Policy Process and Policy Analysis
Prof. Heru Subiyantoro, Ph.D.Sekretaris Ditjen. Perimbangan Keuangan – Departemen Keuangan
E-mail: [email protected]@gmail.com
Handouts kuliahProgram Pasca Sarjana
Magister Perencanaan & Kebijakan PublikFakultas Ekonomi - Universitas Indonesia
Jakarta, Juni 2008
Reference:
Birkland, Thomas A. (2001): An Introduction to the Policy Process: Theories, Concepts, and Models of Public Policy Making
Lester, James P. and Joseph Steward Jr. (2000, 2nd. Ed): Public Policy: An Evolutionary Approach
Weimer, David L. and Aidan R Vining (2005, 4th.ed): Policy Analysis: Concept and Practice
Table 2.1 Policy Analysis in Perspective
Paradigms Major Objective “Client” Common Style Time Constraints General Weakness
Academic Social Science Research
Construct theories for understanding society
“Truth,” as defined by the disciplines, other scholars
Rigorous methods for constructing and testing theories; usually retrospective
Rarely external time constraints
Often irrelevant to information needs of decision makers
Policy Research
Predict impacts of changes in variables that can be altered by public policy
Actors in the policy arena; the related disciplines
Application of formal methodology to policy-relevant questions; prediction of consequences
Sometimes deadline pressure, perhaps mitigated by issue recurrence
Difficulty in translating findings into govermnent action
, Classical Planning
Defining and achieving desirable future state of society
“Public interest,” as professionally defined
Established rules and professional norms; specification of goals and objectives
Little immediate time pressure because deals with long-term future
Wishful thinking in plans when political processes ignored
Public Administration
Efficient execution of programs established by political processes
“Public interest,” as embodied in mandated program
Managerial and legal
Time pressure tied to routine decision making such as budget cycles
Exclusion of alternatives external to program
Journalism Focusing public attention on societal problems
General public Descriptive Strong deadline pressure strike while issue is topical
Lack of analytical depth and balance
Policy Analysis
Systematic comparison and evaluation of alternatives available to public actors for solving social problems
Specific person or institution as decision maker
Synthesis of existing research and theory to predict consequences of alternative policies
Strong deadline pressure— completion of analysis usually tied to specific decision
Myopia resulting from client orientation and time pressure
Table 3.1 Three Views on the Appropriate Role of the Policy Analyst
Fundamental Values
Analytical Integrity
Responsibility to Clients
Adherence to One’s Conception of Good
Objective Technician
Let analysis speak for itself. Primary focus should be predicting consequences of alternative policies,
Clients are necessary evils; their political fortunes should be secondary considerations. Keep distance from clients; select institutional clients whenever possible.
Relevant values should be identified, but trade- offs among them should be left to clients. Objective advice promotes good in the long run.
Client’s Advocate
Analysis rarely produces definitive conclusions, Take advantage of ambiguity to advance clients’ positions.
Clients provide analysts with legitimacy. Loyalty should be given in return for access to privileged information and to political processes.
Select clients with compatible value systems; use long-term relationships to change clients’ conceptions of good.
Issue Advocate
Analysis rarely produces definitive conclusions, Emphasize ambiguity and exclude values when analysis does not support advocacy,
Clients provide an opportunity for advocacy. Select them opportunistically; change clients to further personal policy agenda.
Analysis should be an instrument for progress toward one’s conception o the good society.
Figure 31 Alternative Responses to Value Conflicts
The Nature of Public PolicyLester, James P.(2000, 2nd Edition): Public Policy: an evolunitonary approach
• Every day, national and local newspaper carry stories that raise important public policies
• As society becomes increasingly interdependent and mobile (due to changes in transportation and communication), people will need to be even more knowledgeable about public policy issues
What is Public Policy and Policy Analysis?
• Public Policy:– Thomas R. Dye: “what government do, why they do it, and
what difference it makes”– Harold Lasswell: “a projected program of goals, values, and
practices”– David Easton: “the impact of government activity”– Austin Ranney: “a selected line of action or a declaration of
intent”– James Anderson: “a purposive course of action followed by
an actor or set of actors in dealing with a problem or matter of concern”
– The special characteristic of public policy: it is formulated, implemented, and evaluated by authorities in a political system
– Public policies are always subject to change on the basis of new (or better) information about their effects
What is Public Policy and Policy Analysis?
• Policy Analysis:– Thomas R. Dye: the description and explanation of
the causes and consequences of government activity (the primary concern are explanation and prescription)
– Grover Starling: an interdisciplinary effort to facilitate the reaching of sound policy decision
– Garry Brewer and Peter DeLeon: an attempt to provide suggestion to decision makers
– Clearly, the difference of opinion exists about the purposes of policy analysis, ranging from scientific to the practical
What is Policy Cycle?
• Public Policymaking is often viewed as a “conveyor belt”, in which issues are first recognized:– A problem– Alternative courses of action are considered– Evaluated– Changed– Terminated
The Policy Cycle
A PROBLEM FOR GOVERNMENT
Stage 1: Agenda Setting
Stage 2: Policy Formulation
Stage 3: Policy Implementation
Stage 4: Policy Evaluation
Stage 5: Policy Change
Stage 6: Policy Termination
Approaches to Policy Analysis
1. The process approach (e.g. agenda setting, policy implementation)
2. The substantive approach (e.g. environmental policy)3. The logical-positivist approach (behavioral approach or
scientific approach)4. The econometric approach (public choice approach or
the political economic approach)5. The phenomenological (or naturalistic or post-positivist
approach)6. The participatory approach7. The normative or prescriptive approach8. The ideological approach9. The historical approach
Dubnick and Bardes’s Approaches to Policy Analysis
Type of Policy Analyst
Public Policy Problem
Motivation Approach Relevant Training
1. Scientist Theoretic Search for theory, regularities, “truth”
Scientific method, objectivity, pure analytics
Basic research methods, canon of social science research
2. Professional Design Improvement of Policy and Policymaking
Utilization of knowledge, strategic
Strategic; benefit-cost analysis; queuing, simulation, decision analysis
3. Political Value maximization
Advocacy of policy positions
Rhetoric Gathering “useful” evidence; “effective” presentation
4. Administrative Application Effective and efficient policy implementation
Strategic, managerial
Strategic; same as professional with stress on those talents useful in implementation
5. Personal Contention Concern for policy impact on life
Mixed Use of many models and techniques from other approaches; less sophisticated
On Becoming a Better Policy Scientist(Y. Dror; “On Becoming a Better Policy Scientist,” Policy Study Review 4 (August 1984), pp. 13-21)
1. Gain historical and comparative perspective2. Know policymaking realities3. Study your own society in depth4. Take up grand and diverse policy issues5. Move into metapolicymaking6. Build up an appropriate philosophy of
knowledge and action7. Broaden one’s methodology and experience8. Multiply your disciplinary bases9. Be careful about professional ethics
On Becoming a Better Policy Scientist(Y. Dror; “On Becoming a Better Policy Scientist,” Policy Study Review 4 (August 1984), pp. 13-21)
1. Gain historical and comparative perspective2. Know policymaking realities3. Study your own society in depth4. Take up grand and diverse policy issues5. Move into metapolicymaking6. Build up an appropriate philosophy of
knowledge and action7. Broaden one’s methodology and experience8. Multiply your disciplinary bases9. Be careful about professional ethics
Model Administrasi Kebijakan Publik Heru Subiyantoro
Indicator Kebijakan (Policy)
Tujuan Antara (Intermediate Goals)
Tujuan Akhir (Final Goals)
APBN Neraca moneter Neraca perdagangan Debt outstanding
Laporan-laporan
Laporan-laporan
Demand side (financial sector):
FiskalMoneterTradeDebt management
Supply side (real sector):SDASDMPertanahanDistribusidlsb.
Non-ekonomiHukumPolitikHankamdlsb.
Trilogi Pembangunan:Pemerataan
Sifatnya kualitatifPertumbuhan
Lihat pertumbuhan PDB, PDRB
StabilitasLihat
perkembangan inflasi (IHK)
Masyarakat Adil dan Makmur (lihat pernyataan dalam UUD 1945; GBHN; Repelita dlsb.)