S. Kunikane, K. Toshiki, K. Suenaga, Md. R. K. Razu and K. Kawahara

S. Kunikane, K. Toshiki, K. Suenaga, Md. R. K. Razu and K. Kawahara

Dissemination of an Integrated Approach to Arsenic Mitigation in Bangladesh

Water Safety Conference 2010

Scope of this study

Objective

To consider a better way of assistance in water supply development

Method

Review of an experience on an integrated approach to arsenic mitigation, and its follow-up and dissemination in Bangladesh through literature review, interviews and field surveys

Water Safety ConferenceNovember 2-4 2010, Kuching, Malaysia

Profile of Bangladesh

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Parameter Data Year

Population 156 million 2006

Land area 144,000km2

Population density 982 persons/km2

Per capita annual income US$450 2006

Life expectancy 64 2006

Infant mortality 54/1,000 births 2004

Population having access to improved water supply

74% 2004

Population having access to improved sanitation

39% 2004

Groundwater arsenic

contamination in Bangladesh

Nationwide contamination

Arsenic from natural sources

Estimated arsenicosis cases of approximately 38,000

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Arsenicosis patients in Bangladesh

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Symptoms such as melanosis, keratosis, skin lesion, Bowen’s disease and cancer

Health impact accelerated with poverty and malnutrition

JICA/AAN Projects

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Item AM Project SAM-ILGS Project

Name Integrated Approach for Mitigation of Arsenic

Contamination of Drinking Water in

Bangladesh

Sustainable Arsenic Mitigation under Integrated Local

Government System in Jessore

Duration Jan 2002 ～ Dec 2004 Dec 2005 ～ Dec 2008

Target areas Sharsha Upazila Sharsha and Chowgacha Upazilas

Beneficiaries About 20,000 About 35,250

Integrated approach in the JICA/AAN Projects

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ActivityAM

ProjectSAM-ILGS

Project

Awareness raising Yes Yes

Community development Yes Yes

Installation of safe drinking water supply facilities

Yes Yes

Support of arsenicosis patient Yes Yes

Involvement and training of DPHE staffs

No Yes

Involvement and training of Upazila Health Complex staffs

No Yes

Organization and Support of AMCs No Yes

Framework of maintenance and monitoring of community based water sources

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DPHE Mechanics/Health workers

Union AMC

Localmechanics

User Committee

•Daily and routine maintenance•Petty repair•Water quality monitoring•Monthly report to unions on safe water option status (i.e. monthly fee collection, accounts, meetings, water quality, water level, and sanitary inspection)

•Activate inactive User Committee•Advice to solve social problems•Request DPHE Mechanics and Health workers to provide User Committee with technical support

•Arsenic test with field kit

•Technical support

▪Repair of water devices

The types of safe water supply facilities installed in the JICA/AAN Projects

Deep Tube Well (DTW)Pond Sand Filter (PSF)Dug Well Sand Filter (DWSF)Arsenic Iron Removal Plant (AIRP)Piped Water Supply System (PWSS)

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The result of arsenicosis patient identification in Chowgacha and Sharsha Upazilas

(unit: cases)

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UpazilaSuspectedPatients

(A)

ConfirmedPatients

(B)

Non-arsenicosis

Patients(C)

A – B – C

Chowgacha 1,300 687 571 42

Sharsha 843 478 356 9

Total 2,143 1,165 927 51

Note) Figures as of 30th September 2008

The condition of patient’s health at the end of the SAM-ILGS Project

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Upazila Patient ImprovedNot

changedDeteriorated

Chowgacha 687

(100%)335

(49%)332

(48%)20

(3%)

Sharsha 478

(100%)185

(39%)254

(53%)39

(8%)

Total1,165

(100%)520

(45%)586

(50%)59

(5%)

Follow-up and dissemination program*

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Target areas Activities

2 Upazila•Chowgacha•Sharsha

• Follow-up of SAM-ILGS Project, and

• Dissemination of an integrated approach to arsenic mitigation

6 Upazila •Abhaynagar•Bagherpara•Jhikargacha•Keshabpur•Manirampur•Sadar

• Dissemination of an integrated approach to arsenic mitigation

*From January 2009 to March 2011 under the funding of JICA

Progress of follow-up program72 User Committees: Chowgacha

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SAM-ILGS Project Follow-up Follow-up & Dissemination

Progress of follow-up program 9 Unions: Chowgacha

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SAM-ILGS Project Follow-up Follow-up & Dissemination

General procedure of dissemination program1) Communication with Upazila administration2) Meeting with Union Chairmen3) Organization of an Upazila orientation program4) Organization of a Union orientation program5) Purchase of one arsenic field test kit for each Union by Upazila’s

own budget6) Exchange-visit program (3 times)7) Capacity building, awareness raising, doctors/health assistants

training, technical training of DPHE staffs, and arsenic test training at Union level

8) Development of a safe water supply facility (if any budget is available)

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Unit cost of dissemination program(Per one Upazila)

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Item Cost

AMC organization and its orientation TK 100,000

Training medical doctors and health assistants 　 TK 50,000

Training of DPHE staffs 　 TK 15,000

Exchange visits 　 TK 50,000

Awareness raising (rally, fair, etc.) 　 TK 50,000

Total TK 265,000

Safe water supply facility installationin dissemination program

An example in Hayetpur Village, Patibila Union

Completed in October 2009Initiative of community residentsConstruction cost TK 75,000 funded by LGSP budget*

Two more facilities are under planning at present

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*) LGSP stands for Local Government Support Program which is financially supported by World Bank. Total LGSP budget allocated to Patibila Union in 2008-2009 was TK 500,000.

Key steps for new safe water supply facility installation in Patibila Union

1) Villagers’ request for installing a safe water supply facility2) Decision of Union Parishad (council) to provide budget3) The organization of Para (local community)4) DPHE’s suitability test and certification on installing an AIRP5) Cost estimation and facility design by DPHE6) Construction budget allocation by Union Parishad7) Purchase of construction materials with DPHE’s technical

support8) Facility construction9) Water quality test by Union Parishad followed by UP’s

permission to use the facility

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Conclusions

Importance of continued support for ensuring drinking water safety

Installation of a safe drinking water supply facility with local initiatives under the support of a dissemination program as a new possibility of assistance in Bangladesh

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AcknowledgementThe authors express their gratitude to -DPHE, -LGD and the local government of Jossore District, -residents in the target areas of the AM and SAM-ILGS Projects, -JICA, -all the staffs of the JICA/AAN projects, -all the staffs of LGD-JICA Follow-up and Dissemination Program of SAM-ILGS Project, and -all other people concerned.

Water Safety ConferenceNovember 2-4 2010, Kuching, Malaysia

Water Safety ConferenceNovember 2-4 2010, Kuching, Malaysia

Thank you for your attention!