S. Kunikane, K. Toshiki, K. Suenaga, Md. R. K. Razu and K. Kawahara
Dissemination of an Integrated Approach to Arsenic Mitigation in Bangladesh
Water Safety Conference 2010
Scope of this study
Objective
To consider a better way of assistance in water supply development
Method
Review of an experience on an integrated approach to arsenic mitigation, and its follow-up and dissemination in Bangladesh through literature review, interviews and field surveys
Water Safety ConferenceNovember 2-4 2010, Kuching, Malaysia
Profile of Bangladesh
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Parameter Data Year
Population 156 million 2006
Land area 144,000km2
Population density 982 persons/km2
Per capita annual income US$450 2006
Life expectancy 64 2006
Infant mortality 54/1,000 births 2004
Population having access to improved water supply
74% 2004
Population having access to improved sanitation
39% 2004
Groundwater arsenic
contamination in Bangladesh
Nationwide contamination
Arsenic from natural sources
Estimated arsenicosis cases of approximately 38,000
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Arsenicosis patients in Bangladesh
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Symptoms such as melanosis, keratosis, skin lesion, Bowen’s disease and cancer
Health impact accelerated with poverty and malnutrition
JICA/AAN Projects
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Item AM Project SAM-ILGS Project
Name Integrated Approach for Mitigation of Arsenic
Contamination of Drinking Water in
Bangladesh
Sustainable Arsenic Mitigation under Integrated Local
Government System in Jessore
Duration Jan 2002 ~ Dec 2004 Dec 2005 ~ Dec 2008
Target areas Sharsha Upazila Sharsha and Chowgacha Upazilas
Beneficiaries About 20,000 About 35,250
Integrated approach in the JICA/AAN Projects
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ActivityAM
ProjectSAM-ILGS
Project
Awareness raising Yes Yes
Community development Yes Yes
Installation of safe drinking water supply facilities
Yes Yes
Support of arsenicosis patient Yes Yes
Involvement and training of DPHE staffs
No Yes
Involvement and training of Upazila Health Complex staffs
No Yes
Organization and Support of AMCs No Yes
Framework of maintenance and monitoring of community based water sources
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DPHE Mechanics/Health workers
Union AMC
Localmechanics
User Committee
•Daily and routine maintenance•Petty repair•Water quality monitoring•Monthly report to unions on safe water option status (i.e. monthly fee collection, accounts, meetings, water quality, water level, and sanitary inspection)
•Activate inactive User Committee•Advice to solve social problems•Request DPHE Mechanics and Health workers to provide User Committee with technical support
•Arsenic test with field kit
•Technical support
▪Repair of water devices
The types of safe water supply facilities installed in the JICA/AAN Projects
Deep Tube Well (DTW)Pond Sand Filter (PSF)Dug Well Sand Filter (DWSF)Arsenic Iron Removal Plant (AIRP)Piped Water Supply System (PWSS)
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The result of arsenicosis patient identification in Chowgacha and Sharsha Upazilas
(unit: cases)
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UpazilaSuspectedPatients
(A)
ConfirmedPatients
(B)
Non-arsenicosis
Patients(C)
A – B – C
Chowgacha 1,300 687 571 42
Sharsha 843 478 356 9
Total 2,143 1,165 927 51
Note) Figures as of 30th September 2008
The condition of patient’s health at the end of the SAM-ILGS Project
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Upazila Patient ImprovedNot
changedDeteriorated
Chowgacha 687
(100%)335
(49%)332
(48%)20
(3%)
Sharsha 478
(100%)185
(39%)254
(53%)39
(8%)
Total1,165
(100%)520
(45%)586
(50%)59
(5%)
Follow-up and dissemination program*
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Target areas Activities
2 Upazila•Chowgacha•Sharsha
• Follow-up of SAM-ILGS Project, and
• Dissemination of an integrated approach to arsenic mitigation
6 Upazila •Abhaynagar•Bagherpara•Jhikargacha•Keshabpur•Manirampur•Sadar
• Dissemination of an integrated approach to arsenic mitigation
*From January 2009 to March 2011 under the funding of JICA
Progress of follow-up program72 User Committees: Chowgacha
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SAM-ILGS Project Follow-up Follow-up & Dissemination
Progress of follow-up program 9 Unions: Chowgacha
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SAM-ILGS Project Follow-up Follow-up & Dissemination
General procedure of dissemination program1) Communication with Upazila administration2) Meeting with Union Chairmen3) Organization of an Upazila orientation program4) Organization of a Union orientation program5) Purchase of one arsenic field test kit for each Union by Upazila’s
own budget6) Exchange-visit program (3 times)7) Capacity building, awareness raising, doctors/health assistants
training, technical training of DPHE staffs, and arsenic test training at Union level
8) Development of a safe water supply facility (if any budget is available)
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Unit cost of dissemination program(Per one Upazila)
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Item Cost
AMC organization and its orientation TK 100,000
Training medical doctors and health assistants TK 50,000
Training of DPHE staffs TK 15,000
Exchange visits TK 50,000
Awareness raising (rally, fair, etc.) TK 50,000
Total TK 265,000
Safe water supply facility installationin dissemination program
An example in Hayetpur Village, Patibila Union
Completed in October 2009Initiative of community residentsConstruction cost TK 75,000 funded by LGSP budget*
Two more facilities are under planning at present
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*) LGSP stands for Local Government Support Program which is financially supported by World Bank. Total LGSP budget allocated to Patibila Union in 2008-2009 was TK 500,000.
Key steps for new safe water supply facility installation in Patibila Union
1) Villagers’ request for installing a safe water supply facility2) Decision of Union Parishad (council) to provide budget3) The organization of Para (local community)4) DPHE’s suitability test and certification on installing an AIRP5) Cost estimation and facility design by DPHE6) Construction budget allocation by Union Parishad7) Purchase of construction materials with DPHE’s technical
support8) Facility construction9) Water quality test by Union Parishad followed by UP’s
permission to use the facility
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Conclusions
Importance of continued support for ensuring drinking water safety
Installation of a safe drinking water supply facility with local initiatives under the support of a dissemination program as a new possibility of assistance in Bangladesh
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AcknowledgementThe authors express their gratitude to -DPHE, -LGD and the local government of Jossore District, -residents in the target areas of the AM and SAM-ILGS Projects, -JICA, -all the staffs of the JICA/AAN projects, -all the staffs of LGD-JICA Follow-up and Dissemination Program of SAM-ILGS Project, and -all other people concerned.
Water Safety ConferenceNovember 2-4 2010, Kuching, Malaysia
Water Safety ConferenceNovember 2-4 2010, Kuching, Malaysia
Thank you for your attention!