• Prosumer behavior tracking,

e.g., through smart meters

• Fraud through smart meter

manipulation

Market

• Fraud based on falsified offers and

contracts (Customer, Utilities, DNOs, …)

Operation

• Unauthorized remote

service access

© Siemens Ltd 2012 Page 26

Priorities in IT Security

Capacity problems today –

Cyber attacks tomorrow

Switch-Off is seen as one of the biggest risk in the context of

cyber security !

Availability / Protection – Integrity – Confidentiality

26th July 2012:

America preparedness

for a large scale cyber

attack is ‘3’ on a scale of

1 to 10

© Siemens Ltd 2012 Page 27

Core Standards for Smart Grid

IEC TC57 Reference Architecture

Market Communication

IEC 62325

Common Information Model

IEC 61970 / 61968

Cyber Security

IEC 62351

Smart Metering IEC 61334 DLMS, IEC 62056

COSEM

Substation Automation

Distribution Automation

DER Automation

IEC 61850

Tele-control Protocols

IEC 60870

DKE Roadmap

EU Mandate Report

IEC Roadmap

NIST Interop Report

© Siemens Ltd 2012 Page 28

IEC 62351 produced by IEC TC57 WG15 –

Enables secure modern Energy Control Networks

Integrity protection and encryption of control

data

Part 1: Introduction

Part 2: Glossary

Part 3: Profiles including TCP/IP (cover those

profiles used by ICCP, IEC 60870-5 Part 104, DNP

3 over TCP/IP, and IEC 61850 over TCP/IP)

Part 4: Profiles including MMS (cover those profiles

used by ICCP and IEC 61850)

Part 5: Security for IEC 60870-5 and derivatives

(covers both serial and networked profiles)

Part 6: Security for IEC 61850 Peer-to-Peer Profiles

(profiles that are not based on TCP/IP)

Part 7: Network and System Management

Part 8: Role Based Access Control

Part 9: Key Management

Part 10: Technical Report regarding Security

Architecture Guidelines for TC 57 Systems

Part 11: Security for XML Files

Merging

Unit

Circuit

Breaker

Controller

CBC

Station Bus

Process Bus

Substation

Controller

Field

Devices

Control Center IEC

61850

IE

C 6

0870

-5-1

01

IEC

60870

-5-1

04

DN

P3

GOOSE SV M

MS

© Siemens Ltd 2012 29

Power System Overview

Grid Stability & Security

Protection Systems

Table of contents

Feedback

Wide Area Monitoring

© Siemens Ltd 2012 02.11.2012

Wide Area Monitoring

What is new?

Measurements via RTU / Substation

Automation

Synchrophasors via PMU

Update slowly (for example every 5 s) Continous update (measurement

stream) with for example 10 values

per second (= reporting rate)

No time correlation for measurements Every measurement has a timestamp

RMS values without phase angles Phasor values (Amplitude and phase

angle) for voltage and current

Dynamic View on Power Swings

and other dynamic phenomena

© Siemens Ltd 2012 02.11.2012

PMU

Calculation of “Total Vector Error”

Amplituden- und Phasenwinkelfehler

müssen beide für die Synchrozeiger-

genauigkeit betrachtet werden.

Both amplitude and phase angle error

have to be considered for

synchrophasor accuracy.

© Siemens Ltd 2012 02.11.2012

Structure of a Wide Area Monitoring System

User Interface 1 User Interface 2

PMU1 PMU2 PMU n

IEEE C37.118

PDC 1

PDC 2

ICCP

to Control Center

Region 1 Region 2

PMU : Phasor Measurement Unit

PDC: Phasor Data Concentrator

© Siemens Ltd 2012 02.11.2012

SIGUARD Phasor Data Processing System

Application

SIMEAS R-PMU

TPR / CPR

SICAM

PQS

Offline-Analyzing

Measurements

Online/Offline

Analyzing

IEEE

C37.118

SIGUARD

PDP

© Siemens Ltd 2012 02.11.2012

Userinterface

Power System Status Curve

Monitoring of - Online view or - Historic view (selectable)

Phasor diagrams

Time charts

Geographical View (Google Earth based)

Event List

© Siemens Ltd 2012 35

Power System Overview

Grid Stability & Security

Wide Area Monitoring

Table of contents

Feedback

Protection Systems

© Siemens Ltd 2012

Protective Relaying is the most important

feature of power system design aimed at

minimising the damage to equipment and

interruption to service in the event of faults. It

is therefore a co-factor among other factors

resorted to improve reliability of power system.

Protective Relaying

Role of Protection

© Siemens Ltd 2012

The Purpose of Protection

But it can: Limit the damage caused by short circuits

While: Protecting people and plant from damage Selectively clearing faults in miliseconds Protecting plant from overload conditions

The protection can not prevent system faults,

Power system must operate in a safe manner at all times.

© Siemens Ltd 2012

Causes and Probability of System Disturbances

© Siemens Ltd 2012

Since protective relaying comes into action at the time of

equipment distress, a certain safeguard is necessary in

the unlikely event of its failure to act at the hour of need.

Hence, two groups of protective schemes are generally

employed -

a) Primary Protection

b) Back-up Protection

Primary Protection is the first line of defense, whereas

back-up relaying takes over the protection of equipment,

should the primary protection fail.

Principles of Relaying

© Siemens Ltd 2012

The Primary Protection has following characteristic

features -

1. It has always a defined zone of operation.

2. It should operate before any back-up protection

could operate, therefore, it should be faster in

operation.

3. It should be able to completely isolate the fault

from all the current feeding sources.

4. It should be stable for all operating conditions.

Primary Protection

© Siemens Ltd 2012

1. Back-up protection should provide sufficient time

for the primary protection to perform its duty.

2. Back-up protection covers a wider zone of

protection. Therefore, there is always a possibility

of large scale disturbance, when back-up relays

operate.

3. Under primary protection failure, several back-up

relays may operate for complete isolation of fault.

Back-up Protection

© Siemens Ltd 2012

Primary protections failure could be due to any of the

following reasons -

1. Current or Potential Transformer failure

2. Loss of Auxiliary Control Voltage

3. Defective Primary Relays

4. Open Circuits in Control & Trip Coil

5. Failure of Breaker

It is therefore logical that back-up relays should not

utilise any of the above items as common with primary

relays.

Reasons of Primary Protection Failure

© Siemens Ltd 2012

Protection Concept

The system is only as strong as the weakest link!

DISTANCE RELAY

Cabling

© Siemens Ltd 2012

Basic Protection Requirements

Reliability dependability (availability)

high dependability = low risk of failure to trip

Security stable for all operating conditions ,

high security = low risk of over-trip

Speed high speed minimizes damage

high speed reduces stability problems

Selectivity trip the minimum number of circuit breakers

Sensitivity notice smallest fault value

© Siemens Ltd 2012

Evolution

First use of

electromagnetic

relays

First digital

application in

Würzburg,

Germany

The digital age

begins for relays

Introduction of

the SIPROTEC

4 product group

Siemens is

honored by Frost

& Sullivan for the

implementation of

IEC 61850

SIPROTEC

Compact –

outstanding

functionality and

compact design

More than one

million

SIPROTEC-

devices in

operation

SIPROTEC 5

The new

benchmark for

protection,

automation and

monitoring

© Siemens Ltd 2012

Equipment Signal

conversion

Signal

tailoring

Processing

(calculation)

Signal

analysis

Tripping

signal

Tripping

coil

Circuit

breaker

Protection device

Auxiliary supply Settings Annunciation Binary Inputs

General Structure of a Numerical Protection Device

© Siemens Ltd 2012

Functional Integration

© Siemens Ltd 2012

Functional Protections

Breaker

management

Line differential

protection

Overcurrent and

feeder protection

Bay controller

Combined line

differential and distance

protection

Distance protection

Transformer

differential

protection

Fault Recorder

© Siemens Ltd 2012

Scenario for a decentralized Feeder Automation

solution approach with 7SC80

Substation B

DMS

Backhaul

to Control Center

CB Substation A

Recloser

Load Switch

Transformer

IEC 61850 Communication

Network, e.g. .

WIMAX, Wi-Fi i

NOP

© Siemens Ltd 2012

Ethernet and IEC 61850

The Initial Situation

Devices communicate with one

another through wiring.

Slow serial communications

protocols are used (master-slave

technique).

Within a switchgear system,

diverse, in part proprietary

communications protocols are

used.

Frequently, a cost-intensive data

conversion is necessary.

Redundancy can only be

achieved by doubling the

communication (two busses).

Network Control Level

Station Level

Field Level

Process Level

100V..120V, 1A/5A Hardwired

Hardwired

binary inputs and outputs

IEC 60870-5-101, DNP, ...

IEC 60870-5-101 / 103, DNP, ...

© Siemens Ltd 2012

Ethernet and IEC 61850

The Solution

Currently, an integrated

communication without protocol

conversion is possible up to the

Station Level.

Siemens masters and

implements communication up to

the Network Control Level and

brings this experience into the

continuous standardization.

IEC 61850 uses the standard

Ethernet.

The standard supplies thought-

out migration concepts, even for

heterogeneous systems.

The data model is future-

oriented, independent of

innovation advancements.

Network Control Level

Station Level

Field Level

Process Level

IEC

61

85

0

IEC

61

85

0 s

olu

tio

ns

fro

m S

iem

en

s

© Siemens Ltd 2012

IEC 61850 communication within a substation

Control Center

IEC 608705-104

DNP3 TCP

Digital Instrument

Transformer

Data via IEC61850-9-2

CT

VT

x Circuit

Breaker

Controller

1

2

3rd

party

device

Parallel wiring

Substation Controller

Process bus

3

Station bus

Control / Inforeport

(ca. 500 ms delay time) 1

2 GOOSE Inter IED Communication

(ca. 10-100 ms, dep. on application)

3 Sampled Values

(ca 2 ms delay time)

Merging

Unit

© Siemens Ltd 2012

IEC 61850 – Future of the Communication of the

Energy Automation Systems

Conventional and

unconventional CT / VT

Netzleitstelle

Device Device

Router

Firewall

Merging

Unit

IEC 61850 Station bus

Process bus (sampled measured values IEC 61850 9-2)

Communication

with CC

CIM IEC 61970

IEC61850 Communication

between

Substations

Data Security

IEC 62351- 6

IEC 61850

Edition 2

and Application for

Hydro and Wind

Power, and

DistributedEnergy

Resources

Network redundancy

and

time synchronization

acc. IEEE 1588

© Siemens Ltd 2012

Ethernet and IEC 61850

We Think Beyond

IEC 61850 and Ethernet

Protection & Control

Digital Converter

Data Transmission according to IEC 61850-9-2

*Standardization in work

Network Control Centre

Device Device

Router

Firewall

Gateway

Merging

Unit

CB

Control Unit

IEC 61850 Station Bus

IEC 61850 Process Bus

Harmonization

with CIM

IEC 61970* Communication

with other Switch-

gear Systems* Process Control

System

© Siemens Ltd 2012 56

Power System Overview

Grid Stability & Security

Wide Area Monitoring

Table of contents

Protection Systems

Feedback

© Siemens Ltd 2012

Shaping tomorrow’s power networks Thank You! [email protected]