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Terms in Oncology & Its Causes
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Objectives
After studying this chapter, you will be able to: Name the types of cancer, discuss the major
pathological conditions, and list some of the
possible causes
Define the combining forms used in building
words that relate to oncology
Identify the meaning of related abbreviations
Name the laboratory tests and clinical
procedures used in testing and treating cancer
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Objectives Part 2
Describe the pathological terms related tocancer
Define surgical terms related to cancer
List common pharmacological agents used in
treating cancer
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Neoplasms
ncology is the study, diagnosis, and treatment
of tumors !neoplasms"#
Neoplasms
$rowths made up of cells that reproduce abnormally %umor cells lac& the mechanism to stop producing and they
lac& the ability to die after a certain period
Apoptosis is the death of normal cells in a normal time cycle
%umors can be either benign or malignant
'enign (alignant
encapsulated
not life)threatening
made up of
differentiated cells
not capsulated
categori*ed by the types
of tissue from which they
develop
can be life)threatening
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Carcinoma!arcoma+arcinoma riginates from epithelial
tissue and is the most
common type of cancer
Also called solid tumors
+ommon sites for
carcinomas:
)s&in
)lungs)breasts
)colon
arcoma
riginates in muscle or
connective tissue and
lymph
A fairly rare form of cancer
+ertain leu&emias are
sarcomas) stomach
) mouth
) uterus
pread by way of the
lymphatic system
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#i$e% Tissue Tumor (i-ed)%issue %umor Derives from tissue that is capable of
separating into either epithelial or connective
tissue because it is composed of several types
of cells
+an be teratomas, which are growths
containing bone, muscle, s&in, glandular tissue
and other cells
N%.: A class of cancer such as
leu&emia arises from blood, lymph or
nervous system cells
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Causes o( Cancer +auses of +ancer Inherited defect transmitted
to the child in DNA
.-posure to carcinogens
%ypes of +arcinogens
.nvironmental agents
+hemicals
/adiation
0iruses
ther +ancer
+ausing Agents
tobacco
smo&e
asbestos
insecticides
certain dyes
certain hormones
DNA
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Combining *orms &
+bbreviations ,blast-+ombining 1orm (eaning
blast!o"
carcin!o"
muta
mutagen!o"
onc!o"
radi!o"
immature cell
cancer
genetic change
genetic change
tumor
radiation, 2)rays
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Combining *orms &
+bbreviations ,/blast-
uffi- (eaning
)blast
)oma
)plasia
)plasm
)plastic
immature cell
tumor
formation !as of cells"
formation !as of cells"
formative
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Combining *orms &
+bbreviations ,+00-Abbreviation (eaning
ALL
A(L
b-
+A
+.A
chemo
+LL
acute lymphocytic leu&emia
acute myelogenous leu&emia
biopsy
carcinoma
carcinogenic embryonic antigen
chemotherapy
chronic lymphocytic leu&emia
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Combining *orms &
+bbreviations ,C#0-Abbreviation (eaning
+(L
D.
DNA
D/.
./
(.%
N3L
chronic myelogenous leu&emia
diethylstilbestrol
deo-yribonucleic acid
digital rectal e-am
estrogen repair
metastases
non)3odg&in4s lymphoma
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Combining *orms &
+bbreviations ,P!+-Abbreviation (eaning
5A
rad
/NA
/%
%N(
%-
2/%
prostate)specific antigen
radiation absorbed dose
ribonucleic acid
radiation therapy
tumor, nodes, metastasis
treatment
-)ray or radiation therapy
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outine #e%ical $amination/outine (edical .-amination
5ap smear
) test for cervical and
uterine cancer
'reast e-am
) palpate for lumps in the
breast
Digital rectal e-am
)screening for prostate
cancer
%esticular e-am
) palpate for tumors in
testes
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loo% Tests'lood %ests
+arcinoembryonic antigens
!+.A"
) detects gastrointestinal
tumors
5rostate)specific antigen
!5A"
) detects prostate cancer
Alphafetoprotein test !A15"
) detects liver or testicular
cancer
3uman chorionic
gonadotropin !3+$"
) present with testicular
cancer
+ancer antigen 678 !+A)
678"
) protein produced by
ovarian cancer cells
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Categoriing Tumors
%umors are categori*ed by:
+ategori*ing %umors
grade !the maturity of the tumor"
stage !the degree the tumor has spread"
appearance !using a microscope and by
visual observations"
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#icroscopic $amination(icroscopic .-amination
Determines if a tumor is:
alveolar ) forming small sacs shaped
li&e alveoli
anaplastic
) reverting to a more
immature form
carcinoma in situ
) contained at a site
without spreading
diffuse
) spreading evenly
dysplastic
) abnormal in cell
appearance
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#icroscopic $amination Part 2(icroscopic
.-amination !cont4d"
epidermoid
) resemblingepithelial cells
follicular
) containing
glandli&e sacs
hyperchromatic
) intensely colored
hyperplastic
) e-cessive
development of cells
pleomorphic
) having many types of
cells
undifferentiated ) lac&ing a defined cell
structure
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isual $amination0isual .-amination
cystic
) filled with fluid
fungating
)projecting in a
mushroom)li&e pattern
medullary
) large and fleshy
necrotic
) containing dead tissue
polypoid
) containing polyps
verrucous
) having wart)li&e,
irregular growths
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a%iation T6erapynce a tumor is confirmed as malignant, doctor
and patient discuss and agree on a course of
treatment !protocol"#
/adiation %herapy radiation rays damage the DNA of tumor cells
surrounding normal cells usually suffer
damage during treatments with radiation
ide .ffects
hair loss
nausea
s&in damage
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Pat6ological Terms%ype of +ancer 9here +ancer tarts
adenocarcinoma
astrocytoma
basal cell carcinoma
'ur&itt4s lymphoma
carcinoma
carcinoma in situ
chondrosarcoma
.wing4s sarcoma
gland
neuroglia
s&in
lymph
epithelial tissue
encapsulated tumor
cartilage
connective tissue
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Pat6ological Terms Part 2%ype of +ancer 9here +ancer tarts
fibrosarcoma
glioblastoma
3odg&in4s disease
hypernephroma
aposi4s sarcoma
leiomyosarcoma
leu&emia
leu&opla&ia
connective tissue
neurological tissue
lymph system
&idneys
s&in and organs of AID
patients
smooth muscle
stem cells
tongue or chee&s
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Pat6ological Terms Part 3%ype of +ancer 9here +ancer tarts
liposarcoma
lymphoma
medulloblastoma
melanoma
multiple myeloma
nephrosarcoma
fat
lymph system
brain
s&in
bone marrow and bone
&idney
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Pat6ological Terms Part 4%ype of +ancer 9here +ancer tarts
neuroblastoma
non)3op&in4s
lymphoma
osteosarcoma
retinoblastoma
rhabdomyosarcoma
sarcoma
adrenal glands
lymph tissue
bone
retina
striated muscle
connective tissue
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!urgical Terms
urgical
5rocedures
Incisional biopsy
/emoval of part
of a tumor for
e-amination
.-cisional biopsy
/emoval of the
tumor and
surrounding
tissue
/esectioning
/emoval of the
tumor and a
large amount of
the surrounding
tissue
.-enteration
/emoval of an
organ, tumor, and
surrounding tissue
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Ot6er !urgical Proce%uresther urgical 5rocedures
+ryosurgery
) destruction by
free*ing
.lectrocauteri*ation
) destruction by
burning
1ulguration
) destruction by high)
fre;uency current
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P6armacological Terms+hemotherapy
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+pply 7our 8no9le%ge3arry has just returned from his follow)upappointment with his physician# 3e has been
informed by his physician that the tumor is
harmless# 9hich of the following terms would
best describe this tumor=
A# benign
'# sarcoma
+# malignant
Answer: A# benign
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+pply 7our 8no9le%ge Part 2Dr# >ennings, the oncologist, informs his patientthat tumor metastasis has occurred# ?ou reali*e
this means:
A# %he tumor has stopped growing in si*e#
'# %he tumor has spread#
+# %he tumor has disappeared#
Answer: '# %he tumor has spread#
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+pply 7our 8no9le%ge Part 3>ohn has a strong family history of testicularcancer# 9hich of the following blood tests might
his oncologist order to test for testicular cancer=
A# 5A and +A)678
'# A15 and 3+$
+# 5A and A15
Answer: ' A15 and 3+$