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CLEAVAGES INROMANIA
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The evolution of the Romanian party systemconrms the classical sequence of East -European cleavage formation with the initial anddecisive emergence of identity-based territorialand cultural divides, with their dominance oversocio-economic divides followed later by theappearance of economic cleavages.
- The salient manifestation of the cumulation ofcultural and territorial cleavages in the partsystem corresponds clearly with the cyclicalmovement seen in recent political maneuvers.
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CASE
STUDYBETWEEN
The DemocraticForum of German-Romanian Ethnics
The DemocraticUnion of
Hungarian-Romanian Ethnics
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NATIONAL ELECTIONS
A. inguistic dimension
- !nly "#$R reached the threshold of voters. %tselectoral o&er includes specic 'ungarian issues and it isessentially unidirectional (single-targeted).
- $ainly a pure cleavage-based voting in the mi*ed(Romanian-'ungarian) communities. %t+s a vote of trustin the party, a positive vote, most frequently based ona&ective arguments.
- The trans-cleavage voting was marginal. . %deological dimension
- ationalist partiesbest implanted in Transylvanian
mi*ed communities.
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LOCAL ELECTIONS
Romanian-'ungarian /ommunities
- "#$R has a unidirectional o&er and, in somecases, a quasi-e*plicit bidirectional (general) o&er.
Romanian-0erman /ommunities
- 1#0R had an e*plicit bidirectional electoral o&er.
- $ost frequent2 trans-cleavage voting (massive).
E*ample2 in 3ibiu, the 0erman candidate was re-elected 4 times for the position of mayor and is nowta5ing the position of the 6thpresident-elect ofRomania , ta5ing o7ce on 89stof #ecember 8:94.
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ANALYSIS OF THE MANIFESTOESAND SPEECHES
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is an associate member of ;;E. Theparty is also bac5ed by 'ungarianpolitical parties, especially by 1%#E3
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does not cultivate relationshipswith parties from foreigncountries. %t prefers another type
of partnership, with 0ermancultural and religious foundations.
1#0R collaborated with /ulturalAssociations from 0ermany and
Austria, the 0erman ;arliament and0overnment, trying to promote agood image of Romania and to attract
the attention of European public
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>hile "#$R tries theoretically to surpass therepresentation of the linguistic communities, 1#0Rdiscourse is theoretically e*clusively addressed tothe 0erman minority. At the contrary, in practice
they behave inversely. Thus we observe that fromthe in?uence of e*ternal organi@ations resultdi&erent ways to relate to voters, di&erent politicalattitudes and di&erent manifestoes.
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;oll of 8::: citi@ens of 3ibiu and /lu=-apoca
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THE FORMATION OF CLEAVAGES
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9. Territory as a 5ey concept of politics in a cross pressurebetween culture and economy,
implying2 - the equal weight given to economic, political-territorial and
cultural dimensions - the interaction between geographical spaces and socio-
cultural membership spaces, between center formation and boundary building - the conceptual map of Europe with an >est-East a*is
di&erentiating between economic conditions for state-building and a 3outh-orth a*is between
cultural conditions for nation-building.
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8. The identication of four cleavages following the critical=unctures of2
- the national revolution creating the center-periphery and thechurch-state cleavages
- the industrial revolution creating the urban-rural and the labour-
capital cleavages. B. The cyclical movement of cleavages2 towards a national-
international divide does not end his cleavage sequence with theCwor5er-ownerC con?ict of the Cindustrial revolutionC, but points toCan intriguing cyclical movementC2
- brea5down of a supranational order ("33R) - establishment of culturally and politically distinctive nation states - con?ict over national versus international loyalties.
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- There are real historical alternatives e*pressing di&erentconceptions of modernisation, of nationhood and of geopoliticallocation represented by the parties. These alternatives areolder than the most of the Eastern European electorate, but
they deviate from the mainstream in >estern Europe. %n theformation process of the parties (9D-D), in the subsequentthree elections from 9DD: to 9DD, the same cleavage setshave mattered and structured party competition, namely2 thethree cleavage families of2
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THE POST-1989 EVOLUTION OF THE ROMANIANPARTY SYSTEM
- has b!"#h$ ab!"$ %! &!'($()a' *!b('(sa$(!% a'!%#$h+ '(%+ !, a )'ass()a' 'ab!"-)a&($a' )'ass )'+aa#+.I%s$+a/ 0+ )a% )'+a' !bs++ $h+ ,!''!0(%#a$$+*&$s ,! b(%#(%# $h+ 0+',a+ s$a$(s$
+)!**!(2)a$(!% )'+aa#+ (%3 - )!"&'(%# ($ 0($h $h+ &!s$-)!**"%(s$ )'+aa#+/
- )!"&'(%# ($ 0($h $h+ +,+%)+ !, %a$(!%a' (+%$($/
- )!"&'(%# ($ 0($h $h+ +'(#(!"s )'+aa#+/
- )!"&'(%# 4($s a()a' a(a%$5 0($h a% a##+ss(+a% a)(s$ s!)(a' %a$(!%a'(s*.
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