Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Arteries Elastic arteries Muscular arteries Arterioles
Capillaries Continuous Fenestrated Sinusoidal
Veins Veins, venules
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Structure of Blood Vessels
Composed of three layers (tunics) Tunica intima – composed of simple squamous
epithelium Tunica media – sheets of smooth muscle
Contraction – vasoconstrictionRelaxation – vasodilation
Tunica externa – composed of connective tissue Lumen
Central blood-filled space of a vessel
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Structure of Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries
Figure 19.1a
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Types of Blood Vessels
Arteries – carry blood away from the heart Capillaries – smallest blood vessels
The site of exchange of molecules between blood and tissue fluid
Veins – carry blood toward the heart
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Types of Arteries
Elastic arteries – the largest arteries Diameters range from 2.5 cm
to 1 cm Includes the aorta and its
major branches Sometimes called
conducting arteries High elastin content dampens
surge of blood pressure
Aorta, brachiocephalic, common carotid, subclavian, vertebral, pulmonary, common iliac
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Types of Arteries
Muscular (distributing) arteries Lie distal to elastic arteries Capable of grater vasoconstriction and
vaodilation to adjust the blood flow Diameters range from 1 cm to 0.3 mm Includes most named arteries Tunica media is thick Many of the arteries anastomose Unique features Internal and external elastic laminae Distribute blood to skeletal muscles &
internal organs Ex: external carotid, brachial, mesenteric,
femoral
Figure 19.2b
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.2c
Types of Arteries
Arterioles Smallest arteries Diameters range from 0.3 mm to 10 µm Larger arterioles possess all three tunics Diameter of arterioles controlled by
Local factors in the tissues (02 levels)
Sympathetic nervous system hormonal stimulation
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Arterioles
Arterioles are small arteries that deliver blood to capillaries.
Also have the three layers as an artery. Tunica media 1-2 layers of smooth muscle fibers A change in diameter of arterioles can significantly
affect blood pressure. Through constriction and dilation, arterioles assume
a key role in regulating blood flow from arteries into capillaries and in altering arterial blood pressure.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Arteriole: structure
1. Metarteriole
2. Arteriole
3. Capillary
Activity 3
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Capillaries
Smallest blood vessels Diameter from 8–10 µm
Red blood cells pass through single file
Site-specific functions of capillariesLungs – oxygen enters blood,
carbon dioxide leaves Small intestines – receive digested
nutrientsEndocrine glands – pick up
hormonesKidneys – removal of nitrogenous
wastes
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Capillaries
Tempat pertukaran material nutrien antara darah dan jaringan.
Tempat terjadinya mikrosirkulasi:aliran darah dari arteriole menuju venule malaui kapiler.
capiller tidak berpori (continuous Capillaries) dan berpori ( fenestrated).
Precappilary sphincters mengatur aliran darah melalui capillaries.
Pada liver berupa sinusoid
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Capillaries
Capillary walls are made of a single layer of endothelial cells and a basement membrane. They have no tunica media or tunica externa.
Body tissues with high metabolic requirements, such as muscles, kidneys, liver and nervous system, have an extensive network of capillaries.
Tissues with low metabolic requirements have fewer capillaries-tendons and ligaments.
All covering and lining epithelia, cornea and lens of the eye-lack capillaries.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Types of Capillaries
True capillaries:emerge from arterioles and metarterioles.
Continuous capillaries-found in skeletal and smooth muscle, connective tissues and the lungs.
Fenestrated capillaries-kidneys, villi os the SI, choroid plexuses in brain, ciliary process, endocrine glands.
Sinusoids:are wider and more winding than other capillaries. Present in liver, red bone marrow, pleen, ant.pit. Gland, and parathyroid glands.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
RBCs in a Capillary
Figure 19.3
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Capillary Beds
Network of capillaries running through tissues Precapillary sphincters
Regulate the flow of blood to tissues
Tendons and ligaments – poorly vascularized Epithelia and cartilage – avascular
Receive nutrients from nearby CT
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Capillary Beds
Figure 19.4a
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Capillary Beds
Figure 19.4b
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Local control of blood vessels
Sphincters contract or relax based on demand for: nutrients (AA, glucose, fatty
acids) Dissolved gases (O2, CO2 load,
lactic acid) Additional capillaries grow in
to area to satisfy increased energy demands
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Capillary Permeabillity
Endothelial cells – held together by tight junctions and desmosomes
Intercellular clefts – gaps of unjoined membrane Small molecules can enter and exit
Two types of capillary Continuous – most common Fenestrated – have pores
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Structure of Capillaries – Cross Section
Figure 19.5a
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Structure of Capillaries – Cross Section
Figure 19.5b
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Routes of Capillary Permeability
Four routes into and out of capillaries Direct diffusion Through intercellular clefts Through cytoplasmic vesicles Through fenestrations
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Low Permeability Capillaries
Blood-brain barrier Capillaries have complete tight junctions No intercellular clefts are present Vital molecules pass through
Highly selective transport mechanisms
Not a barrier against Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and some anesthetics
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Sinusoids
Wide, leaky capillaries found in some organs Usually fenestrated Intercellular clefts are wide open
Occur in bone marrow and spleen Sinusoids have a large diameter and twisted course
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Sinusoids
Figure 19.5c
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Veins
Conduct blood from capillaries toward the heart Blood pressure is much lower than in arteries Smallest veins – called venules
Diameters from 8 – 100 µm Smallest venules – called postcapillary venules
Venules join to form veins Tunica externa is the thickest tunic in veins
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.6
Mechanisms to Counteract Low Venous Pressure
Valves in some veins Particularly in limbs
Skeletal muscle pump Muscles press against
thin-walled veins
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Vascular Anastomoses
Vessels interconnect to form vascular anastomoses Organs receive blood from more than one arterial
source
Neighboring arteries form arterial anastomoses Provide collateral channels
Veins anastomose more frequently than arteries
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Vasa Vasorum
Tunica externa of large vessels have Tiny arteries, capillaries, and veins
Vasa vasorum vessels of vessels Nourish outer region of large vessels
Inner half of large vessels receive nutrients from luminal blood
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Arteries
Sympathetic fibers of the ANS innervate vascular smooth muscle. An inc. in sympathetic stimulation typically stimulates the smooth muscle to contract-vasoconstriction.
When sympathetic stimulation decreases, or in presence of certain chemicals-NO, K+, H+ and lactic acid, they relax-vasodilation.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
JANTUNG
RUANGAN ATRIUM DEXTER ET SINISITER VENTRICULUS DEXTER ET SINISTER
LAPISAN DINDING ENDOCARDIUM MYOCARDIUM PERICARDIUM ( 2 LAPIS) (Berasal dari sebuah kantong berisi cairan)
LAMINA VISCERALIS PERICARDII ( EPICARDIUM ) LAMINA PARIETALIS PERICARDII
STRUKTUR TAMBAHAN RANGKA FIBROSA VALVULA M. PAPILLARIS CHORDAE TENDINEAE
SISTEM KONDUKSI
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
JANTUNG
DINDING JANTUNG
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
LAPISAN ENDOCARDIUM
SEL ENDOTEL: POLIGONAL GEPENG BERLANJUT DENGAN ENDOTEL PEMBULUH DARAH
LAPISAN SUBENDOTEL LAPISAN JARINGAN PENGIKAT LONGGAR TIPIS: FIBROBLAS,
SERAT KOLAGEN DAN SEDIKIT SERAT ELATIS LAPISAN JARINGAN PENGIKAT PADAT TEBAL: LEBIH BANYAK
SERAT ELASTIS, DAN SEDIKIT BERKAS OTOT POLOS
LAPISAN SUB-ENDORKARDIAL JARINGAN PENGIKAT LONGGAR MENGANDUNG PEMBULUH DARAH, SARAF DAN SISTEM KONDUKSI
JANTUNG MENGIKAT ENDOKARDIUM DENGAN MIOKARDIUM
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
LAPISAN ENDOCARDIUM
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
MYOCARDIUM
UMUM: LAPISAN PALING TEBAL: OTOT-OTOT JANTUNG
SEL KONTRAKTIL (UTAMA) SEL BERFUNGSI KONDUKSI
ANYAMAN SERABUT ELASTIS DI ANTARA SEL-SEL OTOT JANTUNG
DINDING ATRIUM TERDAPAT ANYAMAN SERABUT ELASTIS ANTARA
BERKAS OTOT JANTUNG DINDING VENTRICULUS
LEBIH TEBAL DARIPADA DINDING ATRIUM SEDIKIT SERABUT ELASTIS TRABECULAE CARNEAE : TONJOLAN-TONJOLAN
BERKAS OTOT JANTUNG KE DALAM RONGGA
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
DINDING JANTUNG
MYOCARDIUM
MYOCARDIUM
DINDING JANTUNG
MYOCARDIUM
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cardiac Muscle Tissue and the Cardiac Conduction System
Histology Shorter and less circular than skeletal muscle fibers Branching gives “stair-step” appearance Usually one centrally located nucleus Ends of fibers connected by intercalated discs Discs contain desmosomes (hold fibers together) and gap
junctions (allow action potential conduction from one fiber to the next)
Mitochondria are larger and more numerous than skeletal muscle
Same arrangement of actin and myosin
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PERICARDIUM
PEMBUNGKUS SEROSA BERBENTUK KANTONG PERMUKAAN BEBAS DILAPISI OLEH MESOTEL BERISI CAIRAN 2 LAPISAN:
LAMINA PARIETALIS LAPISAN TIPIS JARINGAN PENGIKAT: SERABUT ELASTIS,
SERABUT KOLAGEN, FIBROBLAS, SEL MAKROFAG DAN SELAPIS SEL-SEL MESOTEL
LAMINA VISCERALIS (EPICARDIUM) MENEMPEL PADA MYOCARDIUM PERMUKAN BEBAS DITUTUPI OLEH SELAPIS SEL-SEL
MESOTEL DI BAWAH MESOTEL: JARINGAN PENGIKAT LONGGAR
TIPIS MENGANDUNG SERABUT ELASTIS, PEMBULUH DARAH (CABANG PEMB. DARAH JANTUNG), SER. SARAF
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Pericardium and Heart Wall
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
MESOTHELIUM
EPICARDIUM
PEMBENTUKAN PERICARDIUM
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
RANGKA FIBROSA
KOMPONEN: SEPTUM MEMBRANACEUM (BAG. DARI SEPTUM
VENTRICULORUM) TRIGONUM FIBROSUM
TRIGONUM FIBROSUM DEXTER TRIGONUM FIBROSUM SINISTER
ANULUS FIBROSUS MEMBATASI OSTIUM ATRIOVENTRICULARIS
MIKROSKOPIS: JARINGAN PENGIKAT PADAT SERABUT KOLAGEN KASAR KE BERBAGAI ARAH
FUNGSI TEMPAT ORIGO-INSERSI OTOT JANTUNG PANGKAL VALVULA JANTUNG
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fibrous skeleton Dense connective tissue that forms a structural foundation,
point of insertion for muscle bundles, and electrical insulator between atria and ventricles
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
RANGKA FIBROSA
TRIGONUM FIBROSUM
ANULUS FIBROSUS
A. CORONARIA DEXTER
A. CORONARIA SINISTRA
A. PULMONALIS
AORTA
VALVULA MITRALISVALVULA
TRICUSPIDALIS
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
VALVULA
VALVULA TRICUSPIDALIS OSTIUM ATRIOVENTRICULARE DEXTER
VALVULA BICUSPIDALIS (MITRALIS) OSTIUM ATRIOVENTRICULARE SINISTER
MIKROSKOPIS: LEMPENG JARINGAN PENGIKAT (JARINGAN
KHONDROID PADAT DENGAN SEL-SEL BULAT) YANG BERPANGKAL PADA ANULUS FIBROSUS
PADA PANGKAL: MYOCARDIUM MASUK KE VALVULA MYOCARDIUM SISI ATRIUM LEBIH TEBAL DP SISI VENT KEDUA PERMUKAAN DILAPISI OLEH ENDOCARDIUM ENDOCARDIUM SISI ATRIAL LEBIH TEBAL DP SISI VENT PADA TEPI BEBAS KETIGA LAPISAN INI BERTEMU
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
VALVULA ATRIO-VENTRICULARIS
SISI ATRIUM
SISI VENTRIKEL
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
MUSCULUS PAPILLARIS
BENTUK: TONJOLAN KEDALAM DINDING VENTRIKEL
MENYERUPAI KERUCUT PUNCAK KERUCUT TERDAPAT BENANG-BENANG
CHORDAE TENDINEAE MENUJU TEPI BEBAS VALVULA LOKASI:
PADA BEBERAPA TEMPAT PERMUKAAN DALAM DINDING VENTRICULUS DEXTER ET SINISTER
MIKROSKOPIS LANJUTAN MYOCARDIUM : OTOT JANTUNG PERMUKAAN BEBAS DILAPISI OLEH ENDOCARDIUM
TIPIS
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
CHORDAE TENDINEAE
BENTUK: BENANG-BENANG MENGHUBUNGKAN PUNCAK M. PAPILLARIS DAN
TEPI VALVULA MIKROSKOPIS
JARINGAN PENGIKAT PADAT DISELUBUNGI OLEH ENDOTEL
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
HUBUNGAN VALVULA, CHORDAE TENDINEAE DAN MUSCULUS PAPILLARIS,
MUSCULUS PAPILLARIS
CHORDAE TENDINEAEVALVULA
VENTRICULUS DEXTER
A. PULMONALIS
A. CORONARIA DEXTRA
A. CORONARIA SINISTRA
VALVULA AORTAE
VALVULA MITRALIS
SERPTUM INTERVENTRICU
LARIS
M. PAPILLARIS ANTERIOR
M. PAPILLARIS POSTERIOR
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
SISTEM KONDUKSI
NODUS SINOATRIALIS TEMPAT: BATAS ATRIUM DEXTER DAN V. CAVA SUPERIOR UKURAN: 1 cm X 3-5 mm MIKROSKOPIS: ANYAMAN PADAT SERABUT PURKINJE FUNGSI:
PACE MAKER, AWAL DARI IMPULS MENGAKTIFKAN OTOT-OTOT ATRIUM
TRACTUS INTERNODUS: MENGHUBUNGKAN NODUS NODUS ATRIOVENTRICULARIS TRACTUS ATRIOVENTRICULARIS HIS
MENEMBUS TRIGONUM FIBROSUM : KE APEX CORDIS DALAM LAMINA SUBENDOCARDIUM CABANG BERKAS KIRI
BERKAS POSTERIOR BERKAS ANTERIOR
CABANG BERKAS KANAN
SISTEM PURKINJE : SEL PURKINJE (MODIFIKASI OTOT JANTUNG)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
SISTEM KONDUKSI
NODUS SINO-
ATRIALIS
NODUS ATRIO-VENTRICULARIS
SERABUT PURKINJE
CABANG KIRI DARI BERKAS
BERKAS DEPAN
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Coronary circulation
Myocardium has its own network of blood vessels Coronary arteries branch from ascending aorta
Anastomoses provide alternate routes or collateral circuits
Allows heart muscle to receive sufficient oxygen even if an artery is partially blocked
Coronary capillaries Coronary veins
Collects in coronary sinus Empties into right atrium
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Coronary Circulation
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Normal Coronary Artery Cross Section
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
60% Narrowing of Coronary Artery
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
90% Blockage of Coronary Artery
calcified arearemaining lumen
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Atherosclerotic Plaque Histology
cholesterol crystal (cleft) foam cells
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Thrombus Causing MI
“Needle-Like” white spots are cholesterol crystals
Thrombus ocluding artery Likely site of plaque rupture
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Myocardial Infarction Histology
necrosed muscle cells red blood cells
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Myocardial Infarction Histology
normal muscle cells remaining macrophages and the beginnings of scar tissue