Sir. Kashif
Presented To:
Muhammad Sultan Bhatti
Contact# 00923464389934
Presented By:
Introduction
“A system which does not use any computer devices. All data would be kept in other ways , mainly paper. “
Uses: Manual system use in daily basis routine work such as Index files of Recipes Paper phone book Paper Dictionary
Structure: its done by hand that could be typing all your information into notepad
Examples: People would have hand written letters
or used typewriters instead of word processor.
Graphs & Diagrams would have been drawn by hand instead of using Computer Software to do them .
Advantages:
Large reduction in cost of hardware & software.
Availability of user-friendly accounting software package.
It is relatively cheaper like maintaining a manual system.
Disadvantages:
Data Duplication Lack of Security Common Error Inconsistency of data Repetition of work Too much paper work Space consuming
Introduction“It is a method of storing and organizing arbitrary collection of data in a form that is
human readable.”Uses:
File system used to organized and represent access to any data.
File System are used on data storage devices.
Structure File system is a section of hard disk that
has been allocated to contain files.
File System
/User /tamp /var /home
Example:
Disk File System Optical Discs Flash File System Database File System Transaction File System Network File System Flat File System
Advantages
Give access to uniform data to group of users
Useful when many users exists on many systems with each other’s name directory located on every single machine.
Reduced overall disk storage cost.
Disadvantages
Program data dependence Lengthy development times Duplication of data Limited data sharing Security risk
Introduction “Database is an organized collection of related data that is stored in an efficient and
compact manner.”
Purpose: The purpose of database is to help people
and organization keep track of things.
Structure
External Level
Conceptual Level
Internal Level
How user understands
the organization
of data
It is a level of indirection
between external and
internal
How data is physically
stored.
Examples
A system that maintains component part details for a car manufacture.
An advertising company keeping details of all clients.
A training company keeping course information and particular details.
An organization maintaining all sales order information
Advantages Reduced updating errors and increase
consistency. Reduced data entry, storage and
retrieval costs. Facilitated development of new
application programs Reduced data redundancy. Improved data security.
Disadvantages Database system are complex and time
consuming to design. Substantial hardware and software start-
up costs. Initial training required for all programmers
and users.
Relational Database Model
Introduction“Relational database organized data in two-
dimensional tables called relation.”
Uses: it can be used for storing large amount
of data.
Table
Row(tuple)
Column(attribute)
A row cannot be identified
by its position in the table
Column that uniquely
identifies each row in the
table
Examples
Roll No. Name Class
1352 Ansa Khalid Msc
1324 Komal Iftikhar Msc.
1460 Gazala Rai Msc
1342 Tehrim Shehzad Msc.
Advantages Data Integrity Data independence Structural independence Data consistency & Accuracy Easy data retrieval & sharing
Disadvantage Calculation become rigid while working
with the larger data. Slow in performance. It requires more knowledge to
implement. Once the database created it is not
changed easily.
Introduction
“A database model is the structure or format of a database.”
Models
ModelsNetwork
Relational
Object Oriented
Hierarchical
Hierarchical Database Model“Organize data in a series like a family tree or
organization chart”
Structure:
In which data is organized into a tree-like structure.
The structure allows representing information using Parent/child relationship.
Car
Engine Body Wheels
Left Door Right Door Seats
Advantages
This is good for one-to-many relationship.
It can store large numbers of segment and process information efficiently.
It is a simple structure and minimize disk input and output.
Disadvantages
It is less user-friendly.
It creates inflexibility and programming complexity.
It is difficult to recognize the database as hierarchy has to be maintained.
Network Database Models “ This conceived as a flexible way of
representing objects and their relationships.”
Employee
Supervisor Department
Project
Advantages Ability to handle more relationship type. Ease of data access Data integrity Data independence
Disadvantages
System complexity Lack of Structural independence
Object Oriented Database Models
“It actually manages the data access and the querying of the data from the databases.”
Object oriented Database Model
NameYear
AdvisorClasses
Advantages
The amount of information that can be modeled by an OODBMS Is increased.
It is also easier to model this information.
This is also able to have higher modeling capabilities through extensibility.
Disadvantages
Data and operations are separated.
Inadequate for current problems.
Causing an added training cost for developers.